REPORTS
OF THE
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
THE UNITED STATES,
PREPARED
IN OBEDIENCE TO THE ACT OF MAY 10, 1800,
supplementary to the act entitled ‘an act to establish the treasury department.’ V
►
TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED
THE REPORTS OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON,
OK
PUBLIC CREDIT, A NATIONAL BANK, MANUFACTURES,
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MINT.
I
VOL. V.
WASHINGTON:
PRINTED BY JOHN C. RIVES.
1851.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Report by Mr. Walker, December, 1845
J41
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REPORTS
: OF THE
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES.
REPORT ON THE FINANCES.
DECEMBER, 1845.
. Treasury Department, December 3, 1845.
In obedience to the “Act supplementary to the act to establish the
Treasury Department,” the undersigned respectfully submits the follow-
ing report:
The receipts and expenditures fof the fiscal year ending the 30th June,
1845, were as follows:
^ receipts AND MEANS.
From customs. .... -- ..V . . .$27,528,112 70'
From sales‘ of public^ lands ' 2,077,022 30
From miscellaneous sources... 163,998 .56
Total receipts...... 29,769,133 56
Add balance in the Treasury 1st July, 1844. . . . . ... 7;857,379 64
Total means . 37,626,513 20
The expenditures during the same fiscal year amounted
to the sum of. 29,968,206' 98
Leaving a balance in the Treasury on the 1st July, 1845,
of . .'. ......... . . 7,658,306 22
As appears in detail by accoihpanying statement A.
The estimated receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending
30th June, 1846, are as foUoYrs: ....
VoL. V. — 1.
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2 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
IlKCKTl’TS, Viz:
From customs, 1st qiiarter, by actual returns of the col-
lectors i ^ : . : $8,861,932 14
For the 2d, 3d, and 4th quarters, as estimated. ....... 15,638,067 86
Total frorri customs, 24,500,000 00
Front sales of public lands .............. ... 2,200,000 00
From miscellarieous arid incidental source's. .......... 120,000 00
Total receipts,.....,....'...............,,.. 26,820,000 00
Add balance in the Treaisiiry on the 1st July, 1845 - - - - 7,658,306 22
• Total means, as estimated. . , . . . . 34,478)306 22
, , EXPENDtTURESj Vizr ■, t
The actual expenditures for the first quarter ,
ending the dOth September^ ' 1845, , -
amounted to the sum of, y . ,,d. .$8,463,092 41 t i . ‘
As appears itt detail by accontpanying - . - '
' staterrient B. .
The estimiated expenditures for the public . • ■ , ' '■
service during the other three (juartefs, d ' , ; - ' ,
from 1st October, 1845, to 30th June, ’ . ; ‘ ' ' , '
1846iareus felld\vsi:'vizr a' i ^
Civil list, foreign intercourse, and mis^ i-' ; ' '
laneous purposes. 6,739,211 06. ' A " ^
Army pfdper. i. ....... . .V. .V.. ,. . 2,594,735 06
Fortifications^ ordnance, arming militih,>&c^ 2y346,778 82 ' ■ ;
Indian department,' 1,649,791 94 • ' ,
Pensions 1,356,556 02
Interest on public debt and Treasury notes- , 856,97.6 48
Redemption of the residue of the loan of
■ 1841.:..;,A-.:,--^----------^>.-V.-;,29,3qO:^0O:-/;y'''::‘;
Treasury notes Mfhifch are yet outstanding' -
■ and payable when presented. , , 687,764 18 ; -
Naval establishmeht ....... 4,902,845 93
'*29,627,051 90
Which deducted from the total of nieans before stated,
' leaves in the. Treasury on the 1st July, 1846, an esti- . '
mated balance of... - v- - - -O . . . - - .... 4,851,254 32
But this balance is subject to be decreased by such additional appro-
priations as Congress shall mdke,,;;tp. be expended during the fiscal year
ending.the .36d June,. 1846, andto be akpred by the sums wluch may
* Th,e sum of p, 548, 9a? fpr supplying the; defieieney pX rey«nuefGrpostege, aii(J also |3O0, 000
for postages of Congress and of executive officers, are included in the above sumi of
(}29,627,051.90. . . , ' ^ \ '
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be presented for payment of the old funded and unfunded debt and old
Treasury notes. . -
; The estimated receipts, means,: and expenditures for the fiscal year
commencing 1st July, 1846, and ending 30th June, 184'J', are as
follows, viz: ■
From custoins for the four quarters.:. ....... . . . . $22,500,000 00
Froiri sales of public lands . . . ...... . , . .. 2,400,000 00
From miscellaneous and incidental sources. . . ... : 100,000 00
Total revenue ..■25, boo, 000 00
Add estimated balance to be ill the Treasury on the 1st
July, 1846... ■ 4,851^254 32
Totalmeans for the service of the fiscal year ending the
30th June, 1847. .. .. ........ . . . ...... . .... . . . . .-29^85^254 32
EXPENDITURES;
The expenditures during the same pe-
iipdj as estimated by the several Depait-
ments of State, Treasuryj War, Navy, and
Postmaster General, viz : . , . ; ,
The balanQes of former appropriatiohs
whfoh: will be required to be expanded ,
iri this year ... . .1. . .t ■, . ....$1,441,457 10'
Permanent and indefinite appropiiaiipns . 2,997 j915 '72
Specific appropriations asked“for this
year. . . . . . i . . , . . . .... ....... .21,079,440 .43
Total estimated expenditure. . .. ....... ..... ..25,518,813 25
This sum is composed "pf the following ■
particulars: • ■
For civil list, foreign intercoursej and mis^ ^
eellaneous. . . ...*$5,925,292 ;62 .
For Army proper. ............... . ... 3,364,458 92 -
For fortifications. Ordnance, arming mifitia, >
&c.;.....fofo.-. ......... ......... 4,331,809 93 , '
Fpr pensions.,.:. 2,507,100 00V
For Indian department. . ......... V. . . . • 2,214,91:6 18 . ,
For naval establishment .6,339,390: 88'
Interest on public debtV. ^ 83fo844 72 .,
b , .25,518,813.25
Which deducted from the. total Of means before stated, . 1
' gives an estiniated balance ctf the 1st of July, 184.7, pf. .4,332,441 ,07
. * The sum .of $121,050. of debt assumed for the. cities in the District .of Columbia, the sum
of $1,000,000 ibraupplying deficiency in the rsye.nues from: postage,- and $350,06.0 for postage's
for Congress and executive departments, are included in the foregoing sum of $5,925,292 62.
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4 REPORTS OF THE [184-5.
/The recd^ the first quarter of this year are less, by $2,011, -
885 90, than the receipts of the same quarter last year. Among the
causes of decrease' is the progressive diminution of the importation of
many highly-protected artieles, and the substitution of rival domestic
products. For the nine months ending June 30, 1843, since the pres-
• ent tariff, the - average of duties upop dutiable imports was equal to
37.84 1-10 per cent, ; for the year ending June 30, 4844, 33.85 9-10 per
cent. ; and for the year ending June .30, 1845, 29.90 per cent.— show-
ing a great diminution in the average percentage, owing in part to
increased injportation. of some articles bearing the lighter duties, and
decreased importation of others bearing the higher duty.
The revenue from Aad valorein duties last year exceeded that realized
froni specific, duties, although the; average of the ad valorem duties was
only 23.57 per cent, V and the average of the specific duties 41.30; pre-
senting another strong proof that lorver .duties .increase the, revenue.
Ampng the ca.uses tending to augment the revenue, are increased emi-
gration and the annexation of <Texas. The estimates for the expendi-
tures of 1846 are based chiefly upon appropriations made by Congress.
The estimated expenditures of 1847 are founded upon data furnished by
the several Departments, and are less by $4,108,238 65 'than those of
the preceding year. ^
These. estimates are , submitted, in the full conviction that, whenever
Congi-ess, guided by an enhghtened economy,: can diniihish the ■
expenditures withont injury, to the - .public interert, such, retrenchioent
will be made, SO as tp lighten' the burden of taxatipn, and hasten the
extinguishment of the i public debt, iedpced on the 1st of October' last .
to $17;075,445.,'52.
In suggesting improvements in'the revenue; laws, the following prin-
ciples have been adopted:' ' ,
1st. That no more 'money should be collected than is necessary for
the wants of the Government, economically administered. -
2d. That no duty be imposed on any article above the lowest rate
■which will yield the largest amount of revenue,
3d, That belpw, such rate discrimination may he made descending,
in the scale of duties; or, for imperative reaspns, the^ arricle may be
placed in the list of those free from all d uty, . '
. 4th, That the maximum revenue duty should be imposed on luxu-
ries,,
5th. ‘That all minimums, and all specific duties, should be abolished, ,
and-ad valorem duties substituted in their place— care being taken tP
guard against fraudulent invoices and undervaluation, and to assess
the duty upon the actual market .'value.
6th.' That the duty should be so imposed as to operate as equally as
possible throughout the Union, discriminating neither for nor against
any class, or section, ,
No horizontal scale of duties is rPcoinmended ; because such a scale
would be a refusal to discriminate for revenue, and might sink that rev-
enue below the wants of the Government. Some articles will yield the
largest revenue at duties that would be wholly or partially prohibitory
in other cases. , Luxuries, as a general rule, will bear the highest revenue
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duties : but even sorne very costly luxuries, easily smuggled, will bear but
a light duty for revenue, whilst other articles, of great bulk and weight,
will bear a higher duty for revenue. There is no instance within the
knowledge of this Department of any horizontal tariff ever having
been enacted by any one of the nations of the world. There must be
discrimination for revenue, or the burden of taxation must be augmented,
in order to bring the same amount of moiiey into the Treasury. It is
difficult, ffiso, to adopt any arbitrary maximum to which an inflexible
adherence must be demanded in all cases. Thus, upon brandy and
spirits, a specific duty, vaiying as an equivalent ad valorem from 180 to
261 per cent., yields a large revenue ; yet no one would propose either
of these rates as a maximum. These duties are too high for revenue,
from the encouragement they present for smuggling these baneful luxu-
ries ; yet a duty of 20 per cent, upon brandy and spirits would be far
below the revenue standard, would greatly diminish the income on these
imports, require increased burdens upon the necessaries of hfe, and would
revolt the moral sense of the whole community. There are many other ,
luxuries which will bear a much higher duty for I'evenue than 20 per
cent. ; and the only true maxinaum is that which experience demonstrates
will bring, in each case, the largest revenue at the lowest rate of duty.
Nor should maximum revenue duties be imposed upon all articles ; for
this would yield too large an income, and would prevent all discrimina-
tion within the revenue standard, and require necessaries to be taxed as
high as luxuries. But, whilst it is impossible to adopt any horizontal
scale of duties, or even any arbitrary maximum, experience proves that,
as a general rule, a duty of 20 per cent., ad valorem will yield the
largest revenue. There are, however, a few exceptions above, as well
as many below, this standard. Thus, whilst the lowest revenue duty
on most luxuries exceeds 20 per cent., there are many costly articles of
small bulk, easily smuggled, w;hich would bring, perha.ps, no revenue
at a duty as high as 20 per cent., and even' at the present rate of 7^ per
cent., they yield, in most cases, a small revenue ; whilst coal, iron, sugar,
and molasses, articles of great bulk and weight, yielded last year six
millions of revenue, at an average rate of duty exceeding 60 per cent, ad
valorem. These duties are far too high for revenue upon all these arti-
cles, and ought to be reduced to the revenue standard; but if Congress
desire to obtain the largest revenue from duties on these articles, those
duties, at the lowest rate for revenue, would exceed 20 per cent, ad
valorem.
There are appended to. this report tables, prepared with great care
and labor, showing the rates of duly each year on each of these four
articles, and the equivalent ad valorem from the organization of the Gov-
ernment down to the present period, with the revenue collected every
year upon each; from which tables Congress will be enabled to judge
how, far the present rates exceed the lowest revenue ' duties, and how
much they must be reduced so as to yield a teveniie equal to that now
obtained from these articles.
It is believed that sufficient means can be obtained at the lowest
revenue duties on the articles no vv subjected to duty; but if Congress
desire a larger revenue, it should be procured by taxing the free articles
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
rather than transcend,' in any cnse,. the lowest revenue duties. It is
thought, however, that, without exceeding that limit in any case, an
adequate revenue will still be produced, and permit the addition to the
free list of salt and guano. In one of his annual niessages Mr. Jefferson
recommended to Congress “ the suppression of the duties bn salt.” A
large portion of this duty is exhausted in heavy expenses of measuring
salt, and in large sums paid for fishing bounties and allowances in lieii
of the drawbaclc of the duty, both which expenditures would fall with
a repeal of the duty ,; which repeal, therefore, can cause lio considerable
reduction of the revenue. Salt is a necessary of fife, and should be as
free from tax as air . or water. It is used in large quantities by the
farmer' and planter; and to the poor this tax operates most oppressively,
\ not only in the use of the article itself, but as combined with salted pro-
visions. The salt made abroad by solar evaporation is also most pure
and wholesome, and, as conservatiye of health, should be exempt frorri
taxation.
The duty on cotton-bagging is equivalent to 65.20 per ceiil. ad valorem
on the Scotch bagging, and to 123.11 per cent, on die gunny-bag; and
yet the whole revenue from these, duties has. fallen to $66,064 50.
Nearly the entire amount, therefore, of this enormous tax makes : no
addition to the revenue, but inures to the benefit of, about thirty manu-
facturers. As five-sixths of the cotton crop is exported 'abroad, the sanie
proportion, of the bagging around the bale is exported, and sold abroad
at a heavy loss, growing oiit-of a deduction for tare. Now, as duties,
are designed to operate only oh the domestic consumption, there ought
to be a drawback of the whole duty on cotton-bagging reexported around
the bale, on thb same principles on which drawbacks are allowed in
other cases. The cottoh planting is the great, exporting interest, and
suffers from the tariff in the double capacity of consumer and exporter.
Cotton is the great basis of our foreign, exchange, furnishing most of the
means tp purchase imports and supply the revenue. It is thus the
source of two-thirds of the revenue, and of our foreign freight and com-
merce, upholding our commercial marine and maritime poxver'. It is
also a bond of peace with foreign nations, constituting a stronger pre-
ventive of war than armies or navies, forts or armaments. At present
prices, olir cotton crop will yield an ahnual product of $72,000,000, and
the manufactured fabric $604,000,000, furnishing profits abroad to
thousands, of capitalists, and wages to hundreds of thousands of the
working classes ; all of whorn would be deeply injured by any distur-
bance, growing out of a state of war, to the direct and adequate supply
of the raw material. If Our, manufacturers consume . four, hundred
thousand bales, it would, cbst them $12,000,000 whilst selling the man-:
ufactured fabric for $84,000,000; and they should be the last to unite
' in imposing heavy taxes upon that great interest which supplies them
with the raw material out of which they realize such large profits.
Accompanying the drawback of the duty bn cotton-bagging should be
the repeal of the duty bn foreign cotton, which is inoperative and
delusive, and not desired by the doniestic producer.
; The condition of our foreign relations, it is said, should suspend the
reduction of the tariff. No American patriot can desire to arrest our
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onward career in peace and prosperity ; but if, unhappilj'^, such should
be the result, it would create an increased necessity for reducing our
present high duties in order to obtain sufficient revenue to meet increased
expenditures. The duties for the quarter ending the 30th September,
1844, yielded $2,011,885 90. more of revenue than the quarter ending
30th September, 1845; showing a very considerable decUne of the
revenue, growing out of a diminished importation of the highly-protected
articles and the progressive substitution of the doihestic rivals. • Indeed,
many of the duties are becoming dead letters, except for the purpose of
prohibition, and, if not reduced, will ultimately compel their advocates
to resort to direct taxation to support the Government. In the event of
war, nearly all the high duties would become prohibitory^ from the
increased risk' and cost of importations ; and if there be, indeed , in the
opinion of any, a serious danger of such an occurrence, it appeals most
strongly to their patriotism to impose the lowest revenue duties on all
articles, as the only means of securing, at such a period, any considerable
income from the tariff.
The whole power to collect taxes, whether direct or indirect, is con-r
ferred by the same clause of the Constitution. The words are, “ The
Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts
and' excises.” A direct tax or excise, not for revenue, but for protec-
tion, clearly would not be within the legitimate object of taxation; and
yet it would be as much so as a duty imposed for a similar purpose.
The. power is “to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises.”
A duty must be laid only that it may be collected; and if it is so imposed
that it cannot be collected, in whole or in part, it violates the declared
object of the granted power. To lay all duties so high that none of
. them Could be collected would be a prohibitory tariff. To lay a duty
On any one article so high that it could not be, collected would be a pro-
hibitory tariff upon that article, If a duty of 100 per cent, were imposed
upon all or upon a number of articles, so as to diminish the revenue
upon all or any of them, it would operate as a partial prohibition. A
partial and a total prohibition are alike in violation of the true object of
the taxing power. They only differ in degree, and not in principle. If
the revenue limit-may be exceeded one per cent.,, it may be exceeded
one hundred.. If it may be exceeded , upon any one article, it may be
exceeded on all; and there is no escape from this conclusion, but in
Contending that Congress may lay duties on all articles so high as to
Collect no revenue, and operate as a total prohibition.
The Constitution declares that “all bills for raising revenue shall
originate in the House of Representatives.” A tariff bill, it is conceded,
can only originate in the House, because it is a bill for raismg reuenue.
That is the only proper object of sUch a bill. A taiiff is a bjll to “ lay
and collect taxes.” It is a bill for “ raising revenue ;” and whenever it
departs from that object, in whole or in part, either by total or partial
prohibition, it violates the purpose of the granted power.
In arranging the details of the tariff, it is believed that the maximum
revenue duties Should be imposed upon luxuries. ^ It is deemed just that
taxation, whether direct or indirect, should be as nearly as practicable
in propOrtioh to property. "If the whole revenue were raised by a tax
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[1845.
upon property, the poor, and especially those who live by the visages of
labor, would pay but a very, small portion of such tax ; whereas, by the
tariff, the poor, by the consumption of various imports, or domestic articles
enhanced in price by the duties, pay a much larger share, of the taxes
than if they were collected by an assessment in proportion to property.
To counteract, as far as possible, this effect of the tariff — to equalize its
operation, arid make it approximate as nearly as may be to a system of
taxes in proportion to property — the duties upon luxuries, used almost
exclusively by the rich, should be fixed at the highest revenue standard.
This would not be discriminating in favor of the poor, however just that
might be within the revenue limit ; but it would mitigate, as far as prac-
ticable, that discrimination against the poor which results from every tariff,
by compelling them to pay a larger amount of taxes than if assessed and
collected on all property in proportion to its value. In accordance with
these principles, it is believed that the largest practicable portion of the
aggregafe revenue should be raised by maximum revenue duties upon
luxuries, whether grown, produced, or manufactured at home of abroad.
An appeal has been made to the poor, by the friends of protection, on
the ground that it augments the wages of labor. In reply, it is contended
that the wages of labor have riot augmented since the tariff of 1842, and
. that in some cases they have diminished.
When the number of manufactories is not great, the power of the
system to regulate the wages of labor is inconsiderable ; but as the , profit
of capital invested in manufactures is augmented by the protective tariff,
there is a corresponding increase of power, until the control of such
capital over the wages of labor becomes irresistible. As this power is
exercised from time to time, we find it resisted by combinations among
the working classes, by turning out for higher wages, of for shorter time ;
by trades-unions ; and in some countries, unfortunately, by violence and
bloodshed. But the Government, by protective duties, arrays itself on
the side of the manufacturing system, and, by thus augmenting its wealth
and power, soon terminated in its favor the struggle between man and
money — between capital and labor. When the tariff’of 1842 was enacted,
the maximum duty was twenty^ per cent. By that act, the average of
duties on the protected articles was more than double. But the wages
of labor did not increase in a corresponding ratio, or in any ratio what-
ever. On the contrary, whilst wages in some cases have diminished,
the prices of many articles used by the worldng classes have greatly
appreciated. v • •
A protective, tariff is a question regarding the enhancement of the
profits of capital, That is its object, and not to augment the wages of
labor, which would reduce those profits. It is a question of jtercentage,
and is to decide whether money vested "in our manufactures shall, by
special legislation, yield a profit of ten, twenty, or thirty per cent., or
whether it shall remain satisfied with a dividend equal to that accruing
from the same capital invested in agriculture, commerce, or navigation, '
The present tariff is unjust and unequal, as. well in its details as in
the principles upon which •. it is founded. On some articles the duties
afe entirely prohibitory, arid on others there is a partial prohibition. It
discriminates in favor of manufactures, and against agriculture, by
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imposing many higher duties upon the manufactured fahric than upon
the agricultural product out of which it is made. It discriminates in
favor of the manufacturer, and against the mechanic, by many higher
duties upon the manufacture than upon the article made out of it by the
mechanic. It discriminates in favor of the manufacturer, and against the
merchant, by injurious restrictions upon trade and commerce ; and against
' the ship-building and navigating interest, by heavy duties on almost
every article used in building or navigating vessels. It discriminates in
favor of manufactures, and against exports, which are as truly the pro-
duct of American industry as manufactures. It discriminates in favor
of the rich, and against the poor, by high duties upon nearly all the
necessaries of life, and by minimums and specific duties, rendering the
tax upon the real value much higher on the cheaper than upon the finer
article. '■
Minimums are a fictitious value, assumed by law, instead of the real
value; and the operation of all minimums may be illustrated by a single
example. Thus, by the tariff of 1842, a duty of thirty per cent, ad
valorem is levied on all manufactures of cotton ; but the law further
provides that cotton goods “ not died, colored, printed, or stained, not
exceeding in value twenty cents per square yard, shall be valued at
twenty cents per square yard.” If, then,abe real value of the cheapest
cottqn goods is but four cents a square yard, it is placed by the law at
the false value of twenty cents per square ya.rd, and the duty levied
on the fictitious value — raising it five times higher on the cheap article
consumed by the poor, than upon the fine article purchased by the more
wealthy. Indeed, by House document No. 306, of the first session of
the Twenty-eighth Congress, this difference, by actual importation, was
65 per cent, between the cheaper and the finer article of the 20 per
cent, minimum, 131 per cent, on the 30 per cent, minimum, 48J
per cent, on the. 35 per cent, minimum, 84 per cent, on the 60 per
cent, minimium, and 84 per cent, on the 75 per cent, minimum.
This difference is founded on actual importation, and shows an
average discrimination against the poor on cotton imports of 82 per cent,
beyond what the tax would be if assessed upon the actual value. The
operation of the specific duty presents a similar discrimination against
the poor and in favor of the rich. Thus, upon salt: the duty is not upon
the value, but it is eight cents a bushel, whether the article be coarse or
fine— showing, by the same document, from actual importation, a dis-
crimination of sixty-four per cent, against the cheap and in favor of the
finer article ; and this, to a greater or less extent, is the effect of all
specific duties. When we consider that $2,892,621 74 of the revenue
last year was collected by minimum duties, and $13,311,085 46 by
specific duties, the discrimination against the cheaper article must amount,
by estimates founded on the same document, to a tax of $5,108,422
exacted by minimums and specific duties annually from the poorer
classes, by raising thus the dudes on the, cheaper articles above what
they would be if the duty were assessed upon the actual value. If
direct taxes were made specific, they would be intolerable. Thus, if
an annual tax of thirty dollars was assessed on all houses, without
respect to their actual value, making the owner of the humble tenement
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REPORTS OF THE < [1845.
or cabin pay a tax of thirty dollars and the owner of the costly
.mansion a tax of but thirty dollars on their respective houses, it would
differ only in degree, but not in principle, from the same unvarying
specific duty on cheap as on fine articles. If any discrimination should
be made, it should be the reverse of the specific dirty, and of the mini-
mum principle, by establishing a maximum standard, abov'e which value
the duties on the 'finer article should be higher, and below which
' they should be lower on the- cheaper ar'ticle. The tax upon the actual
value is the most equiil, and can only be accomplished by ad valorem
duties. As to fraudulent invoices and undervaluatiorrs, these dangers
are believed to be arrested effectually by the stringent provisions and
severe penalty of the 17th section of the tariff of 1842 ; arrd now, one-
half the revenue is collected from ad valorem duties.
At least two-thirds of the taxes imposed by the present tariff are
paid, not into the Treasury, but to the protected classes. The revenue
from irrrports last year exceeded twenty-seven millions of dollars. . This,
in itself, is a heavy tax; but the whole tax imposed upon the people by
, the present tariff is not less than eighty-one milhons of dollars— of which
twenty-seven millions are paid to the Government upon the iiriportsy
and fifty -four milliorrs to the protected classes, in enhanced prices of
similar domestic articles.
This estimate is, based upon the position that the duty is added to the
price of the import, and also of its domestic rival. If the import is en-
hanced in price by the duty, so must be the domestic • rival ; for, being
like articles, their price must, be the same in the same market. The
merchant advances in cash the duty on the import, and adds the duty,
' with a/profit upon it, and other charges, to the price— which must there-
fore be enhanced to that extent, unless the foreign producer has first
deducted the duty from the price. But this is impossible: for such now
is, and long has been, the superabundance of capital and active compe-
tition in Europe, that a profit of six per cent, in any business is suffi-
cient to produce large investments of money in that business ; and if,
by our tariff, a duty of forty per cent, be exacted on the products of
such business, and the foreign producer deducts that duty from his pre-
vious price,. he must sustain a heavy loss. This loss would also soon
extend beyond the sales for our consumption to sales to our merchants
of articles to be reexported by them from our ports vifith a drawback of
duty, which would bring down their price throughout the markets of the
world. But this the foreign producer cannot afford. The duty, there-
fore, must be added to the price, and paid by the consumer— the duty
constituting as much a part of the price as the cost of production.
If it be true that, when a duty of forty per cent, is imposed by our
tariff, the foreign producer first deducts thb duty from the previous price
on the sale to pur merchant, it must be equally true with a duty of one
hundred per cent., which is exactly equal to the previous price, and,
when deducted, would reduce the price to nothing.
The occasional fall in price of some articles after a tariff' is no proof
^ that this was the effect of the tariff; ' because, from improved machinery,
diminished prices of the raw material, or other causes, prices may fall
even after a tariff, but they would in such cases have fallen much more
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but for. the tariff.. The truest comparison is between the present price
of the same article a,t home and abroad; and to the extent that the price
is lower in the foreign market than in our own, the duty, if equal to that
difference, must tp that extent enhance the price, and in the same ratio
' with the lower duty. The difference in price at home or abroad is gen-
erally about equal to the difference in the cost of production, and pre- ’
'' sentSi. in a series of years, the surest measure of the effect of the duty :
the enhancement in price being equal to that difference, if the duty be
higher than that difference or equal to it ; or if the duty be lower, then
the enhancement is equal to the duty; and . if the article is produced,
like cotton, more cheaply here than abroad, the duty is inoperative.
The great argument for the tariff is, that foreign labor being cheaper
i than our own, the cost of foreign productions, it is said, is lessened to
that extent, and that we must make up this difference by an equivalent
duty and a corresponding enhancement of price in our own market
both on the foreign article and of its rival domestic product^thus ren-
dering the duty a tax on all consumers for the benefit of the protected
classes. If the marshal were sent by the F ederal Government to ' col-
lect a direct tax from the whole people,, to be paid over to manufacturing
, papitalists, to enable them to sustain their business, or realize a larger
profit, it would be the same in effect as the protective duty, which, when
analyzed in its simplest elements, and reduced to actual results^ is a
.mere subtraction of so 'much money from the people to increase the
resources of the protected classes. Legislation for classes is against the
doctrine of equal rights, repugnant to the spirit of our free institution's,
and, it is apprehended by many, may become but another form for
privileged orders,' under the name of protection instead of privilege;
indicated here not by rank or title, but by profits and dividends extracted
from the many, by taxes upon them, for the benefit of the few.
. . No prejudice is felt by the Secretary of the Treasury against manu-
facturers. His opposition is to the protective system, and not to classes
or individuals^ He doubts not that the manufacturers are sincerely
persuaded that the system which is a source of so much profit to. them
IS beneficial also to the country. He entertains a contrary Opinion, and
claims for the opponents of the system a settled conviction of its inju-
rious effects. Whilst a due regard to the just and equal rights of all
classes forbids a discrimination in favor of the manufacturers, by duties
above the lowest revenue limit, no disposition is felt to discriminate
against them by reducing such duties as operate in their favor below
that standard. Under revenue duties it is believed they would sfill
receive a reasonable profit, equal to that- realized by those engaged in
other pursuits,; and it is thought they should desire no more, at least
through the agency of governmental power. Equal rights and profits, so
far, as laws are made, best conform to the principles upon which the
Constitution was founded, and with an undeviating regard tp which all
its functions should be exercised, looking to the whole country and not
to classes or sections, • .
Soil, climate,' and other causes, vary very much in different countries
•the pursuits which are most profitable in each; and the prosperity of all
of them will be best promoted by leaving them, unrestricted by legisla,-
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[1845.
tion, to exchange with each other those fabrics and products which they
■ severally raise most cheaply. This is clearly illustrated by the perfect
free trade which exists among all the States of the Union, and by the
acknowledged fact that any one of these States would be injured by
imposing duties upon the products of the others. It is generally con-
ceded that reciprocal free trade among nations would best advance the
interest of all ; but it is contended that we must meet the tariffs of other
nations by countervailing restrictions. That duties upon our exports by
foreign nations are prejudicial to us, is conceded ; but whilst this injury
is slightly felt by the manufacturers, its weight falls almost exclusively
upon agriculture, commerce, and navigation. If those interests which
sustain the loss do not ask countervailing restrictions, it should not be
demanded by the manufacturers, who do not feel the injury, and whose
fabrics, in fact, are not excluded by the foreign legislation of which they
complain. That agriculture, commerce, and navigation are injured by
foreign restrictions, constitutes no reason why they should be subject to
still severer treatment by additional restrictions and countervailing tariffs
enacted at home. Commerce, agriculture, and navigation, harassed
as they may be by foreign restrictions, diminishing the amount of
exchangeable products which they Could otherwise purchase abroad,
are burdened with heavier impositions at home. Nor will augmented
duties here lead to a reduction, of foreign tariffs, but the reverse, by
furnishing the protected, classes there with the identical argument used
by the protected classes here against reduction. By countervailing re-
stiictions we injure our own fellow-citizens much more than the foreign
nations at whom we propose to aiie their force ; and in the conflict of
opposing tariffs we sacrifice our own commerce, agriculture, and navi-
gation. As well might we impose monarchical or aristocratic restric-
tions on pur own Government or people, because that is the course of
foreign legislation. Let our commerce be as free as our political insti-
tutions. Let us, with revenue duties only, open our ports to all the
world, and nation after nation will soon follow our example. If we re-
duce our tariff, the party opposed to the corn laws of England would
soon prevail, and admit all our agricultural. products at all times freely
into her ports, in exchange for her exports. And if England would now
repeal her duties upon our wheat, flour, Indian corn, and other agricul-
tural products, our own restrictive system would certainly be doomed'
to overthrow. If the question is asked. Who shall begin this work of
reciprocal reduction? it is answered by the fact that England has
already abated her duties upon most of our exports. She haS repealed
the duty upon cotton, and greatly reduced the duty upon our bread-
stuff's, provisions, and other a.iticles; and her present bad harvest, if
accompanied by a reduction of our tariff, would lead to the repeal of
her corn laws, and the unrestricted admission, at all times, of our agri-
cultural products. The manufacturing interest opposes reciprocal free
trade with foreign nations; it opposes the ZoU-Verein treaty; and it is
feared that no other treaty producing a reciprocal reduction of our own
and foreign tariffs will receive its support. If that interest preferred a
reciprocal exchange of our own for foreign fabrics at revenue duties, it
would not have desired a tariff operating, without exception, against aU
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nations that adopted low as well as high tariffs, nor would it have op-
posed every amendment proposing, when the tariff of 1842 was under
consideration, a reduction of our duties upon the exports of such na-
tions as would receive, free of duty, our flour and other , agricultural
products. If that interest desired reciprocal free trade with other na-
tions, it would have desired a very diflerent tariff from that of 1842. It
would have sought to confine the high duties to those cases where the
foreign importer would sell his imports for cash only, and admitted a
drawback of one-half of the duty where American exports would he
taken abroad in exchange-— not an actual barter of foreign imports for
an equal amount in value of our products, but without any barter where
a sum equal to the value of their exports was used in purchasing here
ah equal amount in value of any of our products; and the shipment
made abroad of these products upon the same principle under which a
drawback of duties is now allowed on the reexportation of foreign im-
ports. This would be less simple, and is not recommended in lieu of
that absolute reduction of the duties which will accomplish the same
object of unrestricted exchange. But such a provision would be a self-
executing reciprocity law, and should be desired by those believing in
countervailing tariffs against foreign nations, but in reciprocal free trade
with all — thus enabling our farmers and planters to sell their products
for cheaper foreign manufactures, getting more for what they sell, and
paying less, for what they purchase in exchange. It. seems strange that
while the profit of agriculture varies from one to eight per cent., that of
manufactures is more than double. The reason is, that whilst the high
duties secure nearly a monopoly of the home market to the manufac-
turer, the farmer and planter are deprived to a great extent of the for-
eign market by these duties. The farmer and planter are, to a great
extent, forbidden to buy in the foreign market, and confined to the do-
mestic articles enhanced in price by the duties. The tariff is thus a
double benefit to the manufacturer, and a double loss to the farmer and
planter ; a benefit to the former in nearly a monopoly of the home
market, and in enhanced prices of their fabrics ; and a loss to the
latter in the payment of those high prices, and a total or partial exclu-
sion from the foreign mai’ket. The true question is, whether the farmer
and planter shall, to a great extent, supply .our people with cheap man-
ufactures, purchased abroad with their agricultural products, or whether
this exchange shall be forbidden by high duties on such manufactures,
and their supply thrown, as a monopoly, at large prices, by high tariffs,
into the hands of our own manufacturers. The number of manufactu-
ring capitalists who derive the benefit from the heavy taxes extracted
by the tariff from twenty millions of' people does not exceed ten thou-
sand* The whole number (including the working classes engaged in our
manufactures) deriving any benefit from the tai'iff, does not exceejd four
hundred thousand, of whom not more thtm forty thousand have been
brought into this pursuit by the last tariff. But this small number of
forty thousand would still have been in the country, consuming our agri-
cultural products ; and in the attempt to secure them as purchasers, so
small in number and not consuming one half the supply of many coun-
ties, the farmer and planter ai'e asked to sacrifice the markets of the
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world, containing a population of eight hundred miUions, disabled frorn
purchasing our products by our high duties on all they would sell in
exchange. The farmer and .planter have the home market without a
tariff, and they would have the foreign market also to a much greater
extent but for the total or partial prohibition of the last tariff.
We have more fertile lands than any other nation, can raise a greater
variety of products, and, it may be said, could feed' and clothe the people
of nearly all the world. The home market,' of itself, is wholly inade-
quate for such products. They must have the foreign market, or a large
surplus, accompanied by great depression in price, must be the result.
The States of Ohio, Indiana, and Ilhnois, if cultivated to their fullest
extent, could, of themselves, raise more than sufficient food to supply
the entire home market. Missouri or Kentucky could more than supply
it with hemp; already the State of Mississippi raises more cotton than
is sufficient for all the home market;, Louisiana is rapidly approaching
the same point as to sugar; and there are lands enough adapted to that
product in Louisiana, 'Texas,, and Florida, to supply widn sugar and
molasses nearly all the markets of the world. If cotton is depressed
in price by the tariff, the consequence must be a comparative diminution
of the product, and the raising in its place, to a great extent, hemp,
wheat, corn, stock, and provisions, which otherwise would be supplied
by the teenling products of the West. The growing West in a series'
of years must be the greatest sufferers by the tariff, in depriving them of
the foreign market and that of theeOtton-growing States. We demand,
in fact, for our agricultural products, specie from nearly all the world,
by heavy taxes upon all their rhanufactures ; and' their purchases; from
us must therefore be limited, as well as their sales to us enhanced in
price. Such a demand for specie, which we know in advance eannot
be compUed with, is nearly equivalent to a deeree exeluding most of bur
agricultural products -from the foreign markets. Such is the rigor of our
restrictions, that nothing short of a famine opens freely, the ports of
Europe for our breadstuffs. Agriculture is bur chief employment; it is
best adapted to our situation ; and, if not depressed by the tariff, would
be the most profitable. ' We can raise a larger surplus of agricultural
products, and a greater variety, than almost any other nation, and at
cheaper rates. Remove, then, from agriculture a;U our restrictions, arid
by its own unfettered power it will break down all. foreign restrictions,
and, ours being removed, .would feed the hungry and clothe the poor of
our fellowt-men throughout all the densely-peopled nations of the worldi
But now wfe will take nothing in exchange for these products but specie,
except at very high duties ; and nothing but a famine breaks down all
foreign restrictions, and opens, for a time the ports of Europe to our
breadstuff^ If, on a reduction of our duties, England repeals her corn
laws, nearly all Europe must follow her example, or give to her manu-
facturers advantages which cannot be successfully encbuntered in most
of the markets of the world. The tariff did not raise the price of our
breadstuffs ; but a bad harvest in Erigiand does- — giving us for the time
that foreign market which' we would sbon have at all times by that repeal
of the corn laws; which rnust follow the reduction of our duties. But
whilst breadstuffs rise 'with a bad harvest in England, cotton almost
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
invariably falls ; because the increased sum which, in thatevent, England
must pay for our breadstuffs, we will take, not in manufactures, but only
in specie; and not having it to spaire, she brings down, even to a greater
extent, the price of our cotton. Hence the result that a bad harvest in
England reduces the aggregate price of our exports, often turns the
exchanges against us, carryingour specie abroad, and inflicting a serious
blow on our prosperity. F oreign nations cannot for a series of years
import more than they export:; and if we close our markets against their
imports by high duties, they must buy less of our exports, or give a
lower price, or both. ,■
Prior to the 30th of June, 1842, a credit was given for the payment
of duties ; since which, date, they have been collected in cash. Before
the. cash duties and the tariff of 1842, our trade in foreign imports reex- .
ported abroad afforded large and profitable employment to our merchants,
and freight to our commercial marine, both for the inward and: outward
voyage; but since the. last tariff^ this trade is being lost to the country,
as is proved by the tables hereto annexed. The total amount, of foreign
imports reexported during the three, years since the last tariff, both of
free and dutiable goods, is $33,384,394— being far less than in any three,'
years (except during the war) since 1793, and less than was reexported
in any one of eight several years. The highest aggregate of any three
years was $173, 108, 813,, and the lowest aggregate $41,315,706: — being
in the years 1794, 1795, and 1796. Before 1820, the free goods are not
distinguished in this particular from the dutiable goods ; but since that
date tne returns show the following result: During the three years since
th^ tariff of 1842, the value of dutiable imports reexported was $12,690,-
811— being less than in any one of seven years preceding since 1820,
the lowest aggregate of any three years since that date being $14,918,-
444, and the highest $57,727,293. Even before the cash duties,' for five
years preceding the high tariff of 1828, the value of dutiable goods
reexported was $94,796,241 ; and for the five years succeeding that
tariff, $66,784,192— -showing a loss of $28,012,049 of our trade in foreign
exports after the tariff of 1828. The diminution of this most valuable
branch of commerce has been the combined result of cash duties, and
of the high tariff of 1842, If the cash duties are retained, as it is believed
they should be, the oiily sure method of restoring this trade is the adop-
tion of the warehousing system, by which the foreign imports may be
kept in store by the Government until they are required for reexpor^tion
abroad, or consumption at home— in which latter contipgency, and at
the time when, for that purpose, they are taken out of these stores for
consumption, the duties are paid, and, if reexported, they pay no'duty,
but only the expense of storage. Under the present sy stem, the merchant
introduces foreign imports of the value of $100,000, He must now,
besides the advance, for the goods, make a further advance in cash, in
many cases, of $50fo00 for the duties. Under such a system, but a
small amount of goods will be imported for drawba:cks ; and the higher
the duty, the larger must be the advance, and the srnaller the imports for
reexportation. . ' . c . .
The imports, before payment; of duties, under the same regulations
now applied to our imports in transit to Canada, may be taken from
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warehouse to warehouse— ^from the east to the lakes, and to Pittsburg,
Cincinnati, and Louisville — from New Orleans to Natchez, Vicksburg,
Memphis, and St. Louis — and warehoused in these and other interior
ports, the duties remaining unpaid until the goods are taken out of the
w’^arehouse, and out of the original package, at such ports, for consump-
tion ; thus carrying our foreign commerce into the interior, with all the
advantage of augmented business and cheaper supplies throughout the
countiy. It will introduce into our large ports on or near the seaboard
assorted cargoes of goods, to be reexported with pur own, to supply the
markets of the world. It will cheapen prices to the consumer, by de-
ducting the interest and profit that ai'e now charged upon the advance
of duty— building up the mails of our own commerce, and giving profit-
able employment to our own commercial marine. It will greatly increase
our revenue, by augmenting our imports, together with our exports ; and
is respectfully recommended to Congress, as an important part of the
whole system now proposed for their consideration. ,
The act of the 3d of March last, allowing a drawback on foreign
imports exported from certain pf our ports to Canada, and also to Santa
Fe and Chihuahua, in Mexico, has gone to some extent into effect under
regulations prescribed by this Department, and is beginning to produce
the niost happy results, especially in an augmented trade in the supply
of foreign exports to Canada from our own ports. Indeed this law must
soon give to us the whole of this valuable trade during the long period
when the St. Lawrence is closed by ice, and a large prbportion of it at
all seasons. The result would be still more beneficial if Canada were
allowed to carryall her exports to foreign, nations in transitu through
our own railroads, rivers, and canals, to be shipped from our own ports.
Such a system, whilst it would secure to us this valuable trade, would
greatly enlarge the business on our rivers, lakes, railroads, and canals,
as well as augment our commerce, and would soon lead to. the purchase,
by Canada,, not only of our foreign exports j but also, in many cases, of
our domestic products and fabrics, to complete an assortment. In this
manner our commercial relations with Canada would become more inti-
mate, and more and mpre of her trade every year would be secured to
our people. '
Connected with this Department and the finances is the question of
the sales of the public lands. The proceeds of these sales, it is believed,
shoidd continue to constitute a portion of the revenue, diminishing to that
extent the amount required to be raised by the tariff. The net proceeds
of these sales paid into the Treasury during the last fiscal year was
$2,077,022 30 ; and from the first sales in 1787 up to the 30th of Sep-
tember last was $118,607,335 91. The average annual sales have been
much less than two millions of acres ; yet the aggregate net proceeds of
the sales in 1834, 1835, 1836, and 1837, was $51,268,617 82. Those
large sales were Mmost exclusively for speculation ; and this can. only
be obviated at all times by confining the sales to settlers and cultivators
in hmited quantities, sufficient for farms or plantations. The price at
which the public lands should be sold is an important question to the
whole country, but especially to the people of the new States, living
mostly remote from the seaboai’d, and who have scarcely felt the presr
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 17
ence of the Government in loeah expenditures, but chieHy iri the exhaus-
tion of their means for purehases of public lands and for customs. The
public lands are hot of the same value, yet they are all fixed at one
unvarying price, which is far above the value of a large portion of these
lands. The quantity now subject to entry at the minimum price of
$1 25 per; acre is 133,307,457 acres, and 109,035,345 in addition, to
which the Indian title has been extinguished — rbeing an aggregate of
242,342,802 acres, and requiring a century and a quarter to complete
the sales at the rate they have progressed heretofore, without including
any of the unsold lands of Texas or Oregon, or of the vast region besides
to which the Indian title is not yet extinguished. It is clear, then, that
there is a vast and annually-increasing surplus of public lands, very little
of which will be sold within. any reasonable period at the present price,
and in regard to which the public interest would be promoted, and the
revenue augmented, by reducing the price. The reduction of the price
of the public, lands in favor of settlers and cultivators would enhance
the wages of labor.. It is an argument urged iri favor of the tariff that
we ought to protect our labor against what is called the pauper labor of
Europe. But whilst the tariff does not enhance the wages of labor, the
sale^ of the public lands at low prices, and in limited quantities to
settlers and cultivators, would accomplish, this object. If those who
live by the wages of labor could purchase 320 acres of land for $80,
■ 160. acres for $40,:or 80 acres for $20, of 40 acre lot for $10, the power
of the manufacturing capitalist in reducing the wages of labor would be
greatly diminished ; because when these lands were thus reduced in
price, those who five by the wages of labor- could purchase farms at
theselow rates, and cultivate the soil for themselves and families, instead
of working, for others twelve hours a day m the manufactories, Reduce
the price which the laborer must pay for the publie domain ; bring thus
the means of purchase within his power ; prevent all speculation and
monopoly in the public lands; confine the sales to settlers: and cultiva-
tors in limited quantities ; preserve these hundreds of millions of acres,
for ages to come, as homes for the, poor and oppressed ; reduce the, taxes
by reducing the tariff and bringing down the prices which the poor are
thus compelled to pay for all the necessaries and comforts of life,, arid
more will be done for the benefit of American labor than if millions were
added to the rirofits of manufacturing capital by the enactment of a
protective tariff. ;•
The Secretary of the Treasury, oncoming into office, found the reve-
nues deposited with banks. The law establishing the Independent
Treasury was repealed; and the Secretary had no power to reestablish
that system. Congress'had not only repealed that law, but, as a substi-
tute, had adopted the present system of depbsite bariks, and prohibited
changing, any. one of those for another bank except for specified reasons'.
No alternative was left b.ut to continue the existing system until Congress
should think proper to change it. That change, it is hoped, will now
be made by a return to the Treasury of the Constitution. One of the
great evils of banks is, the constant expansion and contraction of the
currency ; and this evil is augmented by the deposites of the revenue
with banks, whether State, or national. The only proper course for the
Von. V. — 2.
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Govfernmeht is to keep its own, imotiey separate from all banks and
bankers, in its own Tteasurj'^— Whether in the mint, branch mints, or
other Government agencies — and to use only gold and silver coin in all
receipts and disbursements. The business of the country will be more
safe when an adequate supply of specie 'is kept within our limits, and
its circulation encouraged by all the means within the power of the Gov-
ernment. If this Government and the States and the people unite in
suppressing the use of specie, an adequate supply, for Want of a demand,"
cannot be kept within' our limits, and the Condition of the business and
currency of the countiy will be perilous and uncertaini It will be com-
pletely within the power of the banks, whose paper will constitute the
exclusive circulation of the whole community. Nor will it be useful to
establish a constitutional Treasuiy, if it is tO receive Or disburse the paper
of banks.’ Separation from banks in that case Would only be nominal,
and no addition Would be made to the circulation of- gold and silver.
Various forms of paper credit have been suggested, as eonnected with
the operations of the constitutional Treasury; but they are all considered
as impairing one .of the great objects of such a Treasury— namely, an
augmented circulation of specie. If paper, in whatever forin, or from
whatever source it may issue, should be introduced aS a circulation by
the constitutional Treasury, it would, precisely to that extent, diminish
its use as a means of circulating gold and silver. .
The constitutional Treasury could be rendered a most powerful aux-
iliary of the Mint in augmenting the specie circulation.' The amount. of
public money which can be placed in the Mint is now limited by law to
one million of dollars; and: to that extent it is now used as a depository,
and as a means of increasing' our Coinage. It is suggested that this ■
limitation ma,y be so modified as to permit the use of Our Mint and branch-
mints' for a much larger sum, in connection with the constitutional Treas- •
ury. The amount of public -money received at New York greatly
exceeds that collected at all other points, 'and would of , itself seem to
call for a place of public’ deposite there ; in vieW of Which the locatlbh
' of a branch of the Mint of the United States at that city Would be most
convenient and useful. The argument used against' a constitutional
Treasury, of the alleged insecurity of the pUbhc funds in the hands of
^ f individuals, and especially the vast amount collected at New York,,wiU
j be entirely obviated by such an establishment. The Mint of the United .
States has now been in existence fifty -two years. It has. had the custody
of upwards of $114,000,000, anti during this long period of time there
never has been a loss of any of its specie in the •Mint by the Govern-
ment. The Mint at Philadelphia is how conducted with great efficiency
by the able and faithful Officer at the head of that establishment,
' ' whose general . supervisGry authority. Without leaving the parent Mint,
might still be wisely extended to the branch at New York. Besides
the utility of such a branch as a place for keeping safely and disbursing
the public money; it is beheyed that the coinage might be greatly aug-
j 1 mented by the existence of a branch of the Mint at that great City. It
is there that two-thirds' of the revenue is annually Gbllected— the whole
of which, under the operation of the Constitutionar Treamry, WOuld.foe
received in specie. Of that amount-, a very large Sum would be received
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in coin of other countries, arid especially in foreign gold coins — all which
could be .speedily converted, upon the spot, into our own coins of gold
and silver. The amount.also of such foreign coin brought by emigrants
to the city of New York is very considerable,; a large portion of which
- would find its way to the branch of the Mint for recoinage. The foreign
gold coins do not, and it is . feared will not, circulate generally as a
currency, notwithstanding, they are made a tender by law. The rate at
W'hich these coins are fixed by law is not familiar to the people ; the
•denomination of such coin is inconvenierit ; vthe parts into which it is
•divided are not decimal ; the rates'at which it is talteri vary in difierent
parts of the Union. It is inconvenient in the way of ready transfer in
counting ; it .is more difficult, in common use, to distinguish the genuine
from the counterfeit foreign coin; and the stamp upon if is not familiar
to the people-^from all which causes, a foreign gold coin does not, and
will not, circulate generally as a currency among the people. . In mariy
-of the banks, nearly the whole of their specie is kept in every variety of
foreign gold coin ; and when it is tendered by thein in payment of their
notes, the great body of the people, riot being familiar with these coins,
do not receive them ; arid thus the circulation of a gold currency is, to
a great extent, defeated.' If these coins were converted at our Mint, or
branch mints, into the eagle, the half-eagle, and quarter-eagle., we should
speedily have a large supply of American gold coin, and it would very
soon be brought into common use as acurrency, and thus give to it greater
stability, and greater security to all the business of the country, A
considerable amount of foreign gold coin has, during the present year,
under the directions of this Department, been converted into American
gold coin ; but the process would be much more rapid if aided by the
organization of .the constitutional. Treasury,, and the establishment of a
branch of the Mint at the great commercial emporium of the Union,
"With the mint and branch Mints as depositories, fbe sum remaining in
the hands of other receivers of public money, whether of lands or customs,
would be inconsiderable, and the Government could be readily protected'
from all losses of such sums by adequate bonds,"and the power by law ,
to convict arid punish as criminals all who embezzle the public moneys.
It is believed, under such a- system, that no defaults would take place,
and that the public moneys would be safely kept and disbursed in gold
and silver. This Government is made, by the Constitution, the. guardian
of a specie currency. .That currency can' only be coined, and its value
riegulated, by this Government. It is brie of its first duties to supply
such a currency, by an, efficient mint, and by general regulations of the
coinage ; -but iri vain will it attempt to perform that duty, if, when coin
is made or regulated in value, this Government dispenses withdts use,
and expels it from circulation, or drives it out of the country, by substi-
tuting the paper of banks in all the- transactions of the Government.
There is nothing which will advance so surely the prosperity of the
country as an adequate supply of specie, diffused throughout every
portion of the.Union, and constituting, to a great extent, the. ordinary
cireulation everywhere among tbe pebple. It is a 'cufrency that will
never break nor fail; it wiU neither expand nor contract beyond the
legitimate business of the country; it will lead to no extravagant spbcu-
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20 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
lation^ at one time, to be followed by certain depression at another ; nor
will labor ever be robbed of its, reward by the depreciation of such
currency. There is no danger that \ve shall have too much >gold and
silver in actual circulation, or too small an amount of hank paper,: dr that
. any injury ever Avill he inflicted upon the business of' the country, hy. a
diminution of the circulation of the paper of banks, and the substitution
in its place, to that extent, of gold and silver. Even their most ardent
advocates must admit that banks m:e subject to periodical expansions
and contractions, and that this evil' would be increased by. giving them
the funds of the Goverriment to loan, and by receiving and disbursing
nothing but their paper. ' . -
It is believed. that the permanent interest of every class of the people
will he advanced by the establishment of the constitutional Treasury,
and that the, manufacturers especially will derive great . benefit from its
adoption. ■ It will give, stability to all their operations; and insure them,
to a great extent, against those fluctuations; expansions^ and contractions
of the currency so prejudicial to their; interests.. By guarding -against
inflations of the currency, it will have a tendency to check periodical
excesses of foreign importations purchased in fact upon credit ; while
loans from banks, or dangerous enlargements of their business, and
excessive issues of their paper, will be : greatly diminished. ^Whilst a
sound and stable currency guards, the manufacturer against excessive
importations from abroad, it protects him from disasters at home, and from
those ruinous revulsions in which so many thousand's are reduced to
bankruptcy. '' . The tariff, -if followed, as in the absence of adequate checks
it certainly soon will bej by an inflated currency, whilst it thus enhance^
the expenses of manufacturing at hpnae, twll speedily and certainly raise
prices, up to the whble amount of the duty, so as to repeal the operation
of that duty in favor of the manufaGturer,:and enable. the foreign ihiporter
again to flood the market, at the enhanced prices arising from an inflated
currency. But so.dn the revulsion cotnes, and all are overwhelmed in a
common ruin. The currency is reduced .below the wants, of the country,
hy a sudden and ruirtoUs contraction t and the^ labor and industry of
years are required' to repair the mischief. Stability, both in the tariff
and the currency, is what the mauufacturer should most idesire. Let
the tariff be permanently adjusted, bjr a return to reasonable and moderate
revenue duties, which, even when imposed truly and in good faith for
that purpose, will yield suflScient advantage to afford reasonable profits j
and let this permanent .system .(and .none, other can be permanent) be
established, and aG.companied by a stable currency, apd the manufacturer,
in a series of years, will derive the' greatest benefits' from the system.
The present system cannot be permanent. It is too, unequal and unjust,
too exorbitant aUd oppressive,, and too clearly iii conflict with the funda-
mental principles of the Constitution. If the manufacturer thinks that
this system can be perma,neht, let him look to the constant changes which
have attended all attempts to establish and Continue a protective tariff.
The, first tariff was based in part upon the principle of very moderate
protection to domestic manufactures ; and the result has been, asmppears
by the table .hereto annexed, that the tariff has been changed and modi-
fied thirty times since that period— -being more than once, on an average.
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
21
for every Congress since,th;e Government was founded ; and one of these
tariffs was in itself a system of successive biennial changes, operating
through a period of ten years. Of these changes, fourteen have been
general, and sixteen special. From 1816 onward, these changes have
been most frequent ; and it is vain to expect permanency from anything
but a revenue tariff. , Stability is what the manufacturer should desircj .
and especially that the question . should be taken out of the arena of
poUtics, by a just Bind peririanent settlement. A great number of tables,
illustrative of the effects of the tariff, compiled from official documents,
accompany this report. Some :of these tables exhibit the , operation of
each of our , tariffs, froin the organization of the Government to the
present-period. In order to enable the Secretary to comply with the
direction of the acts of Congt'ess, Requiring him in his annual report to
suggest “ plans for improving or increasing the revenues,” and to give
“informatien to Congress in adopting modes of raising” the revenue,
two circulars: were issued, \ published, and generally distributed, pro-
pounding various questions connected with this subject, and requesting
replies. Some answers have . been received, from friends as well as
opponents of the tariff ; b ut the Secretary regrets that the manufacturers,
with very few exceptions, have dechned answering these questions, or
communicating any information as regards their profits, and surplus, or
in relation. to the wages of labor. An abstract of all that is deemed
useful in these, replies, together with a copy of both the circulars, is
appended to this report.,
The coast survey is rapidly progressing, having been extended east-
ward to the eastern coast of Massachusetts, and southward nearly to the
dividing line of Maryland and Virginia, bn the Chesapeake. Two new
centres of operation have been bpened,'under the' sanction .'of this Depart-
ment,'in North Carohna, and on.the Gulf of Mexico, from which the work
may be spread until the parts unite- Important positions for forts, navy-
yards, harbors, and light-houses, present themselves along this interesting
portion of the coast of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, and the
islands guarding the interior channel between Mobile and New Orleans.
Great economy exists in the administration of the fund appropriated for
the coast survey; and every effort is made by the superintendent to
press the, work onward to a completion; arid his report in detail will be
hereafter submitted to Congress. Three charts, resulting from the
survey, have been published within the past year, and fi''''e more are
nearly ready for publication. This gi'eat work is most hbnorable to' the
science of our country, most useful to our Navy and commercial marine,
and, in cprinectibn with our light-houses, must decrease the cost of
freight and insurance, as well as the risk of life and property. Great
attention has been given by thisDepartinent to the vpry important subject
of our light-house system. ; The various; improvements suggested by
experience at home of abroad ; the relative advantages of gas or oil, of
reflectors, lenticular, and' reyolving lights, the location and construction
of the buildings,, as well as the. mode of keeping the lights, are aU being
fuUy and carefully irivestigated, arid a report, -it is believed, wiU be
ready during the present session of Congress.; From the Chesapeake to
the capes of Florida, and thence westvvard, our coast is badly lighted, as
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23 REPORTS OF THE ' [1845.
well as the great laies- of the Northwest; and numerous wrecks, often
aeCompanied with loss of hfe and property, seem to require the interpo-
sition of Congress. . /
Such portions of the charts of the Exploring Expedition as were placed-
under the'^charge of this Department were, distributed for the benefit of
. our whale ships. These valuable chart's embrace the survey of many
hitherto almost unexplored , regions and' islands of the Paeific, as well as
a part of the coast of Oregon, and must be eminently useful for many
purposes, but especially to our seamen and merchants engaged in the
whale fishery. In puirsuance of a resolution of Congress, a report is in
progress of preparation a,s regards the banks and currency,' and also in
relation to statistics ; and these, with all other reports required from this;
Department, will be presented at the earliest practicable period of the
present session. ' . ^ -
In presenting his annual report, in obedience to the law, the Secretary
of the Treasury submits his views with undissembled. difEdence, consoled
by the reflection that all his errors of judgment will be corrected by the
superior wisdom of the two. Houses of Congr ess, guided and directed by
that overruling Provid^ence which has blessed the unexampled progress
of this great and happy Union. .
R.J.' WALKER,
Sea’eiary of the' Treasury,.
Hon. George M. Dallas, ' -
Vice President of the United States and
President (f the Senate.
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im.J SECRETARY QF THE TREASURY. 23
Schedule of Papers and Tables accompanying the Report of the Secretary of
• the Treasury,
A. Statement; of duties, revenuest and expenditures during the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1845, agreeably to warrantsissued, exclusive
of trust, funds.. '
B. Statement of duties, revenues, and public expenditures for the first
quarter of the fiscal year, from the 1st July to 30th September,
/ , . ■ 1845, agreeably to wajTanls issued, excluSi’re of trust funds. ■
C. Statement of ' quantity, value,' and duty on the imports of the year
ending 30th June, 1845, together with an estimated rate, of 20,
. 25,, and 30 per cent,, giving each article in detail.
D. , Statemeiit of impOrtS) exportsi,, and consumption of foreign merchan-
dise, for the year 1845, giving, each article in detail. ■
E. Detailed statement of the several tariffs enacted by Congress, and of
the duties, prescribed by each-, r
F. Thirteen separate tables shovving the imports of the various descrip-
tions of iron and. its manufactures imported each year since the
organization . of the Government to the present period, with the
value and rate of duty, , ' ' ' .
G. ; Similar table to the above, as; to coal,
H. Similar table to the above, as. to sugars., ■
I. Similar table to the above, as to molasses, (
R, Similar table to the'above, as. to coffee,
. L. Similar table to the above, as to tea. -
M. Circulars of the Secretary of the Treasury, and abstract of replies to
them, in regard to the tariff.
N. Statement of the aggregate annual amount of imports, and of foreign
goods reexported from 4th of March, 1789, to the 30th June,
1845, showing also the amount retained in the country for con-
sumption, ' '
O. Statement showing the amount ,of foreign merchandise reexported
each year from 1821 to June 30, 1845, both inclusive, distin-
guishing free and^dutiable goods.
P. A statement exhibiting) the value of foreign merchandise imported,
reexported, and consutned, annually, from 1821 to 1845, inclusive.
Q. A statement exhibiting the value “of the exports of domestic produce
and manufacture, and of foreign merchandise reexported, annually,
from 1821, to 1845, inclusive.
R. Statistical view of the commerce of the United States , exhibiting the
value of imports and exports, and also the amount of tonnage,
employed in foreign trade, annually, from 1821 to 1845.
S. Values of the principal articles imported into the United States.
T. The same, continued.
U. A statement exhibiting the value of manufactures of cotton imported
from 1821 to 1'845, inclusive.
V. A statement exhibiting the. value. of manufactures of woof imported
into the United States frOm 1821 to 1845, inclusive,
W. A statement exhibiting the value of manufactures of hemp and flax
imported into the United States from 1821 to 1845, inclusive.
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24 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
X. A statement exhibiting the value of manufactures of iron, arid iroii
and steel, and of iron and steel unmanufactured, irnported irito ,
the United States from 1821 to 1845, inclusive.
Y. A statement exhibiting the value of hemp , and cordage imported into
the United States from 1821 to i845, inclusive.
Z. A statement of the value of articles imported into the United States,
designating the Countries from which received. '
AA. Statement continued. ■ , ■ •
BB. A statement exhibiting the value of certain articles of domestic pro-
duce and manufacture, and of bullion arid specie, exported from
1821 to 1845,: inclusive. , ' :
CC. A statenient exhibiting the value of domestic and foreign produce,
and mariufactures exported, and the countries to which the; same
were Exported annually, from 1821 to 1845, inclusive.
DDi Statement continued.
EE. A statement exhibiting the value of mercharidise imported from 1821
to 1845, and also the amount of duties which accrued annually
upon shid imports during the said period.
FF. A statement exhibiting the amount of duties on merchandise, tonnage,
. and light-money, passports and clearances, draw;back paid on
foreign merchandise reexported, drawback on domestic refined
sugar and domestic distilled spirits, bounties on pickled fish
, exported,- allowances to vessels employed in the bank and cod
fisheries, expenses of collection, and the net revenue which
accrued, annually, from 1821 to 1845, inclusive. ' •
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
: . A. . ^
25
Statement of Duties, R^enues, and Public Expenditures, during the fiscal- year
ending June 30j 1845, agreeably to thei warrants, issued-, exclusive of trust
. funds. . ^ ^ '
The receipts into the Treasury during the fiscal y^r ending
30th June, 1845, were as follows:
From customs, viz: - •
During the quarter ending September 30, 1844. . . ... . .
During the quarter ending Decertiber 31,T844 . . . .. . . .
During the quarter ending March 31, 1845'.. . . ... . . . ,
During the quarter ending Jurie'30, T845.'; .
From sales of public lands . ; . . . : i . .
Froih miscellaneous and incidental sources.’. .
410,873,718 04
4,067,445 15
6,385,558 83
6,201,390 68
Total receipts.
Balance in the Treasury July 1, 1844.
Total means.
The expenditures for, the fiscal year ending June 30, 1845,
exclusive of trust funds, were; viz;
CIVIL LIST. .
Legislature .
Executive.'. . ..... . . ... . .... . .
Judiciary. i ...C.... . . .. . . .
Governments in the Territories of the United States.'. . . .. . . .
Surveyors and their clerks.
Officers of the Mint and branches. ... . . ... . . ....... . , .. . ... . .
Commissioner of the Public Buildings . . . .
.Secretary to sign patents for public lands
Total civil list; . 7... . . .:. .. .. .^. .'.
, FOREIGN INTERCOURSE.
Salaries of Ministers .
Salaries of Secretaries of Legation. . . .. . ... .. ....... . i. . . .
Salaries of Charges d’Affaires
Salary of Minister Resident to Turkey. ..... .. ... i
Salary of dragoman to Turkey , and contingencies. . . ... . ... .
-Contingent expenses of all the inissionS. abroad
Payments for certain diplomatic services. ....... ; . . ; .. . . ... .
Outfits of Ministers and Charges d ’Aftaires .
Commissioner at the Sandwich Islands.
Contingent expenses of foreign intercourse.
Salary of the consul at London .
Relief and protection of American seamen. . .7'; .... .
Clerk hire, office rent, &c., to American consul at London. . .
Intercourse with Barbary Powers
Etoenses of forwarding mails, &c., between Chagres and
Panama. . . .... '.
French seamen killed br wounded at Toulon.
Expenses incurred by the . legation .to. Mexico, in relation to
prisoners.; ;
Payments under the 9th article of the treaty with Spain. . . .. .
Total foreign intercourse
MISCELLANEOUS..- ' \
Surveys of public lands. . ....... t 7 '.; .' . ; i
Support and maintenance of light-houses. . . . . ...... . ... ...
Marine hospital establishment . . ....;; . . .
427,528,112 70
2,077,022 30
'163,998 56
[$37,626,513 20
$713,594 16
847,342., 28
628,012 ,17
93,206 60
.58,738 68
42,766 66
2,000 00
'1,762 50
$82,535 51
16,814 40
69,593 93
7,300 00
2,400 00
. 13,421. 69
14,879 40
. 61,191 00
2,800 00
■ 30,879 89
2,000 00
60,352 80
2,800 00
,6,266 79
500 00.
600 00
.33 13
25,300 00.
$95,922 01
438;357- 77
168,016 20
29,769,133 56
.7,857,379 64
$2,387*423 05
$399,668 54
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26
REPORTS OF THE
A — Continued..
Building marine hospitals.
Public buildings, &c., in Washington .
Support and maintenance of the penitentiary of the District of
Columbia
Patent fund.' i
Distribution of the sales of public lands.
Payments to Maine and Massachusetts for expenses incurred
in protecting the heretofore disputed territory on the north-
eastern frontier of the United States
Building custom-houses and warehouses.'. ................ ..
Survey of the coast of the United States. ; .'. i
■Mint establishment. . .. . . .. . . . . .;
Eblief of sundry individuals' .' .'. . .. . .
Surveying and marking the northeastern boundary.
Three per cent, fund to the State of Missouri. . .
Five per cent, fund to the State of Louisiana';. ' . . ;. '. . . .
Five per cent; fund to the State of Arkansas
Two per cent, fund to the State of Mississi'ppi' .' . . . . . .....; .
Relief of the several corporate cities, of the District of Columbia
Debentures, and other charges
Additional compensation to officers of the custoins.'
Duties refunded under protest
Payment of horses, &c., tost.
Repayment for lands erroneously sold
Refunding purchase money for lands sold in the Grecnsburg
district, Louisiana.
Auxiliary watch for the city of Washington
Expenses incident to the issue of Treasury. notes...........
Expenses incident to loans, ;
Testing the capacity and usefulness, of the. electro-magnetic
telegraphs ;
Results and account of the Exploring .Expedition-.. . .............
Preserving the botanical and horticultural., specimens,, brought
home by the Exploring Expedition'.. .... i
Preparing indices to the manuscript papers of Washington . . .
Information respecting foreign coinmerce
Payment of books ordered by Congress. ,....,
Conveying to the seat of government the votes for President
and Vice President of the United States. ;
Completing State-house, Florida
Indemnity for slaves on board the Comet and Encomium . .
Expenses in relation' to insolvent debtors of the United States.
Support of insane persons in the District of Columbia.. . . . . .
Clerk to the commissioners to reinit duties on goods destroyed
by fire in New York. ,
Manual for custom-houses in relation to sugar.
All other items of a miscellaneous.nature,.
Total miscellaneous. . . ... ... ,..r..
UNDER DIRECTION OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT!
Army proper.
Military Academy , ,
Fortifications and otherworks of defence
Armories, arsenals, and munitions of war. . . ...............
Harbors, roads, rivers, &c ........ . . .
Surveys. ......: : . . . .,v. .......
Pensions.
Indian department.
Claims of the State of Virginia
Arming and equipping militia
Payments to militia and volunteers of States and Territories. .
Relief of individuals and miscellaneous.. '.
Total under the direcriop'df the War Department. . .
P5,800 00
28,916 15
7,652 84
39,798 07
19,716 23
10,792 95
288,933 39
85,110 16
100,087 00
126,067 9T
' 17,580 47
11,602 63
6,665 91
7,617 56
340 OO
124,575 12.
283,500 00
168,-380 79
398,730 30
19,811 75
41,532 75
38,239 87
7,3ia 23
. . 4,000. 00
..' 8,299 63.
4,881 00
35,000 00
2,200 00
1,252 00
. .7,000 00
136,328 78
10,586 00
-20,000 00
'6,962 17
2,500 00
9.000 00
2.000 00
2,334 06
7,706 01
$3,155,027 30
142,874 85
. - 591,7.22 26
786,155 04
507,279 24
.72,810, 57
2,364,601 90
1,383,916 78
33,861 47
176,383 08
. ' 274,442 62
44,127 80
3,831,115 77
9,533,202 91
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Treasury Department^ Register’s Office, October ^23, 1845.
: . : ^ ^ R. H. GILLET,
S.-:— Statement of: Dufies., Revenues, and Public Expenditures for. the first
quarter of the. fiscal year, from Is? July to 30th Septeniber, 1845, agreeably
I . to warrants issued, exclusive of truH funds. ■ '
... . RECEIPTS.., ;
From customs ... .. .
. From sales of public lauds. ..... ,?« .. ^ .
From miscellaneous and incident^ sources.;.'*. .
• I . . . ■ . ■ ■ _ . ' _ _
i EXPENDITURES.
jJ8,861,932 14
484,269 35
17,717 50
$9,363,918 99
Civil, migcellaneous, and foreign intercourse;;. . , ; ; .v... . . ............... $E792,173 11
Army proper . .. . . .. ; ..... ..... 1,352,859 19
Fortifications, ordnance, and; arming militia.; 1,239,479 45
Indian department. 663,369 40
Pensions; , . . . 956,223 27
Naval establishment. :...... 2,331,359 61
Interest, &c., of public debt ... . 6,574 86
Redemption of the loan of 1841 19,782 17
Reimhursement of Treasury notes, and interest.,,.. 101,271 35
' ■ . $8,463,092 41
Treasury Department, Register’s Office, Oc?o6er 23^ 1845.
R, H. GILLET, Register,
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_■ . ; c.'. ;■ . ;
A stateriieiit exhibiting the qvMntity ariA value of MerclmrAi^ ' of duty from July 1, 1844, io June 30, 1845, with
■ \ " an estimMe of duties thereori at 2Q, 25, and SO per centurn ad valorem.
' ■ ' ' • -''.-..To.'
IMPORTED.
DUTIES.
Ctuantity.
'Value.
At 20 per cent.
At 25. per cent.
At 30 per cent.
Articles imported for the; use of. the United States. . . . .v. . ♦ • .♦ i . • . i .
V $15,279 00
■ . $3,055 80.
.. $3,819 75 ;
■ .$4,583 70'
Articles imported specially for: the use of philosophical societies, colleges,
&c., philosophical apparatus,' &c
4,167:00
: ' 833 40
1,041 75
1,250 10
Books, maps, and charts.
: 30,127:00
6,025 40
: 7,531 75..
9,038 10.
Statuary, busts', pasts, &C. . .1..'. ... .... . .
I*aintings, dra'vfings, etchings, and engravings. ,
... . .. . ^ ,
: 4,333 00,
■ . 866 60
. - 1,083 25
: . 1,299 90
: . 2,448' 00
: 489 60
. ' '612 00'
. 734 40
Paintings of American artists residing abroad. .
4,161 00
832 20
1,040 25
: 1,248 30
Wood, dyS, in sticks.:, i!. ;
603,408 00
: 120,681 60
150,852 00
181,022 40.
unmanufactured, not specified. ................. . .. ...... .i ..
87,315 00
.17,463 00
21,828 75:
26,194 50
Specimens of botany, natural history, and mineralogy... . . . .1 .. ............
Models of inventions :an'd machinery. . i ....... i '. .'
6,364 00
. 1,272 80
. 1,591 00
. 1,909 20
■ 1,150 00
230 OO
; 28'? 50
345 00
Anatomical preparations,.,. • v. a
1,864.00
32,624 00
108,619 00
372 80-
' fi .*>94 RO
466 00 .
fi nn
559 20
Q 7fi7 on
Crude brimstone and sulphur* * ; » . . .Vi. v *..**.. * i ..
•’ '. • '
- 21,723 80
^ 27,154: 75
32,585 70
Bark of the cork .tree.:.
... . : .
8,812 00
: 1,762 '40
2;203 00
2,643 60
Clay, un wrought. . . ... .... .......... . ;.. . ..... ..... i,.-..
. 14,670 00
. : 2,934. 00
■3,66750
4,401 00
Animals for breed • ; v. ; , . • •
■■
25,637 00
■ 5,127 40
6,409: 25
7,691 10
Barilla .'. ; v.
... - .
■ 22,917-00
.. ..4,583 40
5,729 25
.6,875 10
....
■ 132,490 00
26,498 00’
33,122 50-
39,747 00
Old pewter ..‘L . .. . . ... ... ..... ...
; 59 00
11 80
14 75
17 70
Brass, in pigs and bars . , . .. . .......
. 12,037 00
2,40740
3,009 25
3,611 10
old, ^t only. for manufacture..
• - ■'
1,665 00.
333 00
.416 25
499 50
Copper, in pigsand bars..-. ... L... . .... . . ....... ...... ... ....... . .
1,095,230 00
“'219,046 00
273;e07 50
328,.569 00
plates, suited for the sheathing of ships..
738j936 00
147,787 20
184,734 00
221,680' 80
. ore.. ....
48,807 00
9,761.40
;12,201 75
14,642 10
. old,. fit only for manufacture. .
81,264 00
. 16,252 80
20,316 00
24,379 20
Glypsum, or plaster of Paris. . ...
.. -
77^990 00
15,598 00
19,497 50
23,397 00
C igitized for FRASER
I ltp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Fle-deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
■)
Adhesive felt for sheathing ships.. . . .. . . .. . .
1,032 00
206' 40
258 00
,309.60
Epaulets and wings of gold.and silyer. . . . ♦ .
-
3,845 00
769 00
961 25
.1,153.50
Bullion, gold. ; * .. . . .. . .
• -
, 66,103 00.
silver. .... . .
, 41,275 00
Specie, gold. . . ... . . . .. ; . ..... i ... . . i.
752,747 00
. fsilver . v
3,210,117 OQ
Teas. i. ... 1 . ... ......
, , 19,630,045
5,730,514. 00
1,146,102 80
1,432,028 50
. 1,719,154 20 ,
Coffee ............. V. V.
107,860,911
6,221,271 00
1,244,254 20
1,555,317 ,75
1,866,381 30
All other articles. ...... .;. . . . .'. . • ; « ^ •
2,958,563 00
591,712 60
739,640 75
. 887,568 90
127,490,956
22,l47i840 00
3,615,519: 60.
: 4;5i9,399 50
5,423,279 40
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
' G— Continued;
A statement exhibiting the value of Merchandise impmted from July 1, 1844, to June 30, 1845, with an estimate of the duties
payable under the'act of 1842, and also the amounZ of duties aca'uing at a duty of twenty, twenty-five, and thirty per cent, ad
vcilorrem. - , - '
IMPORTED.
Rate of duty.
DUTIES.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
duantity.
Value.
At present
rates.
At 20 per
' cent.
At 25 per
cent.'
At 30 per
cent.
’
Wool, unmanufactured, not exceeding seven cents per
$388,447 25
pound....'........., '....pounds
unmanufactured, exceeding, seven cents per
23,382,097
P,553,789 00
5 per cent.'
$77,689 45
$310,757 80
$466,136 70
pound. do.
450,943
136,005 op
30 per cent.,'
&3cts.perlb.
54,329 79
27,201 00
34,201 25
40,801 50
Wool, manufactures of — . ' •
■ -V- '
1,623,555 00
. Cloths and cassimeres .'
5,411,850 00
90fi ai 7 00
40 per cent.
2,164,740 00
1,082,370 00
1,352,962 50
•
■ 90,526 80
45,701 55
45,263 00
60,935 40
56,579 25
76,169 25
'67,895 10
91,403 10
"Blankets not above seventy-five cents' each.
above seventy-fivg cents each. :. .'
_
304,677 00
15 do.
694,237 00
25 do.
- 173,559 25
138,847 40
173,559 25
208,271 10
Hosiery, gloves, mits, caps, and bindings
Worsted stuff goods /. .........
-
741,242 00
30 do.
■ 222,372 60
148,248 40
185,310 50
222,372 60
' -
1,938,109 00
30 do.
581,432 70
387,621 80
484,527 25
581,432 70
yarn
’ 163,037 00
30 do.
' 50,411 10
33,607 40
42,009 25
' 50,411 10
• Woolen yarn.
19,938 00
30 do.
5,981 40
3,987 60
4,984 50
5,981 40
Coach lace
59 00
35. do.
20 65
11 80
14 75
17 70
Other manufactures of
-
553,409 00
40 do.
221,363 60
110,681 80
138,352 25
166,022 70
Cottons, colored,' exceeding thirty cents per square yard
. V not exceeding thirty cents per square
"
3,390,145 00
30 do.
1,017,043 50
678,029 00
847,536 25
1,017,043.50
yard...'.....- .1 ...... .sq.-yds.
25s027,699
5,182,401 00
43.46 do.
2,252,492 91
1,036,480 20
1,295,600 25
.1,554,720 30
■ uncolored, exceeding twenty cents per Sq. yard.
381,791 00
30' do..
114,537 30
, 76,358 20
95,447 75
114,537 30
Cottons, colored, not exceeding twenty cents persquare
. - ■
360,415 00
_ ' 'yard...... sq.-yd's.^
velvet cords,' &c., exceeding thirty-five! cents
U,262'i418
1,441, eeso 00
46.87 do..
675,745 08
. 288,332 00
432,498 00
per square yard-. .sq. yds.
■■velvetcords,&c.,notexceedingthirty-Rvecerits ■ •
548,974 00
30 do.
164,692 20
109,794 80
137,24350
164,692 20
. ■ persquare yard. ..... i .sq. yds.
. 426,884
I-' 122,31700
36.64. do.
■ ;44822'82
24,463 401 30,579 25
36,69510
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bartk of St. Louis
REPORTS.' OF THE [1845.
twist,,: yarn-,, and tlsTea;d, bleached or colored^ • '
not exceeding 75. cents pervpound-. . ^ v v .pounds
twist,, yarn, and thread,- unbleached and’ un-' ; . I
colored, hot exceeding 60 cents per pound. . do, j
' twist, yarn, and thread,'exeeeding lbeseminirnums,'
and on spools;^. . V. ; !
hosiery, glove, s,-mits, caps-, and bindings. . .v.'. .
other manufactures of. . .-. .• . .' . .. .
Silk floss, and other dyed, -prepared for manufacture
' ; shifts and drawers. . . .. ... . ... . . . . i ,. .
umbrellas and parasols.; . .v.-.-.- . .
bolting cloths.^ . . .. ; .• .-. ; i.-.*. .-
manufactures of, mixed with metal .-. . ;. . ...
caps,, turbans^ &c., for women. .V. ...
manufactures of, not specified,',
worsted and silk goods. .
Camlets, and. other manufactures of, goat’s hair, or mohair. . . . |
Lacej. thread and- insertings. . i ...... .
-cotton. quillings, insertings, bobbinet', &cv.. . . .
Gold and. silver tresses; tassels, knotSy stars, &c..-. . . ... .
and silver leaf .i.
or silver embroidery, in other.than' clothing; ; . . . .. . . . . .
Flax, manufactures- of-^ , . ^
- linen's,' bleached and unbleached.-; i ... ."
hosiefy ,■ gloves,, tnits, and bindings; .. . .
other manufactures of. . ............
Hertip,- .sheetings, brown and white-. .- ..... ......
ticklenburgs, osnaburgs-, andrburlaps-;.,.-.
other manufactures of. >; ; . . . .. ; . .. . .
Clothing, ready-made ... ; , . V 1 . .......
, articles not specified, worn by men, worrien, or
children .• ................
Grass cloth..
Carpeting, not specified
Matting, Chinese, of flags, jute,, pr grass ...../
. mats; or matting, not specified.' .,. i
Wire, silvered or plated. ^ / . .. . . .
brass or copper. *
Iron'and steel,, manufactures of — ; , ■ ' \ . J
fire-ams, -not specified.:. .
side-arms ;
Iron, drawing and cutting knives
Digitized for FRASER \ .
h ttp ;//f rase r. stio lii sfed . org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103;, 869
: 43,995. 00
44:26 do...
1 /
:■ 1:9,475 43
8,799.
00
;.. 10,'998'
7-5
' 43,198
50
20j068
! 10,^4 00
’29.24 do>
1 3,010' 20
2,058'
»8'b
' 2,573
5b
3',088'
2 b
’ 511,480 00
30
do.
153,444 00
' 102.,296
00
. 127:870
00
! 153,444
00
-
1,326,631 00
30
do-, .
397,989 30
265,326
20
; 331, 657-
75
397,989
30
-
903,594 00
30
do.'
271,078 20
180,718
80
. 225,898.
50
271,078
20
- ^
40,893 00
25'
do,- -
i 10,223 25
, 8,178
60
10,223
25
12,267
90
-
3,782 00
40
do.
. 1,512 80
756
40
945
50
) 1,134
60
-
11,701 00
30-
do.
3,510 30
. 2,340
20
2,925
25
3,510
30
-
29,536 00
20
do.>
5,907 20
5,907
20
7,384
00
8,860
80
- .V
13;i46 00
30
do.
i 3,943 80
2,629
20
! 3,286
•50
3,943
80
-
: - 728 00
30
do.
218,40
145
60
182:
00
218
40
- '
927,755 00
30
do.
; 278,326 50
>185,551
00
231,938
75
278,326
50
-
1,510,31() 00
. 30
do.
' 453,093 bo
- 3b2,062
00
377,577
50
453,093
00
228,838 00
-20
do.
45,76760
. 45, ■767'
60
: 57,209-
-50
68,651
40
508,979 OD
15
do.
: ■ 76,346 85
. 101,795
SO
'. 127,244
75
152,693
70
-
614,018 00
20
do.
122,803 60
- 122,803'
6b
153,504
50
184,205
40
-
28,217 00
15
do. ,
'-4,232 55
■ 5,643'
4b
' 7,054
25
8,465
10
-
5 00
20
do.
1 00
1
00
. 1
25
1
50
212 00
20
do.‘
42 40
42
40
53
00
63
■60
4,298,224 00
25
do. ■
1,074,556 00
. 859,644
80
1,074,556
00
1,289,467
20
.
506 00
25
do.
126 50
101
20
126
50
151
80
624,379 00
25
do.,'
156,094 '75
124,875
80
156,094
75
187,313
-70
- .
• 106,730 00
25
do.- •
26,682.50
21,346
00
26,682
50
32.019
00
-
195,471 00
20
do.-
39,094 20
39,094
20
. 48,867
-75
58,644
30
-
205,782 00
.20
do.
41,156 40
41,156
40
51,445
50
61,734
60
- -
67,232 00
50
do.
33,616 bo
: 13,446
40
16,808
00
20,169
60
1,105,796 00
40
do.
442,318 40
221,159
20
276,449
00
331,-738
80
-
18,314 00
25
do..
4,578. 50
3-,662
80
’ 4,578
50
5,494
20
. 31,745 00
30
do.
9,523 50
6,349
bo
7,936
25
■ 9,523
50
■-
87,783 00
25:
doi
t 21,945 75
17,556
60
21,945
75
26,334
90
' -
38,407 00
25
do;
9,601 75
- 7,681
40
9,601
75
, 11,522
10
*•
680 00
30
do. '
'204 00
136
00
170
00
> 204
00
. 9,508 00
25
do. .
2,377 00
1,901
60
2,377
00
- • 2,852
40
_
144,877 00
' 30 ••
-do.
43,463 10
28,975
4b
36,219
25
43,463
10
--
_ 1,278. 00
30
do. ..
383.40
255
60
319
50
383
40
9,003 00
30'
do.
, 2,700 90
1,800
60
2,250
75
2,700
90
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
C— Continued.
, ,■ ' , ■ ‘ ; ■ ■■,- J' • ■■ ..
y IMPORTED. . .
■
.Duties. ...
' ■
> • SPECIES OF. MERCHANDISE. . i .
(Quantity.
Value. '
Rate of duty.
■ At present '.
. rates.
At 20 per
cent.
At 25 per
cent.
At 30 per
, cent.
j. ^ • . ' - ■ - , , s , .
Iron, hatchets, axes, and adzes. .-. . s .
$5,123 00
30
per cent.
$1,536 .90
$1,024 60
$1,280 75
$1,536 90
.socket chisels.... ; . . i i. . ;-l.- . . .«
- •*
9,529 00
30
do.
. 2,858-70
1,905 80
. 2,382 25
' ■ 2,858 70
- plane ironsi-,'...' .V,.-. . . . . . . .. .. . ^ .
■ >
2,891 .00
30
do.
867 30
578 20
722' 75
. .' 867 30
steelyards and scalti-beams.. '.
■ -
10,181 00
30
■ d-o. .
3,054 30
2,036 20
2,545 25
3,054 30
. vices!, . . .. . . . , .
29,589.0C
30
'• do.
8,876 70
5,917 80
7,397 25
948 50
8,876- 70
sickles and reaping-hooks'. ....... ......
3,794 00
30
do.
1,138 20
758,80
1,138 20
scythes.. .... .v. . ....'i'.'.-. .
23,740 00
30
, do:
' 7,122 00
4,748 00
.5,935.00
. 7,122 00
spades and shovels. .... .; . ... .. ... .
-
: 14,428 00
.30
do.
4,328 40
2,885 60
3,607 00
4,328 40
squares. . ... .. ... • . -««'. «
■ '.chains, the links longer than those used for' chain cables
. 3,117 00
.30
do.
,935 10
623 40
779 25
935 10
-
21,9&9 00
30
do.
' 6,599 70
■4,399 80
• 5,499 75
40,182 75
6,599.70
■ needles, sewing, knitting, and tambouring v .... . . . .. i , .
160,731 00
20
do.
3,2,146 20
32,146 20
. 48,219 30
all other, manufactures of iron, &c..
•
3,729,465 00
30
do.
1,118,839 50
745,893 00
932,366 25
1,118,839 50
Saddlery, common tinned and japanned., .'i . ... . . ....'.
,• -
- 125,750 00
20
do.
25,150 00
.25,150 00
31,437.50
37,725 00
plated, brass, and. poUshed steel. . . . . .. ..... ;
-142,497 00
-30
do.
42,749 10
-28,499 40
35,624 25
■42,749 10
120,083.00
30
do., '
36,024 90
24,016 60
30,020 75
. 36,024 90
Copper, manufactures; of. .... .. . . . . .. .... . . . ; ,
• 107;756 00
30
30
do.
Ar.
32,326 80
21,55120
26,939 00
32,326 80
Pewter,'manufactureS of. ; . . . ... . . ..
.
4,889, 00
30
dd;
1,466 70
977 80
1,222 25
1,466 70
Lea'd, manufactures-of; ; ; . ; . .; .-. . ... .
- i
, 787.00
30.
doi
236.10
157 40
196 75
236 10
German silver, manufactuj'es of. . . . .. .'. .. . . .'
15,663 00
30
do.
4,698 90
3,132 60
3,915 75
4,698 90
Bell metal, manufactures of. . .-. .-.-i. . .
• -
621 00
30
do.
186 30
124 20
155 25
186 30
Zinc, manufactures of. .... V. . . .. .... .... . .-. .w ,
931 00
30
do.
279 30
. 186 20
-.232 75
279 30
Bronze, manufactures .of..-. . .♦. .=. .. .:
.3,626 00
30
do; .
1,087 80
725 20
906 50
1,087 80
Leather, manufactures of . .... . . .... . .i .'. . .vV.-.-.
109,668 00
35
do.
38,383- 80
. 21,933 60
27,417 00
32,900 40
Glass, plate glass, exceeding 22 by 14 inches. . . .. . .
-
80,263 00
30
ddi
24,078 90
: 16,052 60
20,065 75
24,078 90
■ : silvered..-.....'..;....,,,,,...,;,.,-*..;..,.
274,281.00
37.74 do.-
103,513 65
54,856 20
68,570 25
' 82,284 30
' . if framed ;. i . .i. .-
- ---
15,347 00
.30
do.
4,604 10
3,069 40
: 3,836 75
4,604 10
paintings on glass, porcelain, emd colbred;
5,772 00
30
do.
1,731 60
1,154 40
1,443 00
1,731 60
-•
75,975 00
25
dov
18,993. 75
15,195 00
18,993 75
22,792 50
Hats and bonnets, flats, braids, plaits, &c. —
Leghorn, chip, straw, grass, &c. ................. .
712,923 00
35
do.
, 249,523 05
142,584 60
178,230 75
213,876 90
L igitized for FRASER
h :tp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
REPORTS OF THE ^ [1845.
palm leaf, rattan, willow, &c.
hair, whalebone, &c.
Wood, manufactures of—
cabinet ware
<5 other manufactures of
2 Wares, china and porcelain
• earthen and stone
<1 plated emd gilt.
*1 japanned.. .
I Furs, undressed, on the skin.
. hats, caps, muffs, and tippets.
hatter’s and other furs. ......... ... ........ ....... .. .
' Hair-cloth and hair-seating
Brushes of all kinds. .. .'.
Paper-hangings :
Coach and harness furniture ,•. . .
Carriages, and parts of carriages
Slates of all kinds. ..... i
Black-lead pencils. ... ..... ............ ..i
Copper bottoms cut round, &c.
Squarewjre, for umbrella stretchers. ^ .
Zinc, in plates or sheets. 1 ....... .
Chronometers, ship or box". 1
Clocks i. .............. ..
Watches, and parts of watches. .....
Gold and silver, platina, .manufactures of. ,.••■••••••• .. ..
Jewelry, gold and silver. '
imitation of ...................... .
■ (Quicksilver
Buttons, metal , — ...
all other buttons and button moulds. . ;
Teas, pounds, imported from other places than their growth or
production v
Coffee, pounds, imported from other places than their growth or
production
Corks, pounds
(Quills, prepared
all other
Wood, unmanufactured —
mahogany
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
51,785 00 35 do. 18,124 75 10,357 00 12,946 25 15,535 50
318 00 35 do. ,111 30 . 63 60 79 50 95 40
. 26,056 00 30 do. 7,816 80 5,211 20 6,514 00 7,816 80
150,036 00 30 do. 45,010 80 30,007 20 37,509 00 45,010 80
252,256 00 30 do. 75,676 80 50,451 20 63,064 00 75,676 80
2,187,25900 30 do. 656,17770 437,45180 546,81475 656,17770
159,22700 30 ' do. 47,76810 31,84540 39,80675 47,76810
59,895 00 30 do. 17,968 50 11,979 00 14,973 75 17,968 '50
256,586 00 5 do. 12,829 30- 51,31720 64,14650 76,97580
16,646 00 35 do. 5,826 10 . 3,329 20 4,161 50 4,993 80
465,739 00 25 do. 116,434 75 93,147 80 116,434 75 139,721 70
90,643 00 25 do. ^22,660 75 18,128 60 22,660 75 27,192 90
67,426.00 30 ' do. 20,227 80 13,485 20 16,856 50 20,227 80
46,285 0& 35 do. 16,199 75 9,257 00 11,571 25 13,885.50
1,737, 00 30 do. 521 10 347 40 434 25 521 10
1,588 00 30 do. 476 40 317 60 397 00 476 40
121,768 00 25 do. 30,442 00 24,353 60 30,442 00 36,530 40
11,798 00 25 - do.. 2,949 50 . 2,359 60 2,949 50 3,539 40
3,455
00
30
do.
1,036
50
691
00
.863
75
1,036
50
■ 8,068
00
12^
do.
1,008
50
1,613
60
2,017
00
2,420
40
73,909
00
10
do.
7,390
90
14,781
80
18,477
25
22,1'?2
70
11,835
00
20
do.
2,367
00
2,367
00
. 2,958
75
3,550
50
18,971
00
25
do.
4,742
75
3,794
20
4,742
75
5,691
30
1,106,543
■'i'i
do-.
■82,990
72
■ 221,308
60
276,635
75
331,962
90
39,380
00
30
do.
11,814
00
7,876
00
9,8'45.
00
:. 11,814
00
54,662
00
20
do.
10,932
40
10,932
40
13,665
50
16,398
.60
■84,877
00
25
do..
21,219
25
16,975
40
21,219
25
. 25,463
10
54,993
00
5
do.
2.749
65
10,998
60
13,748
25
16,497
90
19,168
00
30
do.
5,750
40
3,833
60
4,792
00
5,750
40
90,062
00
25
do.
' 22,515
50
18,012
40
22,515
50
27,018
60
31,274
00
20
do.
6,254
80
6,254
80
7,818
50 ;
9,382
20
22,261
00
20
do.
4,452
20
4,452
20
5,565
25
6,678
30
90,862
00
30
■do.
27,258
60
18,172
40
22,715
50
27,258
60
3,261
00
25
do.
815
25
652
20
815
25
. 978
30
6,126
00
20
do.
1,225
20
1,225
20
1,531
50
1,837
80
261,292
00
15
do.
39,193
80
52,258
40
65,323
00
78,387
60
18,912
00
15
do.
2,836
80
3,782
40
4,728
00
5,673
60
.3,240
00
15
do.
486
00
648
00
810
00
972
00
1845.] SECRETARY. OF THE TREASURY.
C — Continued. os
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
DUTIES.
Cluantity.
Value,
At present
rates.
At 20 per
cent.
At 25 per
cent.
At 30 per
cent.
Wood, cedar i
#15,638 00
15 per cent.
#2,345 70
#3,127 60
#3,909 50
. #4,691 40
Merchandise not enumerated, -value of —
At - 1 per cent. . . ; 1
_
212,975 00
1
do.
2,129 75
42,595 ‘00
53,243 75
63,892 50
2j per cent
1,690,460 00
do.
42,261 50
338,092 00
422,615 00
507,138 00
5 per cent.
4,975,003 00
5
do.
248,750 15
2,280 32
995,000 60
1,243,750 75
1,492,500 90
.32-,576 0p
7
do.
6,515 20
8,144 00
9^772 80
per cent.
. 29,685 00
do.
2,226 37
5,937 00
7,421 25
8,905 50
10 per cent
170,64100
10
do.
17,064 10
34,128 20
42,660 25
51,192 30
12^ per cent.
253 00
12^
do.
31 62
50 60
63 25
75 90
15 percent
292,873 00
15
do.
43,930 95
58,574 60
73,218 25
87,861 90
20 percent 7
2,290,897 00
20
do.
458,179 40
458,179 40
572,724 25
687,269 10
25 per cent
1,103,334 00
25
do.
275,833 50
220,666 80
275,833 50
33i;000 20
30 per cent
1,0.61,291 00
30
do.
318,387 30
212,258 20
265,322 75
318,387 30
35 percent
46,701 00
35
do.
16,345 35
9,340 20
11,675 25
14,010 30
60,191,862 00
16,278,117 22
12,038,372 40
15,047,965 50
18,057,558 60
Treasury Department, Register’s Office, iV(wm&er 13, 1845.
' ■. R. H. GILLET, Register.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
C — Continued.
- - ,
IMPORTED.
Rate of
duty.
' ■,
DUTIES.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE*
duantity.
Value,
At present
rates.
At 20 per cent.
At 25 per cent.
At 30 per cent.
’a B
-V
'B o .
Hg
Silks, sewing silk, silk twist, or twist
of silk and mohair
lbs.
8!2,196
#431,632 00
#2 00
#164,392 00
#86,326 40
#107,908 00
#129,489 60
Per cent.
38.-08
pongees, and plain silk (white)
for ‘prin ting, &c
do.
130,858
469,499 00
1 50
196,287 00
93,899 80
117,374 75
140,849 70
, ■41.80
manufactures of silk not speci-
fied..
do.
763,463
7,791,285 00
2 50
1,908,657 50
1,558,257 00
1,947,821 25
2,337,385 50
24.49
raw silk, comprehending all silk
, inthegum,&c
do'.
62,697
208,454 00
.
50
31,348 50
41,690 80
52,113 80
6^536-20
15.03
Silk and satin Boots and shoes., &c,,
shoes or slippers for men and
women
pairs
2,509
2,016 00
30
752- 70
403 20
504 00
-604 80
37.33
laced boots and bootees for men
and women.
do.
206
379 00
75
154 50
75 80
94 75
113 70
40.76
shoes and slippers for children
do.
6
4 00
15
90
80
1 00
1 20
22.50
laced boots or bootees for chil-
dren.
do.
1,326,
672 00
25
331 50
L 134 40
168 00
201 60
49 33
hats for men,
No.
4,103
8,413 00
1 00
4,103 00
1,682 60
2,103 25
2,523 90
48.76.
. and satin bonnets for women.
do.
1,781
9,426 00
2 00
3,562 00
1,885 20
2,356 50
2,827 80
37.78
Flannels.. .... ,.sq. yds.
205,130
76,055 00
i4
28,718 20
15,211 00
19,013 75
25,083 00
22,816 50
37.75
Baizes and bookings
do.
278,456
100,332 00
14
38,983 84
20,066 40
30,099 60
38.85
Carpeting-, W ilton..
do.
27,676
75,870 00
65
17,989 40
15,174 00
18,967 50
22,761 00
3,275 70
23.71
Saxony
do.-
4,822
10,919 do
65
3,134 30
2,183 80
2,729 75
28.70
Trebled ingrain
do.
■ 82
73 00
65
53 30
14 60
. 18 25
21 90
73.00
Brussels
do.
226,399
308,664 00
55
124,519 45
61,732 80
7.7,166 00
92,599 20
40.34
Turkey.
do.
■ 771
1,510 00
55
424 05
302 00
377 50
453 00
28.08
Venetian
do.
29,473
20,776 00
30
8,841 90
4,155 20
5,194 00
6,232 80
42.07
other ingrained
do.
17,223
14,102 00
30
5,166 90
2,820 40
3,525 50
4,230 60
36.63
Sail duck :
do.
744,211
272,031 00
7
52,094 77
54,406 20
68,007 75
.81,609 30
19.15
Co.tton bagging
do.
1,551,044
117,331 00
4
62,041 76
23,466 20
29,332 75
35,199 -30
52.87
bagging, dr other materials
. than hemp or flax
do.
228,448
11,194 00
5
11,422' 40
2,238 80
2,798 50
3,358 20
101.04 1
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
-Continued-
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.'
Q,uantity..
Rate of
duty.
DUTIES.
At 20 per cent. At 25 per cent. At
C T3
' — ^ ^ ' -S'c.
■ t 2
30 per cent. ■3;o-
H- P .
Floorclothj patent, printed or painted sq. yds.
Oil cloth, . Curriiture, on Canton flein-
nel... do.
furniture, ridt specified ; . .. do.
; of linen, silk, &c., for . eov-.
ers, &c ' do.
Wines, ill casks, bottles, and other
- vessels —
Madeira,... galls.
Sherry.,. i. . . dp.
Canary. ...... ... do .
Champagne do.
Port, in bottles. . . .. . . ... ..i , dp.
' Burgundy, in bottles. do.
° Claret, in bottles. . . ....... . . . do.
. . Port, in casks dp..
Burgundy, in casks... . < . . . do.
Teneriffe, in casks or bottles . do. ,
Claret, in casks. . . . ... .... dp.
Marsala, or Sicily Madeira., do.
Other wines of Sicily. .... . do.
Red, not enumerated, in
casks — .
Of France. .......... . do.
Of Austria. ; do.
Of Sardinia, do.
Of Portugal and posses-
sions do-
White, riot enumerated, in
CRSkS""^
i'igitized for FRASER
'ttn://fraser.stlOLiisfod.orn/
, 7,804
101,176.
23,616
; 1,778
101,464
2,384
218
48,688
260,693
325
5,846
1,051,862
62,873
47,717
380,946
343
692
113,607
#5,714 00
2,359 00
9,874 00
14,917 00
145.237 00
38,280 00
672 00
363,399 00
3,133 00
791 00
40,864 00
162,358 00
366 00
6,426 00
249,633 00
31,669 00
14,364 00
73,558 00
30 00
90 00
69,532 00
#2,731 40 #1,142 801
1,104 48
5;374 30
7,588' 20
14.169 60
1,066 80
40,585 60
357- 80
76 30
1.7,040 80
15,635 58
48 75
1.169 20
63,111 72
15,718 25
7,157 55
22,856 76
20 58
41 52
6816 42
471 80
1,974 80
;5,958 87 f .2,983 40
29,047 40
7,657 80
134 40
60,679 80
626 60
158 20
8,172 80
32,471 60
.7.3 20
1,285 20
49,926 60
6,333 80
'2,872 80
14,711 60
r, 6 00
18 00
13,906 40
#1,428 50
58.9 75
2,468 50
3,729 25
36,309 25
9,572 25
168 00
75,849 75
783 25
197 75
10,216 00
40,589 50
91 50
1,606 50
62,408 25
7,917 25
3,591 00
18,389 50
7 50
22 50
17,383 00
Per cmi.
#1,71420 47.80
707 70 46.39
2,962 20 54.42
4,475 10 130.94
43,571 10
11,486 70
201 60
91,019.70
939 90
237 30
12,259 20
48,707' 40
109 80
1,927 80
74,889 90
9,500 70
4,309 20
22,067 40
' 9 00
27 00
20,859 60
REPORTS OF THE [1845
Of France. ........... .
. .do.
455,927
128,986 00
34,194 52
25,797 20
■ 32,246 50
28,695 80
26.51
Of Austria. .
. .do.
17
4 00
1 27
80
1 00
1 20
31.75
■ Of Portugal and posses--
sions 4;
, .do.
'' 135,791
82,193 00
10,184 32
16,438 60
20,548 25
24,657 90
12,39
White and red, -not enume-
rated, in bottles—
Of France.
.■.do.
31,586
14,630 00
20’
6,317 20
2,926 do
3,657 50
4,389 00
43.72
Of Austria. .. i 4 .
. .do.
■49
10 00
15
7 35
2 00
2 50
3 00
73.50
^ Of Portugal and posses-
sions .... * .\ . . .
. .do.
1,005
1,806 00
15
150 75
361 SO.
451 50
541 80
. .8.34
White and red, -not enume-
rated in casks — '
. •
Of Spain
. .do.
300,609
73,535 00
121
37,576 12
i4,707 00
18,383 75
22,060 50
51.04
Of Germany. . ...
. .do.
■ 23,746
7,782 00
121
2,968 25
1,556 40
1,945 50
2,334 60
38.14
Of Mediterranean
. .do.
61,484
12,900 00
121
6,435 .50
2,580 00 ■
3,225 00
3,870 00,
49.88
'White and red, not enume-
rated , in bottles-^
Of ^ain
. .do.-
: ■
53
, 50 00
20 .
10 60
10 00
12 50
15 00
21.20
Of Germany.
.do.
3,931
7,453 do
20
786 20
1,490 60
1,863 25
.2,235 90
10.54
; OfMediterranean.
A .do.
504
423 00
20 -
100 80
84 60
■ 105 75
126 90
23.83
Other winee not enumerated.
. .do.
2
.3 00
65
1 30
60
75
90
43.33
Spirits, foreign, distilled —
78,762 90
■ 142.67
'. fro'm grain; 1
.. .do.
606,311
262,5.43 00
61.78
374,578 94
52,508 60
65,635 75
from .brandy . . ..•
. .do.
1,081,314,
.819,540 00
1 00
1,081,314 00
163,908 00
204,885 00
245,862 00,
131.94
■ from other materials. L. ..
. .dof
270,484
78,957 Off
61.78
167,105 02
15,"791 40
■ 19,739 25
23,687 10
211.64
from cordials. . . .. . . .... .....
. .do. '
20,727
30,080 00
60
12,436 20
6,016 00
7,520 00
. 9,024 00
41.34
Beef, ale, and porter, in bottles;
.,do.
. 100,256
93,214 00
20
20,051 20
.' 18',642 80 ■
23,'303 50
27,i964 20
21.51
. : -in casks. ; . . .
. .do.
.7,810
3,384 00
15
1,171 50
676 80
846 00
1,015 20
34.61
Vinegar'.”. . Z..
, .do.
38,287
6,252 00 .
18.
3,062 96
1,250 40
1,563 00
■ 1,875 60
48.98
Molasses .... .. i ...... .
. .lbs. .
201,311,364
3,154,782 00
41 m.
905,901 14
630,956 40
788,695. 50
/• 946,434 60
‘28.71.
Spirits of turpentine. . . ; . .. . . . .
-.galls.
33
27 00
10
3 30
5 40
6 75
' 8 10
12.22
Oil, of whale and other. fish. . . . . ..
. .do.
259
23100
15
38 85
46 20
57 75
69 30
16;81
olives, in" cask. . . . . .. .•. . . .. . .
. .'do.
82,655
48,579 00
20
16,533' 00
9,715 80
12,144 75
14,573 70
34.03
castor... . .. .
.. .do.
9
18 00
40
3 60
3 60
4 50
5 40
20.00
linseed ......;
...do.
■ 227,114
105,574 00
25 ■
56,778 50
21,114 80
26,393 50
31,672 20
53.78
of alnionds'. . i , . . .V . . . ..
...do.
• 893
456 00
9
80 '37
91 20
114 00
13680'
17.62
of cloves..
. . .do.
2,372
3,074 00
30
711 60-
614. 80
768 50
922 20
23.14
Cocoa .^ •
.-..lbs.
1,655,094
92,389 00
1
16,550 .94
18,477 80
23,097 25
27,716 70
,17.91
Chocolate
. . .do.
.5,027
. 1,627 00
4
201 08
325 40
. . 406 75
488 10 .
12.35
Sugar, brown. . ......
. .doi ■
111,957,404
4,556,392 00
2^
2,798,935 10
911,278 40,
1,139,098 00
1,366;917 60
61.42
white
. .do.
1,662,574
91,172 00
4
66,502 96.
18,234 40
22,793 .00
27,351 60
72.94
loaf, and other refined.....
. .do.
2,044,862
132,991 00
6
■ 1^,691 72
26,598 20
33,247 75
39,897 30
92.25
i
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1S45.] SECRETARY-OF THE TREASURY.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
Sugar candy lbs.
syrup of sugar and of cane. .' ..... do.
Fruits, almonds. . . . ... ............ do.
currants. . . . . .. .' ; .do.
prunes....'.., dOi
figs,. do.
.dates ., . .' i .... . . . . do.
raisinsi in &c do.
• - all other. do.
nuts., no.t specified, except
■ ' those used for dyeing.. ..... . d°'
Spices, mace. .....do.
nutmegs do.
. cinnamon. do.,
cloves. ' do.
pepper, black. do.
cayenne, &c. . '. do.
pimento , . . .. do.
cassia do.
ginger, ground do.
. in root. do.
Camphor, crude..., dp.
refined . . .• do.
Candles, wax and spermaceti do.
tallow do.
Cheese . do.
Soap, hard do.
soft ■. . . . . .bbls.
Tallow ;...... lbs.
Starch ' do.
digitized for FRASER
Up://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Quantity. Value.
1,704
112
1,757,349
1,237,882
468,693
1,409,663
89,271
7,573,897
3,165,323
2,179,435
14,997
250,253
3,440
155,252
1,012,986
17,861
2,832,750
942,231
6,495
677,885
705,632
. 10
■ 529
6
65,109
8,189
6
168,681
24,179
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
Barley, pearl
Butter
Beef and pork.
Hams and bacon,
Bristles
Saltpetre, refined,
partly refined.,
Indigo
Woad, or pastel.
Ivory, or bone black
Alum.
Opium .. . i — ;
Glue..
Gunpowder.
Copperas
Vitriol, oil of
Q,uinine.
Bleaching powder.
Sulphate of barytes
Tobacco— snuff ..'
cigars,, i.
manufactured, pther than
snuff and cigars
Cotton, unmanufactured.
Thibet, angora, and other goats’
hair
Paints — ochre, dry
in oil.
white and red lead . . .
■Whiting, and Paris white
Litharge —
Putty. .
Sugar of lead
Cordtige, tarred, and cables
untarred.
' un tarred yarn
Twine and pack thread
Seines..
Hemp, unmanufactured
Manilla, sun, and other hemps of
India, &c
do.
48,334
1,729
00
2
, 966
68
345
80
432
.25
518
70
55.90
do.
3,278
281
00
5
163
90
,56
20
70
25
84
30
58.32
do.
27,866
1,088
00
2
557
32
217
60
272
00
326
40
51.21
do.
30,968
3,540
00
3
929
04
708
00
885
00
.1,062
00
26.24
do.
343,218
172,076
00
1
3,432
18
. 34,415
20
43,019
00
51,622
80
. 1.99
do.
20,734
1,336
00
2
414
68
267
20
334
00
400
80
31.03
do.
1,901,960
79,549
00
4
4,754
90
15,909
80
19,887
25
23,864
70
5.97
do.
1,131,256
862,700
00
5
56,562
80
172,540
60
215,675
00
258,810
00
6.55
do.
108,166
3,194
00
1
1,081
66
638
80
. 798
50
958
20
33.86
do.
12,861
1,243
00
a
96
46
, 248
60
310
75
372
90
7.76
do.
61
. 8
00
l|
91
1
60
2
00
. 2
40
11.37
do. '
14,432
37,638
00
75
, 10,824
00
7,527
60
9,409
50
11,291
40
28.75
do.
8,264
1,275
00
5
413
20
255
00
318
75
382
50
32.40
do.
8,081
3,284
00
8
646
48
656
80
821
00
985
20
19.68
dOi.
135
12
00
2
2
70
2
40
3
00
. 3
60
22.50
do.
8,770
801
00
1
87
70
160
20
200
25
240
30
10.94
oz.
23,079
50,048
00
40
9,231
60
10,009
60
12,512
00
15,014
40
18.44
lb«.
1,882,473
73,174
00
1
18,824
73
14,634
80
18,293
50
21,952
20
25.72
dp.
1,327,375
10,020
00
i
6,636
87
2,004
00
2,505
00
3,006
00
66.23
do.
477
167
00
12“
57
24
33
40
41
75
. 50
10
34.27
do. .
815,172
1,160,644
00
40
326,068
80
232,128
80
290,161
00
348,193
20
28.09
do.
7,236
1,131
00
10
723
60
226
20
282
75
339
30
. 63.98
do.
13,239,935
646,966
00
3
397,198
05
129,393
20
161,741
50
194,089
80
61.54
do. -
63,254
18,443
00
1
632
54
' 3,688
60
4,610
75
5,532
90
3.42
do.
2,119,639.
22,023
00
1
21,196
39
4,404
60
5,505
75
6,606
90
96.24
do:
1,890
145
00
' I5
28
35
29
00
36
25
43
50
19.55
do.
231,171
14,744
00
4
9,246
84
2,948
80
3,686
00
4,423
20
65.42
do.
26,584
305
00
1
265
84
61
00
76
25
91
50
87.16
do.
1,703
• 98
00
4
68
12
19
60
24
50
29
40
69.51
do.
232
34
00
I5
> 3
48
6
80
8
50
10
20
10.23
do.
16,158
1,009
00
4
646
32
201
80
252
25
302
70,
64.05
do.
1,114,839
67,209
00
5
55,741
95
13,441
80
16,802
25
20,162
70
82.93
do.
415,915
22,381
00
18,716
17
4,476
20
5,595
25
6,714
30
83.62
do.
48
, 10
00
6
■- 2-
88
2
00
2
50
3
00
28.80
do.
588,763
115,768
00
6
35,325
78
23,153
60
28,942
00
34,730
40
30.51
do.
10,579
5,298
00
7
740
53
1,059
60
1,324
50
1,589
40
13.97
cwt.
28,155
145,209
00
2 00
56,310
00
29,041
80
36,302
25
.43,562
70
38.77
do.
70,708
238,179
00
1 25
88,385
00
47,635
80
59,544
75
71,453
70
37.10
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
C — Continued.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED..
Rate of
duty.
DUTIES.
Equivalent ad
valorem duty.
1
Quantity.
Value.
At present
rates.
At 20 per cent.
At 25 per cent.
At 30 per cent.
jute,. Sisal grass, coir, ,&c., used as
• hemp for cordage..*.
■
^ ■
cwt.
24,339
#106,717
00
#1 25
#30,-423
75
#21,343 40
#26,679
25
#32,015
10
28.50
Cordilla, of tow of hemp or flax
do.'
8,433
46,602
00
1 00
8,433
00,
9,320 40
11,650
SO
"13,980
60
18.09
Flax, unmanufactured.
do.
, . -8,879
, 90,509
00
1 00
- 8,879
00
, 18,10180-
D. 22,627
25
27^152
'70
9.81
Rags of all kinds. ....... . . . .
lbs.
10,903,101
421,080
00
4
27,257
75
84,216 00
105,270
00
126'i324
00
.64.74
Sheddy, or waste
do.
780
8
00
. 4
1
95
1 60
.2
00
’ 2
40
24.37
Hat bodies or felts, made inttvliole Or
in part of wool . .................. .
do.
216
249
00
. 18
'38
88
49 80
62
25
' ■ 74
70
l.S.fil
Glass— -watch crystals.-. . i
gross
. 1,165
4,588
00
2 00
2,330
00
917 60
1,147
00
, .1,376
40
50.78
■glasses or pebbles for specta-
'
cles
do.
1,793
8,089
00
2 00
3,586
00
1,617 80
2,022
25
2,426
70
44.33
Cut glass,, cut one-third the height or
■ '
length, thereof..
lbs.
1,360
471
do
25
340
od
94 20
117
75-
. 141
30
72.18.
cut above one-third, and
not above one-half ....
do.
865
478
00
35
302
75
95 60
119
50
143
40
63.33
•cut orte-half, and exceed-
ing-----",-
do.
5,577
4,210
00
45
2,509
65
842 00
1,052
00:
1,263
00
.59:61
' -
cut -chandeliers, candle-
sticks, &.C.
do.
41,701
20,968
00
45
18,765
00
4,193 60
5,242
00
6,290
40
89.49
Plain glass, -moulded or pressed,
weighing over 8 oz..
do.
12,882
2,080
00
10
1,288
20
416 00
520
00
624
do
61.93
moulded or pressed,
weighing 8 oz. or
. under, except turn-
biers ........
do.
4,248
1,888.
00
12
509
,76
. 377 60
472.
00
566
4o
' 27.00
moulded or- pressed,
weighing, over -‘8 oz.
. when stoppered ... .
do.
2,035
663
00
14
284
90
132 60
165
75
198
90
■.-12.97
moulded ; or pressed.
weighing 8. oz. or uri-
der when stoppered. '
do.
967
497
do
16
154
72
99 4d
124
25
149
10
31.13
Digitized for FRASER •
http://fraser.stlouisfed.6rg/
REPORTS OF THE . [1845.
plain,, ■fnbuliled, or
.pressed tumblers.;*
plain, moulded, or
do.
5,233
,380 00
pressed, stoppered,
. ; 410 00
, and tumblers, ,
Cylinder window glass, riot above 8
do.
1,001.
' by 10 in . .
sq. ft.
9,286
870 00
■ -not above. 10
by 12 in. .
do..
37,722
2,787 00
- • . not' above 14
by 10 in. .
-do.
6,943
598 00
notabove 16
by llin. .
;• ■ notabove 18
do.
13,728
1,328 00
by 12 in . ,.
do.
10,225
1,161 00
above 18 by
,12.inche.s.
do.
87,957
7,935 00
Crown .Avindow ' glass, not' above 10
by 12in..,.,
do.
453
128 00
not above 10
.7,738 OO
byi'4in..;
not above 16
, do.
69,194
, by 11 in. . .
do.
1,017
233 00
not- above' 18
by 12, in....
do.
1,227
534 00
' . . above 18 by
12 inches. .
do.
33,824
4,578 00
Polished plate glass, not silvered^.
not above 12 by 8 inches
d^o.
8,590
1,423 00
not above 14 by 10 inches. . . .
do.
. 2,340
648 00
not above 16 by 11 -inches. .. .
do.
9,253
1,875 00
not above 18 by 12 inches'. . v .
do. .
17,938
5,184 00
not above 22 by 14 inches... . .
do.
31,240
12,162 00
Apothecaries’ vials and bottles — .
not exceeding the capacity of
635 00
6 oz. each..
gross
187
exceeding 6, and not exceeding
16 oz. each.
do.
150
584 00
Perfumery vials and bottles —
not exceeding the capacity of
232 00
4 oz. each...
do.
49
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10
. 52330
■ 76, 00
95 00
114 00
137.71
14
140 14
.82 00
102 50
123 00
,34:18
2
185 72
^ 174 .00
217 50
261 00
21.34
2i‘
943 05
557 40
696 75
836 10
33. 83
3i
243 00
119 60
149,50
' 179 40
40.63
4
549 12
265 60
332,00.
398 40
41.35.
5
511 25
232 20
290 25
348 30
44.03
6
5,277 ,42
1,587 .00
1,98375
2,380 50
66.50
'■ ■ 5
, 22 .65
25 60
32 00.
.38 40
.. 17.69
6
4,151 64
1,547 60
1,934 50^
2,321 40
53.65
7
71 19
46 60
58 25
^ 69 90
20,55
' '8
■ 98 16
' 106 80
133 50.
160 20
18.38-
10
3,382 40
915 60
1,144 50
1,373.^40
. 73.88
5-
429 50
.284 60
355 75
426 90
30.18
7
163 80
129 60
162 00
194 40
25.29
8
740 24
375 00
. . 468.75
. 56250
39.47
10
1,793 80
1,036 80
1,296 00
1,555 20
34.60
12
3-,748 80
2,432 40
3,040 50
. , 3,648 50
30.82
1 75 ..
■ 32725
127 00
' 158 75.
190 50
51.53
2 75
412 50
116 80
, .146 00
: . 175 20
62.07
2 50 ■
122 50
46 40
58 00
69 60
52.80
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
C — Continued.
IMPORTED.
Rate of
: duty.
DUTIES.
nrt •
as
«l ■
SPECIES OP MERCHANDISE.
duahtity.
Value.
c
At present
rates.
iAt 20 per cent.
At 25 per cent.
At 30 per cent.
2
B o
W
Perfumery vials and bottles —
exceeding 4, and not exceeding
16 oz; each.
ffross
16
$111 00
p 00
$48 00
$22 20
$27 75
$33 30
Per cent.
43.24
Black and green bottles— •
exceeding 8 oz. and not above
1 quart each.
do.
9,873
43,925 00
3 00
29,619 00
8,785 00
10,981 25
13,177 50
67.41
exceeding the capacity of 1
4 00
568 00
182 00
• 273 00
quart each. . . .. . « *. .
do.
142
910 00
227 50
62.41
Demijohns and carboys^ ’
exceeding ^ gailon, and not
above 3 galiona each.........
No.
6,568
.
1,686 00
30
1,970 40
337 20
421 50
505. 80
11.09
exceeding the capacity of 3
gallons each
do.
11,503
3,722 00
50
5,751 50
744 40
930 50
. 1,116 60
154.52
Copper rods and bolts.
lbs.
536
117 00
4
21 44
23 40
29 25
35 10
18.32
- nails and spikes.
do..
1,252
3,361 00
4
50 08
672 20
840 25
1,008 30
1.49
Patent sheathing'metal
do.
33,561
5,874 00
2
671 22
1,174 80
1,468 50
1,762 20
11.42
Lead, shot '
do.
1,341
59 00
4
53 64
11 80
14 75
17 ,70
90.91
' old and scrap..
do.
15,378
302 00
li
230 67
60 40
75 50
90 60
76.38
in sheets and forms, not speci-
fied ; .
do"".
4,231
• 12,422
156 00
4
169 24
31 20
39 00
46 80
108.42
Brass, battery or hammered kettles
do.-
3,179 00
12
1,490 64
121 50
635 80
794 75
, 953 70
46.57
screws ..V. 1.
do.
405
205 00
30
41 00
51 25
61 50
59.26
Pins, solid headedj in packs of 5,000
.each
packs
45,594
25,828 00
40
18,237 60
5,165 60
6,457 00
7,748 40
70 6i
pound pins
lbs.
58,645
19,250 00
20
9,729 00
3,850 00
4,812 50
3,999 25
5,775 00
50.54
Fire-arms, muskets.
No.
7,018
15,997 00
1 50
. 10,527 00
3,199 40
4,799 10
65.80
rifles
do.
16
188 00
2 50
40 00
37 60
47 00-
56 40
21.27
Cap or bonnet wire, covered with silk.
lbs..
8,883
5,087 00
12
1,065 96
1,017 40
1,271 75
1,526 10
20.95
covered with other
material's
do.
13,562
5,882 00
8
1,084 96
1,176 40
' 1,470 50
. 1,764 60
18.44
Digitized for FRASER
hhp://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
Iron and steel wire — ’ •
not above No.- 14
above 14, and not above
• No. ........
aboveNo. 25. . . ... .. . ,
Tacks, brads, and sprigs^
not above 16 oz. per M
above 16 oz. per M. . . . . .
Iron, manufactures of^
wood screws
cut nails.
wrought nails.
spikes, cut or.Avrought. . . ....
• • chain cables, and parts ....... . ..
chains, other than cables
wrought, for ships, locomotives,
and steam engines • • • • • •
■ malleable irons, or castings ... . .
mill-saws, cross-cut, and pit-
saws
steam, gas, or. water tubes or
pipes
anchors or parts'
anvils,.
■ blacksmith’s hamrhers and sledr
ges ^
castings, vessels of .
all other
glazed or tinned hollow ware,
. &c.,
ead irons, hatter’s and tailor’s
irons . . ;
cast iron butts or hinges
axletrees, or parts thereof. . . , .
round or square iron, as bra-
zier’s rods, from 3-16 to 10-16
inches '.
nail or spike rods, slit, rolled, or
' hammered
sheet iron, except tagger’s ....
hoop iron
Digitized forFRASER .
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
do..
61,575
5,013 00
-5.
■
3,078 75
1,002 60
1,253 25
1,503 90
i 61.41
do.
26,496
9,040 00
8
2,119 68
1,808 00
2,260 00
2,712 00
23.44'
do.
i;726
630 00
11
.189 86
127 80
159, 75
191 70
, 29.71
do,.
2,453
323 00
5
122 65
64 60
80 75
96 90
• ,37.97
do.
1 . 13,336
1,355 00
5
666 80
271 00,
338 75
406 '50
49.27
do.
; 86,668
17,133 00
12
10,400 16
3,426 60
4,283 25
5,139 90
60.70
do.,
: 143
- 11 00
- 3
4 29
2 20
2 75
3 30
39.00
do.
921,269
63,445 00
4
36,850 76
12,689 00
15,861 25.
19,033 50
58.01
do.
16,430
526 00
3
■ 492 go-
105 20
131 50
157 80
93.70
dp.
1,992,849
: 57,193 00
2i
49, 821 22
; 11,438 60
14,298 25
17,157 90
87.11
do.
264,270
10,718 00
4
; 10,570 80.
2,143 60
, 2,679 50
3,215 40
98.61
do.
123,201
5,613 00
4
i ■ 4,928 04
: 1,122 60
1,403 25
1,683 90
87.79
do.
3,779
327 00
4
151 16
65 40
81 '75
98 10
46.22
do.
2,672
6,996 00
1 00
2,672 00^
1,399 20
1,749 00
2,098 80.
38.19
do.
2,385
408 00
5
119 25
81 60
102 00
122 40
29.22
do.
58,361
2,371 00
2i
1,459 02
474 20
592 75
711 30
61.53
do.
1,035,319
,57,397 00
2?
25,882 97
11,479 40
14, 349. 25
17',219 10
- 45.09
do/ ,
117,262
5,637 00
21
2,931 55
1,127 40
1,409 25
1,'691 10
52:00
do.
630,518
18,236 00
n
9,457 77
3,647 20
4,559 00
5,470 80
51.86
do.
148,336
4,792 00
1
1,483 36
958 40
' . 1,198 00
1,437 60
30.95
do.
458,019
33,917 20
21
11,450 47
6,783 40
8,479 25
10,175 10
33.76
do.
17,983
512 00
25
449 57
102 40
128 00
153 60
87.80
do.
1,324,942
80,507 00
2|
33,123 55
16,101 40
20,126 75
. 24,152 10
41.14
do.
20,437
1,992 00
4
817 48
398 40
498 00
' 597 60
41.03
do.
■ 596,549
25i814 00
2s
14,913 72
5,162 80
6,453 50
7,744 20
58.77
do.
36,788
929 00
2J
919 70
185 80'
232 25
278 70
98.98
do.
11,565,861
480,276. OO
21
289,146 52
96,055 20
120,069 00
144,082 80
60.24
do.
406,337
9,252 OO
• 21
10,158 42
1,850 40
2,313 00
2,775 60
109.79
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
■ C— (
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
Iron, band iron-, scroll iron, or case- -
ment rods, slit,. ' rplied, . or
. hammered . . . ; .... .... ;lbs.
pig’., ,cwl.
. old. and scrap. do.
bar, manufactured by rolling. . do.,
manufactured otherwise. . - do.
Steel, cast, shear, and German. .-,.,. . do.
all other.'. ■. . ^ .. . do.
Leather, tanned sole or bend leather lbs.
upper, not otherwise speci-
fied..... ., do.
calf skins, tanned & dressed doz.
seal skins, tanncd&dressed do.
. sheep sk.ins,-tan’d&-,dressed do.
skivers r****-
■goat skins,* tan ’d &. dressed do.
•morocco skins, tanned and
dressed..... do.
kid skins or nioroccOj.tan-
ned and dressed. .... .. .. do..
. goat or sheep skins, tanned
. and not dressed do.
kid and lamb skins . do.
fawn, kid , and lamb, knowfn
as chamois do.
men’s leather gloves , do.
women’s leather habitgloves do.
, . women’s extra and demi-
length gloves .do.
IMPORTED.'
Gtuantify.
Value. '
216,255
$7;671 .00
550,209
506,291 00
116,950
119,740 00
1,023,772
1,691,748 00
363,530
872,157 00
57,910
732,867 00
6,373
42^808 bo
2,799
, .979 00
337
175 00
4,014
51,511 00
■ 2
19 00
1,239
6,979 00
6,863
37,156 00
283
2,372 00
1,125
10,943 00
• 1,187
5,517 00
3,249'
9,631 00
614
2,159 00
227
836 00
33,914
155,007 00
133,430
516,127 00
3,322
18,924 00
gitized for FRASER
:p;//fraser.stlouisfed.org/
■
Rate of
duty.
.DUTIES.
*S'§ ■
At present '
' fates,
At 20 per cent..
At. 25 per cent.
At 30 per cent.
•
''B o
Per cent.
#0 021
- 15,406,37
#1,534 20
#1,917 '75
#2,301 30
: 7.07
45
247,594 05
101,258 20
126,572 75
. . 151 ,-887 30
. 48.90
50
58,475 00'
23,948 00
• 29,935 00
35,922 00
48:81
1 25
1,279,715 00.
338,349 60
422,937 00
507,524 40
75.64
- 85
309,000 50
174,431 40
218,039 25
261,647 10
35.42
1 50
86,865 00
146,573 40
183,216 75
219,860 10
11.85
2 50
15,932 50
8,561 60
10,702 00
12,842 40
37.45
6.
^ 167 94
■ 195 80
244 75
293 70
17.15
8
26 96
35 00
43 75
52 50‘
15.40
5 00
20,070 00
10,302 20
12,877 75
15,453 30-
38.96
5 00
10 00
3 80
4 75
5 70
52.63
2 00
2,478 00
1,395 80
1,744 75
2,093 70
35.40
2 00
13,726 00
7,431 20
9,289 00
11,146 80
36.94
2 50
- 707,50
474 40
593 00
711 60
29.82
2 50
2,812 50
2,188 60
2,735 75
3,282 90
25.70'
1 50
1,780 50
1,103 40
1,379 25
1,655 10
32.25
1 00
3,249 00
1,926 20
2,407 75
2,889 30
33.73
,75
467 50
. 431 80
539 75
647 70.
21.65
1 00
227 00
167 20,
209 00
25080:
27.15
1 25
42,392 50
31,001 40
38,751 75
46,502 10
27.34
1 00
133,430 00
103,225 40
129,031 75
154,838 10
25.85
1 50
4,983 00
. 3,784 80
4,731 00
5,677 20
26.33
REPORTS OF THE [1845,.
children’s leather habit
gloves. do.
children’s extra and demi
length gloves ....... . do.
Boots, bootees, and shoes, or leather and
other materials —
men’s boots-and bootees ....... pairs.
men’s shoes aiid pumps ..... , do.
women’s boots a!hd bootees . do.
womeiv’s double-souied pumps .' do.
women’s shoes and slippers .. . do.
women’s shoes and slippers of
prunella,. ' do.
^ children’s boots, bootees,, and
shoes., do.
Paper, bank or bank-note . pounds.
• folio and 4to post. , do. ..
antiquarian and drawing. . . . . do.
imperial,, royal, and super-
royal «... do.
medium, .demy, and foolscap,
pot and pith .............. . do.
all other writing paper.. . . . do.
copperplate, blotting, and co-
' . pying. do.
cojpred, for labels and nee-
. dies do.
marble and fancy colored .... do.
morocco paper. dp. ■ -
paste board, pressing board, <
and sand paper do. -
o tissue paper. . .. do.
gold or silver paper. ......... . do.
colored copperplate printing
and Stainer’s. do.
binders’- boardsj box boards,
mill boards, &c do.
sheathing, wrapping, and cart-
ridge do.
blank and visiting cards. .... . do. .
playing cards do.
all other paper. do»
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,167
' ■
9,303 00
50
1,583 50
■ 8
21 00
75 .
6 00
6,271
24,936 00
1 25
• 7,838 75
2,397
2,392 00
1,139 00
30
719 10
991
50
, 495 50
1,485
787 00
40
594 00
13,932
8,758 00
25
3,483 00
5,546
3,838 00
25
1,386 50
1,214
409 00
15
182 10
8,334
2,526 00
17
' 1,416 78
24,769
8,048 00
17
4,210 73
1,114
468 00
15
167 10
2,707
1,277 OO"
15
406 00
■7,198
2,014 00
15
1,079 70
42,124
5, 012 00
15
6,318 60
8,432
4i427 00
121
1,054 00
■ 804
497 00
, 121
lOO 50
■2,524
2,187 00
121
315 50
1,076
423 00
l2i
134 50
8,629
4,979 00
121
1,078 63
28,283.
13,031 00
121
3,535 37
510
281 00
121
63 75
3,108
507 00
10
. 310 80
233
93 00
3
6 99
7,842'
798 00
3
235 26
195
292 00
12
23 40
• 709
141 00
25
177 25
15,310
3,823 00
15
2,296 50
1,860 60
2,325 75
2,790 90
17.02
4 20
5 25
' 6 30
28.57
4,987 20
'6,234.00.
7,480.80
31.43
-478 40
598 00
717 60
, 30.06
227. 80
284 75
341 70
43.50
15-7 40
196 75„
236 10
■ 75.47
1,751 60
2', 189 ,50
2,627 40
39.76
767 60
959 50
1,151 40
36.12
81 80
102 25
122 70
44.52
505 20
631 50
757 80
. 56.08
1,609 60
2,012 00
2,414 40
52.19
93 60
117 00
140 40
35.70
255 40
319 25-
383 10
32.80
402 80
503 50
604 20
~ 53.60
1,182 40
1,478 00
1,773 60
107.33
885 40
1,106 75
1,328 10
23.80
99 40
124 25
.149 10
20.23
437 40
546 75
656 10
14.42
84 60
, 105 75
126 90
31.79
. 995 80
1,244 75
1,493 70
21.66
2,606 20
. 3,257 75
3,909 30
27.13
56 20
.70 25
84 30
22.68
101 40
126 75
' 152 10
61,30
18 60
23 25
27 90
7.51
159 60
199 50
239 40
29.48
58 40
73 00
■ 87 60
80.00
28 20
35 25
42 30
2.57.10
764 60
955 75
1,146 90
60.00
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
C — Contini)
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
IMP(
)RTED.
Ctuantity.
Value.
Rate of
duty.
Blank books, bound pounds.
unbound.. do.
Books, printed in Latin or (Jreek—
bound do.
unbound do.
printed in Hebrew, Greek,
Latin, or English, 40 years
before importation. volumes.
printed in Hebrew, bound, .pounds.
unbound do.
printed in other languages
than Hebrew, Greek, Latin, i-
or English,’ bound, or, in
boards volumes.
printed in other languages
than Hebrew, Greek, Latin, I
or English, in sheets or
pamphlets.... ......pounds.
printed in English, bound. . . . do.
unbound . do.
printed in English,-’ printed
and published one year be-
fore importation, and not
republished in the United
States, or five years bHore
importation, bound do.
printed in English, printed
and published one year be-
fore importation, , and not
republished in the United
#769 00 #0 20
719 00 15
5,960 00 15
3,426 00 13
19,967 00
12,965 00
487 00
59,192 00
8,447 00
7,926 00
51,831 00
24,407 00
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
05
DUTIES. ® IT
C T3
— i . . — QJ
present
rates.
At 20 per cent.
At 25 per cent.
At 30 per cent.
•
«.s
£
s o
■
#193 80
126 75
#159 20
143 80
#199 00
179 75
#238 80
215 70
Per cent.
24.34
17.62
•986 40
521 69
1,192 00
685 20
1,490 00
856 50
1,788 00
1,027 80
16.55
15.22
1,37.0 10
1,541 50
40 88
3,993 40
2,593 00
97 40
4,991 75
3,2.41 25
121 75
6,990 lb
3,889 50
146 Id
6.86
11.88
8,39
4,099 76
11,838 40
14,798 00
17,757 60
6.92
1,811 55
1,798 20
10,080 40
1,689 40
1,585 20
10,366 20
2,111 75
1,981 50
12,957 75
2,534 10
. 2,377 80
15,549 30
21.44
22.54
19.44
3,618 75
4,881.40
'6,101 75
'
7,322 10
14.82
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
States, or five 'rears before -
.
importation, unbound;.
do.
30,381
29,785 00
10
3,038 10
5,957 00
7,446 25
8,935 50
10.20
printed reports of legislative
committees, &c
. . vols.
37
35 00
5
1 85
7 00
8 75
10 50
5.28
polyglots, lexicons, and
die--'-
tionaries
lbs.
8,034
4,934 00
5
301 70
986 80
1,233 50
1,480 20
60.94.
Salt.
; ..bushels.
8,543,527
898,663 00
8
683,482 16
179,732 60
224,665 75
269,598 90
76.05
Coal 1 ... .
. , tons.
85,776
223,919 00
1 75
150,108 00.
44,783 80
55,979 75
67,175 70
67.03
Coke or bulm ... * ^ ..... .
. . .bushels.
18,267
564 00
5.
913 35
112 80
141 00
169 20
161.94
Breadstuffs, wheat
. ... do..
■ 281
257 00
25
70 25
51 40
64 25
77 10
27.33
barley.
. ... do.
249
158 00
20
49 80
31 60
39 50
47 40
31.51
rye
.... do.
43
44 00
15
6 45
8 80
11 00
13 20
14.65
oats
. .. . . do.
1,739
593 00
10
173 90
118 60
148 25
177 90
29.32
Indian corn
. . . . do.
.13
5 00
10
1 30
1 00
1 25
, 1 50
26.00
wheat flour
.i CWti
14
30 00
70
9 80
6 00
7 50
9 00
32.66
potatoes
....bushels.
211,327
58,949 00
10
21,132 70
11,789 80
14,737 25
17,684 70
35.84
Fish, dried and pickled —
■
dried or smoked
. . . . cwt.
1,297
9,646 00
1 00
1,297 00
1,929 20
2,411 50
2,893 80
13.44
salmon.
. '. .barrels,
7,827
78,588 00
15,654 00
15,717 60
19,647. 00
23,576 40
> 19.91
mackerel
. . . .• do.
19,769
187,791 00
■kh
29,653 50
37,558 20
46,947 75
56,337 30
15.79
herrings
. ... do.
560
3,968 00
■Kfl
840 00
793 6()
992 00
1,190 40
21.17
all other. ............ .. .
. ... do.
■ 2,350
10,172 00
1 00
2,350 00
2,034 40
2,543 00
3,051 60
23,10
Specific articles
'
34,914,862 00
. .
14340,737 65-
10,474,458 60
Ad valorem articles.
• - ■
60,191,862 00
/
16,278,117 22
15,047,965 50
18,057,558 60
H||ll
Paying duties. . .
. ■
95,106,724 00
30,818,854 87
32.40
Free goods
22,147,840 00
■-
3,615,519 60
4,519,399 50
. Total vtdue, &c
-
117,254,564 00
-
30,818,854 87
am
Tkeasuey Department, ' ■
Register’s' Office, November 29, 1845. , ,
R. H. GILLET, Register.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D.
Statement of Imports, Exports, and consumption of Foreign Merchandise, for the year 1845,
MERCHANDISE
FREE OF DUTY.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
duaritity.
Value'.
duantity. .
' Value.
. Cluantity. '
Value.
Articles imported for the use of the United States .
•
' |15,279
.
^15,279
specially , for the use of philosophical so-
... ^
cieties, colleges, &c;
4,167
- •
-
4,167
books, maps, and charts i ...... ..i ,
. — •
30,127
-
-
30,127
statuary, busts, casts,.&c.,
, . paintings, drawings,. .etchings, and engra-
4,333
■ -
4,333
2,448
. .
2,448
. vings
paintings ■ of American artists residing
“
•
abroad. . .
4,161
-
4,161
Wood, dye, in sticks ■
•
603,408
“
1349,067
- '
254,341
83,253
unmanufactured, not specified.
-
87,315
4,062
-
Specimens of botany, natural history, and mineralogy
-
6,364
. ■'
-
6,364
Models of inventions and' machinery..
- '
1,150
-
-
• >
1,150
Anatomical preparations.
■ -
1,864
-
-
■ 1,864
Burr stones, un wrought ;
32,624
•-
-
32,624
Crude brimstone and sulphur;
108,619
-
7,994
100,625
8,812
Bark'of the cork tree.. .
8,812
- •
-
-
.Clay, unw-rought .;. i . j , ,
- •
14,670.
-
-
14,670
Barilla; ^ '. ^
22,917:
_■
22,917
Nuts and berries used in dyeing.
-
132,490
-
132,490
Old pewter.
•
59
-
-
-
59
-
19 0^7
19
li665
1,095,230
• • - .
1,665
1,088,955
Copper, iri pigs and -bars . .
■ -
.
6,275
-
plates, suited for sheathing of ships. ;
-
738,936
27,223
-
711,713
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
ore. •• • • •• • •'**
old, fit only.for reiiianufacture. .1
Gypsuni, or plaster of Paris.
Adhesive felt, for sheathing of ships. .
-- i
48,807
,81,264
. 77,990
' 1,032
3,845
66,103
41 975
28,780
497
20,027
: 80,767
77,990
1,032
^ 3,845
66,103
41 975
Bullion, gold
■ . ■
- ■
■ - ■
Specie, gold
silver
Teas
Coffee .1. .... 1.’. ................... 1
All other'articles
19,630,045
107;860,911
752',747
3,210,117
5,730,514
6,221,271
2,958,563
2,467,495
13,501,972.
2,210,979
5,551,070
920,893
- 840,739
227,520
17,162,550
94,358,939
4,809,621
5,380,532
. 2,731,043
127,490,956
22,147,840,
15,969,467
. lo", 175 ,099
111,521,489
15,771,926
Exportations over importations—
Specie, gold. 1,458,333
silver..*. j 3,340,953
■■■
- ■
-
3,799,185.
127,490,956.
22,147,840
15,969,467
10,175,099
111,521,489
11,972,741
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D— Continued.
FOREIGN- MERCHANDISE.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE. ■
IMPORTED.
■ EXPORTED.
/
CONSUMED AND ON
HAND.
Rate of
duty.
Duties.
-
Quantity.
Value.
(Quantity.
Value.
Ctiiantity.
Value.
Per cent.
Wool, unmanufactured, not exceeding 7 cts. per pound. . :lbs.
23,382,097
#1,553,789
-
. -
23,382,097
#1,553,789
5
#77,689 45
exceeding 7 cents per pound do.
450,943
136,005
- 64,495
#22,153
386,448
113,852
30&3p.lb.
45,749 04
• manufactures of, cloths and cassimeres *
- ;
5,4il,850
-
31,812
5,380,038
40
2,152,015 20
merino, shawls of wool. . . ...... ......
-•
226,317
-
. 11,326
-
214,991
• 40
85,996 40
blankets, not above 75 cents each. . . .
-
304,677
-
472
■-
■ 304,205
15
45,630 75
above 75 cents each'. .
-
694,237
-
3,880
-
,690,357
25
'■ 172,589 25
' hosiery, gloves, mits, and bindings..
-
741,242
1,938,109
19, ,938
V
2;455
97, '410
• 738.787
fiqq
30
30
• •221,636 10
ono 7H
woolen yarn.
19,938
30.
■ ',5.,981 40
worsted yarn. , '
. . coach lace ,
168,037
. 59
:
5,048
729
•
162,989
30
48,896 70
-
553,409
4,915
-
548,494
.40
219,397 60
Cottons, colored, exceeding 30 cents per square yard'.
-
3,390,145
-
80,088
-
3,310,057
30
993,017 10
not exceeding 30 cts. per sq. yard. .sq. yds.
25,027,699
5,182,401
1,008,283
201,687
24,019.416
4,980,714
43.40
2,161,747 44
uncolored, exceeding 20 cents per square yard
-
381,791
^ >
4,104
-
377,687
•30
113,306 10
V. notexceeding20cts.-persq. yard, .sq.yds.
11,262,418
1,441,660
1,206,546
158,495
10,055,872
1,283,165
47.02
603j352 32
velvets, cords, moleskin's, ifec.j exceeding 35 cents,’ per
square yard ....... ....
• ' velvets, cords, mbleskiris', &c., not exceeding 35 cents
548,974
■ ■
-
20,187
“
528.787.
30
158,636 10,
per square yard.'.. .; 1 .sq. yds.
twist, yarn, or thread’, bl"e ached o'r' colored, costing
less than 75 cents per pound ^ .J . ; .lb's,
twist, yarn, or thread,uhbleached or'uncolored,’cost-
ing less than 60 cents per pound. .' i..’.'..lbs.
426,884
122,317
'5,941
1,484
420,943
120,833
36.57
44,199 01
. 103,869
43,995
2,111
1,525
101,758
42,470
44.92
19,079 62
20,068
10.294
11,779
5,582
8,289
■ 4,712
26.38
1,243 35
all other, exceeding such mmirriurhs, and on spools..
. hosiery, gloves, mits, and bindings, i ^ . 1 .. .'
-
511,480
-
3,815
-
507,665
30
1.52,299 50
-•
1;326,631
-
2,455
-
1,324,176
30
397,252 80
all other manufactures of, not specified. ............
FRASER
903,594
.23,131
' 880,463
30
264,138 90
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
Silks, floss, and other dyed, prepared -for 'manufacture.* * i . . .
shirt's or drawers ^ made -up wholly , or in part..
umbrellas, parasols, and sun-shades.. . . .-.i
bolting cloths.. .
manufactures of, mixed, with metals. .. . . . .. . i
caps, turbans, .&c,., for women;. i ...... ;
manufactures of, not specified, v . i
silk and worsted goods- .-. -.j . . i . .. i . .
Camlets, and other manufactures of goars’’hair and mohair. .
Lace,- thread, and insertings, .. . . .
cotton’ quillings, insertings, bobbinet,&c,.
Gold and silver lace, tresses, tassels, knots, stars, -(fe-c; .. . . . w .
' leaf.
Embroidery in gold or silver,- Qt-her than cl'othi-ng.j.* ; i i i *; . . .
Flax, linens, bleached and unbleached-..; , j .-.-i
hosiery, gloves, -mits, -and bindings .. .•. . . .
other manufactures ofi .'
Hemp, sheetings, bro’wn and whiter i .-
ticklenburgs, o.snaburgs, and burlaps,
other manufactures of,
Clothing, ready made.
articles 'hot specified, worn by men, women, and
children
Grass cloth V.
Carpeting, not specified. '. i . . ..♦. ;■
Matting, Chinese, of flags., jute., or grass..
not specified..
Wire, silvered or plated
brass or copper *
Iron and steel, fire-arms, not specified...
side-arms
drawing and cutting-knives ;
.hatchets, axes, and adzes..
socket chisels
plane irons
steelyards and scale-beams
vices
-sickles and reaping-hooks.,
scythes '. . . .
spades and shovels
squares
. A
40,893
i*'
a
_4
40,893
25
10,223 25
3,782
-
1,55C
S.
■2, -232
40
892 80
11,70]
- - ,
-
-
11,701
30
3,510 80.
- -
■29,536
-
2,i43
i-
27,39£
20
5,478 6.0
-
13,146
- .
A
13,146
■30
3,943 80
■7®
•
*
--
728
30
' 218 .40
927,755
11,403
.T.
916,352
3Q
274,905 60
-
1,510,31C
15,916
r: •
1,494,394
,30
. 448,318 20
*
228, 83f
-
-
-
228,838
20
45, 767 60
808,979
'247
-
508,732
15
76,309 80
■
6i4,016
A
4,645
-
609,373
■20
i21,87'4 60
-
28,217
-
28,217
15
4,232 .55
-
5
-
_
;?
5
20
1 GO
212
-
.
212
20
42 40
.
4,298,224
, ^
138,913
4,159,311
26
, 1,039,827 75
-
506
.
r
506
2,5
.126 50
-
624,379
20,718
9
603,666
■?,5 :
150,916 50
106,730
•
31,251
!»
'■ 75,479
25
18, 8,69 75
-
195,471
17,727
' ?0'
35,548 80
.
205,782
2,670
■f
203,112
'20.
40,622 40
-
•67,232
"
5,651
61,581
50
3.0,790 50
1,105,796
59,333
j,
1,046,463
40
418,585 20
.
18,314
636
*
17,778
25
4,444 So
- ■
31,745
-
*
31,745
30
9,523 50
87,783
-
1,309
• -
86,474
. ..■■26
21,618 50
-
. 38,407
-
1,144
37,268
25
9,315 75
680
-
-
-
- 680
-■ '30
204 00
- _
9,508
* ••
9,508
25
2,377 00
- '
144,877
-
■3,347
*
141,530
30
■42,469 00
-
1,278
362
916
30
274 80
-
9,003
-
982
-
8,021
30
2,406 30
- . ....
• 5,123
_
5,123
30
1,536 90
.
9,529
-•
-
-
9,529
30-
, 2,858 70
*
2,89]
- -
-
. '
2,891
30
867 30
_
10,181
.
-
10,181
30
3,654 30
_
29,589
97
-
29,492
30
8,847 60
-
3,794
_
..
-
3,794
30
1,13820-
-
23.740
- "
-
-
23,740
30
- 7,122 00
--
14,428
- - ■
-•
-
14,428
30
4,328 40
1
- . 3Vfl7
■ -■
-
3,117
30
935 10
GO
oi
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
Iron and steel chains, the links longer than those used f<
. chain cables’.; .i i
■ needles, sewingv knitting, and.tambouring; ...
. all other manufactures of.. .
Saddlery, Common, tinned and japanned.
plated, brass and polished steel. ...; i .... ...i. .
Manufactures of brass .... i.
copper.; ....... ...i .......... r. ...... .
tin.. . .1-.
pewter . i .-t . . .
■ lead. i,.. ,
German silver . . . . ....... .; . . . •. ; . . .-. . . .
.. bell metal...
zinc. . . J i
. bronze. '
' leather . . .. , .• . ... . i ..:i . ;
Glass, plate, exceeding twenty-two by fourteen inches.. . . .
silvered................
if^framed . ........ ...;,i ,
paintings on, porCelaiii or. colored.. . .....
manufactures of, notspecified.. . . .. . . . . .. , .
Hats and bonnets, &c., Leghorn,. chip, straw, ;grass, &c. . ,
. - palm-lcaL rattan, willow, &c... .. .
hair, whalebone,; &c.-. Vi 4
Wood, cabinet ware.. . . . , .; ; . , . .. . ; . . ,.,.v .
manufactures of. . . . . v ... i .. . . . ... .
Wares, china and porcelain .v. . . ... . . .
! for FRASER
tlouisfed.org/
D — Continued.
.FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
-EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON
haNd. •
Rate of
duty.
Duties.
(Quantity.
Value.
(Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value. .
Pl,999
#21,999
Per cent.
30
#6,599 70
160,731
-• ■
#668
160,063
20
32,012 60
3,729,465
-
40,936
3,688,529
3Q;
1,106,558. 70
.
1251750
. • .
.
125,75b
20
25,150 00
142,497
331
-
142466
30
42,649 80
120,083
- '
•1,080
.
119,003
30
35,700 90
.
107„7.56
..
-
107,756
30
32,326-80
.
13,131
■567
.
12,564
30
3,769 20
,
4,889
..i -
••
4,889
30
•l,-466 76
.
787
-
787
30
236 10
-
15,663
-
15,663
30
4,698 90
-
621
r
-
-
621
30
186 30
931
w
-
931
30
, 279 .30
-
3,626
■ ,
-
- ■
3,626
30
1,087 -80
• -
109,668
-
1,156
- .
108,512
35
37,979 20
_
80,263
381
79,882
30
23,964 60
-
274,281
,
53
-
274,226
37;74
103,493 65
• -
15,347
--
112
-
. 15,235
30
4,570 50
. 5,772
-
■ 5,772
30
1,731 60
-
75,975
••
,
-
75,975
25
18,993 75
•
712,923
-
32,655
680,268
35
. . 238,093 80
_
51,-785
-
,
51,785
35
18,124 '75
_
318
•r- ■ ■
-
: 318
35
111 30
-
26,056
•- . ..
2,277
23,779
30
7,13370
15K,036
4,879
...
145,157
30
43,547 10
-■
252,256
-
1,442
-
250,814
30
75,244 20
REPORTS OF THE , [1845.
earthen and stone
plated and gilt
japanned.,.....'..
Furs, undressed, on the skin... , .. .
hats, caps, -muffs, and tippetsi .
hatters’, and other furs
Hair-cloth and hair seating..
Brushes of all kinds.
Paper hangings . . 1
Coach and harness furniture. .'
Carriages, and parts of carriages. . . ..
Slates of all kinds
Black lead pencils.
Copper bottoms,. cut round, &c. . . . . .
Square .wire, 'for umbrella stretchers . .
Zinc, in plates dr sheets. . i .
Chronom.eters, ship or box. . . ., . . . . ,
Clocks, s
Watches, and parts of watches..
Manufactures of gold and silver, platina, &c
Jewelry, gold and silver
. imitation of
Ctuicksilver
Buttons, metal 1
all other buttons,. and. button moulds... . » . . . .
Teas, pounds imported from oth'Sr places than their growth or
production;. ........ . .. ....... .lbs.-
•Coffee, pounds; imported from other places than their growth
or production. '. •. . ... . . ..lbs.
Corks
Q-ujlls, prepared
Cluills, other
Wood, unmanufactured, mahogany .
■ satin';
cedar
Merchandise, not enumerated, at 1 per cent.
21 “ .
5 “
7 “ .
7| “ .
10 .“
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,187,259
21,259
2,166,000
30
649,800 00
159,227
. -
1,745
157,482
30
47,244 60
59,895
«. -
69,895
30
17,968 50
256,586
_
30,881
225,705
5
11,285 25
16,646
233
16,413
35
5,744 55
465,739
*, '
465,739
25
116,434 75
90,643
_
90,643
25
22,660 75
67,426
_
17
67,409
30
20,222 70
46,285
-
46,285
35
16,199 75
1,737
. -
1,737
30
521 10
1,588
.
-
■ 1,588
30
476 40
121,768
-
Ij920
119,848
25
29,962 00
11,798
-
-
11,798
25
2,949 50
3,455
-
-
3,455
30
1,036 50
8,068
- '
4..
. 8,068
12t
1,008 50
73,909
311
-. • 73,598
10
- 7,359 80
11,835
' .
- - 11,835
,20 .
2,367 00
.18,971
•
45
.r. . 18,926
25
- .4,731 50
1,106,543
-
8.400
1,098,143
7P
82,360 72
. 39,380
-
287
.39,093
30
H-,727 90
54,662
.. .
,
54,662
20
10,932 40
84,877
-
84,877
25
21,219- 25
-54,993
-
54,993
5
2,749 65
19,168
lr514
17;654'
30
'5,296 20
90,062
-
90,062
'25
22,515 50
31,274
15,813
6,264
166,642 2'5,0i0
20
5,002 00
22,261
28,060
1,736
244,398 .20,525
20
4,105 00
90,862
-
3,974
- 86,8.88
30
26,066 40
3,261 '
- - ■ 3,261
25
815 25
6,126
.
.6,126
20
1,225 20
261,292
' -
64,993
196,299
15
29,444 85
18,912
3,045
.15,867
15
2,380 05
3,240
1,709
i 1,531
15
229 65
.15,638
12,510
3,128
15'
469 20
212,975
» ,
1,325
211,650
1
2,116 50
1,690,460 .-
. .. 7;648
1,682,812
21
42,070 30
4,975,003
_
218,123
4,756,880
5
237,844 -00
32,576
225
32,351
■■ 7
2,264 57
29,®5 .
29,685
n
2,226 371
17(1,641 .
-
15,743
154,898
10
15,489 80
1S45.} SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D— Coiitinued.
FaHEIGN MERCHANDISE.
SPECIES’ OF MERCHANDISE,
Merchandise, not enumerated, at 12| per cent. .
15 's
20 “
25 “
. ■ 30 i
35 '• ..
Deduct excess of exportation’over i-mpovtation—scoach lace,-. .
CONSUMED AND ON
■ HAND.
Rate of
. duty.
(Quantity,
Q,uantity.
60,191,862
Value. Quantity.
Value.
Per cent.
*253
121
149,421
,243,452
15
413,204
1,877,693
20
80,607 . ^
1,022,727
25
50,452
1,010,839
30
20,472 ' -
26,229
.35
jS31 621^
36,517 80
375,538 60
235,681 75 i
303,251 70 j
9,180 15 ;
igitized for FRASER
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
D — -Continued.
. ' ■■
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
'St
• fi-o
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
- Xf
**-<
! O
o>
Duties.
CLuantity.
Value.
Ctuantity.
Value.
(Quantity.
Value.-
Ph'
.E- ^ ■
cr* ■
“W '■
Silks, ' sewing silk, twist, or twist of silk
and mohair. lbs.
Sitka, pongeea and plain silk, (white,) for
82,196
$431,632
401
$1,268
81,795
$430,364
$2 00
$163,590 00
38.01
printing, &c .lbs.
Silks, manufactures ■ of silk, not sped-
130.-858
469,499
3,407
,, 21,813
127,451
447,686
1 50
191,176 50
42.70
. fled. .lbs.
Silks, raw silk, comprehending silk in the
7'63,463
27,058
208,095
736,405
7,583,190
2 50
1,841,012 50
24.27
gum .lbs.
Silk and satin boots and shoes, &c.:
shoes or slippers, for men and wo-
62,697
208,454
1,534
4,362
61,163
204,092
50
30,581 50
14.98
men. .pairs.
laced boots, of bootees, for men and
2,509
2,016
*•
2,509
2,016
30
' 752 70
37.33
women. . . . //.pairs.
206
379
-
206
379
75
154 50
40.76
shoes or slippers, for children'., .do.
laced boots, or bootees, for chil-
6;
4
*'
6
. 4
i . 15
, 90
22.50
• dren pairs.
hats, for men .No. of
satin bonnets, for women do.
1,326
.672
-
-
1,326
672
25
331 50
49;33
4,103
8,413
132
237
3,971
8,176
1 00
3,971 00
48.56
1,781
9,426
-
-
1,781
9,426
2 00
3,562 00
37.78
Flannels. •. .. .sq.-yds.
205,130
- 76,055
6,965
3,747
198,165
72,308
14
27,743 10
38.36
Baizes and bookings do.
278,456
100,332
-
-
278,456
100,332
14
38,983 84
38.85
Carpeting, Wilton. . . .'; ; . do.
27,676
75,870
97
291
■ 27,579
75,579
65
17,926 35
23.71
Saxony do.
4,822
. 10,919
-
, -
4,822.
10,919
65
3,134 30
,28.70
■ treble ingrained do.
82
■ 73
►
-
' .82
73
65
53 30
73.00
Brussels do.
226,399
308,664
146
138
226,2.53
308,526
55
124,439 15
40.33
Turkey do.
771
1,510
95
200
676
1,310
■ 55
371 80
28.37
yenetian.. do.-
2’9,473
20,77‘6
29,4t3
20,776
30
8,84-1 90
42.56
all other ingrain ........ do.
17,223
14,102
-
-
17,223
14,102
30
5,166 90
36.63
Sail duck .- do.
744,211
272,031
74,803
'29,485
669,408
242,546
7
46,858 56
19.31
Digitized for FRASER
http://fras.er.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D — Continued; ^
■<ji
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
EXPORTED.
CONSUSIED AND ON HAND.
Cotton bagging. .sq. yds.
of all Other materials than hemp
or. flax i . ..sq. yds.
Floor cloth, patent, printed or painted do.
Oilcloth, furniture, on Canton flannel do.
not specified. . do.
of linen, and silk, for covers, &c.
sq.„yds.
Wines, in casks, bottles and other vessels—
Madeira ...galls.'
sherry.,.'.... .;... do.
Canary. do. ■
champagne .'.....do.
port, in bottles. do.
Burgundy, in bottles. . . ..... do.
clafet, in bottles .' do.
port, in casks do.
Burgundy, in casks do. ,
Teneriffe, in casks or bottles do.
claret, in casks...... do.
of Sicily, in casks or bottles, Mar-
sala or Sicily Madeira. .. . galls,
of Sicily, in casks or bottles, other ,
wines of Sicily.. galls.
red wines, not enumerated, in casks,
of France galls.
red wines, hot enumerated, in casks,
of Austria galls.
Value. (Auahtity. Value. (Quantity. Value.,
1,551,044 $117,331 132,489. $14,551 1,418,555 $102,780
228,448
7,804
6,903
53,743
101,176
23,616
1,778
101,464
2,384
218
■48,688
260,593
325
, 5,840
1,051,862
=380,946
145,237
38,289
672
303,399
3,133
. 791
40,864
162,358
366
6,426
249,633
186,446
7,654
6,903
53,743
98,918
18,747
1,7.78
99,422
2,297
, 218
39,740
258,071
325
4,358
1,049,630
373,816
141,507
31,906
672
297,292
3,012
791
30,681
160,033
366
5,666
248,843
$0'04 .
$56,742 20
5
9,322 30
35
2,678 90
16
1,104 48
lb
5,374 30
12^
6,955 50'
■■ Tk
. 7,418 b5
60 ■
11,248 20
60
1,066 80
39,768 80
344 55
76 30
13,909 bo
15,484 26
48 75
871 60
62,977 80
14,292 00
. 7,122 60
22,428 96
igitized for FRASER
1 '. ; ://f rase r. st lo ui sfed . o rq
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
red wines, not enumerated, in
casks, of Sardinia. galls,
^ red wines, not enumerated, in
’ casks, of Portugal and posses-
sions ; . . .. .....
" white.and red., not enumerated, in
casks, of France.. ... .. . . . .galls.
white and fed, not enumerated, in
casks, of Austria.,.. .... .galls.
white and red, not enurnerated, in
‘ casks, of Portugal and posses-
white and red, not enumerated, in
bottles, of France g^hs.
white, and red, not enumerated, in
bottles, of Austria.. . . .galls,
white and red, not enunierated, in
, bottles, „6f Portugal and posses-
sions.. .galis,
white and red, not enumerated, 'in
casks, of Spain... . . ..^.gdlls.
white and red,-not enumerated, in
casks, of Germany. . . .galls/
■ white and red, not enumerated, in
, casks, of .the .Mediterranean.
galls.
white and red, not enumerated,. in
bottles, of Spain .galls.
white and' red, not enumerated, in
bottles, of Germany... . . .galls,
white and red, not enumerated, in
bottles, of the Mediterranean.
galls.
other, not enumeratad, in bottles.
Foreign distilled spirits, from grain. . . .do.
brandy. ..do.
other mate-
rials.,galls
cordials. .do.-
692
90.
113,607
.69,532
455,927
128,986
17
4 ,
135,791
82,193
: 31,586
14,630
49
! 10
. 1,005
] ,806
300,609
73,535
23,746
7,782
51,484
12,900
53
50
3,931
7,453
504
423
2
3
606,311
1,081,314
262,543
819,540
270,484
20,727
78,957
30,080
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
692
4,502
2,046
. 109,105
12,690
5,205
443,237
■^17
1,332
528
134,459
773:
c
30,813
.. . -
49
,i:,005
20,288
9,140
280,321
- :
23,746
>2,0^.-
570
49,402
3,583
1,318
.
72
400
3,859.
-
504
215.
■ 413
..■ ■ -
615
3,156
23,403
.'897
2,943.
30,664
.. 603,155
1,057,911
94,264
62,058
292.
176,220
20,500
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D-
-Continued.
SPECIES- OF MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE
EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
Rate of duty.
Duties.
Equivalent ad val-
. , orem duty.
Cluantity.
Value.
Cluantity.
Value.
(Quantity.
Value.
Beer, ale, and porter, in bottles
galls.
100,256
■ $93,214
4,361
-$3,7S8
95,895
$89,456
$0 20
$19,179 00
21.43
in casks
•do.
■ 7,810
3,384
8,849
3,311
-
73
15
Vinegar . . . i
.do.
38,287
6,252
3,204
924
35,083
5,328
8
2,806 64
52.67
Molasses —
.do.
201,311.364
3,15’4,782
3,276,436
82,761
198,034V928
3,072,021
mills 4 k
891,157 18
29 '
Spirits of turpentine. . .’
.do,.
33
27-
33
27
10
• 3 30
12.22
Oil, whale and other fish ;
..do.
259
231
11.332
800
•
.
15
Spermaceti
.dp.
155
146
-
25
'
olive, in casks
.do.
82,655
48,579
4,160
.■ 3,887
78,495
44,692
20
15,699 00
35.10
castor.
.do.
. 9
18
151
114
40
. linseed
.do.
227,114
105,574
28,124
19,494
198,990
86,080
25
49,747 50
57.79
of almonds
.lbs.
893
456
-
-
893
- 456
9
80 37
17.62
of cloves
.dp.
2,372
3,074
200
600
2,172
2,474
30
651 60
26.33
Cocoa ; ,
.do,.
1,655,094
92,389
1,888,781
152,630
-
.
1
Chocolate
.do.
5,027
1,627
-
-
5,027
1,627
4
201 08
12.35
Sugar, brown
.do.
111,957,404
4,556,392
11,199,089
541,103
100,758,315
4,015,289
2,518,957 88
62.73
white
.do.
1,662,574
91,172
759,639
56,753
902,935
34,419
4
36,117 40
104.93
loaf, and other refined.
.do.
2,044,862
132,991
1,840,909
186,396
203,953
-
6
12,237 18
1,704
162
■ 1,704
1fi9
sirup of, and cane
.do.
112
3
_
_
112
3
2 80
93.33
Teas
•do. .
-
-
60
30
Fruits, almonds. -i 1
.do.
1,757,349
152,869
61,388
8,102
, 1,695,961
144,767
3
50,878 83
35.14
currants.
.do.
1,237,882
59,838
17,342
1,708
1,220,540
58,130
3
36,616 20
62.99
prunes
.do.
468,693
43,695
34,615
5,168
434, 078
38,527
3
13,022 34
33.80
iigs
.do.
1,409,663
110,916
58,562
5,363
1,351,101
105,553
2
27,022 02
25.60
dates
•do..
89,271
1,114
444
31
88,827
1,083
1
888 27
, 82.02
raisins, in jars, &,a, . . i
.do.
7,573,897
521,971
101,385
10,369
7,472,512
511,602
3
224,175 36
43.81
all other .. .
.do.
3,165,323
184,623
136,251
10,240
3,029,072
174,383
2
60,581 44
35.31
Nuts, not specified, except those used
in dyeing
.do.
2,179,435
68,733
52,968
3,555
2,126,467
65,178
. 1
21,264 67
32.62
digitized for FRASER
htto://fraser..stlnuisfRd.nrn/
00
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
Spices, mace.'. . . ... .• ^ . ,do’.
nutmegs. .do.
cinnamon., .do.
• cloves. . . .*. .. ..dO'.
pepper, black.- ; . . . ; ; ; ; . .\do.
Cayenne, &c. . . .. . ■. .do.
pimento ..do-.
cassia. ..i . .* .- .do-.
, ginger, ground. do.
in root; . ; ; do.
Camphor, crude; * ..do.
refined .. .do.
Candles, wax- and sperrhaceti. . . . . i . .do.
tallow ;■ i • .do',
Cheese. .do.
Soap, hard .do.
^ soft..;-.. .-.•.-.bbls.
Tallow i i i- i .lbs.
Starch .do.
Barley, pearl. .dc.
Butter .do.
Beef and pork. . . . . .-.do.
. Lard i .......... . .-.do.
Hams and bacon. . ..do.
Bristles-. -. ..do.
Saltpetre, refined do.
partly refined.'.'. .do..
Indigo do.
Woad, or pastel. do.
Ivory or bone, black.. . J do.
Alum .do.
Opium do..
Glue do.
Gunpowder .do.
Copperas ■ do.
Vitriol, oil of. do.
Quinine ounces.
Bleaching powder lbs.
Sulphate of barytes do.
Tobacco, manufactured, snuff.. .... ..do.
'• . cigars. . . .\ ..M.
cigars... .. .lbs.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
■
12,719
444
582
14,553
12,137
50
.7,276 50
59.95
250,253
176,221
1,509
1,251
248,-744.
174,970
30
■74,623 20
42.64
, 3,440
2,932
■ 6,107
6,904
-
-
25
155,252
24,429
57,265
11,874
97,987
12,555
'8^
7,838 96
62.43
1,012,986
37,875
1,015,384
89;329
/ . ■
5
17,861
1;699
29.,462
2,196
■
10 .
2,832,750
164,690
1,112,065
93,314
1,720,685
71,376
5
86,034 25
120.53
942,231
86,056
165,735
^,625
776,49.6
63,431
' 5
-38,824 80
61.20
6,495
968
2,612
263
3,883
' - 705
4 .
155 32
22.03
6-77,885
25,466
_
677,885
25,466
-, 2
13,55770
53.23
705,632
143,536
-
-
■705,632
143,536
5
35,281 60
24.58
10
6
1,343
851
.
20
529
260,
■ ..
-
529
. ■■ 260
■ -8
42 32
- 16.28-
,6
.2
■
..
6
2
4 .
■ 24
12
65,109
8,841
9,713
i,658
55,396
7,183
9
• 4,985.64
69.40
8,189
785
5,815
. 420
2,374
365
4
94 96
26.01
6
46
-■ ■
. ■
; . ' 6
46
50
3 00
6.52
168,681
9,505
114,891
8,089
53,790
1,416
• 1
537 90
37.98
24,179
1,295
9,234
518
14,945
777
2
298 90
38.59
48,334
1,’729
1,178
140
47,156-
1,589
2
943 12
, 59.35
3,278-
281
480
60
2,798
. 221
. -5 '
139 90
63.30
27,866-
1,088
35,468
■1,799
-
» .
2 .
-
-
2,835
208-
.
. 30,968
3,540
260
20
30,'708
, 3,520
3
921 24
.26.17
343,218
172,076
58
129
343,160
171,947
1
3,43i 6Q
1.99
20,734
1,336
44,644
•2,622
-
2
-1,901,960
79,549
81,920
4,463
1,820,040
■ 75,086
0^
4,550 10
6.05
1,131,256
862,700
88,263
94,686
1,042,993
768,014
5
52,140 65
6.78
108,166
3,194
■-
108,166
3,194
1
1,081 66
33.86
12,'861
1,243
-
1-2,861
1,243
■ 01
96 46
7.76
. 61
8
-
61
, 8
n
91
11.37
14,432
37,638
■ - 7,0i7
18,922
7,415
18,716
75 ,
5,561 25
29.71
8,264
1,275
1,631
179
6,633
■ 1,096
5
331 65
30.25
8,081
3,284
20,600
824
2,460
8
135
12
145
3
-
.'9
2'
8,770
801
- ;
-
8,770
. 801
1
87 70
10.94
23,079
50,048
2,086
5,265
20,993
44,783
40
8,397 20
18.75
1,882,473
73,174
5,040
289
1,877,433
72,885
1
18,774 33
25.75
■ 1,327,375
10,020
-
.
1,327,375
10,020
0^
. 6,636 87
66.23
477
167
' -
-
47^7
le^i
12
57 24
- 34.27
-
-
119
990
815,172
1,160,644
50,693
■73,756
764,479
1,086,888
40
305,791 60
28.13
Ox
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
o
o
D — 'Gohtinued.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
Rate of duty.
Duties.
Equivalent ad valo-
rem duty!
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON HAND. ,
Quantity. .
Value.
Cluantity.
Value.
Gtuantity.
Value.
Tobacco, manufacturedv other than snufF
1
• or cigars. , » . . * i . .. r. . .
.. .lbs.
■ . 7,236'
11,131
14,474
^,063
#0 10 :
Cotton, Unmanufactured. .. ..i;..
. . .do.
13,239,935
646,966
13,564,973
. 792,535
-
-
3
Thibet, Angora, and other goats ’hair.. do. '
63,254
18,443
6,727
2,018
56,527
#16,425
1
#565 27
3.44
Paints', ochre, dry. ’• •• • •
, . .do.
2,119,639
■ 22,023
6,043
188.
2,113,59.6
21',835
1
21,135 96
, 96,79
• in oil.
. ;.do.
1,890
1.45
-
-
1,890
145
28.35
i9.55
white and red lead. . ......
. ..do.
231,171
14,744
14,272
885-
216,899
13,859
4
8,'67.5 96
62.60
■ whiting; and Paris white. .
. . .do.
26,584
305
- '•
•
26,584
.305
■ I-
26'5’84
87.16
litharge .'.
.. .do.
1,703
,^'98
•
1,703
.:98
4
.68 12
69.51
putty. ......... i .
. . .do.
-232
34
232
34
R
3 48
10.23
■ sugar of lead. .
. 4. do.
16jl5S
1,009
6,859
750
9,299
259'
4 .
371 96
143.60
Cordage, tarred, and cables'. .....
...do.
1,114,839
67,209
646,653
47,815
468,186
19,334
5
23,409 30
120:70
untarred. ^ .
. ..do.
415,915
22,381
401,015
30,884
14,900
-
4i
670 .50
untarred yarn. .
v;.do.
. 48
10
-
■ 48
10
6
'. • 2 88
28.80
Twine and packthread . ••. .
...do.
588,763
115,768
47,934
6,697
540,8297
109,071
6
32,'449 74
29.76
Seines .
...do.
10,57,9
5,298
-
- .
10,579
5,298
7
740 53
13.97
Hemp, unmanufactured... . . . .
. .cwt.
28,155
145,209
594
4,837
27,561
140,372
2 00
55,122 00
39.26
Maniliasun, and other hemps
, ■ - '
of India, &.C.
. . .do;
70,708
238,179
181
1,446
,70,527
236,733
1 25
88,158 75.
38.50
Jute, Sisal grass, coirj &c., used
as
hemp for cordage — ...
'. ..do.'
24,339
106,717
24,339
106,717
1 25
30,423 75
28.50
Cordilla or tow, of hemp or flax...
. . .do.
' 8,4.33
46,602
8,433
46„602
1 00.
• 8,433 00
18.09
Flax, unmanufactured.
. . .do.-
8,879
90,509
1,070
6,544
7,809
83,965
1 00
7,809 00
9.30
Rags of all kinds.
...lbs;
10,903,101
421,080
84,300
.4,945
10,818,801
416,135
0i
27,047 00
6.49
Shoddy,' or waste.
. . .do.
780.
.8
•780;
.. 8
oi
1 95
24.37
Hat bodies, or felts, made in whole or
in part of wool. . . ..... . .
..No.
, 216
249
216
■ 249.
18-
. 38 88
i5'.61
Glass, watch crystals. . ^ ......
;.groS3
,1,165
4,588
• - •
-
:.1,165:
4,588.
2 00
2,330 00
50.78
Digitized for FRASER • '
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
glasses or pebbles for spec- ■
tacles. , y. do.
Cut glass, cut 3 the height or length
thereof.. . . i ....... ....... .'. . . . lbs.
Cut glass, Cut above 5 and not
• above .......... .. . . . . . .... do.
Cut glass, cut 5, and exceeding. . . . do.
xUt chandeliers, candle-
sticks, &c. ......... . do.
Plain glass,, moulded'-or pressed,
weighing over 8 ounces. . do.
Plain glass, moulded or pressed,
weighing '8, ounces, or under, ex'- ■
cept tumblers.. do.
Plain glass, moulded or pressed,
over 8 ounces, when stoppered,
&c. . do.
Plain .glass, ' moulded- or pressed,
weighing, 8 ■ ounces, or under,
stoppered, &c. i ...... . do.
’jpiain- glass, moulded or pressed,,
tumblers. . . ... .. .. .'. :. do.
Plain "-glass,' moulded or pressed,
tumblers,, ’stoppered, &c. .. . ... i do.
Cylinder window glass, not above
8 by 10 inches. ..... ........ .sq.,'feet
■ Cylinder Window glass, not above
10 by.l2 inches'. . ; do.
C ylinder window glass , not above
14 by 10 inches. . . ; , . . .. .. . do.
Cylinder window glass, not above
16 by 11 inches do.
Cylinder window glass, not above
18 by 12 inches do.
Cylinder, -window glass, above 18
by 12 inches. do.
Crown window glass, not above 10
by 12 inches.. do.
Crown window glass, not above 10
by 14 inches do.
Crown window glass, not above 16
by 11 inches. do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/ -
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. 1,793
8,089
14
,178
1,779
7,911
2 00 ;
3,558 00
44.97
1,360
471
- -
--
1,360
471
25
340. 00
74.31
865
478'
865
478
35
302 75
63.33
,5,577
4,210
■-
5,577 .
, 4,210
45.
2,509 65
59.61
41,70P
20,968
2,789
1,871
38,912
19,097
45
17,510 40
' 91.69
12,882
2,080
-■
-
12,882
2,080
10
1,288 20
61.93
4,248
1,888
723
257.
3,525
1,631
12
423 00
25.92
2,035
663
-
-
2,035
663
U
284 90
42.97.'
967'
497
•
>967
497
16
154 72
31.13
5,233
380
-
■-
5,233
380
10
523 30
137,71
' 1,001
410
-
>■ . ''
1,001
410
14
140 14.
34.18
9,286
870
700
- 37
8,586.
833
2
171 72
20.61
37,722'
2,787
'
900
40
36,822
'2,747'
2|
■920 55
33.51
6,943
598
1,900
65
5,043
533
3i
176 50
33:11
13,728
. 1,328
2,900
121
10,828
' . . 1.207
4
433 12
'.35.88
10,225
1,161
2,800
156
7,425
1,005
5
371 25
36.94^
87,957
.7,935
9,100
.905.
78,857
7,030
6
4,731 42
67.29
453
128
453
128
5
22 65
17.69
69,194
7.,738
69,194
7,738
6
4,151 64
53.65
1,017
233
.
1,017
233
7
71 19
30.55
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D — Continued
c%
■ '
-
; ^ ^ » —
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
alent ad valo-
em duty.
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
S
Duties.
Gtuantity.
Value.
Ctuantityl
Value.
Cluantity.
Value.
a
%
Pi
'B .
■ GT*
w
Crown window glass, not above 18 by 12
inches . .sq. feet.
1,227
• ■ #534
1,227
#534
#0 08
#98 16
18.38
Crown window glass, above 18 by
12 inches do.
33,824
4,578
33,824
4,578
10
3,382 40
73.88
P.olished plate glass, not silvered,
not above 12-by 8 inches. .. ; . . . . do.
8,590
1,423
8,590
1,423
5
429 50
30 18
Polished plate glass, hot silvered;'
not above 14 by 10 inches.; . . .'. . do.
2,340
648
2,340
648
7
163 80
25.30
Polished plate glass,, not silvered,
not above 16 by ll inches.. . do.
9,253
1,875
9,253
1,875
8
740 24
39.47
Polished plate glass, not silvered,
not above 18 by 12 inches do.
17,938
5,184
.
17,938
. 5,184
10
■ 1,793 80
34.60
Polished plate glass, 'hbl silvered,
not above 22 by 14 inches do.
31,240
12,162
. #515
26,240
11,647
12
3,148 80
27.03
Apothecaries’ vials and bottles, not
exceeding the capacity of 6 6z.
each. ... ........ ... .... . . . . .. . . . gross.
187.
635
,
187
635
1 75
327 25
51.53-
'Apothecaries’ vieds and bottles ex-
ceeding 6 and not exceeding 16
ounces each. ... ; do.
150
584
-
150
584
2 75
. 412 50
70.63
Perfumery vials and bottles, not
exceeding the capacity of 4 oz. . •
each do.
49
232
49
232
2 50
122 50
52.80
Perfumery vial's ‘ and bottles, ex-
ceeding .4 and not exceeding 16
ounces each do.
16
111
16
111
3 00
.48 .00
43.24
Black and green bottles, exceeding
8 ounces and not above one quart
each.. do.
9,873
- 43,925.
241
1,228
9,632
42,697
3 00
28,896 00
67.67
Cjgitized for FRASER
stloLiisfed.ora
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
Black and green bottles, exc.eeeding
the capacity of. 1 quart each do.
Demijohns an.d '.carboys, exceeding
half gallon and not above 3 gal-
Demijohns and carboys, exceeding
the-capacity of 3 gallons each . . . do.
Copper, rod and bolts, .pounds.
nails and spikes. , do..'
Patent sheathing metal' do..
Lead, shot dd-
old, and scrap, do,.
in sheets, and forma not spe*
cified .. . . . do.
Brass battery; or hammered k.ettles. do,
screws. . ... . . ., ... . doi
Pins, solid-headed, jn packs .of 5,000
each . , . ..i .packs.
Fire-arms, muske.ts No.
rifles do.
Cap or bonnet wire, covered ■with
silk. .pounds.
Cap or bonnet tyire, covered witn
other materials.. , .' do.
Iron and steel- wire, not above No.
14. ; do.
Iron and steel wire, above 14 and not
above No. 25 do.
Iron and steel wife, above No. 25. . do.
Tacks, brad's, and sprigs, not above . "
16 ounces per thousand M.
Tacks, brads, and. sprigs, above 16
. ounces per thousand'. .......... .pounds.
Manufactures of iron —
wood-screws do.
cut-nails , do..
wrought-nails. do.
spikes, cut or wrought do.
chain cables, and parts do.
chains, and other cables .... do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
142
• 6,448
513
536
1,252
32.421
1,341
15,378
11
12.422
405
43,280
46,009
12
8,883
13,562
61-,575
26,496
1,726
2,453
13,336
86,668
143
.909,802
16,030
1,9.91,717
262,639
910
4 00
1,626
30
,50 ■
117
4
.3,361
4
5,646
2
59
4-
302
1|
_
4'
3,179
12
205
30
24,622
40
17,250
20-
.
1 50
82
2 50
5,087
12
5,882
8
5,013
5
9,040
8
639
11
323
5
1,355
5
17,133
12
11
3
62,403
4
286
3
57,096
10,399
21
4‘
568 00
62.41
1,934 40
118.96 ■
256 50
21 44
50 08
■ 648 42,
53 64
230 67
18.32
1.49
11.48
90.91
76.38
44
1,490 64
121 50
46.88
59.26
17,312 00
9,201 80
70,31
53.34
30 00
36.58
1,065 96
20.93
1,084 96
18.42
3,078 75
61.41
2,119 68
189 86
23.44
■ 29.71
122 65
37.97-
. 666 80
49,20
10,400 16
4 29
36,392 08
480 90
49,792 92
10,505 56
60.70
39.00
58.31
168.14
87 20
101.02
1845.1: SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D — Continued. , .
0
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE
©
>
SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.'
V IMPORTED.
-EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
Rate of
duty.
Duties.
cS •
duantity.
Value.
Ctuantity.
Value.
duantity.
Value.
S
P 0)
CT* *-
H
Manufactures of iron-
wrought iron, for ships, loco-
motives, festeam-engines .pounds.
123-,201
#5,613
112
#20
123,089
#5,593
#0 04
#4,923 56
88.03
malleable irons-, or castings...
do.
3,779
327
-
3,779
327
4
151 16
46.22
mill-saws, cro5S-cut,.and pit-
saws;.. » .....
No.
2,672
6,996
■ 18
18
2,654
6,978
1 00'
2,654 00
38.03
steam, gas,. or, water tubes, pr ,
pipes .pounds.
2;385
408
_
2,385
408
5
119 25.
29.20
anchors, or parts . ... . . ... . .
do.
58,361
2,371
1,132
97
57,229
2,274
2 5
1,430 72
62.91
anvils
do.
1,035,319^
57,397
. - ■
- •
1,035,319
57,397
25,882 97-
45.09
blacksmiths’ hammers and
sledges '. . 1
do.
117,262-
5,637
1,067
102
116,195
5,535
2,904 87
52.46
castings, vessels of ; f ...
do.
630,518
18,236
-
-
630,518
18,236.
Is
9,457 77
51.31
eastings; all other
do.
148,336
4,792
7,955
, 375
140,381
4,417
' 1
' ' 1,403 81
31.78
glazed or tinned hollow
ware, &c ^ .. . . .....
do.
458,019
33,917
458,019
33,917
21
11,450 47
33.76
sad-irons, hatters and tailors*
irons.
do.
17,983
512
3,3U
93
14,672
419
2s
366 80
87.54
cast-iron butts or hinges.
do.
1,324,942
80,507
-
-
1,324,942
80,507
2^
33,123 55
41.14
axletrees, or parts thereof.. .
do. .
20,437
1,992
-
-
20,437
1,992
■ 4
817 48
41.03
round or square iron, as bra-'
. ziers* rods, from ;3-16 .to
10-16 inches
do.
596,549
25,814
24,373
317
572,176
25,497
'2^
14,304 40
56.10
'.nail or spike rods, slit, rolled,
or hammered
do.
36,788
929
36,788
929
2^
919 70
98.99
sheet-iron, except tagger’s . .
do.
11,565,861
480,276
2,791
150
11,563,070
480,126
21
289,076 75
60.20
hoop-iron
do.
406,337
9,252
51,141
1,596
355,196
7;656
21
8,879 90
115.98
C igitized for FRASER
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
iron , scroll iron , or case-
ment rods, slit, rolled, or
hammered.
iron, pig .....
old and scrap
^ . bar, manufactured by rolling
• otherwise
^ Steel, cast, shear, and German ....
'■ all other t . . .
(Jy, Leather, tanned sole, or bend leather
• Leather, upper leather, not other-
wise specified
Leather, calf-skins, tanned and '
dressed.
Leather, seal-skins, tanned and
dressed.................
Leather, sheep-skins, tanned and
dressed .
Leather, skiver's.
Leather, ■ goats’-skins, tanned and
dressed....................
Leather, morocco skins, tanned arid
dressed...'.......,...
Leather, kid-skins, arid morocco,
tanned and dressed ;
Leather, goat or sheep-skins, tanned
and not dressed
Leather, kid and lamb-skins, tanned
and not dressed
Leather, fawn, kid, and lamb,
known as chamois ........
Leather gloves —
men’s leather gloves .... .
women’sleather habitgloves
women’s extra and demi-
length gloves
. children ’sleather habitgloves
children’s extra and d.eini-
length gloves .... .
Boots, bootees, and shoes, of leather
and other materials —
men’s boots and bootees. . .
do.
216,255
216,255
7,671
2i
5,406 37i
70.47
cwt.
550,209
1,867
2,054
548,342
504,237
45
246., 753 90
48.93
do.
116,950
-■
-
116,950
119,740
50
58,475 00
48.83
do.
1,023,772
1,691,748.
2,992
8,678
■ 1,020,780
1,683,070
1 25
1,275,975 00
75.22
do.
363,530
872,157
2,622
9,639
360,908
862,518
85,
■ 306,771 80
35.56
do.
57,910
732,867
2,063
13,912
55,847
•718,955
1 50
83,770 50
11.65
do.
6,373
4^,808
■763
6,140
5,610
36,668
2 50
14,025 00
38.24
lbs.
2,799
979
458,470
31,057
-
-
6
doi
337
175
-
337
175
• 8
. 26 96
14.80
doz.
4,014
51,511
54
770
3,960
50,741
5 00
19,800 00 "
39.02
do.
2
19
450
. 4,896
■-
5 00
do.
1,239
' 6,979
40
480
1,199
6,499
2 00
2,398 00
36.89
do.
6,863
37,156
-
-■
6,863
37,156
2 00
13,726 00
36.94
do.
' '283
2,372
■. r
■ .
■ 283
2,372
2 50
707 50
29.82
do.
1,125
10,943
-
■-
1,125
10,943
2 50
2,812 50
25.70
do.
1,187
5,517
-
1,187
■ 5,517
• 1 50
1,780 50
32.27
do.
' 3,249 ,
9,631
-
3,249
9,631
1 00
3,249 00
33.63
do.
614
2,159
614
2,159
.75
460 50
21.32
do.
- 227:
836
227'
836
1 00
227 00
27.15
do.
33,914
155,007
120
1,020
33,794
153,987
1 25
42,242 50
27.43
do.
133,4.30
516,127
12
32
. 133,418
516,095
1 00
133,418 00
25.83
do.
3,322
18,924
_
. .
3,322
18,924
1 .50
4,983 00
26.33
do.
3,167
9,303
-
3,167.
9,303
50
1,583 50
17.02
do.
8
,21
, -■
-
8
21
75
6 00
28.57,
pairs.
6,271
24,936
1 52
661
6,119
24,275
1 25
7,648' 75
31.50
o>
V\
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
D-^Continued.
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
. SPECIES OF MERCHANDISE.
EXPORTEDi CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Boots, bootees, and shoes, of leather and
other materials—
men ’s shoes' and pumps ... i pairs,
■women’s boots and bootees, do.
women.’sdouble^soled pumps do.
women’s shoes and slippers ,' do.’
• women’s shoes and- slippers
of prunella..'...'.....,., do.
children ’s boots , bootees, and
Paper,. bank, or bank-note. ......
folio and quarto post. . . .
antiquarian and drawing . ,
imperial, royal, and super
medium , , demy^ and .fools-
cap, pot and pith. . . ..'. . .'
all other writing paper . , . . .
copperplate, blotting, and
copying. .;.
colored, for labels, and hee-
..8,758
13,932
8,758-
3,838
5,546
3,838
409
■
1,214
. . 409
2j526
- -
8,334
2,526
8,048
•
24,769
8,048
.468'
-
1,114
•• 468
1,277
- ■
2,707.
1,277
2,014
_
7,198
2,014
5,912
48,489'
6,053
- -
4,^7
8,432
4,427
. 497
804
497
■2,187
. 4 ' '
2,524
.2,187
423
-
^ 1.076
423
4,979
'8,629
4,979
13,031
-
-
^ 28,283
13,031
281
510
281
$629 10
495 5''
594 0
3',483 00
REPORTS OF THE
copperplate, prints
ing, and Stainers’
binders ’ boards , box . boards,,
mill boards, &c.... . . . ...
sheathing, wrapping, .and
. cartridge.. ........ . .. . . .
blank and visiting cards ...
playing cards
all other paper.. ........ V .
Blank books; bound . . .'. .. . . . . ... .
unbound.... ..... . .
Books printed in Latin and Greek,
,,-bound. .!. ;
Books printed iri Latin and Greek,
unbound.
Books printed in Hebrew, Greek,
Latin , or English, forty year's
before importation . . .... .
Books printed in Hebrew, bound .
Books printed iri Hebrew, unbound
Books printed in other languages
than' Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or
English, bound or in boards. ...
Books printed in other languages
“ than Hebrew, Greek, Latirij of
English , in sheets, or pamphlets .
Books, printed in English,. bound .
Books printed in English, u nbound '. .
Books prill ted in . English , printed
and published one, year before'
importation, and riot republish-
ed, in the U. States, or five years
before importation, bound... .. .
Books printed in English, printed
and published one year before
importation, and not republish-
ed, in the U. States, or five years
before importation, unbound ... .
Books, printed, reports of legisla-
tive committees, &c
Books, printed, polyglots, lexicons
and dictionaries
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
do. .
3,108'
507,
do..
233
93
dov
7„842
798
do;
195
292
do^ .
709
: iix
do.
15,310
3,823
do.
969
796
do.
845
719
do.
6,576
5,960
dbi
4;013
3,42’6
vols.
27,402
19,967
lb's.
15,415
12,965
do.
. 511
487'
vdls.
81,995
59,192
ibs-
12',077 .
8,447
do.
5i994
7,926
do:.
50,402
51,831
do.
24,125
24,407
do.
30,381
29,785-
vols.
37
35
.lbs.
6,034
4,934
-
. 3,108
507,
.10'
310 80
61,30
-
, 23 3
93
, 3
6 99
7.51
-
■ 7,842
• 798
3
235 26
. 29, 48'
-
. -
195
292
12
23 40
8,01
-
'709
141
25
177 25
125.71
“
15,310
3;823
15
2,296 50
60
-
-
969
796
20-
193 80
24.34
-
- ■
. 845.
7l9
is;
: 12675
17,62
-
- '
6,576
5,960
15
986 40
16.55
-
4,013
3,426
13
■ 521 69
15.22
.. . •
27;402
19,967
• 5
1,370 10
6.86
-
15,415
12,965
10
1,541 50
11.88
•
511
: 487
8,
40 88
8:3f
1,975
2,190
80,d2'0-
57,002
,'„5
4,001 00
7'.0l-
616
551
1M61
7,896'
15
1,719 15
21.77-
94
140
5,900
7-,786
3b
1,770 00
22,73
S0A02
61,831
20
. 10,080.- 40
19.44
24,125
24,407
15
3,618 75.
' 14.82
-
30,381
29,785
10
3,038 10
10.20
-
.37
35
5
1 86'
5,28
-
-
6,034
4,934
■5
301 70
6.11
iS45.1 SECRET ARY OF THE TREASURY.
D — Continued,
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
SPECIES OF merchandise.
Coke, or culm. .... ., . .
Bread stuffs, wheat.. . ,
barley.....
rye........
oats..,,...
Indian corn
wheat flour
potatoes;..
Fish, dried br smoked.. .
mackerel
Deduct exportation over importation — sun
dry articles, as per annexed statement. .
117,254,564
— The foregoing table, when placed in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury to be used in preparing his report, contained errors
jj|wj^cted. The ad valorem duties were then stated at ‘{13,692,966 25, when the true amount was $15,722,818 46; showing that more than
^B^^e is now collected from ad v^orem duties. The specific duties were stated at $13,311,085 46, when they were only $13,200,118 41.
which are now
one-half of the
EASURY Department, Register’s Office, January 23, 1846.
R, H. GILLET, Register,
SPECIES OP MERCHANDISE.
Exportations over Importations,
Wine, red, of. Spain, bottljgd.. • • • .
Wines, not enumerated, bottled; . . . . . .
in casks
Oil, spermaceti.
whale, and other hsh «
castor..
Cocoa. *
Pepper, black
Cayenne. •
Camphor, refined*
Beef and pork..
Lard
Saltpetre, refined.. '. . . .. .
Tobacco, unmanufactured, cigars. . . .* .. . . . >
otner than cigars.
Cotton, unmanufactured,
Muskets.'-. . .. .'
Leather, sole or bend. . . . .
Seal-skins:
Paper, writing, all other
Untarred cordage
Teas i ..
Beer, in casks. .
Demijohns
. Lead, in sheets. ^
Loaf sugar
Cinnamon . .. . ,
Gunpowder.
D— Continued.
IMPORTED.
EXPORTED.
CONSUMED AND ON
HAND.
Rate of
duty.
Duties.
Quantity.
Value.
Q.Uahtity.
Value. .
.gallons.
.
■ 3,530
*1,268
. ^ ■
^#706 00
. do.
■ -
213
4l0
, . .
65
138 45
. do.
; -
...
615
■ 897
-
25
; 153 73
. do.
- •
15
146
- •
• -
25
. 38 75
. , do.
.
11,073
569
. ■
15
1,660 95
. do.
*
142
96
• •. •,
56 80
.ppunds.
-
233,687
60,241
1
2,336 87
. do. .
2,398
51,454
5
. do.
11,601
-497
-
10
1,160 10
. do.
• *
.
1,333
845
in »i
. do.
*
*•
• 7,602
711
L 2
Ivf if
. do.
2,835
208
3
* Ik
. do.
■ - •
23,910
l,28ff
2
M.
■
119
990
(ii
.pounds.
7,238
932
. do.
- ■
325,038
145,569
3
9,751 14
. No.
597
4,634
.pounds.
455,671
30,078
6
27,340 26
. dozen.
-
-
448
4,877
-
2,240 00
.pounds.
6,368
141
- •
15
954 75
. do.
, .
-
8,503
• - ■- ,
4i
*
. do.
60
30
.gallons.
465
15
69 75
. No.
..
■ --
1,026
*
.pounds.
*
36
■ ,
-
#
. do.
-
- -
53,405
,
*
.#
• do.
2,667:
3,972
25
666 75
. do.
-
. 13,519
-
8
1,001 52
372,821
.
51,300 41
•For duties, see the article in the general statement; the articles differing only in value.
Tbeasubt Department, Register’s Office, •A'bticmicr 29, 1845. . R. H. GILLET, flegistcr.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cs
CO
1S45.J SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
70
REPORTS GE THE
. E. ■ ■
[1845.
Detailed staX^ment of the several Tariffs enacted by Congress, and of the
duties 'prescribed by each, from 1789 to 18i2.
No.
Character.
Successive Tariffs.
Date of each
act.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
General .
Do...
Do...
Dp...
^eci'til. .
General .
Do...
Do...
Special . ,
Do. . .
Do..;
Do..;
Do...
Do..;
, Do...
General.
Special . .
Oo...
General .
Do...
Special. .
Do. . .
Do...
Do...
Do...
G-erieral .
Special.. . .
Compromise.
General
Do
Tariff..
Tariff,.
Tariff. ,
Tariff. .■. .
Tariff “A. B., sugar, snuff, internal duties”.
Tariff.
Tariff.
Tariff.
Tariff “ on salt,” additional .... ;.
Tariff ”oh sugar and wines”. ...,
Tariff, “Mediterranean fund”:....
Tariff, “ light money, ” &c. ......
Tariff, (war,) “ double duties”.. , .
Tariff “ bn salt”.
Tariff, “ double duties” continued,
Tariff, “ minimum system beg^”.
Tariff “ on iron and alum, supplementary to act of I
1816. — ....
Tariff “on wines”
Tariff, revised, “woolens, cottons,” &c
Tariff “minimums extended”.....,
Tariff “ on wines”.
Tariff “ on coffee, tea,'’ &c. ...........
Tariff “on molasses” -
Tariff “on salt”..-....
Tariff “ on French wines”
Tariff, “ mo^ihcation of other acts,” and did not go fullyj
into operation;
Tariff “on hardware, copper,” &c
Tariff, gradual reduction towards 20 per cent,
Tariff, “ the one year”.
Tariff, “the present in Operalion ”
July 4, 1789
Aug. 10, 1790
March 3, 1791
May 2,1792
June 5„1794
June 7,.1794
jan. 29, 1795
March 3, 1797
July : 8, 1797
May 13, 1800
Mar. 26, 1804
Mar. 27, 1804
July 1, 1812
July 29, 1813
Feb. 5, 1816
April 27, 1816
Ajn-il 20, 1818
March 3; 1819
May 22, 1824
May 19,1828:
May 24, 1828
May 20, 1830
May 29, 1830
May 29, 1830
July 13, 1832
July 14, 1832
March 2, 1833
March 2, 1833
Sept. 11, 1841
Aug.. 30, 1842
Digitized for FRASER
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Fodorol Reoewe Danit ef Of. Lettis-
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 71
E — Continued.
AVERAGE RESULTS OF THE TARIFFS FROM 1821 TO 1844.
TabvMr statement of the value of Imports from October 1, 1820, to the 2'Oth
June, 1844; the aggregate amount of duties payable; the estimated aver-
. age per cent, which the duty bore to the aggregate amount of imports; the
value of imports liable to duty, and the estimated average per cent, of the
duty arising thereon,.:
Years.
Val.ue of imports in the
years ending Septem-.
her 30.*
Aggregate; amount of
duties payable in the
years, ending Decetri-
. ber 31.t
Estimated average per
cent, of duty on' the
. aggregate value of im-
ports.
Value of imports paying
dutiesin the years end-
ing September .30..*
Estimated' average per
cent, of duties on duti-
able imports. .
Average per cent, on
imports liable to du-
ties for certain tariff
periods.
182f
J62,. 585,724
$18,883,252
30.171
$52,503,411
35.695
1822
83,241,541
24,095,336
28.946
75,942,833
31.728
1823
77,579,267
22,416,277
28.894
68,530,979
32.709
■ 1824:
80,549 j007
25,516,966
31.678
. 67,985,234
37.533
1825.
96,340,075
31,683,096
32.639
85,392,565
37.102
1826
■84,974,477
•26,108,254
30.725
72,406,708
34.676
■ 1827
79,484,068
27,962,145
35.179
67,628,964
41.346
. 1828
■■ 88,509,824
29,966,472
33.856
76,130,648
39.362'
1829
74,492,527
27,769,769
37.278
62,687,026
44.299
' 1830
70,876,920
28,417,0.55
40.009
58,130,675
48.884
1831
103,191,124,
36,623,270
35.489
89,734,499
40.812
’ 1 A OOsfr 1
1832
101,029,266
29,356,056
29.056
86,779,813
33.828
1833
108,118,311
24,196,103
22.379
75,670,361
31.975
1
' 1834
126,521,332
18,987-,952
15.007
58,128,152
32.665
1835
149,895,742
25,931,233
17.299
71,955,249.
36.038
1836
189,980', 035
30,991,510
16.313
97,923,554
31.648
1837
140,989,217
18,191,605
12.903
71,739,186
25.357
1838
113,717,404
19,998,861
17.557
52,857,399
37.835
1839.
162,092,132
25,631,888
15.813
85,690,340
29.9.12
. 1840
107,141,519
15,178,975
14.176
49,945,315
30.391
1841
127,946,177
19,941,090
15.585
61,926,446
32.201
. . 1842
100,162,087
16,686,341
16.589
69,534,601.
, 23.997
For 9 months
ending 30th
June ... .1843
64,753,799
.7,508,627
11.595
29,179,215
: 25.732
1
For the year
laO 4.^2..
ending 30th
(
June .. . . . . .1844
108,435,035
29,395,762
27.109
83,668,154
35.133
J
Total averages..
-
-
-
34 973.175
* Authority, commercial statements,” annually.
1 Authority, ^‘receipts and expenditures,” for respective years.
digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
72
[1845. >
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
1789, July 4.
*'For laying a duty on goods, wares, and merchandise impo rted into the
United States'^ .
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 73
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
' Rates of duty.
Indigo. . ....... 1
16 cents per pound.
Cards, wool
50 cents per dozen.
cotton.,,i.
50 cents per dozen.
75 cents per barrel.
Fish, pickled ......
dried . i
50 cents per quintal.
Coal .• '.
2 cents per bushel.
On aU teas imported frorn, China or India in
ships built in the United States, and belong-
ing to a citizen or citizens thereof,.or in, ships
or vessels built in foreign countries, and bn
the 16th May last wholly the property of a
citizen or citizens of the United States,, and
so continuing until the time of importation,
as follows : . .
Bohea tea.
, 6 cents' per pound.
Souchong tea, or other black
,10 cents per pound.
Hyson tea
20 cents per pound.
Green tea, all other
12 cents per pound.
On all teas imported from Europe in vessels as
above: . ......
Bohea tea.
8 cents per pound.
Souchong tea, or other black '.
13 cents per pound.
Hyson tea. : '
26 cents ■ per pound.
Green tea, all others ’. .
16 cents per- pound.
On all teas imported in any other manner than
as above mentioned : ...
Bohea tea -
15 cents per pound.
Souchong tea, of other black -
22 cents per pound.
Hyson tea.
45 cents per pound.
Green -tea, all other
27 cents per pound.
On all goods, wares, and merchandise, other
■ than teas, imported from China or India in
ships not built in the United States, and not
wholly the property of a citizen or citizens
thereof, nor in vessels built in foreign coun-
tries, and on the 16th da.y of May last wholly
the property of a citizen or citizens of the
United States, and so contiiiuing until the
time of iinportation
Ad valorem 12 J per cent.
Glasses, looking. . i . . . .• ^
dof 10 do.
Glass, window.
do. 10 do.
other, bxcept quart bottles
do. , 10 do.
W are, China
do. 10 do.
stone, c. 1
do. 10 do.
earthen — ^
do; lO ^ do.
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r-ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
■74
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
E^Continued;
• , ■ ' Articles enuiherated.
Rates of duty.
Gunpowder.
Ad valorem 10 per cent.
Paints, ground in oil. . . i .
,, do..
dp.
Buckles, 'shoe. . . ........... ■....;
. . do-
do.
knee . ....... . . ..... ......
do.
' do.
Lace, gold
do,.
do.
silver....'.. ..j .......
doi.,
. . . - do.
Leaf, gold ... . ...'. . .
do.
. do.
silver ............ :. . . . .-. . .
do.
do, ' .
Books, blank. .' ..i •. . ^ ..
do.
per cent.
P aper, writing . ....... J .
do.; ‘
do.
printing : .. . . ..
do-.
do. .
' wrapping ■... ;...
do.
do.
hangings • ..... j .
do.
■ do.
Pasteboard
do.
do.
Cabinet wares ...........
do.. .
. - do.
Buttons . . . .
do*
do.
Saddles. j
, do..
do.
Gloves, of leather .... . .: ...
do.
'do, . ,
Hats, of beaver .' .......
do.
do.
of fur
do.
do. ;
. of wool,
do-
do.
of mixture of either .
do.
do.
Millinery, ready made
do.
do.
Iron, castings of. ....
do.
. do.
slit • :
do.
do. -
Leather, tanned.
do.
■ do. ■
tawed...... r.
do.
do.
manufactures of except suchias shall
- be otherwise rated
do.
. do.
Canes •. . ... :•
■do.
. . do.
Walking sticks . ........ f. . . ... . . ^ . .
do.
. do.
Whips. ^ .
■ do.
do.
Clothing, ready made
do.
. do, .
Brushes
do.
' - do.
Ware, gold ..' . ... .
' ■ do.
do.
silver .... .:.
do.
do.
plated •- .....
do..
do.
Jewelry . J. ■ :
- . do.
do;
Paste-work .'. '
do.
do.
Anchors .. r ..... .'.
do. ,
, do..
Tin, wrought '....: ......
do.
do.
W are, pewter
. do.
do.
C ar d s , play in g . ,
10 cents
per pack.
Coach,. or parts thereof.
Ad valorem 15 per cent.-
Digitized for FRASER
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^
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 75
^ E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Chariot, or parts thereof^ .i..,
Carriage, fouri-wheeled, do.
Chaise, or parts thereof.
Solo, do.......
Carriage, two^wheeled, or parts- thereof . .
All. other goods, wares, and merchandise . . .
Hemp. u i
Cotton.
Saltpetre.
Tin, m pigs. ......... .;. -.
in plates.
Ad valorem 15 per cent
do.
do.
, . do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.-
5 do.
60 cts.-per
112 poui
3' cents per pound,
“That a discount of ten per cent, on all the duties imposed by this
‘act shall be allowed on such goods, wares, and merchandise as shall
‘be imported in vessels built in the United States, and which shall be.
‘ wholly the property of a citizen or citizens thereof,- or in vessels built
‘ in foreign countries, and on the 16th, day of May last wholly the prop-
‘erty of a citizen or citizens of the United States, and so continuing
‘until the time of importation.’’
Approved, July 4, 1789. ^ ,
igitized for FRASER
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(ideral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
'6 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E— Continued.
1790, August 10.
‘ Making furlher provision for the payment- of the debts of the United StdtesU
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Wine, Madeira, Loridon particular
do. other.
sherry.
others ..... ^ -
Spirits, distilled, of more than 10 per cent, be--
low proof. i - - . - -
Spirits, distilled, of more than 5 and not more
than 10 per cent, below proof. ........
Spirits, distilled, of proof and not more than 5 ’
per cent, below proof.
Spirits, distilled, of above proof, but not ex-
ceeding 20 per cent. ,
Spirits, distilled, of more than 20' and not more
than 40 per cent, above proof.
Spirits, distilled, of more than 40 per cent,
above proof.
Molasses , : .
Beer, in casks .,
Ale, in casks
Porter, in casks
Beer, in bottles.
Ale, in bottles . .
. Porter, in bottles ...... i ....... :
Teas from China or India in ships or vessels of
the United States :
Bohea. .........
Souchong. . . : ..... .; . ,
and other black ....... .......
Hyson
and other green
Teas from Europe in ships or vessels of the
United States : '
Bohea. . . . .o. ...... :
Souchong .
and other black
Hyson.
and other green
Teas from any other place or in any other
ships or vessels ;
Bohea .-. . ... . . .
Souchong. 1 .... .
35 cents per gallon.
30 ' do.
25 do.
20 do. ,
,13 / do.
25 cents per dozen.
25 do.
25 do.
10 cents per pound.
18 ' do.
18 - do. .
32 do.
20 do.
12 cents per pound.
21 do.
21 .do.
4p do.
24 do.
15 cents per pound.
27 do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stionisfed.org/
77
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rate.s of duty.
Souchong and other black . .
Hyson. ^ .
Hyson and other green .......
Coffee
Cocoa..
Sugar, loaf. . ^ . . . . ^ ,
brown.
other kinds7. .
Candles, tallow
wax ... ..
spermaceti.
Cheese . '. .......
Soap .
Pepper ...
Piiriento 1 — . . . .
Tobacco, manufactured. . . . . .
. Snuff. ...... ..........
Indigo
Cotton
Nails :
Spikes.
Lead,' bar. .•. . . .
other ..... . . .;.
Steel, unwrought. .
Hemp. ...................
Cables
Cordage, tarred .... . . ... .
untarred
Yarn,- untarred.
Twine. ...... ......
Packthread ■.
Salt. ;
Malt '. .
Coal....
Shoes, made of leather
Slippers, made of leather . .h . .
Galoshes, made of leather
Shoes, made of silk or stuff. . .
■ Slippers, made of silk or stuff.
Cards, wool
cotton ...... . .
playing ..........
'Boots. . .....; .-i
Ware, China ...... 1 .. .
: Glasses, looldng ...
30 cents per pound.
27 do.
50
do.
4
- do.
1
do.
5
do.
H
do.
do.
2- -
do.
6
do.
6
do.
■'4
do.
2
do.
6
■ do.
4 -
do.
•6
• do.
10
do.
25-
do.
3
do. .
1
, do.
1
do.
1
do.
1
- do.
75 cents per 112 pounds.
54 -
do.
$1 00
do. :
' 1- 00
-do.
1 50
do.
1 50
do.
3 00 ,
do.
3 00
do.
12 cents
per. bushel.
10
do,-
3
• do.
7 cents
7
per^air.
7
do;
10 .
do. .
10
do.
50 cents per dozen.
■50 - do.
10 cents per pack.
50 cents per pair. .
Ad valorem 12 J per cent,
do. 12^ do.
igitized for FRASER
ttp://fraser.stlouiSfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
78
REPORTS OF THE
E^Continued.
[1845.
, Articles enumerated.
Glass window
other ...'
manufactxires of, except quart bottles,. .
Marble ,
Slates . .1. .■ . . . .-
Stones and other
Bricks. ...... .......
Tiles. . '.
Marble, tables of ■
'mortars of., - - - - -
other utensils of . . . . .■ ,. .• .
Slate, -tables of. .,
mortars of ...... - ^ -
other utensils of. -
Ware, stone. 1 . . . . . .................
earthenware. ............... i .... .
Books, blank — ...
Paper, writing. . . ... . — .....
wrapping
hangings ... . . ...
Pasteboard .......... 1 ...
Parchment t —
Vellum..;:...
Pictures . . . . ......:. :. .
Prints. ....
Painters’ colors, except those commonly used
in dyeing
Lampblack — ......
Ware, gold. . — . ......
silver...,.,.,.. ,
plated. . . . : . . -
Lace, gold - ----- - - = - - - - - -,- -- - - - - -
silver .' . .. ......
Jewelry. ,•.....
Paste work ................... '. . . .
Clocks. 1 ....
Watches.,.! .......’ ;
Buckles, shoe.'. .......... ......
knee ,
Cinnamon. ....... i
Cloves. ... ...........
Mace ..... . ,. , '
Nutmegs. .... ...... — ■. — . .
Ginger. ........ . . ,, — :
Aniseed'. i . .
Rates of duty.
.d valorem 12 J per c
do.
. 12J do.
do.
i2J do.
do.
10 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do'.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do,
do. .
do.
do.
■' do.
do.
do.
do. '
doi
do.
do.
do..
do.
do.
do.
do.
\ do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
dp.
do.
do.
doi
do.
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
, do.
do. ,
, do.
do.
doi
do. '
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
clo.
do.
do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federal Re.serve Bank of St I nui.s
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 79
,E— Continued.
' Articles enumerated.
• Rates of duty.
Currants ..... .
Ad valorem 10 per cent.
Dates... ■ ...
do.
do.
Fisfs i ..... .
do.
Plums.
do.
do.
Prunes i ....
do.
do.
Raisins .....
do.
do.
Sugar candy ..........
do.
, do.
Oranges .... .....
do.
. do.
Lemons .
Limes. .’ 1 .... .
do.
Fruits generally.... j .......... .
do.
do, .
Comfits. ...
. do.
do.
Olives. ... . . .
rlo,
. Caper's. • ; . ^. v
do;
do.
Pickles- - - . 1 ^ -
do.
do.
Oil.:,....-.............. ........
do.
do.
Gunpowder. .......
do*
d^T
Mustard, in flour .. ...... ....
do.
• do.
■Cabinet wares
do.
7J per cent.
Buttons. . ■. ... . ..... . . .
, do.
do.
Saddles ..... ......
do.
do.
Gloves, of leather i ...... . . . ... . . .
do;
do.
Hats, of beaver . . ; ^ .
do.
do.
felt
do.
do.
Wool ...
do.
' do.
or mixture of either ...... . .'. . -i . . . . . .
do.
do.
MiUinery, ready made :. ...^ . ..
do.
do.
Iron, castings of. ...... . . •
do.
.do.
■ slit .......... .. .
do.
rolled ........ i ......... ..
do.
. do.
Leather, tanned. . .... . .... .... ...
do.
, tawed . . ... . . .
do.
do.
■ manufactures of. . i. . .i.'_ .
do*
■ do.
Canes. ... , .... .
do.
Walking sticks. ....... ...
do.
do.
Whips ’
Clothing, ready made ......
do.
do.
Brushes .:.
do.
. . drtf
Anchors
do.
Wares of tin. ..
do.
do.
pewter... ..i..
do.
do.
. copper .......... ,
do.
do. .
Drugs, medicinal, except those commonly used
■'
in dyeing, ...
do.
do.
Capets and carpeting. . i ... ............. .. .
do.
. do.
igitized for FRASER
t p ://f rase r. stio u i sfed . org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80
■1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. ,81
E— Continued,
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Philosophical apparatus, especially imported.
for any seininary of learning.
All goods intended to be reexported in the
F ree.
same ship or vessel in which imported. . . .
AU articles of the growth, product, or manu-
do.
facture of the United States
do.
E— Continued. -
1791, March 3.
Repealing .the duties heretofore laid upon distilled spirits, and laying others
in their stead.
Rates of duty.
20 cents per gallon.
21
do.
22
do.
25
do. '
30
do.
40
■ do. ’ ■
11
•
do.
12
do.
13
do.
15
do.
20
do. ,
30-
do.
Articles enumerated. .
Spirits, distilled, niore than TO per cent, below
proof.'.-. ,. .,.
Spirits, distilled, under 5 and not more, than
10 per cent, below proof.
Spirits, distilled, proof and not more than 5
per cent, below proof. . . . . 1
Spirits, distilled, above proof but not exceed-
ing 20 per cent.
Spirits, distilled, more than 20 and not more
than 40 per cent, above proof. ...
Spirits, distilled, mOre thaiiTO per cent, above
proof.
Spirits, 'distilled, within the' United States,
wholly or in part from molasses, sugar, or
other foreign materials-—
^More than 10 per cent, below proof
Under 5 and not more than 10 per
cent, below proof.
Proof and not more than 5 per cent.
below proof '.
Above proof and not exceeding 20
percent..........
More than 20 arid not more than 40
per cent, above proof. - - - - ^
More than 40 per cent.' above proof
VoL. v. — 6.
jitized for FRASER
p://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S2
REPORTS OF THE
E— Continued.
1792, May 2. ,
[1845.
For raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers, and
for other purposes.
' Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Wines, Madeira, London particular.
56
cents per gallon..
London market
49
do.
other lands
40
do.
Sherry
. . . .
33
do.
Saint Lucar i
30
do.
Lisbon
25
do.
Oporto
25
do.
TeherifFe
20
do.
Fayal. .......
20
do.
all others
Ad valorem 40 per cent.
Spirits, distilled, from grain, 1st class of proof
28 cents per g^lon.
2d
do. ...
29
do.
3d
do.
,31
do.
4th
do
34
do.
5th
do
40
do.
6th
do. .'
50
do.
all other 2d do. and under
25
do.
3d
do. . . . .'. .
28
do.
4th
do. ......
32
do.
5th
do.
38
do.
6th
do
46
do.
Beer
' 8
do.
Ale
■ 8
do.
Porter
8
do.
Steel 1 ..
$1
per cwt.
Nails
• Cocoa
Chocolate i
Cards, playing.
Shoes, of - silk. i
Slippers, of silk. ........ — . . ,
Shoes for men and women, of other materials
SKppers,
Clogs,
Galoshes,
Shoes, aU other, for children
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.'
do.
do.
SHppers
Hemp -
Cables.
do.
Cordage-, tarred
1 J.
; 2 do.
3 do,
25 cents per pack.
20 cents, per pair.
20 do.
10 do.
10 do.
10 ' do.
10 do.
5 do.
7 do.
100 cents per 112 lbs.
180 do.
180 do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Uejer'y'u Diifik of C
3
1845.] SECRETARY GF THE TREASURY. SB
E—Continued.-
Articles enumerated.
‘ Rates of duty.
95i/>'r*,p.nts pp.r 119 Ihs.
225 do.
400 - doi:
400f - ' do..
4'J cents per bushel.
200 cents per 112 lbs.
Ad valorem 15 per cent,
do. ' do.
Twine ;
Packthread ...............
Coal...’
Salts, glauber . . i ............
Wares, China. ... ... .. . . . . .^
frlac;.c;j iHnkino- . : . . . ... . . . .. .
all manufactures of, black quart bottles
excepted
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. ■ do.
do. do.
Muskets
Pistols.
F ire-arms, all other .-.
Swords . . .
TTangpr*!?'
nil ntViP.r .0.......
do. doi
-'do. do.'
StarchL ... .... . . .-. .
Hair poWder. ... J . . ...
do. do.
- do. do.
Wafers 1 .
due.-.. . . - . .. .....
do. do.
do.- do)
do. do.
do, ,do.
do. do.
• Y
do. do.
Laces-, commonly used by upholsterers,- coach-
makers, and saddlers. . . .. . ... .-.
Lines; commonly used by upholsterers, coach-'
makers, arid saddlers. . . .
F ringes, commonly used - by upholsterers,
coachmakers, and Saddlers-. ...
Tassels, commonly used- by upholsterers,
coachmakers, and saddlers-. . . ...........
Trimmings, commonly used -by upholsterers;
coachmakers, arid saddlers. . . . .-* .-.
Pnpp.r lianginp-s ' _ . .
Painters’ colors, dry or ground in oil.- r. .
Iron, cast ... ■. .
sht '. . .-.
rolled .: .
all manufactures of, generally, or of
which it is -the article of chief value
Steel, all manufactures of, generally, or of
which ■ it ik the article of chief value . .
Tin, all manufactures of,, generally, or of which
it is the article of chief value. -.
Pewter, all manufactures of, generally, or of
which it is the aiticle-of chief value
do. do.
do, 10 do.
do. do.
doi do.
do. do. V
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
oBtized for FRASER
h:ll://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
fW ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E^Continued;
. Articlea enumerated. . . : Rates of duty.
Copper, all manufactures of, . geiier^y, or of , , . ;
which it is the article of cliief value. . ... Ad valorem 10 per cent.
Brass, all manufactures . of> generally, , or pf . , . :
which it is the article of: chief value, not, .. , .
being otherwise particularly enumerated)
brass, and iron wire excepted. ..- -...- -.- . . ... do. dp.
Cabinet wares . dp. do. ,
Leather, tanned. ... dp. ' • dp..
, tawed....- dp. do*
manufactures of, or. of which it is the ,
, . article of chief value, .not .other-.
wise particulai'ly en.urnerated- dp* . . . . do.
Drugs, medicinal, except tho.se used, in dyeing . dp. .... do,
. Hats, .of every sort . . dOr do.
Caps, , do. - ... ... ... . ..... . .. . ..... . . do. dp.‘ .
Bonnets, do : , , do, dp.
Gloves. dp.. .. do.
Mittens .> ,'do. ■ . dp. .
Stockings do. dp., ,
Millinery, ready made. .do, do,. .
Flowers, artificial. .... ... - . .do,,^ • , , .do. .
. Feathers, for women’s head-dresses......,.,.,., , , do, dp. ,
Ornaments, do, do..,.-....,.-... do. do,' ,
Fans,..., ... ,'do. do,
Dolls, dressed and undressed. i - . - do. do.;
Toys do, . , dp. ,
Buttons, of every kind. f... do, do.;.
Carpets and carpeting do. , do.
Mats. .., ... . . - do. . do. .
Floor-cloths .... ■ ’ dP. do.
Sailcloth -!--- ; do. do.
Paper, sheathing,. : . do- do.
cartridge. — ,dp. , ‘ do-
Powders, used as, sweet scents,. odors, per- , . ■,
fumes, pr cosmetics. do. . _ ;do.
pastes, do. dp, do. , do.
Balls, do. . , ,dp. . .do, . , do.
Balsams, do., do,...-..'. do. , do.
Ointments, do. : do. ....... . do, . do.
Oils, do. ;. ,do- '- .. - - , i do. do.
Waters, do. ;do, do. do.
Washes, do, d©.-, . do.- ' do. . '
Tinctures, do. dP,.-. do. do-
Essences, do. ' do-. . do, dp.
Preparations, ,do. .do........... do.. do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
85
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
' ‘ Rates of duty.
Compositions used as sweet seents, &e. . . . . .
Powders, dentifrice, for the teeth or gums. . , .
Tincturesj do. do. . . ... ,
Preparations for the teeth or gums..
Compositions, do. '-do,.-...,..-...-....
Upon air goods, wares, and merchandise not:
Ad valorem 10 per cent.
■ do. do,
do. ■ do.
do. do.
do. do.
Ad valorem 7 J per Cent.
Free,
do.
- do. . . ,
do.
Copper in pigs . . . .
■ in bars. ........ i .............. i .. .
Lapis calaminaris ...
Wool, unmanufactured . ..................
Wood......
Sulphur : ................
-do. ......
do. .
E — Continued. ■ - - —
• 1794, June/T. • ■ ■
Additional duties on goods, waresi and merchandises imported into the United
. , ' \ States. -
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Coffee. .....
Sugar, clayed ....,•. .
lump. — ................. ... ... .
Cocoa 4 j ... .
6 per. cents pound.
- .6 do.
6 . do.-.-
4 - do.
7 ... do.
75 cents per pair..
15 do.
Cheese .
Boots , : .
for mon or womon ...
Slippers, do. ^ . , . .
15: do.
15 rio.
(railoshes, do.' - , . . .
16 ■ do.
Shoes, for children ^ '. . .. .
Slippers, do.....,..,...,.,,
Coal..:...
Millinery, ready made , . . . ^ 1. . . . . .
Flowers, artificial. ........ .'. :
Feathersj for women’s head-dresses. .-
Ornaments, do. do. . .
Dolls, dressed and undressed, . . ,
Iron, cast
TO do.
10 do.
5 cents per bushel.
Ad valorem 15 per cent,
do. do.
do. do.
. do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
Iiitized for FRASER
)://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E’ — Continued.
Articles enumerated. ' I Rates of duty.
Iron, slit. ....... . . . — > — .... - 1 .
Ad valorem 15 per cent.
rolled.
do..
do.
manufactures of generally' 1
dp. .
do.
Steel, do. do...:
, do.
do.
Tin, do. do.
do.
do.
Pewter, do. do. ^ . . . . i . . —
do.
do.
Copper, do. . .do.....,..-,-.-.-..-...-..-
do.
; do, .
Brass, manufactures of generally,, not being
otherwise particularly enumerated'. '
do.
. ■ do.
Rocks
do. .
/ 10 ner cent
Hinges. ....
do.
do,
Hoes
do.
do. :
Anvils —
do.
do.
Vices i..i. ....' ...'.
do.
do.
Carpets and carpeting
Drugs, medicinal, except those commonly used
do.
15 per cent.
in dyeing. i ..... .. .
' do.
do.
Mats. :
do.
do.
Floor cloths
do. .
do.
Leather, tanned .1.
do.
do.
tawed ...................
do.
do.
, . manufactures of generally, or of
which it is the article of chief
value, not otherwise paiticularly
enumerated
do.
do.
Hats of aU sorts
do.
do.
Caps, do.
do.
do.
Bonnets, do.
do,,
, do.
Gloves
do.
do.
Mittens. ..’i.
do.
do.
Stockings - . . I
do.
do.
Fans ....... '
do.
do. : '
Buttons ,
do, ■
do. ■
Buckles. -.
do, ,
do.
Paper, sheathing. . ., .
do. ,
do.
cartridge.
do. !
dp.
Powders, used as sWeet . scents, odors, peir.
■ ■ ‘
fumes, or cosmetics .......
do.
do. >
Pastes, do. . do.
do.
do.
Balls, , do- do.
. do.
. . do.
Balsams . do. .... do. .
. do.
do.
Ointments, , do. do
' do. .
do.
Oils, do. . . .. .d.o, 1 .
do.
do.
Waters, do. do
do.
Washes, do. do.
do.
do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ . ■
—
1845;] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 87
E — Continuedi
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Tinctures, used as sweet scents, odors, &c. .
Essences, do. . do
Preparations, do. . do
Compositions, do. do. .... ... .
Powders, dentifrice, for the teeth or gums . .
Preparations, . do. . do.
Wares, gold
silver
plated . . . . i ^
Lace, gold ...
silver ... ........ :
Jewelry.
Paste work.
Clocks, and parts thereof .
Watches, do
Cinnamon
Cloves-, i..
Mace.
NutmegSi ....... i
Ginger ;
Aniseed .
Currants.
Dates . . i. ^ . .
Prunes : •.■.
Raisins ?.
Candy, sugar
Oranges
Lemons ....... J . . .'.
Limes . .• ...... '. .. . .
Fruits generally, all.
Comfits, do. .... ....
Olives . ; ; ... ....... .' .
Capers
Pickles .... :
Oil
Mustard, in flour
Marble . . ■
Slate.
Stone of other kinds '
Bricks i
Tile .1...............^ ;...
Tables of stone .-.
Mortars, do. . . .
Glass, on all generally
window '. . .
Ad valorem 15 percent.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. •
do.
do.
do.
do. do.
do. , do.
-do. do.
do. do.
-do. dp.
do. do.
do. dp.
do. . do.
do. do.
do. . do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. do.
dp.
do.
do.
do.
do.
•do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
-do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
' do.
do.
do.
do.
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. 20 per cent,
do. 15 per cent.
(Litized for FRASER
I: ://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Warej stone . ' .1 . . .
earthen ,
Cabinet wares
Wood, manufactures of, or of which , it is the
material of chief value : .....
Cotton, manufactures of, \or of which it is the
material of chief value; being printed, stainf
ed, or colored . . . ...
Linen, do. . . do...
Cotton or linen, do. do. ..
Mushns, do. do.
Carriages, or parts thereof...
Saddles,
Iron, castings of. —
Canes .■ . . .. .. . ,
Walking sticks ; •.
Whips, , . . ;
Clothing, ready made.
Brushes
Anchors — ...
Velvets.. ■
Velverets .-. .■
Satins ... — ....
Sdii, wrought .
Cambrics, cotton goods........
Muslins
Muslinets —
Lawns ... ....
Laces i - . , — .
Gauzes
Chintzes —
Calicoes, colored . . . . , . ........
Nankeens . ., -
Upon aU goods, wares, arid merchandise not
above enumerated or described .
Rates of duty.
Ad valorem 15 per cent.
do.
do.
. do..
do.
do.
12i per dent.
. . do.
do.
do.
do.
. do.
. do.
do,
do.
do.
20 per cent.
do.
10 per cent.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. .do.
.do..
do.
do.
do. .
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
12J per cent;
do.
do.
do.
do. 5
do. .
; do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. , do.
.do.
do.
.. . do.
. do.
10 per cent.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
89!
E^ — Continued.
1795, January 29. — ^Supplementary to the several acts imposing duties on
goods, wares, ' and merchandise.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Types, printing
Girandoles ..
Sugars, white, clayed, or powdered...
all other, clayed, or powdered ,
Wine, Malaga
Burgundy
Champagne . . ^ '
Teas, imperial. . . ... . .-. ,
gunpowder or gomi.
Ad valorem 10 per cent.
do. 20 do.
3 cents per pound.
14 cent per, pound.
;20 cents per gallori.
40 do.
40 do. '
32 cents per pound.
40 do.
50 > do.
32 do.
40 do.
50 do.'
^ E-^ontinued.
1797, March Z,— Additional duties on
certain articles.
Articles enumerated.' .
Rates of duty.
Sugar, brown ......... i
Tea, bohea. |
Molasses.. :
Velvets, whether printed, stained, colored, or
otherwise
Velverets, do. do. do
Muslins, not printed, stained, or colored
Muslinets, ’ do. do. do...-.
Cotton goods, do. . do.. do.
Sugar candy
Cocoa
2 cents- per pound.
.12 -' do.
14 do.
17 do.
4 cents' per gallon.
Ad valorem 15 per cent,
dp. do.
do. , do.
do. do.
do. do.
9 cents per pound.
2 do. ,
Balance same as tariff of 1795. ■ ■ ■
E — Continued.
VIZI, dvty Q.— Additional duty on salt.
Article enumerated.
Rate of duty.
Salt
20 cents per bushel.
flliitized for FRASER
ij://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
90
E — Continued.
1800, May 13.
' Articles enurnerated.
Sugaj, brown
Candy, sugar
Molasses . . . .
All previous duties on wines abolished, and
the following substituted : ■ -
Wines, Malmsey, in casks, bottleSi
or- other
' vessels ...
Madeira, do. -
do
London particular
Ro. ....
all other
do
Burgundy, do.
do
Champagne, do. . ' -
do. . . . V
Rhenish, do. '
do
Tokay, do.
do
St. Lucar, do.
do. ....
Sherry, do. ^
do. ... .
Claret, in botdes and cases.
. other, not enumerated
do. — ..
Lisbon; do.
do
Oporto, do.
do — .
Portugal, other ....
do. . . . i
Teneriffe, do.
do
Fa,yal, do. :
do. ... .
Malaga, do.
do — . .
St.- George, do.
do, , .
Western Islands, other ^do. . . . .
all other, imported otherwise than in
casks, bottles, or -other vessels , . .
Types, printing . . ; ; .... '. . . .
Locks ... .
Hinges ■: ■.
Hoes J. ...... .
Anvils.
Vices v. .:.
Marble, other utensils of, not enurnerated.
Slate do. do
Books, blank .....
Paper, writing ... 1 1,'
Pasteboard ....
Parchment
Velluin
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
FettefaHtouei'vs Dowli. of Ot. Louio
wrapping
hangings.
Rates of duty.
cents per pound.
114 do.
5 cents per gaUoh.
58 cents per gallon.
do.
do.
do; '
do.
50 cents
do.
45 cents
do.
do. ■
do.
do.
do.
do. .
do.
40 cents
do.
do.
do.
35 cents
do.
do.
do.
30 cents
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
28 cents
do.
do.
do. ,
do. .
do.
do.
doi
do.
do.
23 cents.
do.
Ad valoreni.l2^ per cent
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.'
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1845.]: SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 91
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated. Rates of duty.
Pictures , . Ad valorem 12 J per cent.
Prints do. do.
Larnpblack ' do. do.
Figs do. do.
Plums i — ... . do.., ■ do.
Gunpowder ^ do. . ■ do.
Saddles .i.i........ ..do. do.
Canes do.: do.
Walldng sticks ..I. . do. do.
Whips do. , do.
Clothing, ready made - do. • . do.
Anchors ... -do.. .. . do.
Satins'.. i....... do. do.
Silk, wrought . . .• do. do.
Brushes .... do. do.
Upon all other goods, wafes, and merchandise,
' paying a duty of ten per cent, in the act of
29th January, 1795, and not therein e'nuf ,
merated do. do.
E— Continued. .
1804, March 26.
Further to protect the commerce and seamen of the United States against the
Farbary Powers.
Articles enumerated. Rates of duty.
Additional duty of 2J per cent, ad valorem,
in addition to the duties now imposed hy
law, upon all goods .paying an ad valm-em .
duty. ...
Continued, in force until 3d March, 1815.
!:itized for FRASER
. ;//fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
92
REPORTS OF THE
E — -Continued.
1804, March 27.
Imposing more specific duties.
[1845;
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty..
Rags, of linen J . ... . . .
cotton
woolen . . . . . ....... .
Hempen cloth. . ,
Bristles of swine
Antimony, regulus of. . . i
Clay, linwrought i
Burr stones ^ i
Cork -tree, bark of. * - - r. -
F ish, foreign caught, dried . . . . ... .....
pickled, as follows :
■ sa.lmon ... . . . . . . ^ ,. . .
mackerel.
all other . . . /
Cables ..... ... .. .. . . ......
Cordage, tarred ,
Lead, white
red
Almonds
Currants.
Prunes
Plums
Figs.---:--. - ----- -----
Raisins, in jars and boxes ......
Muscatel. . . . . . i,
all other kinds. :
Tallow c. .. . . ..-
Yellow, ochre, in oil.
Anchors
Iron, sheet
Spanish brOwn .........
Yellow ochre, dry .......
Iron, slit ^
hoop .
Starch.,. .
Powder, hair
Glue ...
Seines
Pewter plates
dishes ;
Cordage, untarred :.
Free. ' , , . .
do. . .
do. , ,
do>, ,1 ,
do.
.do. . .
do, ,
do. .
do, . . .
.50 cents per
100 dents per
60
■ do.
40
do.
. ,2 cents per
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
2
do.
' ■
do.
do.
do.
U
do.
11
do.
1
do.
■ ;l' ■
do.
.1
■do.
1
do.
3
do.
• 4^
do;
4
do.
4
do.
4
do.
4
do.
do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Rank- r>f .Qf I niiig
93
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E — Continued^
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Quicksilver
Cassia, Chinese
Gunpowder
Cinnamon t .
Cloves j
Mace
Nutmegs
Glass, black quart bottles. ...
window, on all not above 8 by IQ inches .
not above 10 by 12 inches. —
on all above 10 by 12 inches. .
Cigars.
Shoes, kid.
morocco ^ *
Lime, foreign, per cask containing 60 gallons . .
Wine, Sicily. j.
6 cents per pound.
4 do.
4’ do.
20 , do.
20 do.
125 . do,
50 . do.
60. cents per gross.
160 cents per 100 sq. ft.
175 do.
225 do.
200 .cents per thousand.
15 cents per pan.
15 do.
50 cents per cask.
30 cents per gallon.
E — Continued.
1812, July 1. , , '
Imposing additional duties upon all goods, wares, and merchandise.
Articles enumerated.
Rate. of duty.
Additidnal duty of 100 per cent; upon the per-
maiient duties now imposed by law. ;
E — Continued.
18l3, July 29.
, haying a duty on imported salt.
-Article enumerated.
' Rate of duty.
Salt, 56 lbs. computed to be one bushel
20 cents per bushel.
IJigitized for FRASER
|;i;;://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
94, REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E— Continued.
, 1816, February 5.
Continuing in force act of July 1, 1812.
Articles enumerated, '
Rates of duty.
Double duties imposed by tbe act passed 1st
July, 1812, continued until June 30, 1817,
Additional duty, until a new tariff of duties
shall be levied by law,' after June 30, 1817.
This never went^ into operation, the act of
April 27,. 1816,. “ to regulate the duties on
imports and tonnage” being passed.
1 ■ ' -i_
- ■ E — Continued.
" ; 1816, April 27.
To regulate the duties on imports and tonnage.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Drugs, dyeing, and materials for composing dyes
not subject to other rates of duty
Gum Arabic
Senegal. ...
Saltpetre ‘
Jewelry. t i
Ad valorem 7 J per cent,
do. do.
do. ' do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
' do, do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
Watches, gold, or parts thereof.
silver, do. do
Lace, gold'. :.
silver I
Embroidery 1
Epaulets i.
Stones, precious, set or not set...
Pearls, do. i
Stones, Bristol or paste work. . .■
Gold, aU articles composed wholly or chiefly of
Silver, do. .-—dp.
Pearl, do. . do.
Stones, precious, do. ' ' db.-
Laces of thread • i
Digitized for FRASER
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. , 95 |
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated. Rates of duty.
L aee veils of thread . ^ ■ Ad valorem 7 J per cent.
Lace shawls do. t . ; do. do.
Lace shades do do. do.
Laces of silk ..... do., do.
Lace veils of silk. do. do.
Lace shawls do do. do.
Lace. shades do ..■ do. , do.
Leaf, gold. do. . 15 do.
Articles, all, not free and not subject to any .
other rate of duty ... .' . do. do.
Cloth, heiiipen Or sail do. 20 do.
. Stockings, of wool do. do.
of cotton do. do.
Printing types . : do. do.
Brass, manufactures of. i .. do. do.
-Copper, do. ... .. do. dp.
Iron, do. .......... ....... dp. do.
Steel,. do. ......... — . do. do.
Pewter, do. . 1 do. do.
Leadj do. . do. do.
Tin, do. ... — do. do.
Wire, brass ..■ .... do. • do.
Cudery .......... do.f do.
Pins'.. — . do. do.
INeedles ..... .... .......... ... do. do.
Buttons.. ..... ....... do. do.
Button moulds... do. - do.
, Buckles of all kinds. do. do..
Wares, gilt do. ,. do.
plated - . .. .... . do. do.
japanned do.. do.
Cannon ................. do.’. . do.
Muskets ..... do. do.
Arms, fire , do. do.
side do. do.
Prussian blue. - . dp,. do.
Ware, China. ....... ... ....... - do, do.
earthen - do. do,
'Stone'-. do,. do.
porcelain.. ....... do, do.
Glass, manufactures of do... do.
. Woolen, manufactures of, or of which wool is : .
the material of chief value ....... - . . do, 25 and 20 pr. ct.
(a) Cotton, manufactures 0f,-or of which. cotton
. is the material of chief value do.. do.
for FRASER I
f.iser.stlouisfed.ofg/ • - " ;
FtvTeTTil Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96, REPORTS OF THE [1845.
1
E— Gontihued.
Articles enumerated. . . .
Rates of duty.
(d) Cotton twist, yarn, oil thread.
(Minimuni features introduced.) . Cotton, cloth,
costing less than 25 -cents .per yard,, shall,.,
with certain additions, be taken ,an.d. deemed,
to have cost 25 cents per.yard, and. pay a.duty,
thereon of 25 and 20 per. cent, ad v^orem, .
Cotton, unbleached and uncolored, . twist, yarm,.
i or thread, less than 60 .cents,, taken at 60
1 cents ; bleached and Colored twist, yarn, or
thread, less than 75 cents, .tairen at 75 cents.
Ad val. 25 and 20 pr. ct.
jUmbrellas, of whatever riiaterial
Parasols, . do. ...... ,
^ticks', for .umbrellas or parasols , ...
Frames, do. do. ......
, Ad' valorem 30 pr. cent.
_ . do. do.
, . • do. do.
, . do. do.' •
do. do.
do. do.,
do. , do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. . ' do.
. do. , do.
, , . do... , do.
- . do., . do.
. , do. ... do.
do. . do.
Bonnets, for women, . . .. .
iCa.ps, dp....
F ans.. '. J .„... ...
Feathers .;. ........................................
Ornaments for head dresses.
Flowers, artificial. ,.
Millinery, of all sorts
HatSj of wool .’. ;
i" ■ fur...........
1 leather. .' '. ...\. . ....
i chip..,.. .1 ^...
; , Straw.. '.
; silk..., ‘i
Caps, of wool . . . . ...■
... do. . , do.
. . do. do.
do. do.
. . do. . . do.
do. do.
1 fiif ^
1 leather
1 ■ chip..... f .... ........
straw.' .■
1 silk
do.. do.
do.. ... do.
. do. do.
Cosmetics. . . .... . J.
iVashes 1 .
. . . -do. . . do.
do. do.
Balsams
!*erfumes :
... do. , „ do.
do. do.
Cloths, painted floor ... ,
H'ats, of grass .-
. - do., do.
do. do.
i flags '....
do.- do.
)il, salad .. . ..
fickles :....
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
papers
fhves i .
lustai'd ....... i 1 ..... .
Digitized (or FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/ ■
Federai Kleserve Bank of St I oiiis i
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
1845.]
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Comfits, preserved in sugar or brandy
Sweetmeats, do. . do. .,.
Wafers . .' ... - .
Wares, cabinet
W ood, manufactures of •.
Carriages, and parts thereof...
Leather. .■ ... .
Leather, manufactures of.
Saddles
Bridles . . ......... .
Harness ... .
Paper, of every description
Pasteboard
Paper-hangings .......
Books, blank
Parchment; . . . . .;.... — ,.
Vellum \ i ....
Brushes .. . . . . .
Canes ...... —
Walking sticks . ..........
Whips . . .■ ... . . . .
Clotning, ready-made . . .1
Ale, in bottles ... ■
Beer, do. ......... — .......
Porter, do. .- : . .
Ale, otherwise than in bottles — . . .. .
Beer, do. do. . —
Porter, do. , do.
Alum. . . ......... .;,.1 .
Almonds. . . i . ..... . .
Glass bottles, black, quart ... ....
Boots
Bristles ........
Cards, playing. ... .
Cables, tarred 1
Cordage, tarred . .'
untarred. . . . .
Yarns —
Twine .......
Packthread,. . . .
Seines ........
Candles, tallow
■ spermaceti
™Cassia, Chinese
'IBized for F^^Ser'
/fraser.stlouisfed.o’rg/
hWeral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rates of duty.
Ad valorem 30 pr. cent
do. .
do.
do..
do.
do.
do.
. do..
do.
do.-
do.
do.
. do.'
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do,.
do.'
. do.
... do.
.do.
. do.
do. .
. do.
, do.
do.
do. .
do. '
do.
do.
15 cents per gallon.
15
do.
15
doi
10
do.
10
do. 1 .
10
do.
100 cents per cwt,
3 cents per pound. •
144 cents per grosSi
150 cents per pair.
3, cents per pound.
30 cents per pack.
3 cents per pormd.
3 do.,
4 do.
4 . do.
4 do.
4 do. .
4 do.
3 do.
6 do.
6 do.
6 do. .
98 REPORTS GF THE : [1845.
• E— Continued.
Articles enurherated.
■ ■
Rates of duty.
Cinnainon. . ....i ..... i; . . . . . . v .v. . i . .-. .
, 25 Cents per pound.
Cloves. ....... .-. . ‘ i . ■- . .
25.
: (16.
Cheese ........ ...,■. ■. , . . i .. . . . ' . . . ■
. 9.
do.
3
do.
Cocoa.. : . . . .....
:2 .
do. ^
Coal I ... .... . ... ■.
5-’C
. pr. heaped bush-.
Copperas - . . ...... ... . . .
’ 100 cents per cwt.
Copper rods ..... . ....... : . .
4 eerits per poundi
Copper, holts.
4 .
do.
spikes . i . . . . - . . — . ....
4 .
do.. .
nails . i . . . . 1 ..
4
do.
Composition rods. -. .... 1 ..... . . . ... v.
4
do.
bolts’.: .i ... . . .. ....
4
do. .
spikes..,, f -
<4 :
do.
I13j1s i
4
do. :
Coflfec m - m m, * ‘S 1, a •• « - ■'
■5 .
■ -do.
3
do..
Currants . ........... . ... . ... ...
3
do. /.'■
Figs.
3
. do.
Fish, foreign caught. . . .' ^ . .,
$1 per quintal.
mackerel . . . ..
$1 50 per barrel. ,
Sdlrnon . . . . ' ^ . .. .. . . ^ ^
$2 ■■
. do.
all other pickled ... . . ..
SI ' .
do. ■
Class, window, not above 8 by 10 inches. , . .
S2 50per 100 square ft
do io by 12 do, .
$2 75, doi ,
above 10 by 12 inches. .. .
S3 25 do. : ■
Clue . . , . . . .’.
■5 cents per pound.
8
do.
Hemp . . . .. . . .. . . .-.
fl 50 per cwt.
Wife,! steel, not exceeding No. 18. .. . ...
5 cents per pound. '
9 do.
iron, not exceeding i'No. 18
5
• do.
Oyer. Noi -18 .’. . ,
■9
■•do.
Iron,., ih bars or bolts, exceptirig.iron manuafac-
tur ed by rolling .•
45 cents per 100 lbs.
in
in rods ..V . .
S2 50 do.
' hoojpR .
$2 50 -do.
$.1 50 do.
in bars or bolts, when manufactured by.
rolling .... .
Anchors... ... .
$1 50 do.
liidigo • .... ...: .'. ...
15 cents per pound.
Lead, in pigs
1 cent per pound.
in bars •..
4
‘ do.
in sheets i
1
■ do. ■
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
1845.J SECRETARY OF TIIE TREASURY. ^ 99
I
E-^Ceiitiriued.
Articiea enumerated. . Rates of duty.
Shot, mariiifactiired of lead . .; ^ . 2 cents per pound,
Lead, red, dry .‘A r ; i ^ ' do,
■ ground in oil :, .- i - i • -3 - • , do.
white, dry i': . ,1,. i. i do.
ground in oil. .. .1 A .. 3 • dot
Mace .'■ fl- ■do.'.
Molasses . : .... .^ . 5' cents per gallon.
Kails 3-eents per pouhd.
Nutmegs. . AO- dot
Pepper.. fti ..-.-i.- 8 ■ do. ;
Pimento.............. 6' •; . do; • >
PlunfS A:'.,.'...;i .r 3 ' ‘'dO.
Prunes ... .. t. ........ ; 3 , doi
Raisins, muscatel. . . .:r 3 do;
in jars. . . .. .... 3' ■ ' do.-.i
in boxes ....... -i 3’ do.- '
all dfher 2' - do.
Salt, 56 lbs.,. . . .^ — .....; i . . .1. . '20' cents per bushel. ' ’
Ochre,. dry ......... -Tcerit.per pound.
in oil ...i ............. IJ do.
Steel i-. ^.l- per cAvt.
Segars. , . . f. . . .' . . . . , -• .■> ; ^ .- 82 60 per lOOQ
Spirits, from-, ^grain, 1st proof.- .- i i • 42 cents per g'albh.
, 2d Ro. 46 'do.-
3d: do-. -48 do.
4th do. .-i. 52- -do;
5th do. 60 do.
above 6th- proof 75 -do. '
from' Other materials- -than grain, 1st -
and 2d proof.- .-. .--r .-;-- 38 do,'
3d do.'...;;;.-...,-..-.-,-..... - 42 ' do. '
4th do. ... r. ; '48 ■ -do.
5th do...'. 57. do,
above Sth -do. -. 70 do.
Shoes, of silk . 30 cents per .pair.
Slippers, -of silkl A . 30- - dp. ; -
Shoes, lealher. J-. -25-. ■- do. ‘■
Slippers, do. . . . . . . . , .- 26 do. '
Shoes, childreh’s-. . . . . 1 15 do.
t Shppers, do.- 15- - ■- do.'
» Spikes .. ... . . ......... . 2 cents per pound.
K Soap. 1. 3' ■ - do; ';
B Sugar, brown . 3 • • do.
H white, clayed, or powdered. . .V. .A . - :4 - - -do. ■
lump ...no.... .- a i' - '10 *'dO,
lB|tized for FRASER
l^E//fraser.stlouisfed.org/
*ieral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E— Continued.
Articles enumerated. Rates of duty.
Sugar, loaf .... 12 cents per pound.
Candy, sugar \2 do.
Snuff ................ 12 do.
Tallow ... ... 1 cent per pound.
Tea, frorn China, in . ships or vessels of the
United States, yiz :
Bohea .... L ...... . . ....... — 12 cents per pound.
Souchong . .....L ... .... .. 25 do*
other .black - r - j; - - - 25 do.
Imperial. 50 dp..
Teas, from China, &c.:
Gunpowder ............ , . — . . 50 cents per ppund.
Gomep 50 do.
Hyson — ............ 40 , do.
'Young hyson . 40 do,
Hyson skin 28. do,
other green ...................... 28 dp.
Teas, from any other place, or in any other
than ships pr vessels of the United
States, viz :
Bohea. .... . . * . .. . . , 14 . do,
Souchong, 34 do.
otherblack.. ;..., 34 do.
Imperial.. .1 68 do.
Gunpowder - 68 do.
Gomee...... — ........ ....... 68 do.
Hyson, — 56 do.
Young hyson - 56' do.
Hyson skin .;.. .. 38 do.
other green '38 do.
Tobacco, manufactured . ................ 10 . do,
Whiting 1 cent per pound.
Paris white.. — .. — .1 do.
Wine, Madeira $1 per gallon. ■
Burgundy.....,..'. ............. SI do.
Chanipagne $1 do.
Rhenish...... H do,
Tokay., ........................ $1 do.
Sherry •. . . . 4 ... ... . .. . . ...... 60 cents per gallon.
St. L near ,. 1. ........... .... 60 do.
others not enumerated, when imported
in bottles or cases ............. 70 dp.
Wines, EisboH; ................ 50 do.
Oportp. ..J.;..........,,..... 50 do.
other, of Portug^ . , .1. . . 50 _ . : dp.
Digitized for FRASER ' i ■
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SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Wines, Sicily
Teneriffe
Fayal
other, of Western Islands ..... . . ...
on all others, when imported other-
wise than in cases and botdes. . .
Duck, Russia, not exceeding 52 archems each
piece .......
Holland, do. do. do...
Oil, spermaceti, of foreign fishing .... . . . •
whale, do. do.... ..
other fish, do. do.............
Oil, oUve, in casks .
Woolen, manufactures of— blankets. ...
, 50 cents per gallon.
40 . do.
40 do.
-40 do.
25 do.
worstedgoods...
stuffgoods. . . . ir.
All articles imported for the use of the United
States .-. ..... .
Philosophical .apparatus
Instruments
Books ..... ......
Maps.
Charts. . ■ '
Statues —
Busts ; . . ....
Casts..
Paintings
Drawings. ...... ;
Engravings .'
"Sculpture, specimens of ......... . . . ... . .
iCoins, cabinets of. .... .. . ....
Gems, do. .
Medals, do ...
Antiquities, collection of. ........... . . . . . .
Statuary ..............
Modelling
Painting . ... ....
Drawing ................... .........
Etching ..... ............ ... .
^ Engraving ...... . .. ... . .
[Specially imported by order and for the use
of any society incorporated for pihilosophical
and literary purposes, or for the encourage-
itized for FRASER ' ' ' • •
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deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102 IPP0ET& OF THE £1815^
E— Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Eates of duty.
, mest -of the fine arts, or by order and fqr the
use of any seminary of learning.].
Natural history, specimens of. ........... ...
Free.,
'Minera.logy, do. ,
dp. L* , . ' '
Botany do., ....... ..i.
do, . ; ■
Anatomical preparations, j.,. .. .... . .
do.
Models of iiiachinery . . . . .. . . . . . ,.. . ■
do.
Models of inventions, other. ....... . J .
do.
Plants . . . . . i . - . . . . ....... .•
do.
Trees , . ... , ....... ■
do.
Wearing apparel in aetual use ^-,. - ... . - . . > . .
dp.
Personal baggage in actu^ use .. . . .
dp.
Implements of persons arriving iii .the .United
do. ' . >
Tools of trade of persons! arriying, in the tjni-
do.
ted. States ... . . ......... ... . . .
do.
Antimony, regulus of. . . .„. -.
do.
Cork tree, hark of, unihanufaqtured. ....
do.
Animals, imported for breed... ........ .. . . .
do. ■
Burr stones; unwrought. ... .... ... ... . ,. . .. .. .
, do. , ‘
Coin, gold. . . . . .
do. . : . . :
Coin, silver. ., .. . . . . .. .. ..
do.
Bullion, unwfought. ...... .. ,. . .... .. ..
dp, .
Clay, unwrought. ...... ..... ... .... .....
do.
Copper, imported in any shape for use of Mint,.
dp'.
Copper, in pigs, ) . i .
do.
Copper, in bars, > Suited to sheajhing ships..
do. . . . '
Copper, in plates, > ■
. dp. , .
Brass, in pigs, )
dp.
Brass, in bars, > Suited to sheathing ships. . .
do. '
Brass, in plates, ) ^
do.
Copper, md, fit only to be rema.nufactu'red
do, , ' .
Brass, old, fit only to be remanufactured.
do. . ■
Pewter, old, fit only to: be, remanufactured. .".
do.
Tin, in pigs. ..... ........
dp, ^
Tin, in bars.. . . . ..... .
do, : . r
F urs, undressed ..... ..;...
do.
Hides, raw. ; ... .
do.
Skins, raw..
- do.
Lapis calaminaris . . ... . j
do.
Plaster-of-Paris . ... . . .
do.
Rags of any kind of cloth.
dp, , t
Sulphur J . : •. . .
do. , • ' ■
Brimstone ........... J
. do... . , ,
Barilla . ... . .• .
. do.
Digitized for FRASER
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Forioral Rank of .cit I niiig
1845.] SECRETARY OF TjaE, TREASURY. 1Q3
E— Contiiiueiif
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty,
Brazil ■wood. ....... .
Free.
Brazelletto ^ . . .. . . .
do.
Redwoodi
do. .
Camwood
do.'
Fus.tic. .... , .... ..... . . ... ...
do, , ,
Nicarag.ua. ....... i: . .... ...... . . . . . . .
(|o.
Dye-woods, other. ...... . .. .^
do.
Wood,, unmanufactured, of any kind. .... . . .
do.
5^1 TIP, ...
do. .
Te.uten.egue,. . . . , . , . . . . .'. ..... . - .
. (lo, ■ . ■
Spelter . ... t ......
do.
■ ■ -NOTES.
(o.) That all cotton cloths, or cloths of which cotton is the material of chiel valuBj (e^pept-
;ing nankeens' imported' ‘directly frpna China,) the^originar cost of which, ait the place, whence
imported. With the addition of twenty per centum, if imported from the Cape of Good Hope,
nr from p)aces b.eyond it, and' of per centum if .imported from any other place, shall be less
ithan twenty-five cents 'per square, yard, shall, with such addition,, be taken an'd deemed to have
.jcost twenty-five cents per square yard, and shalibe charged with duty- accordingly.
(it.) That all unbleached and uncolored cotton twist, yarn, or thread, the original cost of
which shall be less than sixty cents per pound, shall be deemed and taken to have cost sixty
cents per pound ,. and shall be charged with duty accordingly ; and all bleached and colored yarn,
the original cost of which shall have been less than se.venty-five cents per pound, shall be taken
and deemed to have cost seventy-five cents per pOund, and shall be charged, with duty accord-
ingly,; , ' ' ■ \ ,
E— Continued.
1818, ApbiL 20.
To increase the duties on certain manufactured articles.
- 'Articles enumerated.
, Rates of duty. ,
Iron, in pigs. . .,. .. , ,
50 cents per cwt.
castings 1 . -i. ,
75- do..-
Nails . , ... . ... ... ... . . ........... , .
4 cents per pound. .
jSpikes.
I’ do. ■
Iron, in bars and bolts,, manufaptured without
rolhng . ,r
75 cents per :c\v4.
Anchors ............. .. .... ... ■
2 cents p.er pound,’
Aluin, t ..... , . . ... ; j ,
e . . . . . ^ - w .
' $2. per cwt, - '
tized for FRASER ■
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oral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104 REPORTS OF THE [1845-
E — Continued.
1818, April 20.
To increase the duties on certain manufactured articles.
Articles enumerated
. Rates of duty.
Copper, manufactures of. ... ..... .
Saddlery, silver plated. ...
F urniture, coach J ...
harness. i
Glass, cut '
Tacks, , not exceeding 16 oz. M.
Brads, do. ' do
.Sprigs, do. ■ do......
r>7. Af. . .
Ad valorem 25 per cent,
dp. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. 30 per cent.
5 cents per thousand,
do. do. ,
do. do.
3 cents per pound,
do. do.
do. do.
$1 60 per piece. ’
$2 50 per piece.
Brads, do. do
Sprigs, do. do..
Sheetings, brown Russia, not exceeding 52
archems in each piece.
white, do. do., ........
E — Continued.
1819, March 3.
To regulate the duties on certain wines.
Articles enumerated.
On wines riot enumerated m the act “ to regulate
the duties on imports and tonnage,” passed
the 27th April, 1816, when imported in bot-
tles or casesj and paying a duty of 70 cents
per gallon ,
On wines not enumerated' m the act “ to regulate
the duties on imports! and tonnage,” passed
the 27th April, 1816, when imported o^Aer-
wise than in bottles or cases, and paying a
duty of 25 cents per gallon.
Rates of duties.
30 cents per gallon.
15 cents per gallon.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E— Continued.
1824, May 22.
To amend the several acts imposing duties on imports.
105
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Sail duck . .. . . . .
Osnaburgs .' .■ ■ .
Burlaps ......... ■. . . .
Ticklenburgs ■.
Wool, , manufactures of, until 30th June, 1825
after 30th June, 1825
Blankets
Worsted stuff goods
Wool, certain manufactures of, theactul value
of which shall not exceed 33J cents per square
yard....
(а) Cotton, manufactures of.
Flax do
Hemp do
Silk do. coming from beyond the
Cape bf Good Hope. .
do. . all other . -. . .
Wool, .unmanufactured, tiU 1st June, 1825.
1st June, 1826.
afterwards..
unmanufactured, the value, actual
■which, at the place wheiice
ported, shall not exceed 10 cents per
pound - ...
(б) Hats, Leghorn
straw
chip ...
grass
Bonnets of Leghorn
straw
chip.
. grass .ii. . . i
Flats, for maldng hats or bonnets.
Braids do. do. .............
Plats do. do. ...
W ares, japanned
plated
Brass, manufactures of. ....
Ad valorem 15 per cent
do.
do.
of
im-
Iron
Steel
Pewter
Lead
Tin
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
itized for FRASER
p;//fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
30
do.
do.
33J do.
do.
: 25
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do..
do.
do.
do.
dp.
do.
20
do.
do.
do.
do.
25
do.
do.
30
do.
do.
15
do.
do.
50
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do..
do.
do.
do.
do.
25
do.
doi
do.
do.
do.
do. ■
do.
do.
do.
do,.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Articles enurnerated;
Rates. of duty.
Cloths, bolting.
Hair cloth. . . . .
Ad valorem 15 per cent
.seating.
Marble - , • - -.r - -
manufactures.of . . . , ........ ....
Paper hangings . .... . .....;
Cotton, coach lapes of. . . . . ,
Othpr materials , dp. ^ . . i. .... . ... ... ..
L aces,, all other .............
Lead in pigs. ... . ..... . i .. .
bars ...... ... .'... ... . .......
sheets : . . . . >
Shot. .... ........ .; ^
Lead)^ red, .dry. .. . — .... . .
white, dry . ... ... . . .....
red, ground in oil. .1.
white do. .... w
Carpets and carpeting, Brussels: . . .. . . . , . . ,.
. , Turkey .... . . i ,
Wilton..
other kinds. of ■vyool, .:. r
do.
do..
do,
do;,
do.
do. :
do. -
do.
2 cents per
g.; ’
2/ . .
H : .
4'
4
4
4
30 ; do.
do.
do.
do.
40 do.
as do..
do.
12^ do.
. .cpttpn. y . ; , .
■ . ;. .or patts of either
Oil cloth oarpeting, . . . ... . . ... ... . .
Oil cloths pf every description. . ... . . .. ....
Carpets and carpetings all other > .
Mats. i .,. . . . . . . . . .
Cloths, floor, of tow. ....
flags ^
any other material. ... ...
Hemp,. ... .. . .,. . . . . ... . . . . -
Cables, tarred. . ... ....
Cordage, tarred ...
untarred. -
Yarns
Twine. ■. ,_.. . ...... . . .... t. . ,
Packthread. .... . .V.
.Seines. . . .....
Cotton bagging. ......... ........
Iron,, in bars and bolts, not manufactured in
whole or in part by rolling. .......
round or braziefs’ rods of 3-16 to S-iS
of an inch diaiueter, incluswe. 4
50 cents per Sq. yard.'
50 do.
50 do- :: ' ,
20 . do.
20 do.
20 do,.
.2P ,, do.
20 do.
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
do. do,
do. ■ do.
do. do.
do, do.
do.- do. ..
do. do.
$35 per ton.
4 cents per pound.
4 do,
5 . do,
5 , do.
5 do, ■
5 ‘ do.
5 do.
3f cents per sq. yard.
90 cents per 1 12 pounds.
3 cents per pound.
Digitized for FRASER
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Sjinsl SKlii »5i Ki ■
t845.] SECRETARY QF THE TREASURY. 10?
E— ContiHued.
A-rlicles enumerated. . Rates of duty.
IfiPn, naii rods . ....... ....... .......... 3 cents p.er ppund.
spike rods ....... ..... ... . 3 , do.
- - - , - ... - - . i - 3 dp.
sheet-.’... 3 dov .
hoop........................... . 3 do.
slit Or rolled for band ...... 3 do.
scroll....,.,,,,.,.......^. i 3 do,
casement rods., 3 do.
Spikes..,,,.,.,.,,,. 4 do,
. Nails, c.ut , -. ..- 5 do..-
wrought ,d, ,,,,,,, 5 ■ do.
Tacks, hot exceeding 16 ounces to the M. 5 ■ do.
Brads, .do-, dOt .3 , , do.
Sprigs, do,. .dp. 3 do.
Wire, steel, not exceeding No., 18 . . . 5 , do,
over . do. ....... 9 , dp.
iron, not exce,eding do. .,.. 5 do.
over .. do, ....... 9\ , do.
square, used in the o manufacture of
stretchers for umbrellas. Ad valorenr 12 per ot
Anvils , i -. t- - • T ? r r 2 cents pey poniid.
Anchors i. ...... 2 , do,.
Cables of iron, or parts, therepf , , 3 do...
Chains dp. do-.. 3 do.
MiU cranks, of wrought iron. . 4 . do.
irons. do. ...... ,..., 4 ' dp. ■
Mill Saws ....... ..... ..... $1 each. ^ ,
Blacksmith’s hammers apd sledges 2^' cents per pound.
Muskets . . ,,, . ., .. ., $1 50 per stand ,
Rifles '.t. ^ $2 50 each.
Arms,, fire ... Ad valoreip,30 per ct,.
Arms, side ., .h do. do.
Cutting-knives, of iron or steel ............ do. .. do,. ,
Scythes, cIo. • . do. dOt
Sickles, do. do. , do;.
Reaping-hooks, do. , do. ' do.,.
Spades, do. do. ■ do.
Shovels, - do. do. do, , .
Screws, of iron, weighing 25 lbs. or upwards - do. do,
Screws, of iron, for wood called wood-screws do, . do.
Vessels of cast iron, not otherwise specified. , IJ cents per pound.
All other castings of iron not specified 1 cent per pound. :
, Copper, vessels of, all ..... . . Ad valorem 35 per ct.
Quills, prepared or mianufactured ....'li. do. ' ,25 do.
Slates, for building ............ ......... dp.' do,.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federai Reserve Bank of Sf. Louis'
108 REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
[1845.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Tiles, for building ......... —
Ad valorem 25 per ct.
Blacklead pencils
do.
40 do.
Candles, tallow .......... .......
5 cents per pound.
Candles, spermaceti. ..........
8 - ■
do.
Soap..... ^ — ....
4
do.
• Lard - w.
3
do.
Wheat 1 .-
25 cents per bushel.
Oats ;
10
do.
■ Wheat flour ........
50 cents per cwt.
Potatoes
10 cents per bushel.
Coal
6 cts per heaped bush,
Corks ’.
12 cents per pound.
Shoes, of prunella, stuff, or nankeen
25 cents per pair.
Shppers, of prunella, stuff or nankeen
25
do.
Boots or bootees, laced
$1 50
do.
Linseed oil
25 cents per gallon.
Rapeseed oil ............
25
do.
Hempseed oil.
25
do.
Castor oil C. . .
40 .
do.
Ale, in bottles
20
do.
Beer, in bottles
20
do.
Porter, in bottles ... ...............
20
doi
Ale,, otherwise than in bottles. .... . . . . . : . . .
15
do.
Beer, otherwise than in bottles. .
15,
do.
Porter, otherwise tlian in bottles
15
do.
Beef . . . .'
2 cents per pound.
Pork ..............
■ 2 ■
do.
Butter ..... : . . '
5
do.
Vinegar ..... .-
8 cents per gallon.
' Alum i — :, . . .
$2 50 per cwt.
Saltpetre, refined .... .... — .......
3 cents per pound.
Vitriol, blue ... ......
4
do.
Vitriol, Roman ^ — . — . — .' — i . .
4
do.
Vitriol, oil of
3
do.
Salts, Glauber
2
do.
Salts, Epsom ■.«...
4- ■ .
do.
Camphor, crude
8
do.
Camphor, refined f . 1 ...
12
do.
Copperas ^ ... .
$2 per, cwt.
Cayenne pepper 1 ... .
15 cents per pound.
Ginger
2
do.
Chocolate :...... ...
4
do.
Currants ^ ..... i . .... .
3'
do.
Figs .......
1 ’ ^ '
do.
Plums
1 ^
do.
Digitized for FRASER
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 109
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Prunes >
Raisins, Muscatel
Raisins, in jars and boxes.
Raisins, all other
Glass, window, not above 8 by 10 inches.
Glass, window, not above lO by 12 inches'. . .
Glass, window, above 10 by 12 inches
Glass, window, in plates i
Black glass bottles, riot exceeding one quart. .
Black glass bottles, exceeding one .quart and
not more than two quarts -. ........
Black glass bpttles, over two quarts and not
exceeding one gallon.
Demijohns
Vials, apothecaries’, capacity 4 oz. and less. .,
above 4 oz. arid not exceeding 8 oz. .
Wares of cut glass, not specified. ....
Articles, all other of glass. ^ ...
Books, printed previous to the year 1775 ... .
Books, printed in other language than Eng-
lish, except Latin or Gre^ 1 .
Books, printed in Latin or Greek, bound
Books, printed in Latin or Greek, not bound .
Books, all others, bound
Books, all others, not bound
Paper, folio, of aU kinds i. .....
Paper, quarto post, of all kinds
Paper; foolscap
Paper, drawing, all. . .. ....
Paper, writing, all.
Paper, printirig .
Paper, copperplate
Paper, Stainers’ .........
Paper, sheathing 1 . .
Paper, binder’s boards . ......
Paper, box boards.
Paper, wrapping :
Paper, all other ...... .............
4 cents per pound.
4 do.
4 do.
3 do.
$3 per 100 square feet.
$3 50. do. .
S4 • do.
$4 do.
$2 per gross.
$2 50 do.
$3 do.
25 cents each.
II per gross.
II 25 do.
3 cents per, lb., and ad
valorem 30 pr. ct.
2 ebnts per lb., and ad
valorem 20 pr. ct.
4 cents per volume.
4-
do.
15 cents per pound
13
do.
30
do.
26
do.'
20
do. .
20
do.
17
do.
17
do.
17
do.
10
do.
10
do.
10
do.
3
do.
3
do.
3
do.
3
do.
15
, do.
12 J,pr. ct. on all articles
not herein specified,
and now paying a
duty of 7J per cent,
ad valorem.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ilO REPORTS OF THE fl845; '
E— Ooritinued.
- Articles enumerated. 'Rates of duty.
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E— Contiiitied.
- . 1828, May 19.
In alteration of the several acts irti'posing duties on imports.
Articles eiiuiYierated.:
Rates of duty.
iron, in baxs or bolts, not manufactured in
whble or in part by rolling.. . . . , ■
bar and bolt, made wholly or in' part by
roiling...
. pig-..--------. -.A,-.
wire, not exceeding No. 14. ......... .
over ' do. ........... . ,
steel, not exceeding No. 14.. ..... . . .
over do.
found Or braziers’ rods of . 3-16 to 8-16
of ah inch in diameter. . . ..... .... ... .;
nail rods, sht or rolled. ...... ... . . .
spike. rods , do.'...... ;.....
sheet-'. .'. ,'A ... x.’.
hoop f.. . . .. . . i
band, slit of rolled. . .A. . :
scroll ' do. ..... . . . . . . . . . ... .i . I
casement rods, slit or rolled . . I
Axes": '.
Adzes ........
1 cent per pouiid.
$37 per ton.
62 J cents per 112 lbs.
6 cents per pbund.
10 .do.
6 , do.
10 do.
Ad ■valorem 35 per cent
Drawing knives .
' C.utting do. , ■. . . . .. . . .. . i
• Sickles .............. . . . .. ...
Reaping hooks .........'..i.-
Scythes. '. . .: .... ...... ■
Spades .: r.. ..
Shovels. .. . : ... ... -. . . ...
, Squares, iron . .. :. .■ •.■. ... . ;
^ , steel... . . . . . . . ■. . . . •.
Bridle- bits. . . . . . .-.. . . . .>.-. ..... .- . ...-. . . . ^ ...
Steelyards:: . . . . . . . . : - . . . . . .’ ...
Scale beams.. : ... : .
Socket chisels . . ... . . .'i ... .. .
■Vices.-.-. . . . . . ... .’. . :
Screws of iron for. wood, .called wood^sCrews.
Steel. . —
Lead, in pigs .' ...... .
bars
sheets ... ■ ...
Shot, leaden: . . . : . . .....
Lead, red, dry
gitized for FRASER
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ideral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
doi
do.
do.
do.
do.
40 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do'.
do.
do.
■do.
do:
35 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
40 do.
$1 50 per 112 -pounds.
3 cents per pound.
3 do.
3 do.
4 do.
'5 do.
112 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E — ^Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Lead, red, ground in oil
5 cents per pound.
Lead, white, dry
'5 do.
ground in oil
5 . do.
Litharge i .
5 do.
Orange, mineral. .
5 do.
Lead, manufactured into pipes
5 do.
sugar of.
5 , dp.
Wool,- unmanufactured j four cents per pound,
and in addition thereto an ad valorem
duty of forty per cent, until 30th June,
1829, when an additional duty of 5
per cent, is added, and that amount
annually tiU the additional duty ad
valorem amounts to 50 per cent. . .
4 cents per pound and
ad valorem 50 per cent.
(a) Manufactures of, or of which it shall be
a component part, to 30th June, 1829,
40 per cent.
Ad valorem 40 per cent.
(a) After the 30th June, 1^9, 45
per cent.
do. 45 do.
(a) The actual value of which shall exceed
$4 the square yard tp 30th June,
1829, 45 per cent '.
(a) After 30th June, 1829, 50 per cent.
do. 45 do.
doi 50 do..
Manufactures of, except flannel and
baizes, the actual value of which at
the place whence impoited shall not
exceed 3SJ cents per square yard
14 cts. per square yard.
Blankets
Ad valorem 35 percent.
Hosiery..
do. do.
Mits.
do. do.
Gloves. '
do, do.
Binding '. .L
do. do.
Clothing, ready made ..... ’. .
do. do.
Carpets and carpeting, Brussels
70 cts. per square yard.
Turkey
70 do.
Wilton.
70 do.
Venitian '. '
40 do.
ingi'ain ..A
40 do.
wool, or parts thereof. .
32 do.
A flax do.
32 do.
hemp do
32 do.
cotton do.
32 do.
Floor cloths, patent, printed, or painted
50 do.
Oil cloth, other than the above.
25 do.
Digifized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Focisral liasefu'c Dank jif Ot. Lotitb'
113
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Oil cloth, furniture •.
15 cts per square yard.
Floor matting, of flags
15 do.
Floor matting, of other materials.
15 do;
Hemp, manufactured, until 30th June, 1829
$45. per ton.
from which time $5 per ton in addition
per annum, until, the duty shall amount to
$60 per ton :
$60 per ton.
Cotton bagging, until 30th June^ 1829 .
4J cts. per square yard.
after do. do
5 do.
Flax, manufactured, until 30th June, 1829
$35 per ton.
from which time an additional duty of $5
per ton per annum, until the duty shall
amount to ^
$60 per ton.
Duck, sail
, 9 cts. per square yard.
. and in addition thereto one half cent
■ • yearly, until the same shall amount to..
12J do. . '
Molasses'. '
10 cts. per gallon.
Spirits, distilled from grain, 1st proof
57 do. ,
2d do.
60 do.
3d do. . - V . - 1 -
63 do.
' ■ 4th do
67 . do.
5th do
75 • do.
above 5 th do....
90 do.
of other materials, 1st do. .........
53 do. ;
2d do....
53 do.
3d do.
57 do.
4th do : . . .
63 do.
5th do. .b ...
.72 do.
, ^ above 5th do. ...
85 do.
Silk manufactures, or of which it shall be a
component part, from beyond Cape of
Good Hope
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
all others.
do. 20 do.
Indigo, from 30th June, 1829
20 cents per pound.
and from that time an additional duty
of ten cents per pound each year.
until the whole duty shall amount to
50 do.
Glass, window, above 10 by 15 inches
$5 per 100 square feet.
in plates, or sheets, uncut
$5 do.
Vials and botdes, not exceeding capacity of 6
ounces each
$1 75 per gross.
Slates, roofing, not exceeding 12 inches in
length by 6 wide..
$4 per ton.
exceeding 12 and not exceed-
ing 14 in length
$5 do.
VoL. v. — 8.
gitized for FRASER
://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
114
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Slates, roofing, exceeding 14 and not exceed-
ing 16 in -length. ...... . . .
$6 per toil.
exceeding 16 and not 'exceed-
ing 18 in length .....
7 per ton. ,
exceeding 18 and not exceed-
ing 20 in length ...
8 per ton.
exceeding 20 and not exceed-
ing 24 in length ......
9 per ton.
imported, ciphering......
Ad valorem 33J per ct.
NOTES.
(a.) Shall not exceed 50 cents, shall be deemed to cost 50 cents. — “ On manufactures of wool, or
of which wool shall be a component part, (except carpetings, blankets., worsted, stuff goods,
bombazines, hosiery, mits, gloves, caps, and bindings,) the actual value of which at the place
whence imported .shall not exceed fifty cents the square yard, shall be deemed to have cost fifty
cents the square yard, and be charged thereon with a duty of fofty per centum ad valorem until
the 30th June, 1829, and from that time a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem.”
Shall exceed 50 cents, and not exceed $1, shall be deemed to cost $1. — “On all manufactures of
wool, or of which wool shall be a component part, except as aforesaid, the actual value of
which at the place whence imported shall exce'ed fifty cents the square yard, and shall not
exceed one dollar the square yard, shall be deemed to have cost one dollar the square' yard, and
be charged thereon with a duty of forty per centum ad valorem until the 30th June, 1829,
and from that time a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem. ”
Shall exceed |1, and not exceed $2 50, shall be deemed to cost 50;—“ On all manufactures of
wool, or of which wool shall be a' component part, except as aforesaid, the actual value of
which at the place whence imported shall exceed one dollar the square yard, and shall not
exceed two dollars and fifty cents the square' yard, shall be deemed to'have cost two dollars and
fifty cents the square yard, and be charged, thereon with a duty of forty per centbm ad valorem
until the 30th June, 1829, and from that time a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem.”
Shall exceed $2 50, and not exceed J4, shall be deemed to cost §4. — “ All manufactures of wool,
or of which wool shall be a component part, except as aforesaid, the actual value of w.liich.^at
the place whence imported shall exceed two dollars and fifty cents the square yard, and shall
not exceed four dollars the square .yard, shall be deemed to have cost at the place whence
imported four dollars the square yard, and a duty of forty per centum ad valorem shall be
levied, collected, and paid on such valuation, -until the 30th June, 1829, and from that time a
duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem.” ' .
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Fs'f.liiiral Reserva Bank of St. LoLiie
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, 115
^ E-^Contitoed;,
^ 1828, May 24.
Alter mg the duties on wines,
- ^ ^ ^ I - • I r
Articles enumerated. ' Rates of duty.
Wiiies, of FraiiGgj when imported in casks-. ■. -15 cents per gallon.
Germany, ■ do-. • do.- ■ • 15 ■ • do.
Spain, dos -^do.- 15 do.-
Mediterrartea'n, do. do. • 15 do.
(unless specially enumerated.) -
red, of Fi'ance, when not imported in
bottles i i .10' do.
red, of -Spain, , do. . do. 10 ^do.
of all countries, when- imported in hot- -
■ ties or cages, unless specially enu- i
merated - 30 do.
of Sicily, whether imported in -bottles,
cases, or casks 30 do.
all not enumerated, do. do. ,30 do.
Sherry, in bottles-, cases, or casks. 50 do.
Madeira, do. do 30 do.
E — Gontinued.-
1^830, MAy 20.
To reduce the duty on coffee, tea, and cocoa.
Aftides enumerated^- . '' Rates of duty.
Coffee, after 31st December, 1830. ... ' 2 cents per pound.
after 31st December, 1831. . . ....... 1 cent per pound.
Cocoa i ....... . 1 . .do;
Teas imported ffom China, or other places
east of the Cape of Good Hope, in ves-
sels of the United States —
Imperial ^ . . 1 25 cents per pound.
Gunpowder'. ,25 do.
Gomee 25 do.
Hyson. 18 do.
Young hyson ■. 18 do.
Hyson skin 12 do.
Other green tests .ri i . i ■ 1-2 do, .
Souchong L .- i .> . . . i ; - 10 ■' do.
Other black . ^ .-Si.- i s i 10' do.
Bohea.... ... 4 do.
iigitized for FRASER
ttp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
116 : KEPORTS OF THE [1845.
E — Continued,
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Teas imported from any other place, or in ves-
sels other than those of the United
. States —
Imperial ., .'
Gunpowder
(rompp f
37. Cents per pound.
37 . do.
,37 do.
27 do:
27 do.
20 do.
20. , do. :
18 do.
18; do,
6 do.
Hyson
Young hyson : . . . . .....
Hyson skin. . .!
Other green teas.
Souchong
Other black ' /
Bohea
! E — Continued.
18B0, May 29.— To. reduce the duty on molasses.
Article enumerated.
Rate of duty.
Molasses i. : ..... . . .
5 cents per gallon.
E^Continued.
1830, May 29.— To reduce the duty on salt.
Article enumerated.
Rate of duty.
Salt, bushel of 56 pounds .'.
15 cents per bushel, f
!' E^ — Continued.
1832, July 13. — Wines (^ France.
Articles enumerated. - - .
Rates of duty.
Wines of France, red, in casks.
6 cents per gallon.
10 do.
white, in casks.
all sorts, in bottles . :
22. . do. .
Digitized for FRASER
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Forlorol PQOQn/Q Ror.l/ Qt I fMiio
117
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
E— Continued.
1832, July 14.
To alter and amend the several acts imposing duties on imports.
Articles enumerated. _ !
Rales of duty,
■ ' ■ p
Wool, unmanufactured, not exceeding 8 cents
per pound.
Free. ■
exceeding 8 cents per pound
4 cents per pound, and
ad valorem 40 per ct.
Cloth, milled and fulled, known by the name
of plain, kerseys, and Kendall cottons, of
which wool shall be the only material, the
value whereof shall, not exceed 36 cents per
Square yard.;
Ad valorem 5 percent.
Worsted stud;, of. silk arid worsted .
do. 10 do.
Shawls, of silk and worsted
. do. 10 do.
Manufactures of other of silk and worsted. . . .
do., 10 do.
Yarn, worsted —
do.. 20 do.
woolen .•
4 cents per pound, and
ad valorem 50 per ct.
Mils. ........ .'
Ad va;lorem 25 per cent,
do. do.
Gloves
Bindings ....^
do. do.
Blankets,. - ... .
, do. , do.
Hosiery..
do, do.
Carpets and carpeting, except those specified .
do. , do.
Brussels .
63 cents per sq. yard.
Wilton
- , do. do.
treble ingrain
do. do.
. ingrained, all other . . .
,35 do. do.
Venitian
do. do.
Blankets, the value whereof at the place whence
exported shall not exceed 75 cerits each. —
Ad valorem 5 per cent.
Flannels : ^ — ....
16 cents per, sq. yard.
Bockings. ..... i
do. ■ do. , ,
Baizes.
do. do.
Laces, coach.
Ad valorem 35 per cent.
Shawls, merino, made of wool. .... .....
do. 50 do.
Wool, all other manufactures of. ....
do’, 50 do.
Ready-made clothing.
do. 50 do.
mnnnfnr.tnrpR of
doi 25 do.
(6) twist, yarn, and thread
do. 25 do.
Nankeens, imported from China.
.,, do. 20 do.
Floor cloths, stamped... .• '
43 cerits per sq. yard.
printed or painted
do. do.
Cloths, oil, of all kinds not specified
12J do. do. .
Matting, floor, of flag's, i
Ad valorem 6 per cent.
)igitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Matting, floor, of other materials
Iron, in bars and bolts, not manufactured in
whole or in part by rolling. ...
bar and bolt, made wholly or in part by
rolling .; i . ...
■ pig------.
. vessels of east,^ not otherwise specified . .
castings of, all Other, do.'
wire, not exceeding No. 14. .' 1
exceeding No. 14. •
of steel, not exceeding No. 14 '
exceeding No. 14.- . . . . *. .• . •
silver,..;.... .ii.. ,.
' plated ^ ...... .
cap, covered with sillr, cotton, flax,
or thread. .... ; .... i... . ..
bonnet ' do. do.-.-^i^.
round) or braziers’ rods, of 3-16 to 8-16
of an inch in diameter. ^ ^
nail rods .. ... i,. .
spike rods. , . .i. . v. i . i- . i
nail plates, slit, rolled, or hammered. . . .
, sheet ; ^ ^ - ^ ,
hoop
band, slit, rolled, or hammered. ^ ^ . . . . .
casement rods ^ . i ...
Spikes. ; ... .-1 —
Nails, cut — .....
wrought ............. i .... . ....
Tacks, not exceeding 16 oz. to the M,
Brads, , do. ^ do. do . 1
Sprigs, do. : do- do . — .....
Tacks, exceeding 16 ;oz, to the M, .
Brads, do. dp, do... —
Sprigs, do. doi' do.... .....
Wire, square', used for the. manufacture of
stretchers for umbrellas
Anvils ' . . . . . ■ . . . . -
Anchors, and all parts thereof. -..
Mill ci’anks, of wrought iron. ....
irons, do. . . ..... ..........
' saws, do . . . ., . •.
Blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges. . . .'. ....
Muskets '. .
Rifles
Ad yalprem 5 per cent.
90 cents per llSpounds.
- , . “I
$30 per ton.
§0 cents per llSpounds.
1 J cent per pound.
1 doi
5 cents do.
9 do.
5 do.
9 do,
Ad valorem 5 per eent. j
do. do.
12 cents per pound.
■ do. do.
5 cents per thousand,
do. do.
do. - do.
5 cents per pound,
do. ' do.
do. ' do.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserv
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 119
E: — Continued,
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Arms, fire..
Ad valorem 30
per ct.
Axes
do..
do.
Adzes •-
do.
do.
. Hatchets -
do.
do.
Drawing knives ........ i
do.
do.
Cuttins: knives
do.
do. .
Sickles
do.
do.
Reaping hooks
do.
do.
Scythes. ..... ... i.'
do.
do.
Spades
do.
do.
Shovels ^ - . , .
do.
do.
Squares, of iron
do.
do.
steel
do.
do.
Saddlery,' plated
, do.
do.
brass -
do.
do.
pohshed steel ...
do.
do.
Furniture, coach, of all descriptions ..... ., ... ,
do.
do.
harness, do,' ... ...
do.
do.
■ Steelyards
do.
do.
Scale beams
do.
do.
' Socket chisels
do.
do.
Vices ■ —
do.
do.
Screvvs of iron, called wood-screws •. . .
do.
do.
Saddlery,, common ....
do, 10 do.
tinned .........
do.
do.
japanned...........
do.
do.
Steel ........
Sfi] Dor n^noimd.c;.
"Ware's, japanned;
Ad valorem 25
per ct.
plated . , . —
do.
do.
Brass, manufactures of, not specified
do.
do.
. Iron, doi do.
do, ,
do.
Steel,. do, do. :.
do.
do.
Pewter, do. '-do.
do.
do.
Tin, do, do.
do.
do,
Iron, scrap i — . i
$12 5.0 per ton.
old .....'
do.
Hemp,, manufactured
,$40 per ton.
Duck, sail. —
Ad valorem 15
net ct.
Cotton bagging. :
3 J cents per square yd.
Felts, or hat bodies, wholly or in part of wool
18- cents each.
Silkj manufactures of, beyond me Cape of
Good Hope .
Ad valorem lO'.per ct.
aU other-
do. 5
do.
Sewing silk. — '.
do. 40 do.
Sugar,'brown
cents per pound-
igitized for FRASER .
t p ://f rase r. stio u i sfed . org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
[1845.
Articles en. erated.
Sugar, syrup of cane, in casks ,
Sugar, white, clayedi
Salt..,
Lead, did
scrap ......
Teas, of all kinds, imported from places this side
of the Cape of Good. Hope, or in vessels
other than those of the United States: .
Slates
Glass, window, not above 8 by 10 inches. . . .
10 by 12 inches; . . .
abovfe 10 by 12 inches ; .
in plates uncut .......
Vials and bottles, perfumery, not exceeding.4
oiz. each';
exceeding 4 oz. and not ex-
ceeding 16 oz. :
fancy, not exceeding 4 oz.
each ;. ...'.
exceeding 4 oz. and not ex-
ceeding 16 oz.
Glass, wares of, cut, not specified
black bottles, not exceeding 1 quart. ; :
exceeding I quart . . . . .
demijohns . . ;
all other articles, not specified ......:
Paper hangings
Hats,- of Leghorn . ;
straw...;..'
chip.....;..........;
grass ^ —
Bonnets, of Leghorn ..'....
straw,, i. -. . .
chip..;
grass . .........
Flat braids, for maldng hats or bonnets. . . . . .
Plaits, do. do. ■
Whalebone, the product of foreign fishing
Silk, raw - r - - -
Furs, dressed .' . .
Boards /. .......... ; . , .
Planks. . . . . ..... j .....' ......
Walking canes
Digitized for FRASER
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Rates of duty.
cents per pound,
do.
10 cents per 56 lbs.
: 2 cents per pound,
do. do.
,10 cents per pound.
Ad valorem 25- per ct.
$3 00 per 100 sq. feet.|
$3 50 " ■ ■ do.
$4 00 do.
$4 00 do.
$2 50 per gross.
$3 25 do.
$2 50 do.
$3 25 do.
3 cents per pound, and
ad valorem 30 per ct.
■■$2 00 per gross.
$2 50 do.
25 cents each.
2 cents per pound, and
ad valorem 20 per ct.
Ad valorem 40 per ct.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
12J
30 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
25
do.
do.
do.,
do.
121
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Walking sticks
Frames for umbrellas and parasols . . .
Sticks, for umbrellas and parasols.
Wood, manufactures of, not specified.
Copper, vessels 1 .....
Copper, manufactures of, not specified
Hemp, do. do. ......
Flax, _ do. do. .......
Fans
Artificial flowers . . , ...
Ornamental feathers'
Ornaments for head-dresses
Caps for woihen
Millinery of all kinds. .....
. Comfits, preserved in sugar or brandy
Sweetmeats, do; - do. .......
Umbrellas
Parasols ;.
Parchment . . .•
VeUum .• ... . . . .-. .■
Wafers ... .. . . . . ... . . .
Black lead pencils. ; . . .• . . . .■
Brushes, of all kinds .....
Cabinet wares ...
Hats, offur.
leather .... .'. . ...
wool
Caps, of fur . . .
' leather
wool i.. ... ..
Leather, whips. ^
bridles.!. ^
saddles .- .....
aU manufactures of. ..... .-. .
Carriages, and parts 'thereof. .• . ...
Boots j^. ......
Bootees. .... .... -
Shoes of leathe't ..
prunella, stuff, or nankeen . . .
Shppefs, do. do. -do.....:.
Ware, porcelain. -
China
stone .... ...
earthen
Musical instruments,
Ad valorem 25 pr, cent
do.
do.
do.
. do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
, do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.^
do,.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. ,
do.
do.
dp.
do.
dp.
do.
do. ■
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
30 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. '
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
• dp.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
; do.
do.
$1 50 per pair,
do.
25 cents per pair,
do.
do.
Ad valorem 20 pr. cent,
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. 30 do.
igitized for FRASER
ttp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
122 REPORTS OF THE [1845
E — Contijoued.
Articles enumerated. Rates of duty. ,
Marble, manufactures of, .. . ... Ad valorem 2,0 pr, cent.
Olive oil, in casks. .... 20 cents per gallon.
Wines of France, red, in casks . 6 do. -
white, in. casks. .. 10 do.
' of all sorts, in bottles ..... 22 ,, do.
Until 3d Mai'ch, 1834; after that, one half
of those rates respectively.
Wines, of Germany, in casks.,. .... .......... . do.
Spain, do; i . do.
Mediterranean, in Casks.....;.,,,... .... 7j do,
(unless specially enumerated.) ^
fed, ofSpain, when not imported in bottles . 5 . t do.
of all countries, when imported in bottles or
cases, unless specially enumerated. . . . . 15’ do.
of Sicily, whether imported in bottles,
cases, or casks , ... ,, , , . 15 . do,
all, not enumerated . , , , , , . . . , , . , 15 do.
Sherry, in bottles, cases, or cask?. 25. do.
Madeira, do. , do-.. . -e....- 25 do.
Barley . . . Ad valorem 15pr. cent.
Baskets, grass do. , ■ do.^
straw...,..,..,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,,..,. do, do."
Composition beads . do, do.
Wax do, do. do.
Amber do,, do. do,
AU other do,, not enumerated. do. do.
Lampblack do. do.
Indigo. ... do. do.
Linens, bleached do. . do.
unbleached . do. do.
Boxes, shell do, do,
paper do. do.
. Hair bracelets f , , .; , , , , , , do, do. '
not made up for head-dresses.. , do, ■ • do.
Bricks., do.; do.
Tiles, paying , do, do.
Brooms of hair, do. do,
palm leaf . . . : , . , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , do. do.
Cashmere of Thibet .do. do.
Down of all kinds do. do.
F eathers for beds ,,,,,,,,, , , , . , , , , do. do.
Articles, all not herein specified either as free
or as liable to a different duty, and which,
by the existing laws, pay an ad valorem duty i
higher than 15 per cent. , .. , , , , do, ,do.
Digitized for FRASER
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SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E— Continued.
Articles enumerated.
, Bates of duty.
Yarn
Cordage, tarred ,
untarred ...... i.
Ticklenburgs ...
Osnaburgs
Burlaps-.
Potash, bichromate .
prussiate of. ,
chromate
Nitrate of lead - - -
Aquafortis ,
Tartaric acid
Tartaric emetic
Salts, Rochelle
Sulphate of quinine
Calomel .1
Corrosive sublimate. ............
Sulphate of magnesia ... .....
Salts, glauber ...... , . . , . . .
Alum
Copperas 1
Manganese ;
Acid, muriatic
sulphuric ...
Saltpetre, refined .......... ...
Blue vitriol
Carbonate of soda
Lead, red . .
white
Litharge
Lead, sugar of - b
Combs • . .
In addition to articles exempted from duty by
the existing laws, (see previous acts,), the
following are added, viz: . , .
Teas, of all kinds, imported from China,, or
other .places east of the Cape, of Good Ho.pq,
and in vessels of the United States
Coffee
Cocoa .
Almonds
Currants .... - .
Prunes
Figs......
Raisins in jars or cases. '. . .
valorem 15 pr.
do.
do.
do..
do.
do,'
do,.
do.
do.
do.
do,
do..
do.
do.
do.
do,'
do.
do.
.15 do .
do.
do..
do.
' do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Igitized for FRASER
^p://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
E— -Continued.
125
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E- — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty .
Filberts. .... ...
Filtering stones: ....
F r ankincense ...
Grapes —
Gamboge
Hemlock ..... ..... . , ,
Henbane .<=.
Horn plates for lanterns . . .
Ox horns. ^ — .......
Homs and tips, and others
India rubber .'
Ipecacuanha
Ivory, manufactured.
Juniper berries.
Musk
Nuts of all Idnds. . ,
Olives
Oil of juniper. ...
Paintings
Drawings
Ratans, unmanufactured . .
Reeds,' do./
Rhubarb .....
Rottenstone
Tamarinds.
Tortoise shell. ...........
Tin foil..
Shellac . . . . .
Sponges.
Sago
Free,
do. .
do., ,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. do.
do.
do.,
do.
do.
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. ,
do.
do.
dp,
do.
do,
do, -
do.
do.
do.
do.
Lemons
Limes
Pineapples 1..
Cocoanuts . J
SheUs
Iris, or orris root. . .
Arrow root
Bole ammoniac . ■ . .
Colombo root
Annatto .
Aniseed,
Oil of aniseed
cloves . . . . .
Cummin Seed . . . .
Sarsaparilla.
)igitized for FRASER
ittp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
■ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
do.
d,o.
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do..
do.
do.
do,
, do.
do.
do,
do.
126
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
,E-^Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Balsam tolu J’.
Assafbetida
Ava root ..
Alcornoqui ...... ....... . i ...... .'
Canella alba. .
Cascarilla*'
Harlaem oil
Manna and Senna
Tapioca. .... ......
y anilla beans
Oil, of almonds ... .. .
Nux vomica. ........
Amber ^
Platina .-
Busts of marble, metal, or plaster
Casts of bronze, or of plaster. !
Strings of musical instruments. ....
Flints —
Kelp
Kermes ■. — ... .
Pins. :
Needles
Mother-of-pearl
Hair unmanufactured
Hair pencils
Brazil paste. ,
Tartar, crude
Vegetables, such as are used in dyeing and in
composing dyes ! .
Weld
Articles used principally for dyeing.
Drugs, medicinal, all other
AU articles not enumerated in this act nor the
existing laws, and which ai’e liable.to an ad
■ valorem duty of 15 per . cent. . . . — ; ■.
Rates of duty
■ NOTES.- - . ■ '
(а) 1832, July 14.—“ That all manufactures of cotton, or of wh,ich cotton shall be a compo-
nent part, not dyed, colored, prihted, or stained, not exceeding in value 30 cents the square yard,
shall be valued at 30 cents the square yard; and if dyed, colored, printed, or stained, in whole
or in part, not exceeding , in value 35 cents the square yard, shall be valued' at' 35 cents, per
square yard.” .. . , ,
(б) ' 1824, JHay 22. — “Apd that all unbleached and uneolored cotton ' twist, yarn, or thread,
the original cost of which shall be less than 60 cents per pound, shall be deemed and taken to
have cost 60 cents per pound, and shall be charged with duty accordingly; and all bleached or
colored cotton yarn, twist, or thread, the original cost of which shall be less than 75 cents per
pound, shall be deemed and taken to have cost 75 cents per pound, and shall be charged with
duty accordingly.” . • '
Digitized for FRASER
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F< • •“ .
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 127
E-^Contihued.
1833, March 2.
To explain' and armnd act of July. 14, 1832, so far as relates to hardware,
copper, Sfc. ' •
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Copper bottoms, cut round i
Ad valorem 25 per cent,
do, . do.
do. , do.
do. • do.
dp. do.
do, do,
do.. , 12 J do, '
cut round to the edge
Still bottoms, cut round
' turned up on edge ........
Copper plates weighing more than 34 ounces
per square foot, commonly called bra2ief’s
copper .'
Copper sheets, do. do. do. do.
Tobacco leaves, unmanufactured ...
1841, September 11.
Relating to duties and drawbacks.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Cloth, milled arid fulled, known by the name
of plains, kerseys, and Kendall cottons, of
which wool shall be the only material, the
value whereof shall not exceed 35 cents per
square va.rd ... . . . .
Ad valorem 20 per cent,
do. do.
, do. do,
. do. do.
. , do, . do.
do. do.
do. do,
do. do.
Worsted stuff, of silk and worsted. . •. . .... . .
Shawls, do. . . . . ...
Manufactures of other, do.
Blankets, the value whereof at the place whence
exported shall not exceed 75 cents each..
Matting, floor, of flags. ... .
of other materials -
Wire, of silver .' ... ... . .
plated..
square, used for the manufabture of
stretchers, for urnbrellas.;
Saddlery, common . ...
tinned . . ... I ...
japanned. :
Duck, sail .... ... :
do, , , . do.
do. do,
do, , do, ^
. do. do.
do, do.
do. • do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
128
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
[1845.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
SQk, manufactures, beyond Cape of Good
Hope, all other.
raw - - -
Furs, dressed - - - - - - -
B arley
Baskets of grass 1
straw.. .1
Composition beads .
Wax ' do. 1 ..... . .
Amber dp.
All other do. not enumerated. ;
Lanipblack ..... ...... 1 ......... 1 ... .
Linens, bleached .
unbleached
Boxes, shell '
paper
Hair bracelets
.not made up for head-dresses
Bricks ...............
Tiles, paving.
Brooms, of hair ’.
, palm leaf. ........ ....
Cashmere, of Thibet.
Down, of aU kinds
Feathers for beds. ,
Ticklenburgs .' . .
Burlaps ... r
O.snaburgs. ............
' Articles, aU, not specified either as free or as
liable to a different duty, and which, by the
existing laws previous to July 14, 1832, pay
an ad valorem duty higher than 15 per cent . .
Acid, muriatic ,
sulphuric, or oil of vitriol — .........
Alum. .'
Acid, tartaric ,
Aquafortis. ..........
Blue vitriol. . . . . . ....
Calomel ^ , : . . .
Carbonate of soda
CoiTOsive sublimate
Combs :
Copperas
Indigo ..... .
Nitrate of lead
Ad valorem
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
■ ^ do. : '
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
dp.
do.
do.
dp.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
20 per cent,
do.
do.
■ do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
; do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. . do.
do. 12^ do.
3 cents per pound.
$2 5.0 per cwt.
Ad valorem 12J pr. ct.
do. do.
4 cents per pound.
Ad valorem 15 per cent.
do. , do.
dp. do.
do. . do.
$2 per cwt.
Ad valorem 15 per cent.
, , do. . , 12^ do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/.
Fadoral-PiQooPiiQ Bank of St. Louia
129
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Lead, red, dry
white, dry ..'
red,' ground in oil
5 cents per pound. .
do.
do.
do.
white, ground in oil-. 1...
sugar of. ... .' ; ....
Manganese .'. ..... i
Sulphate of magnesia : . .1 .
Potash, bichromate '.
, chromate-. . - .... ....
• prussiate ... ...
do.
Ad valoreiri 12J per cent.
4. cents per pound.
Ad valorem 12^ per cent,
do. . , , do.
.do. do.
Salts, glauber 1
Rochelle .
Sulphate of quinine : ...
Saltpetre, 'refined ; . 1 1 . . : .
Cocoa , . . . . ..,. ; .'i 1
Almonds ■: .
Currants ... ....'.
Prunes ......
Figs .1 .....^.
2 cents per pound.
Ad valorem 15 . per cent.
do.. , do.
3 cents per pound.
Ad valorem 20 per cent.
do.:. do.,
do. . do.
do. , do. '
do. do. .
do. do.
Raisins, in jar.s or boxes.
a, 11 others
Pepper,, black.
do. ' . do-,
do. , -do.
do. . do.
do. do.
do. do.
Ginger ’.
Mace. '
Nutmegs '
Cinnamon
do. do.
do. -.do.
do, dbi
do. ' do.
Cassia !
Cloves ..
Pimento, . ! ;..
Camphor
rlo. rlifY.
Quills, prepared .....!....
Tin, in .plates
sheets i .. . .'. !
Marble, unmanufactured. ■
do.. • do.
. do.. do.
. do. . . . do.
_ . do. ... do. ,
■ Capers .'.
Coral. .......... .°i -J.. ■
, . . -do, ... do.
do'.. ,do.
’ do. \ do.
.- do. • do.
. ! do. do.
.do.. • do.' '
Dates .....
Filberts ■
Filtering-stones h 1
F rankincense ....!.!..
Grapes
Nuts of all kinds
Ohves
, Tin foil .o. . ;.
Lemons . .. . ... ... ....... .....
VoL.v. — ^9.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
do. do.
do.. do.
do. do.
■ do. do.
130
REPORTS OF THE • ^ [1845.
E" — Continued;
■ Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Limes’^ . .
Pineapples . . . ^ . , ...... .. ..
Cocoanuts 1 . . . , '. .. . .
Shells .'. ■.•. ... ... 1.
Oil of cloves. .’. ... . . ; , . 1 ... .
Strings for musical instruments. . ... .
Pins,,.'. .. j-. . .. . . •
Brazil paste . I , 1.-. ; .
Rosewood- .... ;
Satin wood; . .' . . . 1 ■. ........
Mahogany . . . . . . . ... ................. ■
Tea — . i . V ". . •. . .
Coffee.
Paintings, the production of American artists
■ abroad. ... .
Statuary, do. ' do. : do...'.
All cirtiGles importedfor the useof United States
The' following articles, when specifically im-.
ported by order and for the use of any so-
ciety, &c*, Or for the use of any college,
academy, &c., in the United States:—
Philosophical apparatus . . . . . . .
Instruments
Books ; ,
Maps. . ... ............
Chfirts. . . . .' ..... ... .... . .. ....
Statues : . . . .
Busts of marble.
Ad.valorern 20 per cent.
do.-
do.
■ do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
• ..do,
do.
do.
Free,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
. bronze ........ ......... . do.
alabaster.. .■ .do.,
plaster of Paris. ..... do.
Casts . do.
Paintings . ... . do. '
Drawings .1 do.
Engravings-. i., .-. do.,
Specimens of sculpture ... do.
Cabinets of coins. .v . do.
gems. ...... do.
medals do.
CoUections, aU, of antiquity . . . . . 1 . . , dp.
Statuary, collections of do.
Modelling, do.. .... . do.
Painting, do...... , do.
Drawing., do do. -
Etching, do.. ...... do. .
Digitized for FRASER
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1845.] , SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 131
E— Continued.
•I'
Articles enumerated.
Rales of duty.
Engraving, conectidns' of. J . ... . ...
Free, .
'' Natural history, specimens in 1 . .....
. do.
Mineralogy, specimens in..,......:......
do- - - . .
Botany, do, ...
. -do.- = - .
Anatomical preparations ..... . ,
do.
Models of machinery. : , ....
do. .
* inventions •. ..... 1 . .. . .
. do.
Plants V ..u ...../.
do. ■
Apiparel,. ■wearing, in actual' use. ... '
, -do.
Baggage, personal, . do.... ....... .'.
. . -do. : ■
Implements- of trade of persons arriving in the
' United . States .....
do.
t Tools of trade dd. do. - - do. . .
. do.
L Antimony, crude . . v ..... ..... . .
; do. , ' .
1 regulus of.
,do. ■ ' ' ' ■ • . . -
1 Animals imported for breed
■ . .'do.,, . •■ ■ ,
. -.do, :■,■■ ■
1 ■ Arabic gum .1 .......... — ^.....,
... do.. ‘
1 Aloes. i. . . . — . V.. — . . . . . . . .
.... do.;. ■■■ ■■ .1
1 Ambergris ..... ... — .............
do.
1 Armenian bole - —
do. : ; ■
1 Arrow root.
do.
1 Annatto , . .
do. • .;
1 Aniseed ..19...i
. : -do, . . V . , . ■■ .
1 oil of ......
do. .. ; : '■■■';
1 Anibcr - . j
. do, - ... .
1 Assafoetida .r ... . ... .... . .
do. .
1 Ava root 1 .• . .. ... . l . . ■
1 Alcornoqui r — . i . . . .
do. ■■ ■'*
1 Alba canella ... —
do. • :
1 Cork tree, bark of, , unmanufactured . ... : . ..
. do. ' 1
1 Burr stones, unwrought. .......
. ■ .do,.
1 Brass, in pigs . . . .
do,*
1 old, fit only to be remanufactured.
d o ’. - .
H Brimstone, or sulphur .......9. ,1..:...
do. ■
■ Barilla
.dm.
1 BrazillettO'- - - . . --- - - -- -* -- .
do.
1 Boracic acid _ - . * _ ,- - - -- --4.--,-, - - --
- do. 1
1 Burgundy pitch .. .. .. :...
. do.. . ;
■ Berries used tor dyeing.
. . do. ....... ;
H Eastings used in the: manufacture of buttons
- ' "do* - n . -
H and shoes ...
. do. . - ■ : ■■'..■
lized for FRASER
H/fraser.stlouisfed.org/
^R'ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
132
REPORTS OF THE ' [1845:
E — Continued.
. Articles enumerated.
Rate ©f duty.
Prunella used in the manufacture of shoes.. . .
Free.
VaniUa beans —
do.
Balsam tblu 1
do.
Coins of gold 1 ..... . ........
. . do.
silver :
do. •
Bullion ...;.
. , do.
Clay, unwrought ...■; ^
. do.
Copper, in any shape, for the use of the Mint..
do. ,
Copper in pigs : . . ; :
do. . -
bars ........... .' .
do.' ’
plates...
do.
plates or sheets, of which it is the . mate-
rial of chief value, suited .to the sheath-
ing of ships ......i :
do.
old, fit only to be r.emanufactured
.. . do..
Lapis calaminaris.i'.i. ... ...
do. ; ■ ■ '
Cochineal u .: h
^ do. '
Chamomile flowers
. . do.
Coriander seed . . . . .■■ i . -
. . do. . ■ -
Catsup ... ^....
. do.. - . . .
Cantharides ..' —
do
Castanas . ....
, . do.. , '
Chalk .:.
. do. .
Cocculus indicus
. . do. . ■
Colombo root
do.
Cummin seed ....
- . do. .
GascariUa
. - . do. . . . . . ■ '
Cream of tartar :
. ,do. . . . ■ '
Vegetables used principally in dyeing...
. .do. . .
Nuts, of all kinds,, do. . do
. . i :do.
Lac dye
' dn. . i
Emery . . ..'. . .
do. :
Epaulets, of gold. ...... ....... ... .
do.
silver. . . . t
. . do. .. .
Wings, of gold. . . . .: ....... ...
do. .
silver. : . .. j ..
‘ do.
Furs, undressed, of aU kinds
. . do.
Flaxseed i .........
do.
Linseed .1.
. do. ...... .
Flax, unmanufactured ;.
. , do. ...
Fustic
do.
Flints •
, do. '
Ground flint
- - .do.. .
Grindstones . . ..... J .. i .'i .; i . . :
• do. :
Gamboge
do.^
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
•E — Continued.
133
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Hides, raw ..... .' ;
Hemlock. ....... . . '. .
Henbane. ... ..
Horn plates, for lanterns, i
Ox horns. . ..i
Horns, other.
Oil, Harlaem. ....
Hartshorn. —
Hair, unmanufactured. ^..
Hair pencils
■ Ipecacuanha. . . .
Ivory, unmanufactured. ....... . ...
Iris root
Juniper berries
Oil of juniper •. — ....
Kelp....
Kermes ,
Madder i
Madder root ..... .....
Musk ,.v. .
Manna J.
Marrow .
Soap, stocks
stulFs .' . .... .... .. .•. ........
Palm oil
Mohair ...
Mother-of-pearl . . i
Needles .'....
Nux vomica '
Orris root
Oil of almonds ....
Opium ......
Palm leaf. 1, i . .
Platina.
Peruvian bark .• -. . . i . . . . . . . .
Pewter, old, fit only to be femanufactured . . .
Plaster of Paris . . i i ...
Quicksilver . ,
Rags of any kind of cloth.
India rubber. ^ .....
Reeds, unmanufactured - - - - '
Rhubarb
. Rottenstone
Elephants’ teeth. .1
Animals, other, teeth of. .....
Iized for FRASER ■ ' " • '
/frase r. St lo u i sfed . org/
ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Free.
do.
r . do.
. do.
. do.
. do.
. do.
. do,. ,
do.
do.
, do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
-do.
do.
do.
. do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. do;
dp,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.,
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
134 REPORTS dF THE ■ , [1845.
E-^Gontiriued.
Articles eimmerated. . , Rates ef.duty.
Polishing stones.............. .... .Free.
Bristles . . ..i ...'. . .-. do.
Ratans, unmanufactured, .! do. _ ,.
Skins, raw .... do.
Skins, undressed . ..... . . . ... .'. . , . . . . , do.’
Spelter...........-.'.,. ,d.Of
Saltpetre, crude. ..... .do. ,
Giim Senegal , do'.
■ Saffron . , dio. ,
Shellac .. .-. . . ..... . 1 . 1.'. . ; , dp. , i .
Soda ash. . , .......... ......... .. .. do. .
Sponges .-.do.
Sago .......... do.'
Sarsaparilla 1... .......... . do-
Senna... .. . .' .'.h..,.. . . dp. .
Sumac .1. . . . do.
Tapioca. ....... ... . ..... .; ... . . . do.
Tamarinds............' do.
Tartar, crude . — . . .. . . , . do.
Tortoise shell. .... . . ..... , dp:.
Turmeric : . do.
Weld. do.
Woad, or pastel.. do. ,,
Brazilwood ...... do.
Nicaragua wood , . . . -■ . - .. .. . . , do. . , , ■
Redwood ..h. -... ,do. •
Camwood .’ . ... do.
Logwood . . . .... — ...... .. . .dp.
Dye-woods of all kind s r . ........... do.
Woods, unmanufactured, of any kind ■, do.
Whale oil, of American fisheries do.
Other fish oil, . do. ......... . do..
Articles, Other, produce of 'American fisheries do.
Zinc ’. .. — do.
Wool, Unmanufactured, the value .whereof, at,
the place of exportation, shall not exceed’
eight cents perppund... do.
Digitized for FRASER
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE- TREASURY.
E — Continued.
135
. 1842j -August 30. : ' ; ,
To provide reventce from impoi'ts, and to change and modify existing laws
imposing duties on imports, and for other purposeSi
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Wool) coarse, costing 7 cents per pound and
under
all other unmanufactured . ....... ....
manufactures of, except carpetings, &c.
Carpets' and carpeting, Wilton.
Saxony .......
treble ingrain 1 .
„ , Aubusson , , . . , .....
Brussels....,,.....,
Turkey...... ■.
Venitian .
. ' other ingrain. ..... . ,
of wool . . .
of hemp.,,
of flax
of cotton .
Blankets, not exceeding 75 cents each , , , , . ,
all others i .
Worsted, all not specified
Hearth rugs
Yarn, woolen
worsted , . . . . , .
W oolen and worsted mits .....
gloves
caps and binding . -.i
Flannels, except cotton .
.Bockings arid baizes
Coach laces ..... y .......... .
Goat’s hair, or ■ mohair ....... ......
Goat’s hair, or mdbair, manufactures of. - . . . .
Clothing, ready made, by tailors, &c..i
by hand in part or wholly
Thread laces, and inserting .
Trimming laces .
Ad valorem 5 per cent.
( Ad valorem 30 per ct.,
\ and 3 eents per pound.
Ad valorem 40 per cent.
65 cents per square yard.
65 do,'
65 do.
65 do.
55 do,
55 do.
30 do.
30 do.
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
do.
do.
do.
do,
do,
do.
do.
do.
dd,
do;
do.'
do,
do.
do.
do.
do.
15 do.
. 25 do.
30 do.
40 do,
30 . do. .
do,
do,
do. «
do.
do.
Bobbinet laces
Laces of gold or siRer 1 ,
Articles embroidered .
. Clothing, embroidered . . i ,
Cotton, unmanufactured
14 cents per square yard.
14 do.
Ad valorem 35 per cent.
. 1 cent per pound.
Ad valorem 2 0 per cent.
do,
.do.
do.
do.
do..:
; do;'
ydo.
do..
50
40
15
20
20
15
20
50
do.
do.
do.
do.-
do.
•do.
do.
do.
3 cents per pound.
tized for FRASER
V/fraser.stlouiSfed.org/ .
t-ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
136 REPORTS OF THE ' [1845.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated. , Rates of duty.
Cotton, manufactures of, not specified
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
■ (a) not dyed, not exceed-
ing 20 cents per sqr.
^ . yard, shall be valued
at 20 cents .. ..
6
6
,if dyed, not exceeding
30 cents per square ■
. yard, shall be v^ued
a.t 30 cents ^
do. do.
if dyed, not exceeding
35 cents per square
yard, shall be v^ued
at 35 cents . ^
do. do.
Cotton twist, yarn, and thread. ..... i
(i) uncolored, less than 60 cents
do. do.
per pound, shall be valued at
'' ^
60 cents per pound . .
dp. 25 do.
colored, less than 75 cents per
pound, shall be valued at 75
cents per pound. . V . 4
do. do.
Silk, manufactures of, not specified. . . .: . . .. .
$2 50 perpoundofl6oz.
bolting cloths . . .... ;
Ad Valorem 20 per cent.
manufactures of, mixed widi gold, silver,-
or other metal ^ ^ .
do. 30 do.
sewing silk . . . '. ^
$2 per pound of 16 oz.
silk twist • ............
$2 do. do. .
twist of silk and mohair -. ^ .
$2 do.' do.
. pongee and plain silk ^ ^
$1 50 do. do.
floss. silk, purified from gum, dyed and
prepared for manufacture
Ad valorem 25 per cent.
raw silk, comprehending all silks ■ in the
gum, whether in. hanks, reeled, or
. otherwise. ... ...
50 cts.per pound of 16 oz-
uriibrellas, parasols, and sun-shades ....
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
silli or satin shoes or slippers, for men or
women
30 cents per pair.
• silk or satin boots or bootees, for men or
75 do.
silk or satin shoes for children. . ..... ■ .
15 do.
boots or bootees for -children-
25 ■ . do.
men’s silk hats . :
■$1 each.
silk or satin hats or bonnets for wmmen-. .
$2 do. ■ ■
■ silk shirts or drawers,, whether made up
wholly or in part .'. .... -. =. -. -. . . -.
Ad valorem 40 per cent.
caps, for women
do. 30 do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/ ■ -
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 137
E^Continued.
Articles enumerated. r
,
Rates of duty.
Silk turbans, for women. ...... .........
, Ad valorerh 30 per cent.
. ' ornaments for head-dress. -. . ............
doi do.
aprons ....
do.. do.
. collars t
do. do.
' caps, culFs, braids, curls, frizettes ... . .-.
do. do.
chemisettes ..... .1 ...
do. do.
mantiUas ..:.... :
do. do.
pellerines, arid all other articles of silk
made up by hand in whole or in part.
and not otherwise provided for ...
doi- do.
Hemp, unmanufactured . ... ...... ... .•
$40 per ton.
Manilla, sunn, and -other hemp of
India, &c. ■
$25 do.
used for cordage (sisal grass, coir).
$25 do.
cordilla, or tow of hemp
$20 do.
• tarred cables and cordage.
5 cents per pound.
untaired cordage.
4J do.
yarn......;.............
6 do.
yarn, twine, and packthread -. .. . . .
6 do.
seines. . . . . . .....
7 ■ do.
cotton bagging
4 cents per sq. yard,
gunny cloth
5 do.
sail duck ^.
-7 do.
Russia sheetings . ; . .
Ad’valorem 25 per cent.
manufactures cf, not specified. .... . -.
do. 20 do.
Flax, unmanufactured. . .... . . .. ..... . .. . . i
$20 per ton.
linens ^ •
Ad valorem 25 percent.
manufactures of, not specified.....
do. do.
grass cloth ;
do. do.
Oil cloth, for floors. ............. ........
35 cents per sq. yard.
furniture, made of Canton or cotton
flannel.
16 do. do.
furniture , other kin ds
10 do. do.
of Hnen, silk, or other material. :
12J do. do.
medicated oil cloth .-. .•
12 J do. do.
Floor matting 1
Ad valorem 25 per cent.
Iron, in bars or bolts, not manufactured in
whole or in part by rolling. . . .:. ...
$17 per ton.
in bars or bolts, wholly or in par't manu-
■ • ^ "
factured by roUing-. ^ .
$25 per ton.
in slabs, blooms, &c., except castings. \
, do. . .
raikdad iron.
do; -
pig iron'. . . .. .
$9 per ton.
vessels of iron cast, not specified;
1 J cent, per pound.
castings of iron, not otherwise specified .
1 do.
tized for FRASER
://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
oral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE
E -^C ontiimed .
Articles enumerated.
Iron, glazed and tinned hollow ware and cast-
ings
sad irons. . . ^ . .. .... .. .
' . hatters’ and tailors’ irons . - - .
cast-iron butts
iron and steel wire, not exceeding No. 1.4
oyer 14 and not ex-
. ceeding No. 25 .
oyer,No.25. >
Silvered or plated wire
Brass or copper wire ..
Cap or bonnet wire, covered with silk..
do. cotton thread or
other inaterial
Round or square iron, or braziers’ rods of 3-16
to 10-16 of an inch in diameter . . . . ^ . . . . . .,
Nail or spike rods.
Nail plates, sUt, rolled, or hammered :• r • :
Iron in sheets.-. i.i. .. ... . ........
Hoop iron. ...... : . . . ... .... ... . . . ...
Slit, rolledj or hammered, ,for band iron
Scroll iron, or casement rods. ,
Iron cable's or chains .... - - -
parts thereof.
Other chains of iron, not specified.'.
Anchors, or parts thereof - -- - - ■
Anvils - • - ■ -
Blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges . ♦ . .. . . . ,.
Iron spikes, cut or wrought
Cut-iron nails. . ........... ... - -
Wrought-iron nails. i . . , . . .
Axle trees, or parts thereof. . . ....... —
Mill irons and mill cranks , . .. . — ... ...
Wrought iron for ships, locomotives, and steam
engines 1 . , - r . .
Chainst-other than chain cables. . ’.
Malleable iron in castings ... . , .
Steam, gas, or water tubes.' ... .....
Mill saws ^ ..V..- -
Cross-cut saws.. '• ■ ■
Pit saws . . ..... .J
Tacks, not exceeding 16 ounces to the thqu-^
sand . . ^ . . . - -
exceeding 16 ounces to the thousand . .
cents per pound.
. do. do.
do. do,
do. do.
5 dp. : do.
8 do. do.
11 : do. : do.
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
do, 25 per .cent.
12 cents per pound.
8 do.
do.
2J do. .
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
.. dp.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Ad valorem 30 perc^
,2^ cents per pound
dp-
do.
'■ • do.
do.
3 do;
do.
do.
do.
4. do.
do.
. . . - do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
5 do.
do.
Taggers’ iron.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
1845.] , SE CRE TARY OF THE TREASURY.
E— Continued i
139
•Articles enumerated. •
- / 1 ■
♦ Rates of duty.
■
Old, Or scrap iron.:. . . . .1 1 •. .
$10 per ton.
Muskets. . ... i . . ........... ...
1 50 per
stand.
Rifles . . ... ;
. 2 56 each..
Axesi , . . .. . . . '. .. . .'
Ad valorem 30 per cept.
. Adzes
do.
do.
Hatchets'..'....: ■.. .■
do.
do.-
Plane irons . i !
do.
do.'
Socket chisels ...... 1 . : ... i . . .• .
do.
• do.
. ' ... . Vices.
do.
do.
, Drawing knives ,. . . . . . . . .■. .... i .
do. •
do.
Cutting knives .......... . . ... ... .•> ... . . .
do.
. :do.
Sickles, or reaping hooks. . ........ ...... ... .
• ■ .'do. °
do-. ,
Scythes , .
■ do.
do,
1 Spades . . 1 ... ......
do.
do'.
Shovels. ..... ... . . .... ..... .. ....
do.
^ do.
Squares, of iron'or. steel. ... 1 .•
do. ,
do.
• plated, or poHshed. steel sa;ddlery
. do.
do.
Brass saddlery ......'
do.
' do.
Coach and. harness furniture, of all descrip-
tions. .1 ...
do.
. -■ do.
’ Steelyards ■
. do.
. do. .
'•Scalerbeams. . . ...... .. . ....
• . do.
do. ,
, All fire-aiins other, than muskets or rifles. . . .
,do.
do.
. Side-arms ' '
do. •
do.
Square iron, for umbrella’ stretchers.
do.
m do.
Wood-s'crews, of iron. . . .' . . .v. ....... ^
12 cents per pound.
All other screws ■ not specified ..;...
Ad valorem 3.0 per cent.
Brass screws.
30 cents per’ pound.
1 Sheet and rolled brass .i ‘.
Ad valoreni 30percent.
. Brass cutlery or hammered kettles. ...
12 cents per.pourid.
Steel, cast, shear or German,' in bars. : . .
SI 50 per
112 lbs.
all other in bars.- . . : . ; . . .
.$2 50
do,. .
Solid-headed pins, and all other package pins
not exceeding 5,000 to the package of 12
papers
40 cents per pack.
Pound pins . . ; .
20 cents net nonnrl. •
Needles, sewing, tambouring, darning, netting.
■ ^
-
'
and knitting.- . V ., . -r. i ...
Ad valorem 20 per cent.
all other kinds
do.
do.
. Saddlery, common, ' tinned, and japanned i . . ■.
do.
■- do. .
Japanned ware..
do.
30 do.
Plated and gilt ware oi’ all ’kinds. .
do.
• do. .
• Cutlery, of all kinds ..... '
■do..
do.
Manufactures of brass, iron, steel lead, eopper, ’
pewter, or tin not specified. . : ... . . .
do.
do.
iitized.for FRASER ,
://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ '.
Bieral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
140
REPORTS OF THE ' [1845.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Lead, in pigs and bars. ... . . . . ... . . -.
. old scrap . . .:.-.b .. . ;
Lead, pipes ^
in sheets . . . . ..■ .••■. •. . . . . .
Shot .... ..... i . ; i. . 1 .
Type metal and stereotype plates.-
Types, new or old i. . . .. .'
Copper bottoms, cut round. ........
round at the edge J . . . .
Still bottoms, c ut round , and turned up on edge
Copper plates- or sheets, -weighing more -than
34 oz. to the square foot
Copper rods and bolts .-
' nails a.nd spikes. . .■. ..;...
Patent sheathing metal. -.
Tin,' in pigs, bars, or blocks...
' in plates or sheets. :
term plates .
taggers’ tion., -
foil : -. . . . . . .
Silver plated metal, in sheets. -. .........
Argentine, alabata, or German silver. . . . ; . . .
Bell metal ... . . . . .
Zinc ......
Bronze
Zinc in sheets.'. : ■ '. . .■
Bronze powder .'.. . .-. .-.. .
liquor
Iron liquor.'
Red liquor . t . .
Sepia
Coal . . ;
Coke, or culm of coal
Glass: On all vessels or wares, articles and
■ manufactures of cut glass, when the-
cutting on the article does not exceed
one-third the height or length thereof. ,
Exceeding one-third, and not one-half
the same ... .1.
One-half the length thereof . ......
Cut-glass chandeliers, candlesticks,
lustres, lenses, lamps, prisms, and
. parts of the same .
■On all drops, icicles, spangles, and
ornaments,, used for mountings. . . .
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stipuisfed.org/ '
Rates of duty.
3 cents per pound.
IJ cent per pound.
4 cents per pound.
4 do.
• 4 , do.
Ad volorem 25 per cent
do.
do.
do.
30 -do.
do.
- -do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
4 cents per pound.
4 - ' do.
2 do.
Ad valorem 1 per cent,
dpi 2 J do. .
do. - do. . •
do.
do.
do.
•do.
do.
- - 30
do.
• do.
do.
0.
do.
doi ■
, do.
do. ,
do.
do.
10
do.
do. •
20
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. do.
do.
$1 75 per ton.
5 cents per bushel. '
25 cents per pound.
35 . do.
45 do.
45 do.
45 / do.
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, 141
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Glass: All articles ofplain, moulded, or pressed
glass, weighing over 8 oiz. . . ;
10 cents per pound.
weighing 8 oz. or nnder ...
12 ■ Cents per pound.
Plain, moulded. Or pressed tumblers.
On all plain, moulded, or pressed.
10 do.
when stoppered, or the bottoms
ground ' ’. . . .
apothecai'ies’ vials a.nd bottles, not ex-
14 j do.'
ceeding the capacity. of'-6 oz. each,
apothecaries’ vials and bottles, exceed-
$1 75 per gi*oss.
’
ing 6 oz., and not exceeding 16 oz.
.$2 25 do.
> perfumery and fancy vials, uncut, ■ not
exceeding 4 oz.'each ' ....
perfumery and fancy vials,_ uncut, ex-
$2 50 do.
■ .ceeding 4 oz., and not exceeding 16
oz.icach .....' ■ ....
black or green bottles and jars, exceed-
$3 00 do. •
, ing 8 oz., and not exceeding i quart
$3 00 do.
black or green bottles and jturs, exceed-
,|4,-0'0 do.,.
ing 1 quart.
. demijohns and carboys, of gallon or
less....
15 cents each.
demijohns and carboys, exceeding ^
gallon, and not exceeding 3 gallons . -
. -ideriiijohns and carboys, exceeding 3
30 ■ do.
. . gallons...
50 do.
,window, ,cylinder or broad, not exceed-
. •
■ » - .
ing 8 by 10 inches.
2 cents per square foot.
■ above that, and not exceeding
10 by 12 inches. ;
2^ do. ' - ,do.
above that,, arid not exceeding
l’4 by 10 inches
3^ do. do.
. . . » above that, and . not exceeding
4 do. . do.
16 by 11 inches. . . . . i . . .
above that, and not exceeding
18 by 12 inches.
.5 do., do.
above 18 by 12 inches'.
6 do. do.
crown, not exceeding- 8 by
3J do.. do.
10. inches .......
above that, :and not exceeding
5 do. . do.
10 by 12 inches. '. . .
above that, and nqt exceeding
14 by 10. inches.
6 do. do.
; above that, and not exceeding
16 by 11 inches.-. .. . : . . .
gitized for .FRASER
! i .j'.//f rase r. stio u i sfed . org/
7 do. do.
"deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
142 REPORTS OE THE ’ [1845.
E — Continued.
' Articles enumerated. ■ •
• . Rales, of duty.
. Glass : Window, above that, and not exceeding :
18 by 12 inches. .
8 cents per square foot;
crown, all exceeding 18 by'
12 inches ^
10 do.
do.
plate glass polished, not silvered,- and
not exceeding 12 by 8 inches 1
5 dp.
do.
above that, and not exceeding
14 by 10 inchesi’.- j
7 do’.--
do.
above that, arid, not exceeding
16 by 11 inches:-......'.. .
8 do.
do.
above that, arid riot exceeding^
18! by 12 inches.
10 d o ,;
' do.
above that, and not exceeding
22 by 14 inches ......... . .
12 do.
do.
All above 22 by 14 iriches. . . . ^
Ad Valorem 30 per ct.
plate glassrpolished and silvered.- . . ..
• . do. .
•50 do.
plate; glass, polished and framed... i. .
do.
60’ do;
porcelain . . . .. . . .s.. i : .
do.
. 30 do.
colored. ........ . . ; . ........ .. .-. .
' do.
- do. •
paintings on glass. .. . . . . . . .
do.
do.
AlTarticles of glass not Specified, con-
nected with other materials
. -do.
25’ do.
China ‘ware. . .’.
do.
30 do. . . ,
Porcelain ware . . A-. ... ...
do.
do.
do.
- do.
Other wares, not specified .. . 1 ....... i ; .'. s ; . -
■ do!
■ • ‘ do.
Leather, tanned,- sole or: bend.-.-. ...
6 cents
per lb.
all upper, not otherwise Specified. :
8 cerifs
per lb.
calf-skins', tarined and dressed ..... .
$5. 00 per dozen. .
sheep-skins, do., , • ' do;'. . :j.'.
$2 00
do.
skivers . : ...... . .-. :. .-. .
$2 00 ■
do. • • .
goat skins, tanned and dressed. . .
$2 50 V.
do.
morocco, do, :do.
$2- sd ■■
do.
• kid skins,, do. ■ do."..’.'...-
$1 .SO-
do.
moroCco, do. • - dO; . .... I
$1 50 -
■ do.
goat and sheep skins, tanned, arid riot
d-ressed . .... •. . . .. —
$1’ 00
do.
on all kid’ and lamb sliins, tanned arid
f not dressed
75 cents
do.
■’ chamois skins ! . . . .
$1 00
do.
Men’s hoots- and bootees. I'.'... . . . . . ^
$1 25, per pair;
Men’s shoes or pumps. / . . . . ...........
, 30 cents
do.
Women’s boots and bootees. t . . . ’. . .... .-
50 cents
do.
Children’s boots and. bootees, arid shoes.. .•..
15 cents
do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
PoHoral Pocon/Q Rgnl.- nf Qt 1 niiLc i
143
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E^Continued.
Articles enumerated. Rates of duty.
Womeri’s d<3ubled-soled pumps or welts.; 1 . . 40 cents per pair. ' ,
•Women’s shoes or slippers, except silk. . . . 25 cents per pain
Raw hides' .... 1 1 1 ... A, , Ad v^orem 5 per cent.
On aU skins, pickled and in casks, not specified'. Ad valorem 20 per cent.
Men’s leather gloves $1 25 per dozen.
Women’s leather hahit gloves. $1 per dozen.
Children’s leather hahit gloves. .-. :: . . .. i .... 50 Cents per dozen.
Women’s extra and demi-length gloves. . . . $1 50 per dozen.
Children’s extra and demi-length gloves. ... . 75 cents' per dozen.
Leather caps or hats., Ad valorem 35 per Cent.
•Leather braces or shspenders. i ...... . do.. -do.
All other braces or suspenders, except com-
• posed of India rubber. do. . .. do;
■ Leather botdes. ...... ; . .■. . .\ ... do. do;
Patent leather. .... ■ do. ■ do,
Allother manufactures of leather not specified. do. ■ do.
Furs' of ^1 kinds on the skin, -undressed do. ' 5 do.
Furs of all kinds on the skin, dressed ; . do. 25 do.;
' Hatters’ furs, dressed or undressed, not on the
skin.. '.i..,. do. do.
Fur hats and all other articles not specified. . do. 35 do.
Fur hat bodies, frames, or felts, not manufac-
tured...’. 'do. 25 do.^ '
Hats of wool ................... ..i... ..1 . 18 cents each.
Hat bodies or felts made wholly or in part of
' wool...’. do. do.
Hats and bonnets of any vegetable substance . Ad valorem 35 per cent.
• hair, whalebone',. or other. ■'
material not specified . do> do,
all flats, braids, and plats .
used for making same’. do. ^ • do.
Feathers and artificial flowers . ’ do. 25 do.
Curls or braids of hair, &c. ............. .. do. do.
F ans -of all descriptions. . • do., ■ do, '
Human hair,' or otherwise . ......... .1. . do. 10 do,.
Hair cloth or sea.ting. ....; .,:i ........... 1 . do; • 25 do.
Hair belts and gloves . do. do.
Curled hair and moss . do. 10 do.' .
Feathers for beds. ...... . do. 25 do.
Down of all kinds. . ..'.i...... do. do.-
India rubber oil cloth 1.;;;..; .... ' -do. 30 do.
webbing. . do. • do.
shoes do. do.
(c) braces -or suspenders. ;. . . do; do.
Other fabrics not specified. . do. ’ do.
igitized for FRASER
tp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ideral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
144
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
Rates of duty.
Ad .valorem 25 per cent,
do. do.
' do. 20 do.
do. ' do.
do. do.
do. . , • do.
$2 per gross.
do. • ..
Ad valorem 7 J per cpnt.
do. do.
do. do.
do., , do.
do. ■ do.
do. 20 do.
dor 'do,
do. , 25 do.
, do. do. •
do. 30 do.
do. do. , ,
do. ■ do.
Alabaster and spar ornaments .. . . .'. . 1 . . ’ . do; do.
Manufactures of gold and silver not specified , do . do.
Wood, manufactures of, not otherwise speci-
fied.- ■ do. do.
timber to be used in building wharves,
and firewood do. 20 do.
rough boards, planks, staves, scantling,
• and sawed lumber j.not planed .; , do. do.
rose, satin, mahogany, and cedar,; . . . do. 15 do.
WaUung canes and sticks . . . ., ^ do. 30 do.
Frames and sticks for umbrellas. ............. do. do. •
' fo r. parasols and sun-shades. . do. - do.
Cabinet wares ........................... do. do.
Household furniture not otherwise specified . . ' do, do.
Musical instruments. ' do. • do.
Carriages, and parts thereof. . do. do.
Catgut, or whipgut do, 15 do.
Catgut strings, or thread of similar materials. do,. do.
Marble unmanufactured, in the rough slab or > ■ ■
■ block j ................... . do. 25 do.
busts or statuax}'^. ■ ' do. 30 do.
AH other manufactures of marble not specified , do. do.
Slates, of all lands do. 25 do.
Paving tiles and bricks do. do.
, , Articles enumerated.
Clocks. . ............ . .. . ... .'.
Glaziers’ diamonds, when set. , .
Ship or box chronometers.
Watches, or parts of watches.
Watch materials not specified
:6^0re diamonds ........... '.
Watch crystals or glasses. ..................
Glass or pebbles for spectacles and eye-glasses .
Gems, pearls, or precious stones . . . . ...
Imitations thereof.
Compositions of glass or paste ..............
Cameos, and imitations thereof. ...
Mosaics not specified .
Jewelry of gold, silver, or platina..
Gold and silver leaf. —
Gilt, plated, or imitation leaf. , . ; .
Dutch m^al of leaf. . , , ; . . ,
Scagliola table tops
Table fops of marble or composition, inlaid
with precious stones ....................
Table tbps of various colored marbles. ’
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 145
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Baskets of straw, grass, ozier, or. willow
Other manufactures of straw, -grass, Ozier., .or
willow, not specified . . . , . : .........
Wax, amber, or composition beads
All other beads, not enumerated ,
Shell or. fancy boxes, not otherwise specified ..
Combs, for the hair
■Brushes and broonis ..... . ..
Bristles i-. . ^
Dolls and toys ..... . . .. .
(d) Metal buttons, not exceeding in .value $1,
and valued at that price .... : .
All other buttons, and button moulds , . : ,
Bastings, prunellas, and. similar, fabrics, -in
strips, not • specified, for manufacture of
buttons, &c.
Mohair, figured and satin, for the sanie ....... .
Tortoise shell. .... .... . . . 1 . — :
Ivory, or teeth of elephants,- unmanufactured...
Horns and teeth i.. ...^ ...
Horn and bone 'tips . .
White and red lead . ..... . .. ... . .
Litharge . . . .-. .
Acetate, or chromate of lead '
Whiting, or Paris white, dry, . .1;;..-.-..
ihoil :
Ochres, or ochry earths,. dry, .. ... ‘
, in oil . ... . ..
Sulphate o f barytes ..... i ., ..... .. .. i
Linseed oil -,V. . . , . . . . :
Hempseed oil... . .1 ...... :.
Ra,peseed oil. i . ... .....; . .
Putty. ^ ^
Paper , bank, folio, and quarto pOsl,, of all-kinds
letter and bank note.
antiquarian ,.. . ./i. . . ..
■ demyr. . . . ..
, drawing
. elephant .......... ..v-l-i ... ...
double elephant . .
, ; ^foolscap: . . . . .■ 1 . .. >.. .•, ..R,-!-.:..-.;. .
imperial , . , i..... . . .'
■ medium
pot. w..f.
J^rth . . . .. . . .. . a.....', a a a-a.a-a-aa a., a a
VOL. V. 10. .
C igitized for FRASER :
f :tp://fraser.,stlouisfed.ofg/ - ' .
Pederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-Ad valorem 25 per ct.
do..
. • do.
do.
do.
do. . .
do.
do; . •
do.
dp. .
do.
do.
30 do.
1 cent per pound.
Ad valorem 30 per ct.
- . do. * do.
Ad valorem 25 per cti
Ad valorem 5 per ct.
do. dp.'
...40... do.
- do. - do.
.• do. ' do.
• do. do.
- . 4 cents per pound.
4 do.
4 do.
- 1 . ■ . do.
, IJ. i do, - ■
1 ■■ ■ do. .
li do.
I .do.
25 cents per gallon.
25 . do.
25 do.
. cents, per pound.
17 . ' do. ;
17 ; do; . .
115 :do.^
do.
15 ., do.
15. dp. .
15 . do.
15 do.
: 15 . do. , ‘ ,
15 . . do. • °
.15 do; '
15 do. .
146 REPORTS OF THE - [1845.
, ■ E— Continueci. ' ,
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Paper royal ^ i'.-t
' super royal . . . -•>. ..... . .........
: writing-. . . . ....... .'. ^ r - -- -
. copper-plate '. i . . . , . 4-.. . ^ ,
' blotting ... i . .' ..^.-1..
■ ' copyiiig.'.,
• colored, for labels
needles
rriarblp, or fancy colored. -
glass ..... .i. ......
morocco — . .■
• pasteboard — ......
pressing. board — ... —
sand ..........
tissue . w ^ . . . ....
gold of silver, in sheets or strips . . . . , ,
colored copper-plate i.. ...... .
■printing.. —
Stainers’ . . ..
binders’ boards . ..
box boards ... •
mill boards. ...... .
paper makers’ boards . .
sheathing ,. .......' — ...
wrapping , . ... . . .
cartridge ............... .......
envelopes’, plain, ornamental, or colored
billet-doux, or fancy, note
music paper lines
gilt, covered with metal, other than .gold
or silver -Q:
Paper snuff boxes, japanned or not ja,pannedr..
Fahey paper boxes . . . .■
Paper hangings f t . . — . . . ... — .
Pa.per for screens, &c, .........
Blank or visiting cards
Playing cards
Blank books, bound . I
unbound
Parchment and. vellum .......... — ... . ,
Asses’ sldn, and imitation
Wafers : i ..
Seahrig wax .. . .
Black lead pencils- . .- ....
Crayons, of, all kinds. . ., ... ...
15 cents per. pound
15 ■
. do.
15
, do.
12i’. ■
i.dd.
■ 12i
.h’do.
m .
., do.
12J '
■ do.
, 1.2
. do. ,
12i .
, . do..
I2i
do.
m
. do.
m
. . do. ■
12i ,
, do. ■ ■
12i
, . do.
12i ■
do.
. m .
do.
10 .
i do, .
1.0 : .
. . do, : ,
10
do.
, .3
do.
3
.-■do. ,
. 3.
do. .
3 :
; . do.
3
■ do.
3
do.
3
do.
Ad valorem 30 per ct.
do. do.
Ad valorem 25 per:.ct,
do. do.
Ad valorem 25 per ct.
do. . . ’ , ,do.
Ad valorem 35 per et.
. do. ■ do.
12 cents per pound.
2.5 cents, per pack.
20 cents per pound.
15 - do..
Ad valorem 25 per ct.
do.
. do.
do..
. - do.
do..
do.
do. .
do.
do. ,
' do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Fodorul Itoooruo'Bonic of £t. Loui!
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
E— ^Contiriued.
147
Articles enumerated .
Metallic peiis , ... . . . ..
Ink and ink powder. . .
.Quills, prepared or manufactured . ... . ... „ ...
unprepared or unmanufactured. - ,
■; Rags ........ ..i..-.- - .........
All other paper not enumerated.,. . .. ..; !. .
Books, printed in the English language, bound
do. . sheets or . boards
printed arid puhhshed - abroad more
than one year, arid not repubUshed
in this country, hound
■ do. do. , in sheets, or boards . .
Latin- or Creek, bound. . .. ..... ...
unbound — . . . . i . ..
Hebrew, bourid. ., — ....
unbound.;.... — ....
Foreign languUgeSj . except. Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew,, bound..
Foreign laiiguages, . except .Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew,, in sheets or
.pamphlets ... ....
; Grqek,' Hebrew, Latin, or English lan-
guage, printed 40. years previous to
importation . . . .: — ... .... .
■allreportsoflegislativecommittees...'
polyglots, lexicoiis, and ..dictionaries
book's of engravings, with or without
letter press, bound or unbound. .. . .k:
' . maps and charts
Sugar, brown, raw.... — .............. ..
syrup of sug.ari .... ... .. ... .
brown, clayed . . . . . .
^ ' clayed, or clarified..
refined
sugar candy . . . . v . ....... ... — ..
molasses .... ... . — — -
conifits ..... ;.k . . ...: ,.. ... ..
sweetmeats...... — ^
fruits preserved in molasses, sugar, or;
.'brandy........ ..........
confectionary of all kinds, npt specified
Cocoa . — . — i . . . .
Chocolate .'. . . f . .’. — . •; ... -
. Mace —
Nutmegs ; -
Jigitized for FRASER
t|tp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rates of duty.
Ad valorem 25 per ct.
do.. . .
do.
, . .do. .
do.
. . cent per pound. ,
15 cents per pound.
30
do;
20 ,
do. .
15
dp. .
,10
do.. ,
.15
do.
13
do.
10
do.
• 8 , ' •
do. . .
, 5 cents
oer volume.
.15 cents per pound.
, . 5 cents per. voluine.
. : do
do. - ;
. 5 cents per pound. ,
Ad valorem 20 per cent;
do. do. .
• 2^ cents. per pound!
. . do.. do. ;
do. ; do.
. 4 cents per pound.
6 . . do. , .
6 . do.
4J mills per pound.;
Ad valorem 25 per cent,
do. . do.
do.; :
do.
1 cerit per
4 cents per
do.
do.
50
30
do.
do.
REPORTS OF THE
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Cloves. . . ....
Cinnamon. '. ....... .... . ... . .......
Oil of cloves ......... . . .
Chinese cassia ^....
Pimento.
Black pepper
Cayenne, African, or Chili pepper. ......
. Ginger, ground. ............... ... I
in the root, when not preserved . ,. ...
Mustard • .
Mustard seed .. . .... .....
Linseed ....... .......
Camphor, refined. . ... ,
crude
Woad or pastel . .' L
Indigo i
Ivory, or bone black
Alum i . . ... .: 1 .. . .,
Opium
Quicksilver
Roll brimstone. ...... .... .... ...
Calomel, and other mercyrial preparations ...
Corrosive subUmate
Red precipitate . . .:. :
Glue^
Gunpowder . ..
Copperas .' . ...... i . . .;
Green vitriol.
Blue, or Roman vitriol, or sulphate of copper
Oil of vitriol, or sulphuric. acid... '
Almonds or prunes ......
Sweet oil of ahnonds i..
Dates ; i i . .i.
Currants . . . . . . . ..
Nuts not specified, except those used, for.dyeing.
- Muscatel,, or blqom raisins-.,. ....
Raisins,, all other kinds. ...............
Olives ...
Olive -oil in casks... ;
Olive, salad oil in bottles.
All other ohve oil, not salad, and mot, specifieti.
Spermaceti oil of foreign fisheries. ..1... ..
Whale or other fish oil of . foreign fisheries not.
sperm . ........ ... . ^
8, cents per pound.
Ad valorem 25 per cent.
20 cents per pound.
5
do.
I
do..
5
do.
1 -
do.
H .
do.
75.
do. ,
Ad valorem 5 per cent.
. . ' dp. 25 do.
do. do.
■ do. do.
do. do.
5 cents per pound.'
8
do.
2
do.
2
do.
4 ■
• do.'
- 1
do.
3
do.
. .9
.. do.
1
do.
.3.
. do.
.2.
do.
,1
do.
.3 . .
do.
2
- do, ,.
Ad. ■'valorem 30 per cent.
20-.6ents per gallon.
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
. . dp. . 2,0 do.
25 cents .per gallon.
15 do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 149
E— Continued.
Articles, enumerated .
Rates of duty.
Whalebone, product of foreign fisheries:....
Spermaceti or wax candles. :
Spermaceti and .wax candles combined
Wax tapers. 1
Tallow candles. : ^ ...
Tallow
Beeswax, bleached or unbleached
Shoemakers’ wax.' ...'..
W^indsor soap .
Ad valorem 12j pr.cent.
8, cents per pound.: '
,8 do.
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
4 cents per pound,
j do.
. Ad valorem 15 per cent,
do* do.
dp. 30 do.
do. do.'-
do. do. ,
/ do. do.
4 cents per pound.,
50 cents per bairel.
Ad valorem 10 per cent.
2 cents per pound.
2 dp. .
Ad valorem 30 per cent,
do. 25 do.
do. 20 do.
Shaving, perfumed, or. fancy soap. :
Wash balls - ...
Castile soap. .:....
All other hard soap. .'.
Soft soap. -
Marrow, grease, soap stocks and stuffs. .....
Starch : . ."..
Pearl or huUed barley —
Corks
Manufactures of cork. . ........
Sponges or spimk . . .
Oranges, in,boxes, barrels, or casks.
Lemons, do. do. .. .
Grapes, not dried, in kegsor jars. ....
Salt.'............,........ j ..i. ......
Saltpetre, partially refined. . J ... ■. .
completely refined J
Bleaching powder, or chloride of hme. . . . . .
Vinegar. .... : . .'.v .'. . S.
Spirits of turpentine ',1.
Beef 2t. ... '
do. : do. •
^ dp. . do. . ,
do. do.
8 cents per bushel.
cent per pound. :
2 ' , do.
1 do.
8 . cents per gallon.
10 do., ^
2 cents per pound.
2 • do.
3 do.
3 do.
Ad valorem 25 per cent.
do. do.
, do. do.
9 cents per pound.
5 do.
3 do.
Ad valorem 30 per cent.
Pork . ..I : ' .
Hams i ... .1. ........
Bacon .' ; ■.
Prepared iheats : . L . ;
Poultry or game • ..........
Bologna Sausages. . . '. . . .l ; .... ^ .
Cheese:, ^ .'. ... . . . , ..... .
Butter : '
Lard ■. ...
Macaroni !.
Vermicelli !.... ! ; .
Gelatine, jellies, and all similar preparations. ,
Wheat . . , ........ .j.
Barley
doi . do.
dpt . do.
25 cents per bushel:
20 do. '
Rye — -r
15 dp.
ligitized for FRASER ' .
t p.://f rase r. St lo u i sfed . org/
ederal Reserve Bank of Sf. Louis
150
REPORTS OF THE; [1845^
E^ — Continued.
‘ Articles enumerated'. ^ . Rates of duty.
'Gats . ... . . ... . .. ... . 10 cents per bushel. :
Indian corn, or rhaize. . lO . do.
Wheatflour. . . . .... . 1 . . ..■ . . . 70-cents per 1:12 lbs.:'. .
Indian ineal 20 ■' ...do.
Potatoes : ... . . .'. . : .. .'. . 10. cents per bushel.
Foreign fish, dried or smoked. . r.- j S-l per 112 pounds. ;
Mackerel, pickled or salted. . . .-.v;.-. .1 . . . . . ; $1- 50 per baiTel.
Herrings, pickled or salted;. . . . . . . . . . . ... do.- ■ do. :
Salmon, pickled '. ; . . . . .• . . . > . .■ i . . . . .- ^ $2- - - do.
AU other fish, pickled, in baiTels ......... . . $1 . do. . '
All other fish) pickled, imported otherwise than .1. .
in barrels and half barrels, and not specified Ad -valorem-20 per cent.
Sardines,' preserved in oil. .. .. ..... .dp.' ■ -'do.
Other fish) preserved in oil.- do.' • _ . . do.
Fish glue,-pr isinglass. ..-.v. i. ...i .:. ;do 30 do.
Pickles....'..; i. - . do.. do.
Capers...,.' — - dlo. , doi>
Sauces of aU k^nds, riot enumerated. . . .. • do. . do. •
Castor oil — .......... 40 cents per gallon. '.
Neatsfoot oil. . ... . . .. ........... Ad valorem 20 per cent.
Animal oil, of other kinds. ................ : ‘ do. ■ do.
Volatile oil ..... ... do;' do.
Essential oils, not specified. . . . . .... ..... . . do; do. .■
, Gums . . do. -do...
Other resinous substances, not specified, in a . ’.
crude state ... do.- 15 do.
Pastes . — ................... t do. •' . do*
Balsams . . .... . . do. 25 do.
Essences.:'.;. ...... J..-.- - do. do; i .-
Tinctures . do. - , do.
Extracts . '. i ........... . ■ do. ■ - do>
Cosmetics . . .... ............. .. .. . do'. - - do, •;
Perfurnes . . . . do. - .do.-
Other articles not enumerated .• . . do.-, ' : do.
Benzoinacid ..... -do.- 20do.:
Citric acid. . .... . ......... . . . ■ •. .... ■ - ' do. . do. ' •
'White or yellow muriatic acid. ■ - - do. do. ■
Nitric acid;. do. do., ^
Oxalic acid ............................ do. - do.
Pyroligneous acid . . do. do.
T artaric acid ........................... . do. 'do.
Boracic acid. ........................... . do. 5 do.-
Borax . do. ■ 25 do. , '
Tincal .'. ......... . do. 20 do.
Amber ■ do. do. , ^
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 151
E — Continued.
'Articles enumerated. , Rates of duty .
Ambergris ......... .'. Ad valorem 20 per cent.
Ammonia.. i. .'. do*' do.
Annatto. ^ , .do. . - do.
Aniseed :. r, . dov do.
Arrowroot ...V i . . do. do.
Vanilla beans i ........... . . do. do.
French chalk?. ....... do. : d.b.
Red chalk. ... do. do.
duniper berries. ...... do. do.
Manganese.. . .r . do. do.
Nitrate of lead .... ..... ... .'. ^ . t.:. .. do. do.
Chromate of potash ; . . . ^ . do. do.
Bichromate of potaish . do. do.
Prussiate of potash , .' . . .. ............... do.r ’ do.
i Glauber salts.-, .... , ,do. do.
' Rochelle salts. do. do. *
Epsom salts .U. ....... . .. . . do. do.
Sulphate of magnesia. : ........... . ..r. do.' do.
All other chemical salts and preparatioUs of '
sMts npt enumerated do. do.
Smalt. ... rf. ..... 1 ........... 1 . ... do. ’ do.
Sal soda . . .... ...... .... . .... ... . 1 . . . . . . do. do.
Carbonates -of soda, all except soda ash, ba-
rilla, and kelp. . . . , C — . do. do.
Sulphate of quinine . 1 ............................ . do. ■ do.
Soda ash. . ■ ■ do. . do.
Spirits, brand-y. — $1 per gallon.
other distilled, from, grain, ,l.st proof . . 60 cents per gallon.
2d ..do 60 do.
: , . . $d do. ... . , 65 do,
■ ’< ■ -■ 4th. do. ... 70 do.
5th, do. .... 75 db.
above 5th > do. ; . 90 do.
distilled from other materials^
, i 1st .proof.,...,.,........:.. 60 do.
2d do...... 60; -do.
3d db- - - 65 do.
4th do.. 70 , do.
5th do. .... 75 do.
above 5th do... ... 90 ■ do.
Wines, in casks or bottles, Madeira.,. . . 60 do.
, ' Sherry...---,- ... ,60 do.
. ' St. Lucar., ... . 60' do.
• j Canary.,,.....,..,. 60 db*
, . Champagne.,...:. 40 do.
gitized for FRASER
p ://f rase r. stlo u i sfed . org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1845.
152 REPORTS OF THE
E^ — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Wines, in bottles, port.
35 cents per gallon.
' Burgundy
35.
do.;
claret ^
.35
.. do.
in casks, port.. . .. . ......
,15
.do.
Burgundy . . . . .......
15
do.
■ in casks or bottles, Tenerifie
20
-do.
• in casks, claret
.6
. . do.
white,, in casks, F ranee .... ........
do.
Austria..
. do.
Prussia.........
-7i.
-do.
Sardinia. ... >
Portugal, and its pos-
7i
-do..
sessions
do.
white,- in bottles, France .
20
do.
. red, in casks, France
6
. . do.
Austria,.... ......
6
do.
Prussia ..
-6,
- . -do.
Sardinia .. I ......... .
Portugal, and its posses-
6
do.
sions..-.. '
6
do.
in bottles, same as above . ...........
20
do.
white and red, in casks, Spain
m-
do.
Germany
m
do.
Mediterranean
12i-
do.
in bottles. Of Spain . . •. . •. • —
.20
do.
Germany — ,
20.
• do.
Mediterranean . .
20
do.
in casks or bottles, Sicily — ...
25
, , do.
Madeira..
25
do.
- Marsela
25
do.
other wines of Sicily
all other wines ; not enumerated, and
15
do.
other than those - of France, Austria,
t
Prussia, Sardinia, and Portugal and
its possessions, in- bottles. •.
all other wines not enumerated, and
other than those of France, Austria,
65
do.
Prussia, Sardinia, and Portugal and
its possessions, in casks ..... . . .
25
• do.
Bottles in which wine is imported, (wde Glass.)
Cordials .
60
do.
Liqueurs . . . - — i:. . . . . .
60'
do.
Arrack . .
60
do.
Absynthe . . .- .... '
60
do.
Kircherwasser
60
do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/ ."
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
153
1845.] SECRETARY OF -THE TREASURY.
E — Continued.
Articles enumerated.
Rates of duty.
Ratafia and other beverages, not specified.: ....
Ale, in bottles
Porter, in bottles .'
Beer, in bottles i :
Ale, othemise than in bottles '
Porter, , do.; do.....
Beer, • do. ' do...
Tobacco, manufactured .'
Cigars, of all kinds, . .'
Snuff... .-
Tobacco,' manufactured, other -than snuff and
cigars
Articles for the use of the United States ...
AU goods, wares, or merchandise,, the. growth
produce, or manufacture of. the United States',
. exported to a foreign country,, and brought
back to the United States
Bogks of citizens of the United States dying
abroad. .‘
Personal effects not merchandise of do. do;
Household effects ' do: ' do. do.
Paintings, the production of American, artists
residing abroad ..:... — — ..
Statuary, do. . . do. do.
Wearing apparel in actual, use of persons ar-
riving in the United States. ....
Personal effects not merchandise of do. do.
Professional books of . do. ■ . do.
Instruments of trade, occupation, or employ-
ment, of persons arriving in the United States
Implements of do. do. do..
Tools of dp. do. do.
Philosophical apparatus, specially iniported for
philosophical or literary purposes, or for the
encouragement of fine arts, or for the use
and by the order of any college, academy,
school, or seminary of learning, in the Uni-
ted States - ..... 1
Instruments, imported for same, purpose. .. . . '
Books, do. do. do.
Maps and charts, do. do. do.
Statues, . do. do. do. .. ...
'Statuary, do. '. dp.. . do
Busts and casts of -marble, bronze, alabaster,
or plaster of Paris, for same purpose.- . . .
60 cents per gallon.
20 do. •
20. do. ,
20 do.
15 , do.
15 do.
15 do. ' .
Ad valorem 20 per cent.
'40 cents per pound..
12 • do.
.10 - do. .
Free.
.. do. .
. do. .
do.
do.
dp.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do. .
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/'
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
154
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
E—Continued,
Articles enumerated. . Rates of duty.
Paintings, imported for the same purpose. . . . Free. ,
Drawings, do. . .do.. . t do.. , do. .
Engravings, do. do. . do. ....... do..
Etchings, - do. d,o. do. .do....,' ' '
Specimens of sculpture, do. ... .do.. do.
Cabinets of coins,. - , do. ,do.:.,...... do.
medals, ’ do. do....... do.
gems, and all other., , . . do.. do.
coUectionsof antiquities,, do. do. '
Anatomical preparations.. .do. .
Models of machinery ^ do. , .
Inventions and intprovenients in the arts. . . > . , do. .....
Specimens in natural history. . . . ... .... .1 . . ' do.
mineralogy, .&c. ........ -'1. . h' do.w
botany ;. .I.............. do.
Trees.- do;
Shrubs .:. : do. ■
. Plants ...i. do.-’.
Biilbs or roots. ;.. . . do.
Caiden seeds, not Otherwise specified-. ... . , . do. .
Berries,.usedprincipallyindyeingorcQn(ipos-
ingdyes. ; . . do. .. .
Nuts, do. do. do. do. ‘ . .
Vegetables, . do. do.; do. ......' do.-'
. All dyewoods'in stick .... . ..■ ...... '..do.-', .
Whale oil, of American fisheries. . . . , ... ..... . do.
Other fish oil of , .do. -do. do.
‘ All other articles, produce of do. : , 1. do.
Animals imported for breed ...... ......V. .. . do..
Fish, fresh caught, 'imported for daily cOn- ’ ; ' '
sumption... ........ do.
Fruit, green or ripe, from the West. Indies in
bulk ■ r. . . .. . ri .'iV. ; do.
Tea, when imported in American vessels from
the place of its growth or production. ... .. do.
Coffee, do. do. , do. ^i.. do.
Adhesive felt for sheathing vessels, i : do. '
Alcornoqui . . . . . :...... l .......... .. do. . .
Aloes. ' do.' . -
Antimony, crude . do.
'.Argol. ...... ...- .r... ,(Jo. .
Asafoetida . . ^ . . . L do. '
Ava-root. ^ .1 ' do. . .
s Barilla;, do.-
. Bark of cork, tree, unmanufactured. .. .1. . .’. do.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ . '
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 155
E— Continued.
^ ' Articles enumerated. ' . ■
Rates of duty.
[ Bells or bell metal, old, and only fit to be re-
manufactured j or parts thereoU
. Free.
j Brass, in pigs or bars.'. ^ - i ..i.-
do. ' ;
1 Old brass, only fit to be remanufactured. _ . . . .
do.
t “ Brazil wood ........
do.
'do.' /
Flour of sulphur. — ...
■- do.
Burr stones, unwrougbt. ............ . ... .
do;
Canthafides
do.- -
. Chalk
•do.
i Clay, unwrought . . .'1 ..........
^ Ro.; - . • ' ■ . , . •'■ .
[ , Cochineal. . . . . .. . ................ i . .
- -do;. ■ ' ' , ’ . ■ '
L '■ Coins ofgold and silver .
- -do. .
■Copper j imported for the use of the Mint - -■ i -
do. ' ' .
Copper, in :pigs or bars. L i . . .
do.. .
Copper ore
■ do. '■
Plates or sheets of copperj for sheathing ves-
‘ sels, which is 14 inches wide and 48 inch- .
es long, and weighing from 14 to -34 ounces
' ■■ ^ ' . . .
'• . : the square foot -
■do. - . ■
Old copper, fit only to be remanufactured ...
• do; ■ ■ . . ■ . ■
do. ' ■ ■
do.. . -. ■■
Ground flint .1 . . . . . . . . . . : .■.
do.
Gold bullion. ........ ...
do.
Gold epaulets and wings ........ I......
do.
Grindstones.......'......-
do.
Gum Arabic . ...... ... .....
do.
- Senegal I .
do. ■ -
. • ' Tragacanth.
do. ' .
India rubber, in' bottles, sheets, or otherwise,
uniiianufactured : .■
do.
' Old junk . . . .■ . . •. . . . . j f. .
do. \ .
Oakum
do.
Kelp'-, r - - ... - ..... 1 . . . .
do.
^ Kermes,. ............... '
do.
\ Lac dye . . .'. •.•...
do. . ,
Leeches ...... .' .' -.i ■:
do.
' Madder. .■ '. ....'. .;. . .
do. • ' ■
Madder root. . . ... . ........ 1 ...........
do. - -
Mother-of-pearl ... '.
do.
Nickel . 1 . -. . . '. .'. . ....
do.
gitized for FRASER . .
! ; ) ://f rase r. stio u isfed . org/
rederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
156; REPORTS OF THE SECRETARY, &c. [1845.
, E — Continued.
Articles enumerated. . Rates of duty,
Nux vomica Free.
Palm leaf, unmanufactured. do.
Palm oil. T--T --r- '
Peruvian bark '1 do.- •
Pewter, when old and only fi‘t to be renianu-
. factored ... ...... ........ . db.
Platina, unmanufactured. . . . .. ..... i .... . do.
Ivory, unmanufactured rr.--- do.-
Plaster of Paris, ungrou.nd - do,
Ratans - and reeds, unmanufactured do.
Rhubarb do. ■
Saltpetre, when crude. ........... 1 dp. "
Sarsaparilla. .i .... :. dp.
Shellac f , ... do, .
Silver bullion I , , do.
Silver epaulets and wings . . , dp. ' ' ;
Stones called polishing stones .............. . do.'
Stones called rotten stone dp.
Sumac”., do.'
Taitar, when cmde. dp., .
Teutenegue do. ,
Weld-. dp.,
Woods, of all kinds, when unmanufactured,
,not Herein enumerated do, , , v ' ,
Fish, fresh caught, brought in for' daily con-
• sumption.... — do.
On all articles not herein enumerated or prp- '
vided for Ad valprem 20 per cent.
NOTES.
(o) 1849, August 30. — “That all "manufacfurea of cotton, or of which cotton shall be a
component, part, not dyed, colored, jSrinted,, or stained, not exceeding -in value 20 cents per
square yard, shall be valued at 20 cents per squme yard ; and if dyed, colored, printed, or .
stained-, in whole or in part, nqt exceeding in value 30 cents the square yard, shall be valued
at 30 cents per square yard, excepting velvets, cords, moleskins, fustians, buffalo cloths, or
goods manufactured by napping or raising, cutting or shearing, not 'exceeding in value 35 cents
the square yard, shall be valued at 35 cents per square yard, and duty be paid thereon accord-
ingly.”' ^ - . . ' . ' ,
(6) 1842, 30. — ‘‘ All. cotton twist, yarn, and thread, unbleached and. uncolored, the
true value of which at the place whence imported shall be less than 6Q cents per pound, shall
be valued at 60 cents per pound, and shall be charged^ with a duty of 25 per- centum ad.. valo-
rem ; all bleached or colored cotton twist, yarn, and thread, the true, value of which at the place
whence imported shall be less than 75 cents per pound, shall be valued at 75 cents per pound,
mid pay a duty of 25 per centum adi valorem.” ; . - •
(c) 1842, ^ugust SO. — “ That- braces or suspenders, of that material, not exceeding in value
two dollars per^ozen, shall be valued at two dollars per dozen, and pay duty accordingly.”
1842, 30. — “That all such. buttons, not exceeding in value one dollar per gross,
shall be valued at one dollar, and be charged with duty accordingly.” -
Digitized for FRASER
http://frasef.stlouisfed.org/ ' ■ '
THIRTEEN SEPARATE TABLES,
♦
SHOWING THE " . . J
> IMPORTS OF THE VARIOUS DESCRIPTIONS OF IRON,
• AND ITS MANUFACTURES,
IMPORTED EACH YEAR SINCE THE ORGANIZATION CF THE GOVERNMENT
TO THE PRESENT PERIOD;
• WITH ’ ■ ,
THE VALUE AND RATE OF DUTY.
Igitized for. FRASER
t[x//fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Tables showing the Imports of the various descriptions of Iron
the Government to the. present pe
Years.
NAILS.
'
(Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
duantity.
1790
_ ,
_
1 cent per lb. ;
1791
1792
_
_ '
2 cents per lb.
_ .
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
3,120,691 lbs.
280,237 lbs.
1802 ^
3,113i083 “
-
-
279,553 “
1803
3,674,769- “
_
353,485 “
1804
3,819,198 “
-
,275,934 “
1805
3,503,379 “
-
457,189 “
1806
3,059,529 “
-
407,936 “
1807
3,072,238 »
-
■ 284,742 .'.“ ,
1808
156,253 “
-
812 “
1809
1,021,483 “
-
176,960 “
1810
2,112,223 “
-
.
280,215 “
.1811
212,389. “
-
48,808 “
1812
739,462 “
-
4 cents per lb.
94,874 “■
1813
. 206,771 “
- -
-
23,115 “
1814
86,568 »
-
2,560 “
gitized for FRASER
tp://fraser.stlouisfed.orq ,
F.
i and its manufactures, imported each year since • the organization of
riod; with the value and rate of duty.
IRON. ' . . *
SPIKES;
STEEL.
Value.
Rate of duty.
Q.uantity.
Value.
'
Rate of duty.
■ -
1 cent. per lb.
-
$0 75 per 112 lbs.
1 cent per lb.
.. . ■
1 00 per cwt.
14-,844 cwt.
-
-
11,326 ' “
-
-
7,394 “
-
•-
10,198 “
9,717 “
-
-
12,228 “
-
-
10,604 “
-
7,079 “
- '
-
12,452 “
-
11,043
-
3,411 ><
-
2 cents, per lb. •
7,958,435 lbs.
2 00 per cwt.
-
'
5,424 cwt.
.6,378,117 lbs. .
'
158 REPORTS OF THE
.1815
1816
3 cents per lb.
_
2 cents per. lb.
1. 00 per cwt.
1817
1818.
. 1,087,889 •“
*
4 cents per lb.
262i664 “
..
3 cents per Ihi
11,343 cwt.
1819
364,563 “
•-
- .
165,679
-
-
8,461 ■“ .
. Cl
1820
220,682 ■ “.
-
38,625 “
-
7,802 • “
1821
678,554 “
- . /
V •
87,798 “
-
-
11,570 “
#131,291
1822
890,643 ‘‘
-
182,100 “
- ,
•
16,098 : “
189,613
1823
581,639
- ■
77,028
-
-
20,551
224,595
i.824 .
404,617 “
-•
5 cents per lb.
103,555 “
-
4 cents per Ib.
'21,954 “
236,405
1 00 per cwt.
1825
393,863 ».
. #41,953
•-
25,387 “
#1,191
-
26,675 “
291,215
1826
230,996 “
23,739
-
.34,426 “
1,328
36,525 “
384,235
1827
502,457 “.
46,080
52,011 “
2,624
- -
25,012 “
310,197
1828.
. 653,655 “
46,625
5 cents per lb.
82,598 “
3,598
4 cents per lb.
35,660 “
430,425
1 50 per cwt.
1829
532,407 “
36,723
•-
80,511 “
3,315
24,000 “
289,831
1830.
613,70.4 “
40,906
37,873 “
1,391
24,472 “
■ 291,957
1831
814,748
52,597
-■
75,999 “
3,175
-
34,203 “ .
399,635
1832
- 746,544 “
47,130
5 cents per lb.
150,623 “
5,635
4 cents p'er lb. .
54,929 “
: , 645;510
1. 50 per cwt.
1833.
686,228 “
48,399
Compromise.
108,263 “
4,134
Compromise.'
42,629- “
523,116
Compromise.
1834
'610,833' "
51,886
226,444 “
11,240
• -
48,623 “
554,150
1835
1,068,733 “
77,647
159,994 “
6,885
52,116' “ .
576,988
1836
1,261,554 “
106,283
29'5,324 “
15,804.
57,570 “
686,141
1837
6l9,165 “
66,315
-
■ 974,448 “
49,614
- ■
61,234 “
- 804,817
1838 ‘
837,661 “.
70,159
- ..
353,073 “
18,556
-
38,145 “.
. 487,334
1839
1,659,534 “
140,889-
468,988 “ .
24,957
■ -
59,174 “
■ 771,804
1840.
715,191-.“
62,477
104,134 “
5,032
-
44,506 “
528,716
1841
939,899 ■ “
81,951
-
105,390 “
5,436
-
51,270 “
609,201
1842'.
' 773,936 “
65,792
. 13,687- “
523.
.55,428 “
597,317
#1 50úpr.cwt.
1843:
149,473 “
13,260
3 &: 4 cts. pr. lb.
' 6,247 “
227
3 cents per lb.
16,624 V
201,772
1844
610,694 “
43,423
19,243 “
713
42,704 “
, 487,462
■ , CD
Digitized for FRASER ' .
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ - . ' ^
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY 0|' THE TREASURY.
ANCHORS AND SHEET IRON.
]790
1791 .
1792
1793
1794.
1795
1796V.
. 1797 .
,17,98 ■
1799
1800 ■
' 180i: '
1802.; ,
' ,.4803:
.r;i804..:..v
-A-r-l-SOS"”^
isdt:;"."'
isdS', ? ’
.18Q9,
,1810
■-imi.:?'.
'. 1812 s.:
. im,
. •1814 “•7-'
1815 1
1816
1817
1818
1819 .
igitized for FRASER
tb://fraser.stlouisfed.orq/
'S's o i
bis "I
*o -cC • aS
C tiXPS -g
cn
s S^s.i
2 g §,i ■
o « : .
m -
- S. .
.=J aJ'
P ‘5 «5 S
Ad valorem 7 g p . ct.
Ad valorem lOp. ct«
Ad valorem 15 p^ ct.
fo-’ •
:.'278,642.1b-i.-
-■742,287j>r^^: ■
- '582;236 ‘S»!
'■-846,008
-323,757
804,679, “ ■ :
^■852,9.49 vd'y
:2§6,286''
;;506ii50, ■
,226,865 .H
133,736. •»
, |A.d Valoreml7^p.ctJ
Ad valor^inSbp^ ct.
F — Continued*
IRON AMD SHEET WIRE.
Quantity. Value. Rate of duty,-
r-l ^
. ,QO- 55
..»* 05 A-
o,S'S...
286^662 lbs.
309,477 ■».
Ad valor.'20 p. ct.
TACKS, BRADS, AND SPRIGS.
Q,,uanlity.
Value. Rate of duty.
Ad valorem 5 p. ct.
- Ad valorem lOp.ct.
Ad valorem 15p. ct.
Ad valoreml7| p.ct.
81,588 lbs. &M.
•21,113 “
Ad valorem 30 p. ct.
Ad valorem 20 p. ct.
5c.p,M.& 4c.p.lb'.
160 REPORTS OF THE ' [1845.
T
r
<!
o
tri
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835'
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
03
'O <t>
w _s2
(Li
Oi.
S ^
S' ,
S
M I .
«2 g
OJ .
■ a
tu o)
(U O)
mm
127,866
305,389
784,491
618,922
769,377
826,994
756,660
846,910
1,338,524
463,145 ,
592,733
608,779
662,'995
519,756
236,572
260,388:
533,135
649,086
183,510
547,993
220,474
201,134
474,095
55,968
105,524
Digitized for FRASER '
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
?
«35,884
-
tt
tt
-
41,256
H
Hh
Ad valorertj 25pel- civ
23,044
39,343
(<
(<
• _
5c.'prM.&5c. prlb.
91,539
- - • -
37,485
((
«9,293
90,401
; - - - 7 .
19,163
((
4,135
79,257
“ • - •
22,533
4,391
117,467
6 and 10 cts. per IbV
21,859
M.
5,133
5 cents per M.
51,170
- - - ’ : -
18,714
(S
4,249
59,485
- - -
14,499
2,799
67,718
29,877 .
& M.
.4,297
5 and 9 cts. per lb.
32,885 lbs
3,394
5c.pr.M.&5c.prIb.
-
52,643
Compiomise. '
8,270 ,.
((
Compromise.
32,284
: 6,803
((
- -
12,195
((
52,854
■ - ■ ■-
.13,752
2,914
62,428
; • •• . . - ’
6,385
1,188
19,496
4,463
773
44,874
6,917
((
15,696
4,234
((
874
15,146
7,808
((
27,846
4,379
6,154
5,8,& 11 cts. per lb.
•2,649
((
344
Sc.prM.&Sc.prlb.
16,321
- * • ' .*
16,877
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 161
-Continued.
IRON.
Years.
SHEET OR HOOP.
(Quantity;
Value.
Rate of duty.
NAIL OR SPIKE RODS.
(Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
BAND, SLIT, OR ROLLED.
(Quantity. Value.
Rate of duty.
1-790
1791
1793
1793
1794
1795
1796
•1797
1798
1799-
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
,1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
,1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
c=! a
■" « g
1
|Ad valorem 5 pr ct.
Ad valorem 10 pr ct.
lAd valorem 15 pr ct,
• 00 biD ^ S
r-i CS.S-”'
§ g. K ■ -
s «••= s .
£■5 S g
fx, . '
15,355 lbs
169,525
271,063
834,200
'390,959
217,372
759,337
175,856
599,553
183,739
358,956
17,856'cwt.
18,315 “
12,520 “
Ad valorem 17 1 pr ct,
[Ad valorem 30 prct.
50 per cwt. •
Digitized for FRASER
httn://fraser.stlouisfed.orn/
Fr
■a
^■3
.S
c
o
1^.
o sj
o Cl*
<y>
|Ad valorem 7| pr ct.
Ad valorem 10 pr ct.
Ad valorem 15 pr ct.
Ad valorem llj pr ct.
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
Ad valorem 20 pr ct.
■B'-S
S;g
■- c3
.S
0). s
.'O Si
^'1
• c >
'T '©
cd
IN ”
00 ha
—I c.
fa
I Ad valorera 7 j pr ct.
Ad valorem 10 pr ct.
Ad valorem 15 pr ct.
jAd valorem 17|prct.|
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
Ad valorem 20 pr ct,.
162 REPORTS OF THE [1846.
r
r
<•
T
♦
1821
24,122
a
-
*
(*)
-
-
(*)
1822
37,424
. (4
1823
39,914
1824
1,088,858
lbs.
-
3 cents per pound.
2,307
Jbs.
#339
3 cents per pound.
6,832 lbs.
#457
3 cents per pound.
1825
2,106,677
((
#88,111
-
3,249
106
70 “
7
1826
2,407,867
ii
88,438
240
17
2,458- “
3,946
1827
4,419,732
<4
135,759
840,986
44
. 13,273
111,286 “
6-, 489
1828
6,551,642
44
236,794
3g cents per pound.
^ 985,909
44
28,176
3 j cents per pound.
97,909 “
2,931
3| cents per pound.
1829
2,441,024
4 4
' 89,057
-
7,282
44
234
1830
2,326,796
44
59,822
32,848
44
764
-
2,845 “
81.
1831
5,672,779
151,909
-
227,160
44 '
4,585
-
23,234 “
724
1832
6,391,578
44
182,559
3 cents per pound.
126,542
44
2,063
3 cents per pound.
7,334 “
176
3 cents per pound.
1833
7j505,246
44,
245,848
Compromise.
214,240
44
6,080
Compromise.
26,556 “
2,063
Compromise*
1834
4,960,516
44
190,237
-
1,553
44
- 77
-
8,625 “
230
1835
4,508,005
44
133,639
* . - •
3,702
44
244
-i. - ^
85 “
- 5
1836
8,115,800
44
325,671
• -
24,925
44 .
1,301
i -
137 “
5
1837
11,293,703
•44
504,473
-
1,.064
44
. 33
- ■
458 “
36
1838
5,679,796
44
208,192
-
3,191
44
. 94
.. .4
121,998 “
2,712
1839
7,412,382
44
354,933
-
80,404
44
2,291
-
23,213 “
886-
1840
5,529,585
44
235,809
-
1,108
44
24
34,470 “
963
1841
8,166,550
44
376,075
-
30,360
44
613
■ 33,404 “
1,161
1842
8,061,941
44
296,679
-
40,269
44
860
-
49,714 “
1,023
1843
2,608,548
44 .
134,206
2^ cents per pound.
11,902
44
515
21 cents per pound.
26,408
1,292
21 cents per pound.
1844
4,456,018
44
152,771
•-
43,165
44
1,324
• •• .
■ 130,184 “
6,109
*See page 166 — Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates not specified .
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 163
REPORTS
1818.
53,97,9 cwt.
-
' - ...
1819
: 51,290 “■
-
1820
; 59,385:: «.
-
•
1821
; , 43,684- •!
'
1822.
; 101.334 “
-
1823
■ 106,933 “
■ - »
1824
115,809 “
$1 50 per cwt.
1825
85,010 “
$224,497
1826
88,741 “
223,259
1827
162,052 “
347,792
1828.
205,897 “
441,000
$1 85 per cwt.
1829.
66,4o8 “
119,326
-
18.30
138,981. “
226,336
1831
304,918 “
544,664
1832
427,745. “
701,549
$1 50 per cwt.
1833
560,566 “
1,002,750
Compromise.
1834:
577,927 »
1,187,236
568,204 •<
1,050,152
•
933,514 “
2,131,828..
-
1837
956,792 “
2,573,367
-
1 ^ ^
723,486-
1,825,121
-
1
1,205,697 “
3,181,180
-
• III
656,574 “
1,707,649
1
1,261,118- “
2.,172,278
-
1842;
1,231,985 . “
2,053,453
-
1843
. 315;i57. “
• 511,282
$25 per ton.
1844
757,824 “
1,065,582
•-
298,438 cwt.
tS cents per cwt.
324,933 ‘V.
-
-
389,797 ».
343,094 “•
-
532,805 “
591,880 “
-
425-,906 » .
- •
90 cents per cwf.
492,998 “
#1,562,146
467,515 “.
. 1,590,350
440,200 “
1,323,749
667^849 “
2,141,178
1 cent per Ib. ''
.66,039,460- lbs.
1,884,049
-
68,752,943 “
1,730;375
-
52,232,192 “
1,260,166
85,456,164 “
1,929,493
90 cents per cwt.
722,486 cwt.
1,837,473
Compromise.
-635,698 “
1,742,883
- ■
630,584 “
1,641,359
658,752 “
1,891,214
626,512 “
2,017,346
• 426,389 “
1,166,196
.
711,153 “
2,054,094
•
576,381 “
1,689,-831
- •
592,108 “
1,614,619
390,236 “
1,041,410
125,081 “
. 327,550
$17 per ton*
236,451 “
583,065
.3,970 ewt.
6,634 “
6;584 “
18,356 “
23,614 “
50 cents fier cwt.
49,607
15j856
16,309
34;092
35,118
69;937
22,771
22,499
138,967
203;025
186-,60r
222,265
245,917
170j822’
282,571
243,830
250,154
110,314
245,353
373,881
77,461
298,880
it
it
a
a-
S36,513
07,004
50 cents per cwt.
((
it
.*<
({
(('
it
ii
a
a
it
a
it
it
ii
a
it
ii
((
46,881
93,025
28,811
25,644
160,681
222,303
217„668
270,325
289,779
272,978
422,929
319,099
285,300
114,562
223,288
295,284
48,251
200,522
621 cents per cwt.
50 cents per cwt.
Gotnprpmise,.;
$9 per tQn. ,
1
I
C6-.
O'
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
F — Continued
ANCHORS.
—
CASTINGS.
1
MANUFACTURES OF IRON PAYING AD VALOREM ^
RATES NOT SPECIFIED.
duantity.
Value.
•
Rate of duty.
. duantity.
Value,
Rate of duty.
Cluantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
Ad yal. 10 per ct
Ad val. 7| per ct.
Ad val. 10 per ct.
A'd val. 5 per ct.
Ad val. 10 per ct.
2 cents per lb:
*3,050 . - ^
/2,502 . ; - ■
2,901 - •
3,535 2 cents per lb.
2,979 ' - , -
1,121 ; - . -
2,287 . -
'4,987 2 cents per lb."
17,891 Compromise -
11,940
11,496 -
13,007 - -•
11,063
11,741 - ■
16,347 -
'8,876 - -
13,466 -
9;911
2,944 2J cents per lb.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
F — Continued,
EFFORTS OF THE
1821
1822
1823
1824
' (*)
116,387
lbs.
■
#2,683
2 cents per pound.
(*)
10,144
lbs.
! J102
2§ cents per pound;
(*)
210,550
lbs.
$10,491
i
3 cents per pound.
1825
596,426
ft
- 34’,.505
_
72,897
4,460
423,766
((
33,568
1826
407,344
ti
24j560
22,153
(C
1,683
431,766
29,140
1827
1,011,412
ft
52,643
■
41-,003
C(
2,071
• - - , .
388,893
((
25,624
1828
972,129
49,171
2 cents per pound.
58,855
(C
3:,081
25cents per pound.
847,655
((
45,611
3 cents per pound.
1829
699,836
37,873
- -
65,896
((
3,049
-
810,372
ff
41,097
1830.
677,246
. 31,249
75,616
if
3,096
540,628
ff
25,855
1831
1,253,450
<(
64,064-
-■
116,166
<f
i 4,249
1,004,540
ff
51,341
1832
1,393,295
<(
77,139
2 cents per pound.
90,637
ff
3,699
■2J cents per pound.
: 2,454,360
ft
, 106,576
3 cents per pound.
1833
943,203
56,545
Compromise.
63,418
ft
2,648
Conipromise.
: 4,216,261
fS
192,022
Compromise.
1834
989,091
61,260
76,888
((
3,769
-
2,931,936
121,487
1835
1,386,293
83,105
120,328
(( '
5,624
9,282
• 2,023,332
ff
86,515
1836
1,573,367
99,283
-■
- ' 180,329
((
;
‘ , 2,925,527
139,731
1837
1,177,7:35
83,395
93,931
ft
5,253
i 2.332,878
ff
. 116,815
1838.
524,343
<(
34,158
-
60,740
ff
3,283
2,089,259
• 88',59'7
1839
1,026,497
71,087
-
116,271
'
6,125-
3,486,810
ff
: 143,979
1840'
• 324,698
((
23',203
i 35,729
((
r,922
2,114,760
89,643
1841-
558,237
if
35,720 ■
-
36,150
ft
2,015
3,825,038
ft
150,442
1842
518,361
a
, 33,134
.45,231
ff .
2,308
2,488,852
92,134
;2J and 4 cts. per lb;
184,3
266,452.
if
15,153
2| cents per pound.
19,307
■ ff
r,177
:2| cents per pound.
884,259
ft
28,858
1844;
, 894,565
ft
52,573
62,528
ft.
2,649
i -
2,390,195
((
; 91,943
i.
, average 30 per cent.
*See-page 166 — Manufactures, of iron paying ad Talorem rates not specified.
Digitized for FRASER ■
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.T SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. , 1«9
MUSKETS
Years. — ^ ^ ^ ^ —
Quantity. Value. Rate of duty. Quantity.'
From 1790 to 182Q included in the general aggregate, of all articles
^ paying ad valorem rates, if any importations.
-Continued.
IRON.
Value.
Rate .of -duty.
Ad val..5 pei* cent.
Ad val. 15 per ct.
SIDE AND FIRE ARMS.
Quantity.'
Value.
Rate of duty.
Ad val. 5 per ct.
Ad val.~15 per ct.
-Hy-
O
fa
0?
o
M
Ad val. 17| per ct.
Ad val. 30^ per ct.
Ad val. 20 per ct.
u o
ao &,
u- 5 •
. 0> W
'c W
a>
• 6X1 ^
w
<X> (U.
• S's
nU ^
■S o •
=5 « ^
'c
c
'
® top
CO 0
^.'x •
O'vCS. .
. ft,
O .
^ ■
Ad val, 17| per ct.
Ad val. 30 per ct.
Ad val. 20 p’erct.
00
170
)
1821
1822
1823
(•)
•
-
"
(*)
' **
• **
■
(*)
#7,820
Ad val. 30 per cent.
1824
2,140.
#2,754
$1 50 per stand '
2
■ #15
#2 50 each
-
-
1825
28,125
91,998
a. ' V
46
781
-
-
134,881
1826
18,188
65,689
158
1,841
• -r;
-• ■
. • *
111,207
■1807
'4,110
13,176
' 12
■’ ■" 277
-
-
-
105,175
Ad val. 30 per cent.
1828 '
. . 7,091
26,679
#1 50 per stand
«6
96
#2 50 each
106,887
1829
13,937
44,715
10
125
- , -
- -
132,224
1830
8.341
25,142
8
85
-
179,153
1831
1,079
2,946
18
193
-
• -
214,194
1832
- 4,399
14,2.39
#1 '50 per stand
23
349
#2 50 each
-
-
305,205
Adval.25&30pr. ct.
1833
11,160
34,421
Compromise '
41
663
Compromise
-
-
231,903
Compromise.
1834 •
23,749
71,876
97
1,283
-
-
• -
289,577
1835
17,108
40,093
..
224
1,362
-•
-
-
351,135
1836
18,807
53,617
148
1,410
--
-
658,306
1837
■ 3,584
13,343
227
3,530
577,033
1838
6,409
21,114
126
.1,722
-
193,683
,
■■lp39
3,294
8,438
110
1,086
. - .
-
267,M7
■
1840
8,824
■ 34,200
56
976
-
-
134,785
1841
7,879
21,506
-
69,
■ 771
■-
-
125,116
1842
7,405
17,739
-
24
' 354
■ •
-
101,647
1843
447
1,035
#1 50 per stand
17
370
#2 50 each
-
-
27,615
Ad -val. 30 per cent.
1844
12,359
17,945
“
' 14
196
^ “
■
73,214
* See page 166 — Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates not specified, -
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 171
F— Continued.
braziers’ RODS, OR ROUNDS.
SCREWS WEIGHING 24 POUNDS AND UPWARDS.
duantity. Yalue. Rate of duty.
duantity.
Value. Rate of duty. . duantity. Value. Rate of duty.
Ad val. 5 per cent.
Ad val. 10 per cent.
Ad val. 15 per cent,
Ad val. 5 pier cent.
Ad val. 10 per cent.
Ad val. 15 per cent.
Ad val. 5 per cent.
Ad val. 10 per cent.
Ad val. 15 per cent.
C igitized for FRASER
ii :tp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Adval.l7|percent.
Ad val . 1 7 1 per cent.
Ad val, 17^ percent.
Ad val. 30 per cent.
Ad val . 20 per cent.
jAd val. 30 per cent.
- V ' •
Ad val. 20 percent.
Ad val. 30 percent.
' Ad val. 20 per cent.
172 ^ REPORTS OF THE
1821
1822
(*)
:
-
■' ■*
<*>
1
<(*)
-
1823
1824
2,128 lbs.
$67
3 cents per lb.
-
$5,20^
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
■«.e
1825
224;086 “
12,578
67,316.
•
160
1826
498,404 ■“
23,600
- -
1-
86,285:
954
1827
771i9’44 “
27,308
- • 1
112,790
•-
81
1828
730;031 “
25,833
3j cents per lb. ;
• '
87,100
Ad valorem 40,pr ct.;
2,598
1829.
169,531
6,164
-
61,967
;
■ -2,640
1830
^218,428 “
5,945
- . - 1
66,817
-- •
• “ i
17
1831
487:,0.13 “
13,660
. !
112,545;
1832
525,313 “
13,727
3 cents per lb.
- -
133,698;
Ad valorem 30prctj;
1833
506,447 “
12,834
Compromise.
--
116,3431
Compromise.- j
•r
-
1834
297,529 “
10,017
141,560
1835
254;665 “
-7,428
150,963:
i
1836
53.7;817 “
21,764
161,769.
1837-
450,817 «
21,792
. 145,565!
183.8
319,474
10,648
.
107,2561
. 1
1839
852i695 “
27,942
- •• '
166,570'
•
j
1840
433,620 “ ,
47,782
.
!
131,986.
1841
367,090 “ .
12,843
■138,527;
. •-
1842,
1,178,374 “
37,767
•-
113,469;
• j
1843'-
378,415 »
11,005
2^ cents per lb.
40,260 lbs.
-7,551
12 cents per lb;
■ -,w j
r i
1844 .
805,906 “
29,452-
30,488 “.
6,135
■ . • • i
*See page leS^Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates'hbt epecified.
1.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ad valorem 30 pr c.
Ad valorem 40 prc.
Ad valorem 30 pr c.
Compromise.
Adyalorem 30 prc.
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 173
F — Continued.
IRON.
Years.
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
■ 1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
180.5
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
CUTTING KNIVES, SCYTHES, SICKLES, REAPING-
HOOKS, SPADES, AND SHOVELS. .
Quantity.
43 ^
' 'S3 § ■
c *
•1)
■ 4) W
03
•S
-I-
'H ®
Ji
o ^
• •
o
Digitized for FRASER
hJtp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/,
JILlI nuULII„'DUIll. Jf^l.
Value.
Rate of duty.
Ad valorem 5 pr ct.
Ad valorem IQprct.
Ad valorem 15 pr ct.
Ad valorem 17^ pr c.
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
Ad valorem 20 pr ct.
MILL SAWS.,
Quantity.
Ҥ
>»
2§
2 w
^ 4) .
.
S
•tl <p
”o oJ
C 5^
*"■
O
S
1— 1.!3
O
Cl«
o
o
c-
Value.
Rate of duty;
Ad valorem 5 pr ct.
Ad valorerh 10 prct.
Ad valorem 15prct,
Ad val orem 1 7 J pr c
Ad valorem 30 prct.
Ad vdorem 20pr ct.
MILL CRANKS AND MILL IRONS, OF WROUGHT IRON.
Quantity.
cs V
2 !>>
V a
a (IS
Si.'s
• S ^
'T3 S
O) 4>
'T3 !h
'i'73
c
’JTts -
O ctf ■
o ”
CO ba
sV
o
03
B
o
Value.
Rate of duty.
Ad valorem 5 pr c.
Ad valorem 10 pr c.
Ad valorem 15prc.
Advalorem 17| prc
Ad valorem 30 pr c.
Ad valorem 20 pr c.
174 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
1821
(*)
- '
• ' (•)
■-
-
. (*)
1822
1824
_
*6,095
Ad valorem 30 p. ct.
1,073 No.
«l'573-
§1 each
-
-
-
4 cents per lb. .
1825
80,621
- ■ ■ " k- -
1;559 “
. 6,022
- ■
1826
_ .
81,457
■ - • -
1,499 “ :
6,076
-
-
354 lbs.
61
1827
i
105,329
■1,357 “
5,322
. -
-
■■ 37 “
10
1828
-■ •
, 119,849
Ad vedorem 40 p. ct.
2,758
8,766
|1 each
557 ■“
20
4 cents per lb.
1829,
■ - ‘
77,262
4,126 “
12,536
-
-
300 “
■ 50
1830
95,004
- -
4,395 “
' 12,252
*
-
2,781 “■
200
1831
118,743
5,679 “
16,160
-
-
20
3
1832
133,677
Ad valorem 30 p. ct.
4,121 “
11,964
fl each
-
-
-
4 cents per lb..
1833
-
97,071
Compromise -
2,540 “
7,865
Compromise
1834
_
114,003
2,445 “
. 7,578
-
- ■-
617 “
52
1835
- ..
97,626
3,055 “
''■8,813
1836
137,378
4,161 “
13,936
,
1837
133,949
■ 3,113 “
10,271
235 “
11
1838
.
49,520
1,752 “
5,572
1839
-
88,126
2,241 “
7,385
1840
63,515
-
575 “
1,874
■1841
60,035
. .
635 “
2,255
1842
52,953
1,498 “
5,253
1843
-
10,602
Ad valorem 30 p.ct.
. 225
846-
|1 each
-
-
4 cents per lb.
1844'
■
"
“ *:
1,481 “
4,344
■
* See page 166— Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates not specified.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 175
DRAWING-KNIVES, AXES, ADZES, AND SOCKET
CHISELS.
(Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
Ad valorem 5 p. ct.
Ad valorem 10 p. ct.
Ad valorem I5;p. ct:
Ad valorem 17^-p.ct.
- , Ad valorem 30*p. ct.
Ad valorem 20 -p. ct.
BRIDLE BITS OP ALL KINDS.
Value. Rate of duty.
Ad valorem 5 p. ct.
Ad valorem 10 p. ct.
Adv^Orem 15p.'ct.
Ad valorem 17^-p.ct.j
Ad valorem 30 p. ct.
Ad valorem 20 p. ct.
STEELYARD'S, SCALE BEAMS, AND VICES.
Value. Rate of duty. •
Ad valorem 5 p. ct.
Ad valorem 10 p. ct.
Ad valorem 15 p. ct.
Ad valorem 17^ p. ct.
Ad valorem 30 p. ct.
Ad valorerri 20 p. ct.
Digitized for FRASER
hjtp;//fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE [1845
1821
- ' (■*)
:n
-
■ ■ - ' . -r'
. (*) .
1822
1823
1824
- - (*)
.
Ad valorem 25 pr ct.
e> •
-
Ad valorem 25 prct.
(*) .
i Ad valorem 25 pr ct.
<i
1825
o
1826
1827
<• • •
Ad valorem 35 pr ct .
<J
1828.
. j|6,392
Ad val. 25 & 30 pr ct.
. - ■
#7,445
Ad valorem 25 pr ct.
-
#3,804
1829
19,287
- -■
,49..,331
' -
• 32,484
-
1
1830
. 29,007
.
-
• 62,271
-
30,899
h-*
1831
30,183
• 1
" 80,637
- • - ■
. - •.
67,609
1832
62,774
Ad val . 25 & 30 pr ct.
-
99,977
Ad valorem 25 pr ct.
- .
6.7,613
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
1833
40,126
Compromise.
(.*)
* -
Compromise,
- -.
47,560
Compromise. ' ■
1834
41,935
-
.
- ■
.. 37,880
1835
■ 48,852
-•
-
- •
56,386
1836-
. 68,422
.
-
- ■-
92,028
1837
62,458
. -.
- ,
68,286
1838.
' 46,812
■ -■
• .
-
32,482
1839
. 54,873
• - .
-
■' •
51,548
1840 '
22,123
. -
15', 468
1841
24,732
-
-
-
-•
22,197
1842
14,552.
- ■ -
-
■ .
-
17,509.
1843
3,575
Ad valorem 30prct.
• » (*)
-
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
-
4,016
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
1844
(*)
-
r • .
* T
(*)
* See page 166 — Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates not specified.
Digitized for FRASER
http'V/fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 177
F— Gontinuedi
IRON.
Years
OLD AND. SC.RAP.
(Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
SQUARES OF IRON AND STEEL.
Cluahtity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
WIRE, CAP, AND BONNET.
Cluantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
' .. 1795
•1796
1797
■ 1798
.1799'.
■ :i800,
■180 i‘
1802
■1803
1804
- 1805
1'806
1807
1808
■ .1809.
.181.0
■ 1811
1812
181.3
■ ' .1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
C|igitized for FRASER
i.i://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
FW— WH— IPICILII i Njif 0
ts
5
.tfi
i ■
13. O
. . o >
..St3
OO . S3'
. ft.
0 -
01 ■
Ad valorem 5pr. ct.
Ad valorem lOpr'Ct
Ad valorem 15 fifct-
Ad val. 17j pr. ct.
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
Ad valorem 20 pr.ct.
as.
m
■■Pc
<11 o
' §)'5 ■
V u
■ Ma.
’ -^a
•'C
•.s ^
n3 S
01 <u
■a;-o-
#1
c>
O CL
fc-
Ad valorem 5 pr. ct'
Ad valorem 10 pr ct
Ad valorem 15 pr ct
Ad val. 17j pr. ct.
Ad valorem 30 prct.
Ad. valorem 20 prct,
® §■
a,
tJD'g'-
, :
2'c ;
01 d
C L..
01
W)
s s .
-s-g
c ^
ll
.S.S
o
1“
r-1 .,-1
“'s'
c
.
r- .
•fe
Ad valorem 5 pr. ct
•Ad valorem 10 pr ct.
Ad valorem 15 pr ct.
Ad . val. 17j pr; ct.
Ad valorem 30 pr ct.
Ad valorem 20 pr ct.
178 REPORTS' OF T.HE ' [1845.
1821
(*)
- i
(*)
'i
_ A-
-. ■■
(*)
1822
1823
1824
(*)
Ad v^. 25 per ct.
(-*)
'f
Ad val., 25
per ct..
(*) '
-
Ad val. 30 per ct.
1825
1826
1827
1828
(•)
- • ■
625 cents per cwt.
(*)
-
Ad val. 35
per ct.
(•)
Ad val. 30 per ct.
1829
-
1830
1831
1832
.(*)
-
62| cents per cwt..
(*)
-
Ad val. 30
per ct.
■ (*)
A
12 cents per pound.
1833-
19,963
cwt.
#24,035
Compromise
#2,864
Compromise.
• -
Compromise.
1834
32,746
' 33,243
- -
-
4,867
-
-
6,205
lbs.
#1,079
1835
12,806
11,609
-■ 4
-
6,395
. -
-
29,106
((
2,931
1836
24i953
<<
28,224
13,261
-
10,161
((
1,394-
1837
15(333
((
18,391
A . A '
5,968
■j ■
. ■
1,223
te
.' 378
1838
8,739
7,567
.
4,370
.
1,499
1,019
1839
11,-783
((
10,161
-
. 6,787
.
7,355
((
3,899
1840
14,142
(<
15,749
> A
3,041
3,543
2,262
1841
15.;670
10,537
-
1,986
A
--
10,514
6,366
1842,
13,713
((
8,207
- • • i'
...
1,767
.
.
1,435
((
. 393
1843.
3,157
((
2,743
#10 per ton
...
47
Ad val. 30
per ct.
911
n
541
8&12cts. p. pound.
1844
42,663
43,396
7
C)
• -
- .
. - •
4,160
1,983
*See page 166 — Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates not specified.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASUEY. 179
180
1821
. X*) ■!
-
*■
(*).'■■ r
- ■ . --
• ^ (*■). :■ y
1822
1823
:• j.
!
Ad val. 20 per cent.
1824
C)
Ad val. 25 per cent.
n -
-■
Ad val. 25 per cent.
: (•*).
*
1825
1826
1827
■ ■ , • ■' ;
•f.- ■ r
,Ad val. 20 per cent.!
1828
■ i(*)
-
Ad val. 25 per cent.
. (*) ' • ■ i
Adyali2S per cent.
(*) i.
■ -
1829
r
1830
1831
1832
i
(*) V
Ad val, 25 per cent.
■ UY 1
Free - .- .
. 'R)
. V
Ad val. 20 per cent.
1833 .
•H .
■t
Compromise
"h - • 1
.Compromise *,
C*). , j
-
Compromise.
1834
' • 1
' ' ■ • - ' '• -i
1835
1836
1837
.1838
1839
. ' . . . i
- i
1840
1841
1842
.Adval.20pefGenti
2^ cents per lb. , '
1843
See ‘Value.
-#256
Ad val. 30 p,er cent.
See value.
#7-, 345-
. '28;474 lbs.:
..#1,275
1844
"
(*)•,
. 26'i6:4'6 “ f
, '852
*See page 166— Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem fates riot ‘specified.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OE THE TREASURY.. 181
F — Continued.
IRON.
Years.!
CAST BUTTS OR HINGES.
Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
AXLETREES, OR PARTS THEREOF.
Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
WROUGHT IRON, FOR SHIPS, LOC OMOTIVES, ,&C ,
Quantity.
Value.
Rate of duty.
1790
1791
1792
.. 1793
1794
1795
1796
17.97
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
• 1804
1805
1806
1807
1808,
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813.
1814.
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819'
1820
Digitized for FRASER
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■'t;
® c
.Is
feS,
13 >»»
5 S
<u m
JS <u
.
a ^
•Q S '
•-H
O aJ
2 c"
org/
■nfStiil.i
Ad yal. 5 per cent.
Ad vat: 10 per cent.
Adval. 15 per cent.
Ad val. 17j per ct.
Ad val. 30 per cent.
Ad val. 20 per cent.
a
<*« ,
'O !
is
O ctf
sn
S.s
2
o ru
Ad val. 5 per cent.
Adval. lOpercent-
Ad val. 15 per cent.
Ad val. 17|.per ct.
Ad val. 30 per cent;
Ad val. 20per cent;
If a.
£ >>
$ c,
C 83
<X> 01
.Il3
c ^
® oj
S
s5-
O Cl,
Ad ved. 5 per cent.
Adval, 10 per cent.
Adval. 15percent.
Ad yal. ITj per ct.
Ad val, ,20 percent.
Adval, 30per cent.
182 REPORTS OF THE [184^.
1821
. -(*) ■
' . -■ . . :
(*) .
- - - •
-
(*)
.
1822
1823 ■
Ad val. 25 per cent.
Ad val. ,25 per cent.
(*)
1824
. (*).
(•) ■ .
-
1825
1826
....
1827 .
■ -
(*) ,
1828
- (*)
Ad val.. 25 per cent,
(*). .
Ad val. 25 per cent.
-
1829,
1830
. •- <
4831
•
‘
1832
r ■
Ad val, 2.5 per cent.
C) . ■
Ad val, 25 per 'cent.
■ (*)
1833
■ • .. (*)■ ■ ■ .
Gpfripromise.
h
Comproniise.
(•)
• -
■ 1834
• •
1835
''
1836
183.7
1838
1839
1840
. .
18.41
■1842
1843 t
•1844
312-,789 lbs.
■ 987,7'35 • “ :
• 5}19j043
V .53,877:
2|' cents per lb.
8,681 lbs.
8,322 “
. #44i
1,153
4. cents per lb,..
12,195 lbs..
' '.J450
See page 166v-Manufactures of iron paying ad valorem rates not specified.
Digitized for FRASER
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ad val. 25 per cent.
Ad val. 25 per cent.
Ad val. 25 per cent.
Compromise.
, 4 cente per Ib. .
1845.] : SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.. 183.
G.
Table showing the quantity of Goal imported into the United States each year’ .sirwe the organizaiiohpf the Governnient to the
present period, with the value and rate of duty.
COAL.
Years. ;
(Quantity.
Value.
' Rate of duty.
Remarks. ■
1790
3 cents per bushel.
.1791
1792 ;
4| cents per bushel.
1.793
. ••
1794 '
-
.5 cents per rbushel: . ..
1795
1796
.1797
1798
1799
1800
1801. i . . . .
616,483 .bushels.
i .
1802
. 445,417 “
-
.
1803
.419,460 “
- . •
1804:
281,269 “■
1805
- 498,543. “ .
«
1806 .
311,146 “
569,425 “
_ •
-
1807. .....
-
1809.
364,618 “ .
_ •
1810......
. 392,857. “ .
- - ■ •
... - . • - . •
1811
96,512 “
_
From annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury from 1790.to 1820.
1812
101,193 “ ■
-
10 cents per bushel.
1813.
25,333 “
1814
25,121 ■“
_
- -
1815......
_
- • - -
1816
- ■ ,
5 cents per bushel, heaped.
- ' ■ • ■ ■ ' :
1817
-
1818
921,832 “
- .
1819
787,077 “
- -
i .
•
1820.
673,711 “
- ■ ■
i
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Rpqpr\/p Rank nf .'^t I ni lis
184 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
1821. . . . . .
627,737
((
$91,352
-
•-
1822..,
970,828
((
139,790
1823
854,983
((
111,639
- ■
1824. . .,... .
764,815
111,541
6 cents per tushe'l, heaped.
1825... ...
722,255
((-
108,527
-
1826.
970,021
. .145,262
. 1827. .....
• 1,127,388
<< '•
142,677
V
1828
906,200
C(
104,292
-
1829.
1,272,970
■<ic
145,993
-
-
■ 1830
1,640,295
ck
204,773
: ‘ ■'
-
1831.,.'.
1,022,245
,
108,250
1832. .....
2,043,389
((
211,017,
.• V .
-
1833
2,588,102
((
261,575
Compromise act. .
-
1834
2,005,522
<'<
200,277
-
1835. ... . . .
l,679,ll9
. <■<
143,461
-
-•
1836.
3,036,083
244,995
- -
1837.......
4,268,598
<<
' '362,079
-
1838
3,614,320
<<
308,5'91
-
1839......
'5,083,424
(< .
415,761
-
-
1840.
4,560,287
. •
387j238.
-
-
1841
4,351,032
((
369,352
-
•
1842
3,962,610
380,635
-
1843..:.;.
41,163
tons. ■
116,312
$1 75 per ton..
*
1844......
87,073
■
236,963
■
■
Digitized for FRASER
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 185
G— Continued^
Coal. ..... . . . .
2 cts. per- 3. cts. per
. bush'el, ;bushel.
cts. per 5 cts. per
bushel. bushel.
10 cte.per;
bushel.
10 cts. per
busheh
pigitized forFRASER
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H. •
Table shovjing the quantity of Sugars imported into the United States each year ° since the organization of the Government to the
present periof - with the value and rate of duty .
SUGARS.
Years i
Quantity.
■ Value.
Rate of duty.
Remarks.
1790.....;
22,719,457 pounds.
1|, and 5 cents per lb.
From annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury, from
1790 to 1820.
1791
21,919,066
<(
do.
do.
do.-
do.
1792
.22,499,588
(<
. -
do.
do.
do.
do.
1793.......
37,291,988
do.
do.
do.
do;
1794. . . ; . .
33,645,772
'<< -
1|‘, 2J, and 6 cents per lb.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1795........
•37,582,507 ■
<<.
l| and. 3 cents per lb.
• do.
■ • do. ' .
do. -
do.
1796, . V. . .
• 25,403,581
ii ■ ,
-
do.
do. \
do.
do.-
1797;
■49.767;,745
1^, 2, and 3 cents per lb.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1798;..’..'.
■ 33,206,395
<(
- -
do.
do. .
do.
do.
1799.
57,079,636
a .
-■ - •
- ■ . . . «
do.
do.
do.
do.
1800.-
50,537;637 .
(i
1|, 2^, and 3 cents per lb.
do.
do.
do.
'do.
1801..;...,
. 47,882,376
((
_ . /
. .
do.
do.
do.
do.
1802. '. ....
39,443,814.
(<
- ' • - •
do.
• do.- '.
do.
do.
1803.....;
51,066,934
((
. *•- - -•
do.
do.
do.
do.
1804. ... '. .
55,070,013
■ - -
do.
do,.
do.
do.
1805.......
68,046,865 '
■ t(
- do.. •
• do.. . L :
- ‘ do.
do. •
1806...;..
73,318,649
it
. .
-do<
. do. '■ . •
do.. ,
do.
1807. .....
■65,801,816 ■
it ■
do.
. do. ,
do.
do.
1808
84,853,633
((
- -
do.
do.
- do.
do.-
1809.......
12,381,320
.
- ■
do.
do. -
do.
do.
1810
29,312,307
(■( •
-
do.
• ■ do. '
do.
do. ■
1811......
55,332,214
do.
• . do.
do.
do.
1812. .....
60,166,082
(( .
31, 5, and 6- cents per lb. .
do.
• .do.
do.
do.
1813......
■ 31,364,276
(4
.
do.
do. -
do.
do. .
1814;
• 20,'670,168- .
it.
. do*. •
■ do. •
do.
do.-
1815.
54,732,763
((
.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1816.;
35,387,963
(4
-
.3, 4, and 12 cents per lb.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1817.
65,591,302
,4 4 ■
. -
. - ■
do.
do.
do.
doi
1818
51,284,983
<•4
do.
do.
do.
do;
Digitized for FRASER
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASIJRY;
H-^Continued. ,
’ ' ' ■ ’ . ,co
SUGARS.
Yeats. ,
. (Quantity i-
Value.
Rate of duty.
Remarks.
;1819..,
71,665,401 pounds.
3, 4,-and 12 cents per lb.
•Prom annual reports of the^ Secretary of the Treasury, frorh 1790 to 1820.
' 1820......
■51,537,888 . “
■db;
do. do. do. 1
1821.......
59,512,835 “
P, 553, 582
. .
' • - ■ • ;
• 1822.'. .
88,305j670 “
5,034,429
1823.
60,789,210 “
3;258;689
■ _. -
• submitted to Congress by. the Secretary of the Treasury, in obedience to
■1824.. '.•...
94,379,764, .
5,165,800
the act of February 10, 1820. . .
1825 . •. .
.. .7l,77i.,479 :
4,232,530-
. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ '^
■ ■
■1826. ....V
.'84,'902,955 : ■
5,311,631
. i- ‘ . ■ ■•■>.
Commerce-and. navigation of the United States. ■
1827.
761701 ;B29. “
, 4,577,361
dos
do.
do.
•18Q8v...r.
56,935,951 “
3.,546.736
do.
do.
' . do.
1829....;.
63,307,294 “ .
• 3,622,406
.do. . '
do;
. do-.
1830
■86,'483;046 “ '
4,630,342
- ■ ■ ■
do. .
do.
do.. ■ ‘ •
1831...;..
, 109,014;654 “
4,910,877
do.''
do.
do. . '
1832.......
66j452,288
■ 2,933,688
2^, 3|,and 12 cents per lb.
do.
do,-
do. •
1833....
■ 97,688,132 • •
4,752,343
. Compromise.
do.
do. '
do. ■
1834.......
.115,389,855. •■“
5,537,829
• - ■ . ..
do.
do.
do. . . ' V :
1835; .
126,0§6,239 . •
■6,806,174
do.
do;
do.'
1836...-.;.'.
191',426,il5 - “
12,514,504
' -J- ■ «
do;
do.
do. '
. 1837
136,139,819 “
7,202,668
do.
do. ,
■ do.
1838. V.-;;.
153-,879,143 “ -
7,586,360'
-
do.
do.
do. • ,
1839
195,231,273 “
9,919,502
dOc.
do. •
. . • do.- •
1840...'...
120,939';585
'5,580,950
d-d;-'
do.
do.
1841........
184,-264-,881 “
. 8;802,708
do.
do.
do. . ,
1842.
173,863;555 “
6,503,434
do.
do.
flo.
1843.
71,335,131 “ '
-2,532,279
2| , 4, and '6 cents per lb.
do .
do.
■do.^(9 months-only.-)
1844
186,804,578. “ .
7,195,700
do.
do.‘ ■-
• da. ■ . . ' . . . 0
C igjtized for FRASER
h tp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
F ^fjpr;dl Rp^prvp R;^nk nf .St I nni^
REPORTS OF THE
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 189
I. -
Tall, .having th. of Mala.... i.,g U.M StcU.. .aah ,«ar froM tU arganhatim of Of Gavernmam ta Ih.
. jP^^od, imth the value and rate of duty, '
■ - . . MOLASSES. ' ' ■
CD
O
Years.
,Q,uantity> '
. .Value.
1
T790
5,664,345 gallons
2
1791
6,354,148 "
*
3
1792
4,250,874 .
-
4
1793
4,236,222 “
S
■ 1794
3.-144,225 “
. .
6
■ 1795
■■ .3,853,905 “
7
:1796
3,896,241 ■“
» f
• 1797
3,724,369 “
9'
1798
..'4,079,145 “ •
10
1799
3,8'89,084
11
■ 1800-,
. 3,7J7,359 “
-
12
1801.
» 5,447j545 “
13
1802
6,31.7,969 «
• .•
14
1803
5,963,275 “
15 ,
1804' , ,
6,535,513 “
..
16
.1805
. 9,226,446 “
17
1806
8,533,590 “
18
1807
. 8,255,753 “
19
1808- ■
6,456,073 “
20
1809
5,336,686 “
21
1810 '
^ 7,651,682 ■“
22
1811
8,500,019 “ •
23
1812
7,373,448 “ ■
4.
24
1813
3,220;710 “
■ 25 =
1814
2,879,283 “
26
1815
6,110,957 “
27
1816
8,643,972 “
28 1
1817
10,877,670 “
-
Rates of duty ..
2| cents per gallon
3 cents per gallon
4 cents per gallon
5 cents per gallon .
Remarks^
> From annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury, from 1790 to 1820.
[ 'igitized-for FRASER
ttp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Peeteral Reserve Barvk of^t. I=euis
REPORTS OF THE
29
1818
12,315,023 “
® _
30
1819
11,910,729 t‘
: From annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury, from 1790 to 1820.
31
. 1820
■10,786,905 “ .
. .
32
1821. .
9,086,982 .“
11,719,227
—
33
34
35
36
1822. ■
1823
' 1824
1825
11,990,569
13,019,328 “
13,117,724 “
12,535,062 “
2,398,355
2,634,222
2,413,643
2,547,715
From annual statements furnished by the .Register of the Treasury, and
• submitted to Congress by the Secretary, of the Treasury, in Obedience, to
■ the act of February 10,, 1820. ,
37
1826
. 13,843,045 “
■ 2,838,728
38
1827 ,
. 13,376,502-
2,818-,982'
39
. 1828
13,393,65U
•2,788,471
10 cents per gallon
40,
1829 ■
10,150,224
1,484,104
41 .
1830
■ 8,374,139 •“
995,776
. 2,432,488
5 cents per gallon
42
1831 .
17,085,878,
- • • _ - .
43
1832
15,860, '553 “
2,524,281
44
1833
15,693,050
. '2,867,986
Compromise -
45
46
1834
1-835
17,086,472.
18,971,603 , .<* ,
2,989,020
3,074,172.
y ^
, Co.inmerce. and navigation of 'the tjnited States. , • '
47
1836 .
18,051,784 '.
' 4,077,312/
48
■ 1837
16,451,182 “ ,
3,444,701
49 .
1838
21,196,411 “
3,865;285
- ■ • -
50
1839
,23,094,677 ‘ “
' 4,364,234
51
1840
19,703,620 ^ “
. 2,910,791
52
1841
• 19 ,355, 028. • “ „
o 2,628,519
... - •
53
1842
17,834,927 “ •
1,942,575.
• ••
Commerce and navigation of the United States,. (nine riionths only.)
54
1843*
. 129,63'6,523 pounds
1,134,820
4| mills per pound, equiva-
lent to 5 cents per gallon.
Cpmmerce:and navigation of the United’ States. •• • •
55.
1844
249,428,872...:
2,833,753 •
f From .report of the Secretary of the Treasury, June 15, 1844. “ Genuine molasses weighs from 10 to 12, arid usually but 11 pounds pw gallon. V
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 191
I — Continued.
<1' ■
' o
?3
fa
Molasses.
cts. per
gallon.
3 cts. per
gallon.
4 cts. per
gallon..
5 cts. per
gallon'. '
10 cts. per
gallon.
10 cts. per
gallon.
'■a,,
<3''
00-
00'
• a.
<■
00
00
- d.
>s
<0
§
00
>>
>s'.
3
■
, ~5
CO
CO
CO
A
9
Molasses,.
5 cts. per
gallon.
10 cts^. per
gjallon.
5' cts. per
gallon.
4^ mills per
pound.*
*• Report of the Secretary of the Treasury ,«june 15, 1844.
the duty of ^ miUs per pound*is"equal to 5 cents' per gallon.
' Genuine molasses weighs from 10 to 12, and usually but 11 pounds per gallon;” consequently
hfi
igitized for FRASER
t p ://f rase r. st lo u i sfed . o rq ii
i92 REPORTS OF THE [1845.'
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
Table showing the quantity of Coffee imported into the United States each year
from the organization of the Governrnent to the present period, with the value
and rate of duty.
- Popujation. - : Years.
11
. 12
13 .
»■ 14
15
. ■ 16
^ 17
■18
19
Pounds.-
4,150,754
2,588,970
4,769,450
11,237,717
6,033,^618
14,674,726
’ 13,511,877
4,178,321
10,800,182
7,408,196
8,471,396.
6,724,220
8,495,260
6,101,191
4,ai6,274
17,345,188-
11,016,419
30,895,495
■6,649,293
. 5,852,082
17,648,398''
16,15(),176
8,202,072
6,528,238
14,238,319
17,809,018
21,900,104
19.199.403
20,-825,869
. 18,^1,857'-
21,273,659
25-,-782,390
37,337,732
30,224,296
45,190,630
37,319,497
50,O51-,986
55,194,697
51,133,538
51,488,248
'81,757,386
91,722,329
. 99,955,020
80,150,366
103,199,777
93,790,507
88.140.403
88,139,720
5^4,489,970
5,552,649
■ 7,098,119
5,437,029'
5,250,828 ' '
.4,159,558
4,46'4,391 .
5,192,338
4,588,585
4;227,021
6,317,666
9,099,464
10,567,299
8,762,657
10,715,466
9,653,053
■ 8,657,760
7,640,217
* Excess of exports over imports, 5,526,269 pounds.
t From 1821, inclusive, the whole importations are given ; previous to this, time, the amounts
only on which duties had'accrued. . '
VoL. V. — 13. •
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
194 , . REPORTS^ OF THE [1845.
K— Continued,
COFFEE.
Population..
Years.
Q.uantity.
• Value;
Rate, of
duty.-
Value
per lb.
Pounds,
7 7 '
Per- lb.
.50
-1839
' 106,696,992-
9,-744,103
IjfiWiKlI
51
1840 ■
94,996,095
' ■ • 8,546,222
9
52
1841 ■
114,984,783
10,444,882
9
53
1842
112,865,927
8,938,638
8
54
1843
. 92,914,557
,6,399,189
' - ' -•
■ '7,
55
1844
160,461,943
9,764,554
-6J
- ■ , Average value per pound, from 1821 to 1844 -
' - -,
' $6 11
NOTES.
Cents.
Average valiie per,J>ound, bn all importation^, from 1821 to 1844. 11
Highest value per. pound, on all irhportations, from 1821: to. 1827,'paying 5 cts. per lb .' .21
Lowest value per pound, on all importations, from 1821 to 1829,' paying 5 cts. per lb,,. . 9
Average value per pound, on all importations, from 1821 to 1829, paying 5 cts. per lb. .14 5-36
Value per pound pp all importations, in 1830, paying'2 cents' per pound.. . . . . . ’8
• Value per pound .on-all importations in 1831, paying .1 cent per pound ....... '7|
Highest value per pound, oh All importations,- from 1832 to 1844, admitted free . ... . . .10 J
Lowe.st value per pound, on all importations, from 1832 to 1844, admitted free.. . 6|
■ Average 'value per pound, on aU importations, from 1832 to. 1844, admitted free i . . . ...■ 8
The operation of the act of 1816, imposing. a duty of ;5 cents per pound, will be seen
' in the imports from 1821 to 1830, inclusive.
Highest value per pound, on all importations, from 1821 to' 1830, paying 5, cts. per ib. . 21
Lowest value per pound, on all importations, from 1821 to,l830,. paying 5 cts. per lb. . 8
Average value per pound, oh all importations, from .1821 to 1830, paying 5 cts. per lb. .13J
The operation of the act of 1830,'imposihg a duty of 2 and 1 cent per pound, will be ,
. seen in the imports of 1831 and 1832. ■ ■
■ Value per pound ph all importations in 1831,- paying'2 cents per pound . .
Value per pound on all importations in, 1832,. paying 1 cent per pound . . .
7i.
9|
The operation of the- act of 1832, ad rhitting coffee, free, will be seen in the imports
' from 1833 to 1844, inclusive., - . , - . - i
Highest value per pound-, bn all importations, from 1833 to 1844, admitted free lOJ r
Lowest value per.-pound, on all importations, .from- 1833 to 1844, admitted free. . . . . 6^.
Average value per pound, on all iniportations, from 1833 to 1844', admitted free . . . . ; . .9 1-16
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L.
Table showing the qiiantity of Tea imported into the United States eaxh year from the- organization of the Government to the present
period, mth the value and rate of duty.'
: Population.
Years, ■
.Cluantity. Value# . • ; / , Rate of duty..
Value per lb.
• •
: . Pounds. ' \ - "
1
V.- ■' •-
. 1790.
. 3,047 ;242 - . Prom China, 10, 18, 20, and 32 cents per lb.; from Europe, 12, 21, 24, and 40
. cents per lb.-;, from any other place, 15,. 27, 30, and 50 cents per lb#
2
.1791
985,997 ■ " -/r- ...
3
1792
:. 2,614,008
4
1793
■ 2^009,509 . .... , i '
5
1794
2,460,914 ■ ■■ .•
6
, 1795
•2,374,118 •
7
: 1796:
2,310,259 • .• • . . ■ . ... ^
8
1797
2,008,399 ■■ ■, ; ■ • . . •
9
1798
1,890,965-
10
1799
4,501,503 ...... ,
ll
■ 1800
3,797,634
12
1801
2;669,831 • ~ ■
13
1802
2,406,938
14
1®)3
3,174,370
15
1804
2,432,074
16
-
1805
3,354,381
17
-
1806
4,750,881 ■.. -
18
1807
6,173,151
19
1808
. 4,800,142 ' ■■ ■ : . ■■. - ■ .
20
. -1809*
'21
1810
6,647,726 ' ■
22
- • .•
1811
2,557,329 . ' ■ ... .
23
. - ■
1812 ■
2,644,329 • • Prom China, 20, 36, 40; arid 64 dents per lb.; from Europe, 24, 42, 48, and 80
cents per lb.; from any other place, 30, 54, 60, and 100 cents per lb.
24
-
1813
524,888
25
1814
354,038 . ■
26
1815
2,172,940 . - •
* Excess of exports Over imports, 318,302 pouildsi
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 195
Li— Continued;
TEA.
Population.
Years.
(itiaritityL
■Value.
' ' Rate of duty.
Value per lb.
- •
Pounds.
2?
s .
1816
3;864,604
-
From China, in ships or vessels of the United States, 12, 25, 28, 40, and 50
-
cents per lb.; fromanyother place, in other vess^s, 14, 34, 38, 56, and 68
28
*•
. 1817
4,586,153
cents per lb.
29
-■
■ 1818
4,842;963.
30
1819
5,480,884
31
-
■1820
4,891,447
32
-
1821
4, '975,646
«1, 322, 636
- ■•■■-
■ j}0 26 1
33
1822
6,639,434
1,860,777
28
34
-•
1823
8,210,010
2,361,245
28i ..'
35
1,824
' 8,920;487
' 2,786,312
- -- ' -■ ^
311
36
1825
10;209,548
3,728*935
361
37
*
1828
10*108,900
3,752,281
37 ' i
38
■ 1827:
5,875,638.
1,714,882
291 .;
39
■ 1828,
: ■ ■ 7*707, 427,
2,451,197
- - -
311
40
d-
1829
6i'636;790
2,060,457
• •••'.■.' m
31
41
. ■ •
1330
8,,609.,415
2,425,018
Prom China, in ships or vessels of the United States, 40, 10, 12, 18, and 25
: ■
cents per Ih.; from any other place, in other vessels, 6, 18, 20, 27, and 37
:
cents per lb.; ' - - . - . -
28
42
-
i831
■ ■ 5,182,867
1,418,037
271
43
• 1832
‘ '9,906,606
, 2,788,353
Free .- •— '.
28
44
: 1833
14,639,822
5,484,603
. . 371
45
1834
16,282,977
6,217,949
■ 381'.; ' i
46
.1835
14,415,572
4,522,806
■ 311 '. . j
47
1836
16,382,114
5,342,811
■ 321 '■
48-
1837
16,982,384
5,903,054
341
49
-
1838
14,418,1]2
• 3,497,156
241
50
1839
9,349,817
2,428,419
26
51
-
1840
20,006,595
5,427,010
27
52
. , 1841
. .11,560,301
. 3,466,245
30
S3
1842.
15,692,094
. -. 4,572,108
29 ?
54 ■
- -
' 1843
13,869,366
3,849,662
27f
55
1844
15,656,114
4,120,785
'261
Average value per lb., from 1821 to 1844 -. - • -
30 17-48
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Lauio
196 REPORTS OF THE . [1845.
1S45.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. , 197
*.
Circulars* of the Secretary of the Treasury, :iu .relatvM to 'the' Tariff, as
referred to in the accompanying abstracts.
; , CIIlCPLARNa h— aiJESTIQNS.
1. State and comity in whicF the', manufactory is situatecl?
2. lUnd or description of the manufactory water, steatii,
” , or other power? ■ . • i • ' . ' '
3. When established ; and .whether a jointTStoCk concerri ?- .
4. Capital invested in ground. and buildings, artd water power, and
in machinery? ■ ' ’ - ■ . .. ; , • ' .
o. Average amount in niaterials, and in cash for the purchase of mate-
rials, and payment of wages?
6, Annual rate of probt oh the capital invested since the. establishment
of the mailufactory t distinguishing between the rate of profit 'upon that
portion of the capital which is borrowed, after providing for the interest
upon it, and the rate of profit: upon that portion which is' hoi borrowed ? ■
7. Cause of the increase (or decrease, as the case inay be) of profit ?
’S'. Rates' of , profit on :capital otherwise employed in the smne State
and ; county?. • /. ■ ■ ' ' ; '
V . , 9. : Amount of articles ahnually manlifacturOd since the establishment
of the- manufactory ?— description, quahty, and value of each kind ?
10., Quantity and value'of different kinds of ravv Hiaterials used, dis-
tinguishing between foreign products and domestic products? , ■ '
. .11. Cpst in the United States Of similar , articles of manufacture
imported from abroad, and from what countries? ' .
•12. Number :bf men, wornen, -and clnldii’en, efnployed, and'average
wages' of each class ? ; -
^ 13. How many hours a day employed,- and -what portion of the year f ■
T4. Rate of -wages of similar, classes otherwise employed in the same
State and County, in other States, and in foreign countries ? .
15. Number of horses or other animals emplbyed?
16. Whether the maufactures find a market at the riianufactory ? If
not, how far they are sent to a mai'ket? : - . ,
17. Whether' foreign articles of the bKe kinds enter into competition,
j with thern at such place of sale? and to what, extent? ;
18. Where are the manufactures consumed? . i . .'
>■ 19. Whether any of. the manufacturesareexportedtoforeigncoun-
. tries? and if so, .where? • . '
20. . Whether' the manufacture is sold by the manufacturer for cash?
and ifon credit, at what credit? if bartered, for what?
21. ’Whether. the COst of the manufactured article (to the manufacturer)
► has increased Or decreased? and how much in each year from the estab-
lishment'of the manufactory? and whether the. increase has been in the,
’ m.aterials or the labor, and at what ra-fe. ; ; ^ ^
*Copiss of tliese Circulars -were sent to. indiyiduals tliroiighout . the United States. The
various answers, which were received are inserted immediately after the Circulars. The States
are arranged in the usual order; and the numbers prefi.xed to the answers show what questions
are referred to. , ' '
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19S. REPORTS OF THE [I84§.,
M— ^Continued.
. . 22. The pnces at which the manufactures have' been s&ld by the manu-
facturer since the- estabhshment? . - ■ :
23. - What- rate of duty is necessaiy to enable the manufacturer to enter
\ into competition in the home market with. similar articles imported?
24. Is there any; change necessary in levying or collecting the duty on
such articlesyto prevent -fraud ? , , . - • ; ‘
25. What has b,een the rate of your profits, annually , for the last three
years? and if it be a joint-stock company, what dividends have been
received,. and what portion. of the income of the company has been con-
verted into fixed capital, or retained as a fund for contingent or other
objects, and therefore riot divided but annually ? . .
26. What portion of the cost of your manufactures consists of the price
of the raw material, what portion of the wages of labor, and what
portion of the profits of capital? .
. 27.. What amount of the agricultural productions of the country is con-
surri.ed in your establishment, and what amount of other doriaestic pro-
; diictions?
28. What quantity or amount of manufactures such as you rrialce are
produced in the United States, and what amount in your own State?
29. If the duty upon the foreign manufacture of the kind of goods,
which you make were reduceti to 12 J per cent* with a corresponding
reduction on all the imports, would it cause you to abandon your busi-
ness, or would you continue to manufacture at reduced prices ?
30. If it would cause you to abandrin your business, in what way.
. would you employ your capital ? ‘
31. Is there any pursuit in which you could engage, from which, you
could derive greater profits, even after a reduction of the import , duties,
to 12^ per cent. ?'
32. Are not the manufactures of salt and iron, remote from the points, of
importation, out .of foreign competition within a certain circle around
them? and what is the extent of that circle? , . '
33. Amount of capital; and what proportion the borrowed capital
bears to tlrat which is real ?
34. What amount of reduction in the duties would enable the actual
or real capital employed to yield an interest of six per cent. ? and how-
gradual the reduction shpulcl be?
35. If minimums should ■ be abolished, and the duty assessed upon
the actual value of the imported article in the American port, what rate
of ad valorem duty, would be equivalent tO the present with the mini-
' mum?.
36'. What would be , the operation of this change upon the frauds at
. present supposed to be practised? -
37. Proportion which the production by the American manufacturer
bears to the consuihption ? .
38. Extent of individual and household manufactures in the United
States, and how much it has increased since the tariff of 1842?.
39. Average profit of money or capital in the United States ?
40. Average rate of wages ? .
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Federal Reserve Bank nf St I niri.s ^ ^ ^ ^
1845.] SECRETARY OF , THE - TEJ:ASURY., 199 '
; A . M— Continued. ■
' CIRCULAR NO. 2,— aUESTIONS. , , . / '
1st. - What agnculturcil products' are raised in your State, and which,-
if any, of the staples of cotton, rice, or tobacco? . y..
2d. What portion of its capital. is enga,ged. in the]Y 'pfQduction?' - /’ -.
3d. To What .extent 'is its .' conime-fcidl,. fmechanicalt mahufacturihg,-.
and navigation interests immediately. connected with) or: dependent upon
■ them?f,.., -f'A:'/ '. V-'-- -A. - V-A '
. . 4th.' -What ..'has' .been the '.dim-u-al .average .profiVpn 'capital 'ernployed in.
their - pro.duc'tidh.bQn,. w.elRcd faxrns,'--'o'r plantatiori6,''.-fpr the last
three years, sinefe. the pasSage of the'.taiiff ofl84:2,-inclu'dihg the .'crop' of,
that year, and deducting all expenses ' 'incident to- the production of thd-
article's, their preparation for tn'fpket, the ta-anspoftation tP: the place: -.of
■ /S'ale, aiid the' sales -themsely'es '?■■'■■■ ' ' .- .
5th. -What, has been the annual profit of the capital, so. :.erhployed. for'
. the -ten years 'preceding;iS42, under the rednctipn of the dnties -by thh
' ;act of 1832, and the compr.omiseact of the next year, "estimated hi the...
sa,me 'ii?'ay?-'- .'<n ■ t'' ■ A'''- ' .-.•t
6th. What has. been, the •annual' average pj;ice of 'these,, .'.agricultural;.-
^ products- and staples . during the saihe- periods- respectiyely"?'. and what '
the 'annual average income per haild, or laborer,' deducting,;all expenses,'’.
. . during the aanie periods, respectively? . A
7th. How far ha've prices and profits. during the.; periods .'.referred'' th-
been affectedvby the operation. of the tariff laWs, and -how -far by, -the
state of -the, currency? ,- ,, -
— A - 8th,, Does , the, .State raise a- sufficient supply of horses, mules, 'hogsh
an,d of 'cattle,, rneats,- and other provisions?, if not, .from .what .places do'es .
it draw its. supplies? . -And what has been .the average, annual -s-nrount, .
* and what the prices for the last thre.e years, and .also for ’.'the ten pre-
ceding?- If there has been a difference- between them, to what do you,
■ attribute'it? . : . -
9th. Are the commercial, mechanical, and manufacturing,, and navir
gation interests of the State so immediately connected with and depend-;
ent upon the a,gficultural products and sta.ples,.that their profits increase
^ . , or diminish in the same, or very nearly the same, proportion with- them?'
10th. Have the average prices of What are called the protected arti-
i , cles been as low in proportion to the average prices, of the staples for the
last three yeai's, as in the preceding ten, making allowance for the effects
. '. which the a.Yera,ge, prices mf the raw. materials during the .respective'
. -periods refeired -to must Rave had.'on. the- cost of. making, such -articles?.;
:. If not, to What, do you attribute, it, and' to what extent has it affected the
^ '. growers of the staples, and the;': State at large, in the increased . cost of
their production, and- the general expense of living ? ' ,
■ , . llth. Does the State - export aiiy other articles, of its o'vy.ri ' prpduct, -
besides the agricultural products and sta,ples ? : If it does, of, what descrip-'
.' fion are they, and to what extent have their prices, and the. aggregate
amount. in value, been', comparativeljr affected, during the same periods ?
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-ederal Reserve Bank of St. -Louis
200 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M-^Continuedi
12th. What proportion of: the aggi'egate amount of articles of every.
. kind, that the State makes for export, are exported and consumed abroad?
are their . prices governed by the foreign or- home demand ? to what foreign
markets are they principally- shipped? do. you meet competitors in them
from other countries with similar articles for sale? do the high duties
.imposed by. the' present tariff lessen your; ability to meet them success-
fully? aird if .they do, state how?
13th. Is thOre any such imniediate connection between imports and
exports that a country cannot continue to import for any great length of
time a greater amount'in value than it exports, or,- vice ®er«a, export for
■ any great length of. time more than it is permitted to import, estimating
fairly, the value of each; and if there be; to what. extent mustthe present
duties aflfect ultimately the value of the- exports of the country ?
14th. Have you any manufacturing establishments, in your State? arid
if so, of what kind a, re they, what is their number, and what amount of
capital is invested in them? what descriptions of goods do they make,
and what has been thepro.fit bn their investment for the last three years?
Are the present duties riecessaiy to keep them in operation with profit?,
if not, what. amount, if any., would he required to give a profit equal in
. ■ atno.uht to. the average profitof growing the great staples of the-State, for-
the last.thr-ee, years., or the ten preceding?'
15th. Is 5mur State now, or have its citizens been at any former period,
engaged in the business, of ship-building, or that of navigation, and 4o
.what extent?.- what is the present condition of those interests? how have
they been, affected by the tariff’ laws? and what is the effect of' the
present duties. Upon therti? . ' .
16th. Whnt proportion does the capital invested by your citizens iti
comrnerce . bear to the value of its agricultural products and staples?
Have the commercial interests Of the State been affected by the tariff
■ laws? if so, how,, and to what extent? ;
17th. Would the establishment of a Warehouse system promote the
trade and .increase the commerce of }four State ?
T8th. 3ow would the abolition of drawbacks, in connection, with a
- warehouse system, operate upon the comnier'ce of 3mur State? ■
19th. Are there any, arid, what articles, on which . a debenture or. draw-
•: back ought to be allowed , ori tiieif reexportation which would - operate
-beneficia,lly. upon the trade of the countrjq and e'qUcdly to all classes of
citizens, but; on which no debenture or drawback is now; allowed ?
' 20th. What articles are there of foreign manufacture which come into
■competition with sirnilar articles mariiifactured in, the United States, the
duties on wrhich are so high as to amount to' a prohibition of the foreign
articles? ' . - - . - ■ ■ . ,
21st. How' are the interests of the several great interests of your State
affected by the minimums of the present tariff^ and the rule requiring
duties to be paid in cash, -without the, establishment of . a warehouse
system or admitting goods in entrepot?
22d'. What articles are there now in .the list of those duty free', oh
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 201
M— Continued;
which a moderate duty might be levied without being onerous to any
class, and which would operate equally on aU?. and what amount of
revenue might be levied by stfch a duty on these articles?
. ■ 23d. What is the comparative operation of the present, tariff upon the
manufacturers, and the other classes of our citizens, as to articles used in
manufacturing and other articles consumed by them respectively? State
the particular articles? ' , ’ - : ■
24th. What is the effect of the present system of duties upon articles,,
especially those extensively consumed, which ai*e: manufactured’ only to
a very.hmited extent in the ' United States ? and how do thes,e duties
operate upon the interests of the other industrial classes of the co.untry ?
25th. Are there any, and What descriptions of goods, or other cornmod-
ities, consumed in your own State, which are either very greatly enhanced
in price, or altogether excluded by the operation of the presenttariff ? for
what prices, might such goods, or commodities, be- imported, independ-
ently of the duty ?/ and , what are the prices actuary paid by the , con-
sumers for these -articles, or such others as are . substituted for them? is
-the consumption of these articles, or their substitutes, extensive in your
State, and is it peculiar, or nearly so, to.your State, or mny bthen partic-
ular States? \yhat' is the aggregate amount-, of duties' now paid to the
Government, on such articles? and what arhount would- be paid under a
tariff graduated entirely with a view to revenue?
26th. Do the present duties, benefit in any respect,, those engaged in
growing the agricultural products and staples referred to ? aiid if hot, dan
they be so modified, in any other way than by , reducing them, as to
benefit the growers ? has the State prospered, or not, under those duties?
if not, to, what do you attribute its cause ? if the high duties', explain to
what extent, and in what manner they have affected the prosperity' of
the State?' ' - :
27th. What quantity of wool is raised in your State, what is its price
per pound 'since the tariff of 4842, and what its price per pound for .the
ten years preceding? ,
28th. What mines are worked in your State? what qua,ntityof metal
or mineral has been produced ? what has been the- price- since the .tariff
of 1842, and for. the ten years preceding? . ' .
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202 REPORTS QF THE - [1845.
M— Continued..
' Abstract OF Answers“to Circulars Nos. 1 and 2.
♦ ' •
■ : ' ■ . MAINE.. ■ ' ^ ■.
■ ■ ' answers- TO.CIRCULAR NO. 1. - - ' ■
Washington County. From Hon. J. C. - Noyes, of. East-port, enclosed in letter
from. Bion Bradbury, Collector.
li 'State of' Maine, W-ashington county.' . . " . '
2. Plaster mill, for the manufacture of Calcined and ground plaster,
3. Established in 1845. Joint stock. ( .
4. Capital in grounds, buildings, &C., $10,000.
5. Average amount in materials, $5,000. '
6. No estimate Can be had, as one year has not elapsed,
.. 7,' 8. Not-answered. ■
■ 9. About 2,000 barrels-^value $3,000.-
'lO. Not answered. - ' . ■ ' -
-11. Similai' articles are not' supposed to be imported.
12. Sixteen men, at $1 ijer day.
13. Twelve hours ]oer day, for 8 months. , -
14. Not known. -
"- 15'.' None.' .
,16. Usually sent from 500- to l,500i. miles,
17. Supposed to be none. '
■ .18. In the United States.
19. None exported. - - ;
20-. None sold at the mill, ' , ■
. 21, 22. Not answmed; - . . , .
S3, 24. Free. , . . ;
.25 to 40. '.Not gnswered. ; ' - •
• •, • •
Bion Bradbury, Collector, encloses answers from Samuel. Fowler of Lubec.
1. Washington county, Maine-
2. Plaster and lumber mills, water power. .
,3. In 1834. Joint stock;
4. Capital in buildings and machinery, $75,000. . .
5. .Average cost of materials per year, $18,000 ; labor, $13,000.
6. From 5 to. 6 per Cent, per annum, after the first three years. .
7. Opening the ports of the United .States to the British colonial trade,
he thinks,. wiU ultimately put an- end to the plaster' trade b.ii the lines,
8. .Una.ble to give a general answer; but says a' small farm adjoining
the mills, which cost $1,000, has, paid, an annual profit of $200.
, 9. $35,000 ; 10, OOO'barrels calcined, plaster, $15,000; . 20,000 tierces
of ground plaster; $20,000; including 750,000. .staves-, 18O,0OQ- head-
. ings, and 300,000 hoops, all made, at the nianufactbry. ' .. .^ ■
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE. TREASURY. 203
M— Continued.
10. “Of foreign products,” 8,000 tons of plaster, at $1 25 per ton,
produce of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, $10,000; “ of domestic'
products,” such as logs, hoops, slabs; round wood, kettles, a.nd flour,
valued at $8,000 per annum. Recommends a; review of Hon. Secretary
Bibb’s decision in regard to the lumber. . • •.
11. Importations very hmited. .
. 12. Average number of hands eniployed, 42 men, no women or chil-
dren; average wages $310 each : highest wages $2 per day’^ lowest $20. . :
per month. ■ : ,
13. Twelve hours per day.
,14. Not answered satisfactoriljn
: 15. None. ' . . ..
^ ,16. None sold at the manufactory; sold all along the coast from .
Maine to- New Orleans. ,
. l7. Before the present taiiff, had to compete with foreign ground and
calcined plaster, but not, since,, except at Hallo well and Augusta, .in this
: State.
18. Same.' as No. ,16. , ' , '
19. Some to West Indies, principally to Cuba.
20. Sold at 3 and 4 months genera,lly ; never bartered. '
21. There has been no decrease in the cost of the materials, or manr-
ufacture, in , proportion to the decrease in the price of the. article.
'22.. The first two or , three years ground plaster sold jn market. at
$1 12 to $1 25 per cask,' and calcined at |2 and $2 12J per barrel." ' ■
The last year at $1 for ground, and $1 .62^ and $1 75 for calcined. ,•
23. A less rate of duty than the present would give the fofeig.n man- • ■ ,
ufacturer a decided preference in our market. ■ ,
' ■ 24. To prevent fraud, duties should be as, far as possible specific,- or. .
'* on a home valuation. . : , ' i
25: Answered in reply to questions No. 6. No part of the income has '
been converted into fixed capital, &c. ■ ..
26. See reply to question No. 5.
. 27. $10,000 is about'the amount used annually.
■ 28. Supposes the amount of “ foreign” plaster 'used in the United-
States to be about 200,000 tons annually,
29. A reductipn of the d.hties so as to admit: the ground and calcined
^ plaster from Nova Scotia would effectually destroy Us.
30. “ After a loss of the capital, could not employ it in other busi-
^ ness.”' ' ’ ' ^
31. Says both “mercantile and farming are more profitable than the
manufacturing of plaster with a duty of 20 per cent, instead of 12 J per
» cent.” ' ■ ■ ' ' , ■
32 to 40. Cannot answer. . ,
Peirihroke 'Town,- Bion- Bradbury, Esq., .Collector, encloses^ answers from
Joseph Barrell.
1. Town of :Perabroke, State of Maine. ■...
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Contiriued.
; . 2.' Round and square iron 5-16 to 7-8. inch. • . .. '
3. In 1832. ' Now a joint-stock concern. • ■ ^ . .
A. Capital established by the last Legislature not to exceed SlSOjOOO.
■ ' 5.; .Amount xonsuitied equal, to eight tons per day, principally' Amer-
ican pig, averaging from 1 1,500 tO‘f 2, 000 per month. ' . ■;
6 to 9. Not answered. • '
10. Nearly, all the iron^ excepting scrap, is of the manufacture, of the
United States.it:.. . ... . , ■.• ;
12. Men and boys employed-, about 50; when working day .and night,
100 will be required...' ■ ' ,• , ■ ,
13. From 6 A. M.-to 6 P. M. /. .
,15. 12 oxen.eniplpyed constantly. ■ . .
16. All sold in Boston. . ,
17. Foreign iron' entel's into .competition with the' saihe quahty hf
American',- and. is sold for less price. , '
. 18. Nearly all coris.umed in New Englapd.
19. None exported..
20. Iron is usually sold on a credit of six to nine months ; seldorh for
cash.- ' ' ■ ‘ :
22. Prices according to quality. . '
23. to 39. Unanswered.
40.. Wages from 1 1 . to ■ $2 ; 50, according ■ to the occupation 'of ihe
men; consutnbs' about S tons of coal per day, all of which is of foreign
growth. Is of the opinion that a. duty of 12^ pfer cent, 'Win hot be sum-
cient to enable them to compete'; with the foreign article. .
Washington County. .BionBfadhunjy Collector y encloses answers from .Wih.
lidm Pike, of Calais,
1. State of Maine, county of Washington,
2. Saw mill ; water power,
3. Established forty years ago ; joint-stock concern.
4. Ground , and buildings, 11,700 ; water power 11,000; rnacbinety
J300, ■■■ ' : ■ \ ■'. .
5. Materials $3,300; labor. $1,150; both $4,450.
6. Profit, if not borrowed, 10 per Cent.; if borrowed, less.
7. Owiiig to the. demand for the article.
8. Thinks about- lb. per Cent.
: 9. About 600,000 to a saw; half spruce and pine'; 600,000 laths;
average price, pine 9^ ; spruce 6| ; laths 85 centsi
10.. 300,000 pine logs, $1,950 ; spruce, $1,125 ;. domestic products.
11. Cannot answer. '
12. Six men to a saw. ’ -
13. Fourteen hours per day, for six months in- the year.
14. In the countty,. oh an average, about five shillings, per day.
. 15. About two horses to a sa-w'. .
16. Mostly sold at the mill, and shipped to West Indies, Pennsylvania,
New York, and the Nety England .States. ■
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. M— Continued.
15. .In the P;est. Indies, Pennsylvania, New Ybrkj and New England
■■ States. ; , .
19. .Principally in the West Indies.
20. Generally for cash; sornetiines on credit ; 'seldorn bartered. ,
21. The'raw material has increased in price within the last eight or
ten -years. . : ■ . ' ,
22. From $8 to $15 ; last year, .for pine-, $9, 50 ;spruce, $6 50; laths,
/ ■ 85 cents.- . ■ ■ ’ - ■
25. About nothing. The profits about pay the interest bn the capital.
. 26.' Material,- $3, 300 ; labor, ■$1,150 ; profit, $856.
' 29. No; should continue as long as a spruce or pine free could be
found.
■ 30. Cannot answer. . - r ■
'. 31. Thinks there is. 'i '
32. Cannot answer. . . '
33. Amount of capital for one saw and materials, .:$7v500.
34 to 40. Not answered. ' ,
Kennehurik, County of York. , ■ . / .
'' 1.1 -Maine, York 'comity^
-- ■2. Cotton; water power,
:' ;3i In '1834; joint-stock -concern. .
4. ' Capital, $855,000. ■
• -6^ f About 2- pen cent. .
■; :9. 1;,0Q0,600 yatds of 28J inch pr'intihg cloth. ■
. iO, 450 bales cotton, 1,600 gallons oil, 10,000 Ibs; potato starch, ,&c.
.12. 21 men, 14. boys, and 90 girls. -.'.I - . '
- 13, •, ilj houfs,
16. Philadelphia, New Yoili,;and . Boston. ■ ‘ •
i'18,,PrincipMly: in' this -country. '1
..-•20i On credit.' . • ■ , ■ . .' : ' ' ' V ■
21 to 40. Unanswered. ■ ■ . - " ,
' • fBelfast; From N. M. Cowry-, Collector. : . f :
Regrets his inability, to procure, information from rehable sources, t .
Saco, York County.' Ichabod Jordan, Collector, encloses' answer's 'from- J,
Williiims', Saco.
- 4.’ Maine, Saco.. - ^ ' •
2. Iron foundry. ■ : ' ■ - '
; 3. In 1844; private concern, . •' ■ .
. 4. Capital, $10,000— in buildings, machinery, &c.
5. $6,006 for the purchase of stock, &c, .. ■
-6, 7', 8., Not answered. ' ' - ■ - .■
9. 406 tons of machinery and mill' castings. . '
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206
REPORTS OF THE. [1845.
M — Continued.
10. 200 tons of pig iron, and 300 tons of various qualities of American
iron. ^ ^ '
11, 12, 13, Not answered. . , ' •
14. Average rate of wages, eight, shillings per . day.
■ . 16. ' “ Find a market near by.” . < . . ' '
17. Foreign articles do enter into competition when not protected.
20. Sold for cash, or on 4 months’ credit.
21 to 40. , Not answered. •
Saco, York County, Ichahod Jordan, Collector, encloses answers from Sam-
uel Batchelor.
1. Maine ; Saco, York county.
2. Cotton ; water power.
3. In 1831 ; joint stock. '
4. Capital in ground, buildings, water power, and machlneiy,
$550,000, . ' ■ _ ' :
5. The business capital, invested in materials and for payment of
wages, is $450,000. 7
6. The York Manufacturing Company purchased, for about $60,000,
the property which, had cost .a former, company. $234,000. ; The first
company had sunk their whole capital, amounting to $300,000, with a
considerable loss, in addition, to individual stockholders, after carrying
on the business for four or five years without any dividend. On- this
second capital, invested by the York company Avith- additional improve-
ments ahd machinery, the profits have been as follows: .1831, 1832,
■ and 1833, 4^ percent, per .annum; 1834, 9^; 1835, 10§; 1836,; Ilf;
1837, 5J; 1838 10 J; 1839, 9f; 1840, l4f ; 1841, 13|; 1842, 5; 1843
9J; 1844, 20J;— being an.'average of 9J per cent, for the 14 years on
capital actually paid. No borrowed capital.
7. The increase and decrease of profit, as will be seen, above, has
conformed very nearly with the general prosperity of the countrypand
with the rise and fall of profits in other branches, of business. The
greatest increase, within the last two years, has been owing, in addition
to the general causes above mentioned, "to an increased demand fot goods
for exportation to- foreign countries, and to the manufacfufe of a new and
successful style of goods. . ■ . ' ■
8. Capital emplo3md in trade and -liayigation has experienced similar
variations in profits during the same period, and in navigation particu-
larly; for part of the. time, the profits have even exceeded the highest
rates on manufacturing.
9. The amount of goods manufactured has been, as follows, . computed
at the actual cost : In 1831, 1832', and 1833, $145,045; in .1834,
$176,985;. 1835, $233,234; 1836, $277,169.; .1837, $296,630 . 4838,
■ $357,307; 1839, $516,896; 1840, $455,812; 1841,.' $.422,136 ;;4'842,,
$328,138 ; , 1843, $267,3.51 ; and in 1844, |457,424 — consisting entirely
of cotton goods, mostly of heavy strong articles* — say 12 skeins to the
pound for summer clothing, and to a considerable extent differing in
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. ■ 207
M — Continued- ■
style and fabric frond the ordinary .manufactures of cotton im this
country. ' . ' '
10. The raw materials used, and the amount ;Of wa,ges for the last
two years, have been as follows :
The domestic materials, other than cotton, consist principally of oil,
starch, coal, and dyeing materials.. The foreign are confined almost
. entirely to indigo and some other dye-stuffs.
11. The only similar articles imported have been from . England and
France, and the cost of importing goods of equal quality, and made of r
the same kind of cotton, would be more than the cost of those madq'
here, arid ours have uniformly been sold- at a lower price.
12. The number of men employed, on the average, is about 200 ; 'the
number of women from 900 to . 1,200. No children emplyed under the
age of 14, and very few younger than 16. - The rate of wages for men
varies from $8 to '$12 per month, at the different seasons of the year,
except for mechanics and experienced manufacturers, who receive from
$1 25 to $2 per dayl The wages of females is from $1 to $2 per week,
exclusive. of board, according to their skill and ' expenence ; but there
are many instances where they earn-fS or more. ■ ■ • ’ ’
13. The average time the mills are in operation though the year is 12
hours '13 minutes per day, : The principal part of what can be called labor
is performed by inachinery, which only requires the attendance and skill
of hands to direct it. , -This is so easily done, that it is not unusual for
one to attend to the duty of two, for hours or days together ; and in this
way, some in turn get released ; so that it does not follow, because ;the
machinery works 12 hours per day, that the .hands employed do the
same ; they do not labor, on. an average, more than ten months in the
year, and many come into the mills only for a few months at such Sea-
sons of the year as they can best be spared from thfeir schools or occu-
pations at home. ■
14. The rate of wages for men in other employment, is presumed to
be somethirig lower, from the fact of the number of applications for places
■ in the mills. . , , ■ - ■ . ■
15. Employ from 4 to 6 horses. ' • ...
. 16. The gbods are riot . sold at the manufactory, but are sent .100
miles to Boston, where they are' sold or distributed to other markets.
17. There is generally veiy little’ coiripetition of foreign .articles with
such as are made 'here,; but occasionally there has been a considerable
import of similar goodsj when . the sta.gnation of business .abroad has
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208 ■ ■ REPORTS OF THE . [1845.
. , ' . M— Gontih'ued.
reducedthe rate of wages and-.the cost of goods rpuch below the ordinary
price ; at wbich times goods of an inferior quality, made with a mixture
of Madras and other low -priced cotton, and sometimes expressly in
imitation of American fabrics, and with similar marks, are thrown into
Our own as well as foreign markets, to the great injury of the manufac-
turer, and in the. end of the purchaser and consumer also.
18,;. 19,. They.,afe consumed in ail parts’ of the United States, some in
Canada, and exported to Africa, China, South America, and other parts
of the world. . • ■ . ^ :
20. Afe. not sold by barter, but generally on a credit of 8 months.
.' 21. There has been a cottstaiit decrease in the cost of articles' manu-
factured, on account of the decline in the price of cotton and the. impiove-
rrients in machinery, so that a particular description of goods, which cost,
for a certairi" quantity, in 1834, for ■ cotton, "$.5 ;33.;. labor, $2. 41 ; other
expenses, .93 cents— total . S8 67 ; dn. 1844 cost,; fof. cotton, $3 05;., labor,
$1 74; Other expenses,. $1 05^tqtal,; S5 84; yet the rate, of wages paid
at the latter, period wa,'s' 10 to 20 per cent, higher than at the former.
22. The price at qyhich the, goods haye been sold has been reduced
fully in proportionto the cost. The greater profits, of the latter .period
have been derived fiom. the larger quantity of goods produced by the
employment of the. same capital ; -piincipally by reason of the improve-
ment in the construction, and the reduction in the costj of machinery^
23. As many of the goods, made by this cOinpany are sol.d in foreign
countries, 'inGpmpetition wfith sihulaj articles of British manufacture, they
of course' can reqnire no duty . to- s'^ecure the ' market at, home in
the ordinary. eOurse of business;, nop' would- the price of the goods here
be affected by the duties oh similar, foreign goods, any more than the
price of cotton, was affected by the .duty .of 3 cents per pound on foreign
cotton. In this he' refers', to such' heavy gOG:d'3' as .are made at this mill,
where the cost of the cotton, and other materials bears so large a .propor-
tion to the cost of the mariu.factur.ed article.. ■ With fine, goods, where the .
cost of the material would bei less and the labor 'more,. the. case might
, 'be different, , . " '. ,
,24. The: present regulations seem -to be sufficient for. the purpose,
unless with . reference to' ad mZorem ..duties and frauds by false invoices.
Such fraud.S ai;e best guarded agai.hst'. by ..the. minimum or' square-yard
'duty,,'as'it .is in effect the same as, a .specific duty, estimated upon the,
•quantity of the. article imported, about which .there, can: be no' question»
as in relation to the cost. ■ '' . .. .
2.5.' ..Refers . to answer to. quertion Ho. '.6, with reference to '. annual
.profits. '■ .Within three '.years' haye appropriated something over $20,000
of the profits there stated, to make up for depreciation in the value of the
, buildings. y . . ' * ■ ■ ■ ’.
26. Refer to answer to question 10. • .. , -
:27; It would be difficult 'to .'malto a ■coriect account of the amount of
domestic ’prGductio'hs consumed m thisiestablishment, and to distinguish
those derived from ■agrieulture.; but -.bne ..item -.qf expenditure', is. at least
$1, '200; per week, or more than $60,000 per year, paid for board of those
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M— Conldnued.
employed in the factory. Almost the. whole of this would be of domestic
origin, and the greatest part the produce of agTicultufe. • ’
28. Cannot answer. . . ■
•'29. A general reduction of duties to, 12;J per cent, might not produce
any immediate , eflfect upon the prices or sales, of such goods as we make,
as there would be httle direct competition with similar goods imported.
But those manufacturing companies which are making finer goods, or
which have hot been so long in operation as- to become well established
and able to contend with foreign competition| would, have to give , up
their business; and the laibor and capital thus employed, together with
the buildings and maohiriery, so far as they were suitable, would be
, directed to other branches of manufacture, and thus overstock the market
with all articles that could riot be- sold for exportatiori. Another effect
■* ■ of a low fate of duties would be, -that whenever the manufactufing busi-
ness in otbeE., countries should be so niuch depressed,- as is soifietiriies
the 'Case, . that goods for two or three seasons are sold for less than the
cost of producing, theiii, we should have such quantities thro-wn upon the
market here as \Vould be ruinous to any regular businessj and riiust stop
the mills for a time, and throw the workmen out of orriploy, or reduce -
. the,- profits of capital and the. price of labor to the same low rates as in
^ . foreign countries. All such changes, in the generarcourse of bu'ririess,'
as' produce a cbarige in the, employmeftt of labor and tlie apphcation of
capital, .have an effect upon the general prosperity , and an irifluenCe upon-
the ability of the cbnsurrier of goods to make his purchases, much mOre
• destructive to the business of tte manufacturer Ihan any competition in
•' the supply of goods merely,' foreign or domestic.' Oompetitibn, either at"
home or abroad, will terid. to reduce the price of labor, and the Cost of
production of goods,- so as to meet the ma'rket price; but dny 'general
distress in the country, like that produced by the derangement of. the
currency a few years ago, takes from.tbe consumer the abilhy to purchase
or to pay, and causes an entire prostration of business. ' :
:30, 31. Should not probably be ' .induced to abandon the . business,
except through the operation of causes which would 'produce general dis-
tress, arid render it equally discouraging to engage in any- other pursuit.
^ 32. Cannot answer. ■ , • . • ,
33. The capital of the' York Manufacturing Compaiiy is $l,600,'d00.
Do not use borrowed capital. ; . ' -
34. See answer; to question 23.
.35 to 4Q. Gahnqt aiiswer. - ■
Portland. From Augustine Haines, Esq., United' States District Attornfiy^.
Acknowledges the, receipt of the Circul'airs, arid has distributed them,
but has received no answers. .
Cumberland. John Anderson, CblUctor, encloses answer f from H. Smith,
agent of PoHland Manufacturing. Cotn^any. '
1. State of Maine, county of Cumberland.'
"VoL. V. — ll4.
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210 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued.
, 2. Cotton; water power. ■ ,
.3. In 18.33 ; joint-stock. . ■
4. Capital in buildings, water power, and machinery, $185,000. , ,
5. Present annual payment of wages $36,000. The'average amount of
cotton used from 1833, 433,000 lbs. per annum. The first year 280,000
' lbs., the .last yeair 727,386 lbs.; average: cost for the cotton for the
whole period 12 4-10 cents- per lb.
• 6. The avera,ge profit, on- capital borrowed, over 6 per cent., .! per
cent. ; on capital invested, 7 per cent. .
. 7.. This depends upon .the great law of . trade — demand and supply.
The nianufacturing business has been good for the last two years, from ■
two • causesr^the home and export demand. . The home demand is
owing to the general prosperity of the country. This prosperity has.
arisen fi-oni the enactments of the General Government, protecting the
labor of the country against the labor of foreign countries, and the gen-
eral impression that this is to be the ‘settled pohcy of the Government.
• The protective 'policy reaches directly or indirectly all classes of the
.community — the' farmer, mechanic, and- the day laborer. Cotton
fabrics are all American labor,, from the seed to the article.
■ 8.- Ha.ve ho statistics- by which to judge specific^y, but presume it
varies from 5 to- 15 per. cent., ,
,9. About -2,000,000 of yards per year of heavy sheetings, at 7J to 7f
cents; white drills at .8 cents; striped drills, (indigo blue,'.) 10 cents. '
These were the gross prices of sales at eight months’ credit.
10. Partly answered in No. 5, as to the cost and quantity of the
principal material. Iii addition to which, there is consumed the value
of $6,000 in potato’ starch, oil, leather, iron, coal, and sundry other
articles for repairs; to. which may: be added $12,000 of agricultural .
productions for food. Of foreign productions, from $2,000 to $3,OO0
per annum for in'digo blue.
11. None imported, but a large amount exported.
'12. 46 males, ,180 females. Average wages of men, $1 80 per da.y ;
young men .and boys, 42 to 75 cents per day females from, $1 to $2
per week. ,
13. About . 12 hours. '
14. Less wages in all other employments in this country. In Europe,
females earn, from one-third to one-half less. ., A
15. 4 horses.
16. The principal rnarkets ai'C Portland, Boston, New York, Philadel-
phia, and Baltimore; from which points they are distributed through the
country, and exported., . , . '
17. No foreign articles come' in competition In the home market.
18. In this and foreign countries. . ... ■
19. Asia, Africa, and South America. \
20. On 8 months’ credit.
21. The cost of the manufactured aiticle is varied very materially by
the price of the material. .The expense of labor,, although wages have
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Fi'iilai'wl nt3Ei"j'i Duwli et Gt. Louiu
211
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued. .
essentially advanced, is, somewhat less, .owing to the improvement in
machinery and thg experience in manufacturing. •
22. It has varied frorn 12^ to cents per yard. '
23, 24. Speaks of the great” improvements in machinery ; die policy
of the British Government in relation to her riianufactures ; and concludes
by recommending that the minimums should be retained, and the tariff
remain as it now is, as it has been a blessing to the land.
25. It is a joint-stock company ; theMividends have been $7 per share.
The excess of profits over the dividends has been applied to the pay-
ment of loss sustained in’ selling goods at 6 J cents per yard. '
26. The cost of labor already stated. The cost of the material has
varied from 17 to cents per lb. The profit on the capital invested
has not averaged 1 per cent, per annum, over the value of money in-
vested in .stocks.
27. Ah'eady aiiswered.
28. Cannot answer with any precision, but it is vast in amount and
quantity. •
29. As the present tariff has a most salutary influence on all the de4
partments of labor, there seems no good reason why it should be altered.
A settled policy is the only method to make this a great and strong nation.
We ha,ve all the elements tO;p,roduce great results, and they are now in
active exercise, and in the right direction. He would use the mariner’s
language, — “ steady, steady, as you are.”
30. “ If our business is abandoned, our property is worthless.”
81. The property being of 'tw value, it could not be apphed to any use.
32. ’ Cannot say.
33. Amount of capital already stated. Borrow .'occasionally, to stock
the liiill with cotton.
34. This is altogether problematical.
35. Cannot say. '
36. A home valuation. If men of unquestionable integrity, &c.,
should be, employed, it is to be presumed that the business would be
done correctly. ^ •
37. Cannot answer with precision; but has no doubt that the great
mass of the people are clothed with American manufactures, and that
the proportion is increasing.
38. To a small extent. The farmers who raise wool exchange it for
woolen goods at the factories, their daughters being better employed
than in spinning at home, in a cotton factory.
39. Not answeredT
• 40. Not answered.' . ^ -
\ ANSWERS .TO CIRCULAR No.
Belfast, From N. M. Lowry, Collector.
1. Wheat, rj'-e, barley, Indian corn, hay, potatoes, with other succu-
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212 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued; ■
lents, and pulse. Apples in ltn:ge quantities and of,; good quality; but
none of the staples mentioned./, ■ , •• , “ ' -V./,,.
2. It is estimated that, exclusive of sMp-building, thd mariufaeturing
capital is not more than one-eighth, ship-Spilding twb-eighths ; the other
five-eighths are embraced under the terin‘‘agrip.Qfl;ure. ; 'g «
3. The general prosperity of the Sfate,ras a“cominunity, is judged to
depend, upon the success of the several interests in the proportion above
stated. ' " ' . ■ ■ '
4. The average of net profit on capital employed in agriculture is
estimated to be not more than one per cent, for the last four years. ,
5. It is estimated to have been something better for the ten yeafs pripf
. to that time-^say two per cerit. ; bUt since that, tune a general cbinplaint
has prevailed that farmers have been unable ‘‘ to make both ends meet.”
6. The . average price for wheat for the first period named has been
$1, rye 75, oats 25, Indian corn 75, potatoes 30, beans 11: 25, peas
$1 20 ; since 1842 there has been but little variation, though,, iricludiiig
1842, and excluding 1845, potatoes have averaged less— say 25 ; corn
less — ^say 70; wheat 90; qnd other. agricultural products in Ike pro.por-
tion. ■ The average price per hand for' agricultural laborers has been, for
the last 'period, a, bout SlO 'per month aha board, and a trifle less for the,
first period. It is estimated that a frugal man would have done well to
have realized $75 per year above his expenses^ for either of those periods,
in agricultural labor ; and no man can support himself and wife at that
kind of labor at the average wa,ges that .could have been oflered for that
time.' ■ ■
7.. It is judged, from a consideration of all the information that could
be obtained, that A”ilth the exception of ship-building, manufacturers’
profits ha've largely increased for the last four yems, \vhile the prdfits of
ship-building and agriculture have diminished in a somewhat ie'ss pro-
portion ; but, with the exception of certain periods, it Is not understood
to have been the result of aUy pecuhar state of the currency, and it is
not supposed that there has been any violent contraction or expansion df
the circulating medium for the last four year's.
8. The State raises horses for exportation; also hogs, neat cattle, and
Other prpvisions. For the last three years the average price of beef upon
the hoof has been about $3 75 per cwt.; pork about $4. It is so diffl-
cult to flx any average upon the price of horses, that an estimate 'would
be deemed df little value, there being no price-current noticed to which
reference can be had, and as the qualities are so various, though it is.
thought that all the horses in tire State, at this time,- would not: average
more than $40 per head, The causes of variation in the price of beef
are various, such as the state of the hay crop, the increase, of the lum-
bering business, which employs large numbers of the best oxen. The
best judges estimate that the exports of provisions, with the exception
of flour, have been pearly balancfed by the imports. The imports of
flour have been for the last ten years prior to 1842 about 50,000 barrels
per year, and about the same price for the period named. The price mf
floui' has averaged about 14 for the ten years prior to 1842, and abdut
C y ...
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Federal Rooorve Bonk of St. Louio
213
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
%5 for. the period; since, excluding 1845. The relative differences of
price noticed are attributed to the state of the: cropland supply at the
given points of demand,, though the- advantage given to certain kinds of
manufactures by law is deemed to very much, increase the profit of the
particular Glass .protected, and, in like proportion, burden all the others..
■9. In this State there is. less relative- dependence of the other classes
upon the agricultural of -the State- as a whole, but the commercial and
' navigation interests in a great degree depend, upon the. grea.f staples of.
the country, viz : cotton, rice, &c.; and them profits- greatly depend upon
them, as a large portion of the navigation derives employmeut from
' them.
10. .The average prices of protected articles have not been as low, in
.. proportion to the average price of the staples, for the last three, as the
‘ preceding ten years, making all allowances for the effect of any relative
diSereriCe of price, in the raw material for the several periods referred
to; meaning by staples, not the articles produced by this State, but the
great staples of the country ; and the cause, it is believed, will be found
in the desire of those, engaged in manufacturing the great staples of the
country to make great ■ profits. ; increased, no doubt, by a fear that a
change rnust sooner or later take pltice. The effect upon the State has
■ been injurious, as -these profits are returned, to the State of Massachu-
setts, where a large portion of the cap>ital employed is owned, though it
has not had any very visible effect upon the expenses of living.. '
11. The State exports large quantities -of lumber of various kinds,, and
some cotton fabrics. The amount of lumber and the prices thereof seern
to have been but .little affected during both periods inquired of, by any
cause, except the regular and increasing demand, which. oUr peculiar
situation and tneans have enabled the . comn-iunity to meet with corres-
ponding supply; The cotton fabrics which have been exported have
generally- been sent to Boston, and the inforination respecting them will,
it is supposed, be more full - and certain from -that . source. . The effect
Upon this community is only that produced by ca:rrying on the cotton
' miUs and returning the proceeds to the merchant at Boston. Very small
. parts of the fabrics made in this State are sold here without first being
, taken to Boston. T . .
12. It is. estimated that three-fourths , of all articles of e-very kind that
the State makes for export are consumed abr0a.d. The prices are gov-
erned generally by. -the foreign demand, modified by the circumstances
that, control or. affect the general supply a,t home, The West India
-market receives mostly, our lumber and surplus produce of various kinds.
Tt is stated by shippers that the duties on West India products materially
affect the prices of our exports in thqse markets, although there is but
■ little competition with ounpaj'ticular produce in. those markets. .
- 13. The connection between the bxportS and imports of our country
is ’.deemed to be such, that no one country can rely totally upon its
■exports, for k is apparent that such a course must ultimately produce a
revulsion, which wiU- paralyze the production; of the articles'of export,
unless the exporting , country haa a tmohOpOly of production of a given
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ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ‘ ° *- ° °
214
[1845,
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
article, and the market which receives that production has a monopdly
of the market of the, world ; and then a crisis would arise from the want
of a medium to carry on the business for any length of time. And‘'it is
judged that the present tariff must, if continued without modification, in
a great measure reduce the exports and oblige their home consumption
at a very reduced price, which is understood to be the real worldng of
the theory that “ high duties make low prices i” and these changes can
only be effected through terrible revulsions in the commercial world.
14. We have cotton and woolen manufactories; the exact number
cannot by me be readily ascertained at this time. They produce com-
mon cotton fabrics and the cheapest cassimeres. It is judged that the
capital invested in them is about one and a half million, and if any
reliance is . to be placed on the ordinary sources of information, their
profits for the last three years have been from 20 to 40 per cent. It is
admitted by all that our cotton manufactories can compete with the
world without the present duties. '
15. Having already stated that the State is largely a ship-building
State, I have only to reply to the other branch of the inquiiy . It is sup-
posed that every one must know that the duties on articles that go into
the manufacture of vessels are onerous upon this State, and benefit no- ,
other branch of our industry, as we do' not produce any of them. The
present condition of that interest is much less prosperous than before the
act of 1842, though the enterprise of ourcitizens has been able to endure
it thus. far. The general interest of navigation is only mfe-aWe. ; '
16. Is answered in the former replies.
17. It is not supposed that the wa,rehousing system would affect
materially the commerce' of, Maine.
IS. It is supposed that if a system can be adopted which should pre^
vent frauds In the transactions,' it would be favorable to allow them as
now. . ■ ■ ' , .
19. The importers of Maine, of whom inquiry has been made, do not
name any articles which should be entitled to debenture, which are not .
so now. ■ ^
20'. Cotton fabrics of various kinds. ■ -
21. It is not apparent that the minimums of the present tariff affect
very materially the general interest of this State; nor is it known that
there is any objection to cash duties, without the warehousing. sy.stem, j
that would materially affect the State as a community.
22. After a. careful examination of the Hist of free articles, it is not
discovered that there are any of them that would, furnish any consider-
able revenue, tor which, if a small duty were laid on'them— say 20 per
cent, ad valorem- — would be attended by any evil in Consequence.
23. There are a few articles of dye and dye Compositions, which are . |
now free, which aie used solely by manufacturers, which are protected
in the manufactured fabric; but it is deemed immaterial whether the
evil be Corrected by reductiontof duty on the fabrics, or by a duty on
the articles used, or both; ^ , ■ -
24. There are some articles of general consumption which are now
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,1845.] • SEeRETARY OF THE TREASURY. ' . 215
. M- — Continued;
heavily dutied, which are produced, in- but,, small, propprtioiis To the
, amount consumed in the United States, wRich operates. very unequally
upon the poorer classes. The article 'of ;S.ugar .is quoted Ah the New
York price-current, li.842, at 3 J c.en.ts per pound at New .Orleans’;
The same paper- quotes the same, ap;icle .at same place, 1844, at 7 cents,
per pound. If one cent of this duty goes'into. the hands, of the United
■) States sugar pla.ntefs, by a reasonable estimate of the . crop of .1844 it
gives those producers nearly diree 'miUions,6f dollars out , of the, pockets
of the community at large. . This is Considered as grievous to Maine, in
the proportion her population bears to the whole of the cb.nsumers of .the
States. -
- 25. The above answer is considered as ansvveringlhis inquiry, so far
j as relates to the article of sugar. The common fabrics of cotton, sheet-
ing, shirtings calicoes, ticking, &&, are all much enhanced ip price, and
the .additional price is considered to average about 30 per Cent, as far as
it is possible to ascertain. There are many other articles which it is
deemed unimportant to mention.-' The ar ticle of iron', which goes into
the construction of vessels, is extensive and some-whaf peculiar to Maine,
as she does not produce any iron. The amount of duties paid upon these'
, articles cannot now be ascertained here. ■ ' '
26. It is not understood how the present duties can in -any way benefit'
. the producers of- Maine, except on the articles of cord-wood, potatoes,
■various lands of lumber, and wool. These should be increased, in.or'd,Cr
to balance, the accounts, very considerably. It is thought that in every
other instance the farniing interest is very heavily burdened. • The State
has not prospered under the present ta.riff as before, and it is attributed to ,
the binding her interest in agriculture and commerce, to favor manu- .
facturersv - • ■
27. The Sfa.te produces about one and a quarter million pounds of
wool of the coarser kinds. Its average price per pound has been 31
cents since 1842, and about 42 cents before that time. -It is not assumed
that the present tariff has caused the difference, though the wool raised
in Maine is not that kind which receives. the greatest protection.' It is
an article which can be increased or diminished in amount about lOb
/ per cent, per annum. - •
'■ 28. We have no mines in this State, tliough we have extensive quar-
ries of granite and limestone. , ■ ■■' . ' . • .
■ NEW HAMPSHIRE.
pi
‘ ■ ANSWERS, TQ CIRCULAR :No, 1.
Strafford. From Salmon Falls Manufiicturing Cornfany, per J. D. Watson.
1. New Hampshire; Strafford county. ,
2. Cottbn factory. Waterpower.
3. 1822. Joint-stock company^.
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216
REPORTS OP THE- [1815.,
■M — Continued.
4. When completed, ^¥iM have cost $250,000.' . '
5. About $50,000.
. 6. No profit, but a loss of. three-fourths of the capital by goods and by
fire. A new capital was paid in ay ear ago. ’ -
7. Accounts have not been made up; probably some profit at present.
8. Six per cent. ' . • .
: 9v Do not know ; having been connected with the concern only since
converted from a woolen to a cotton factory.
10. 35,000 pounds of cotton per Week, or 1,820,000 pounds per an.-
nuih 300 tons of coal ; . 3,000 gdlons- of oil ; aind $1,000 worth of potato
starch. . • . • .
11. Do not know. , ■ ’ '
12. See answers to 13 and 40. About 1,000 hands employed.
. • 13., ‘From 11 to 12 hours a day. Principally paid by the quantity,
and not by the day.
14. The. rate of wages of persons similarly employed the same as
here;- being higher -than in other States in common employments, and
very much higher than in foreign countries.
15. Never more, than four .horses and oxen. ■ .
16. Sold chiefly in Boston, to be distribhted.
17. None of the same description brought to this market.
18. Chiefly in tliis country— ^some exported to South America.
.19.Answeredi'-
20.- ■ Sometimes for cash ; generally on eight months’ credit.
2,1. Cost of manufacturing: has diminished, partly from a decrease in, '
the price of the raw material, and from the improvement in machinery.
Labor, is rather higher. ■ . ,, ° ,
22. Sirnilar goods have been sold, within ten years, for 14 and 15
cents; now for 8, and pay a profit.
2-3. A protective duty is necessary, to protect us against the low prices
produced by a glut of siihilar goods in foreign' countries; They are not
now sent to' this countiy, but would be but for the duty imposed; and.
would have come into ruinous competition with our own manufactures.
24; No; the specific duti,es prevent fraud effectually eirbugh,-
25. - Cannot say.' ' Other similar concerns have done well within the:
last two years, dividing from 4 to 8 per cent, semi-annually, and in some '
cases 10 per cent. , . . .
26. The raw material costs three cents a yard, and other expenses
amount to about the same. The principal part of the cost, besides the,
raw. material, is the labor.
27. Cannot say ; ho iinpor'tant a.gricultural productions consumed in
the process of manufacturing, except potatoes for starch.
28. -Would require a great deal of examination;- The. census gives
the amount of cotton manufactures, or an approach to.it. I should think
one-third, was in goods of. this number of yarn.
29. Cannot be answered until the experiment is tried; think it would
be ruinous. f . , .
30. No answer; ' o- . ' ; . ^
1
A
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Forlor-jl -R-jnU Qt I
. 1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 217
0 ■ , ' . * •
•’ M — ;C©ntinued.
■ ■ 31., No answer. ' ‘ ‘ ■ !■
'' 32. Iron can te imported and delivered in all places on tlie - great
water courses' and railroads cheaper than it can he produced,; provided
there were no protective duty 'upon it.r Not acq;uamted with the cost of
manufacturing, salt. ' ' • .
33. $300,000. We may at times owe $50,000. '
■ 34. Do not know. '
i 35. Ahout 80 per cent. , . ,
I 36. No rate of ad valorem duties will prevent frauds as well as speT
cific duties, There are no frauds in importing heavy cotton goods that
.1 know of. ■■ ■ ■ • • .
37. Do not: know precisely. In the northern^ States all the low cotton
. goods consumed are produced here.
I 38. Do not know. .
I 39. See American Almanac, where the rates, of interest of all the
States are put down. •
40. -I should suppose. 75,* cents a day for men., . ;
Strafford County,- From P. 2\ Jackson,' Treasury ' of tko Great Falls
- Mamfacturing Company.
/ .1, In the State of Ne^!'^ Hampshire, county of Strafford,.
, 2. •Cotton cloth of various qualities;, water power, ■ • •
3. A joint-stock concern, chartered in 18^3. ,
- 4. Capital paid in September, 182,3, on 780 shares . .$780,000' 00
Do, 'November, 1838, on 1,220 “■ .... "488,000 00 ■,
Do. Septerriber, 1840, on 2,000 ‘‘ . . 40O'jOOO,bO,
. Do. November, 1841, on l,OO0 “ .... .'210^000 ’00 ’
Whole amount of capital paid in 878', OOQ "OO
of which I, cannot designate how much has heen" .expended from ^h”e ,
beginning in ground, buildings; water power, and machinery,, but-: that. «
portion of the property was Valued and charged- in' the. ldst° annual
account, Junfe 30, 1845, at $670,000.. ^ ' '' ’
5. - The amount charged in the sa.me account for materials and "cash,'
was $211,447 12; del)ts due.to the, company (less am6unt they owed) '
• ■ by the same account,' $392,929 60, ’ " ' " ■
6. The $76§, 000 paid in 1823 Was employed in manufacturing cotton
' and 'ivpolen cloths and carpeting. I cannot sta,te what amount was '
employed in each branch, neither can I distinguish the profits on bor-
rowed .capital ffom those on capital paid in. In 1838 the stockholders
j* found that the}'^ had lost so much that they must raise more mpney or
Stop their works ; accordingly, they created 1,220 shares, which were
sold for $400 each,, adding $488,000 to the Capital.' Up to this period,
the dividends paid were $399,194, and the simple interest on the capital
paid in was $702,00.0. , •
From 1838 the company confined their operations to the manufacture
of cotton goods. • In the summer of 184-0, it appeared that, after paying
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‘ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis '
218 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
the, debts,, there would be, left only S40,000 for active capital; and the
mills and machinery required some alterations and heavy repairs to
place them on a par with sirnilar establishments. 2,000 shares were
created, and; sold for $400,000'; in 1841, 1,000 more shares AVhre sold
at auction for $210,000; rnaking the whole capital paid in (in 5,000
shares) amount to $1,878,000; the simple interest on which, from the
several dates of paynient to 1845, amounts to $1,402,8.60— say capital,
.with interest, $3,280,860. The dividends paid to June, 1845, were
$804,194; add interest, $268,911, is $1,07,3,105, which, deducted from '
the capital and interest,' leaves $2,207^755. From this deduct the
actual market- value of the stock in 1845, viz: 5,000 shares,. at $300.
each, is $1,500,000; and the loss to the, stockholdersus $707,755, .after
crediting all dividends received, with simple interest on payments and
receipts. I have given this statement of the losses of this company,
because I kriow that, in doing this, I am also giving the history of niany
of the cotton manufactories in New England., Having had some expe-
rience in the business, T venture to give it as ’my opinion, that,' if a true
account were obtained of all of them from the commencement to this
time, they would not return the capital invested, with the common rate
i. of interest. ' ■ ' .
7. No doubt a portion of the loss sustained by this company may be
ascribed to the want of skill in the early stage of the business; but much
may very properly be attributed to the frequent and sudden variations
in the markets from 18S6 to 1842 ; since which year the business has •
been more regular and profitable. • . - .
8. I cannot state with accurafcy, but certainly not less than six per -
cent. ' ■ . .
' 9. I can only go back to 1840; since which we have madh —
Shirting^'. 1 . .....No. 30 yarn, 14;200,442 yards, worth $973,458 00
Printing cloth No. 30 “ 18,336,228 “ “ 1,009,444 00
\ Do. No. 38 ‘‘ 1,007,145 “ . ' “ 79,0i4 00;
Sheetings.': No. 14 . “ 10,551,713 » « ■ .643,332 00
Drillings.'... ..No. 14 “ 3,942,220 » ■ .» 280,870 00
Made in 5 years .,.48,037,748 . $2,986,118 00
The cost of manufacturing the above was— , .
For labor, &c., &c. ... ... . - $1,141,092
For 12,557,672 lbs. of cotton. ................ 1,118,437 ■ .
———”$2,259,529 OQ .
lO. We are now using per annum — .
Of cotton, about 3,500,000 lbs. — ^value at present price,
(8 cents) . . . ... . , $280,000 00
'. Of fuel, mostty wood,, value, at present price, (90 cents) . . ' 5,700 .OO- ^
Of oil, 8,000 gallons per annum — value' at present price,
(90 cents)... ......Iri ..7,200. GO
Of soap, value, at present price : .' 600 00
Of leather, value at present price '. . . . 3,500 00
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' 219
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
Of potato starch, about 100,000 lbs., value at present
, price, (4 cents) $4,000 00
Of sundries for repairs— as lumber, iron, steel, charcoal,
&c., say ....... ...... 5,000 00
All domestic products, except part of the iron . . . . .... . . $306, OOO 00
11. Cannot answer.
12. The number of persons employed in June last was^ —
Men .258', average wages, including board, $1 05 cents per day.
Boys...... 35, do'. do. 35 do.
Girls. .921, do. do. 53 do. ^
13. Average hours of labor through the year, 12 hours per day.
14. In New Hampshire the wages of men- average a|3out the , same as
we pay. There is no standard rate for, wages of_girls, but we believe
they do not generally get so much as we pay.
15. No animals employed.
16. 18, 19. Our goods are' sold, for consumption, all -over the' United
States. M^st of our sales’ are made in Philadelphia, New York, and
Boston. Some of the drillings and sheetings are sold for export to
China, South America, and the Mediteiranean.
11. I cannot answer ; we do not export on our own account.
20. We generally sell on eight to twelve months’ credit.
21. The cost has decreased. The cost, of shirtings. No. 30 yarn,
was, in —
1828, 33 cents per pound for
manufacturing; cotton 12f
cents,
1830, 22
do.
do.
do. 12 84-100
((
1835, 20
do. :
do.
do. 16|
■ it i
1840, . '
do.
do.
do. I'l 81-100
it
1845, llj
do.
do.
do. 7
U
For sheetings. No. 14 yarn, the cost was, in —
1835, 14^ cents per pound for manufacturing; cotton 15§- cents.
1840, 9 do. do. do. 10 “
1845, do. ■ do. do. 5^ “
The principal cause, of the decrease in the cost of manufacturing, is
to be found in the irnprovements made in machinery.
22. Prices obtained— ■
- 1841.. 1842. 1843. 1844. -1845.
' For shirtings. No. 30, 7 20-100 6 75-100 6 7 50-100 7
For printings, No. 30, 5 85-100 4 75-100 •4 25-100 7 6 ,
For sheetings. No. 14, 6 30-100 5 50-100 5 75-100 7 6
For drillings. No. 14, none. . none. 6 ' 8 50-100 7 ,
23, 24. In, answer to these I can only say, we 'are content with the
revenue laws a.s they now exist. . . : ■
25. The profits made in three yeai's, frQ.m June 30, 1842, to June,
1845, were $562,000"; .the dividends paid during the same period were
$405,000; leaving reserved profits of $156, 000^ which has .been ex-
pended in putting the mills and machinery in good repair; for' which
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
220 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M-^ContinuecL.
purpose about $120,000 more will be required, to be resei’ved, out of
future profits. , , • ' , :
26. The cost of No,. 30 shirtings and printings —
Labor 8 cents, other expenses 4 cents, cotton 8 cents per pound..
. The cost of No. 14 sheetings and drillings—
Labor 3 6-10 cents, other , expenses 2 cents, cotton '6 1-6 cents per pound.
27, 28; Have no means of forming a jiidgnaent. ■ ' .
29, 30, 31. Reducing the duty to 12|- per cent, would reduce very
much the value of . all -the mills and machinery now in operation ; it
would 'also cause a great reduction in the price of labor,. arid' perhaps
in the price of cotton. In this case, skillful persons might, be ' enabled
to operate them with some profit— sriaall, : but perhaps equal to what
could be made in’other pursuits, in the state of things Which, would be
produced by auch a change.' If. this should fail, and we are compelled
to abandon the business altogether, we shall be situated very niuch as
we. were when the , policy of the Government obliged us to a,bandOn
a portion of our commerce, and must employ what httle capital we may
have left as well as We can. , . ,
32 to 40. r have .not the means of answering the remainder of the
questions.
ANSWERS TO CIRCiTLAR No. 2.
Kiene. From Hon. S: Hale, enclosei in letter freon Cyrus Barton.-
1. ; Wheat, barley, oats, rye, buckwheat, corn, potatoes, coCoons,. and
maple sugar; No cotton, rice, or tobacco.
2. The proportion of capital invested in farming operations- he esti-
' mates at four-fifths of the whole, or $58,000,000. . .
3, . 9. “ The' commercial, mechanical, ^manufacturing, and , riayigatiOn
interests ” of NeW Hainpshire are not so much connected with and de-
pendent upon the agricultural as is the case elsewhere. They are ail,
however, and more especially the mechanical and manufacturing iriter-
ests, beneficial to the agricultural, arid each to the other. ’ But tire berigfit
’ which agriculture thus receives is more than counterbalanced- by dis^-d^
yantages arising from other sources.- To this seaport, and to ahnost every
factory in the- State, the flour and' corn of the "West and the. oats of Ver-
mont find easy actess. ' For the Gonsumptioh.of only a -part of the. county of
Cheshire 5,000 bbls. of flour are brought annua,llyj and into the whole State
probably 100, .000 bbls.' The factories, however, prevent this disastrous
effect from falling'so heavily 'ori the farmers -living. in the neighborhood
by taking fro-m ijhem,, besides their grains'at -reduced .prices, p.btatoes, &c.
4, 51 6, 7.; Cannot ansi^er thesb' questidns except in general terms.
From 1832 to, 1842, .considered as one period, the'hprdfits" .of farming in
this State, though variable,*^ were "higher jfhan they have been since ; but
the reduction of profits has not been- occasioned liy any single cause.
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J845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 221
M— Continued.
' The eiirrency has been an ejfEcie'nt cause. The impulse given to man-
ufactures by the tariff of 1828 c'onfinued to operate till 1836. Before
that year a vast number of persons, ceasing -to produce, became- consu-
. mers bnly of 'agricultural products; afterwards an equal or greater num-
ber, before epnsumers, only, became producers.. Suppose that one, two,
or three hundred thousand men, who have consiimed one barrel pf flour
each for several years, thus , raising the price, should, be. compeUed to
“ .change their employments, and each,- instead of taking, one barrel from
iriarket, should send three of more into it, this alone vfould be sufficient
to account for a considerable fall in the price of agricultnfal products.
The former state of things has -not been restored; at . present there are
too mariy producers in proportion to the consumers, and, of course, the
profits of farming capital have, .until recently, been comparatively Idvv.
8. New Hampshire raises a sufficient supply-of horses, mules, cattle,
sheep, and hogs for -its own use and consumption,, and some to spare. Of
wheat, corn, and bats, it does not raise enough. Wheat comes in ' flour,
prindpaily- from :the West, and so much of it and corn as to reduce the
prices of : all grains raised here, and the value of real estate.
10. “ The average prices of what are called protected /articles ’’ have
not, in bis opinion, been as low, in compai'ison. with those of staples,
and indeed of all agricultural products, for the last three yeai's as for
the preceding ten yeai's ; but he .expresses this opinion without haying
gone into a particular examination pf ithe subject. This state of things
may be' attributed to causes already alluded to. Before 1840 a large
number of people, from being consumers merely, became producers of
agricultural products, and remain such still. The supply was thus in-
creased, the demand lessened, and, .of course, prices fell. ;
. i.li. Besides agricultural products, such as cattle, sheep, wool, pork,'
&C,, the State exports large quantities of manufactured articles, of the
value and. amount of which he can form no estimate. ' ■
12. It is irnpossible to tell what proportion of the articles exported
' front Nevv Hampshire are consumed abroad. A large amount goes to
Boston, and some to'New York. He doubts whether, 'when any con-
siderable: portion of any commodity, and not all, is exported, the price
: is ever “ governed ” exclusively' “ by the foreign, or the home demand.”
Each has more or less influence, according to circumstances. If a mar-
ket: requires but a. tenth part of a commodity, it affects, if it does not
“ govern,” the price of the remaining nine parts.: .
13. A country can export only its surplus products, and these it wiU
export ; it can import dnly^as much as its surplus products will pay for,
and so much it will import. These are general rules, and must be ap-
plied, not to single years, but to periods of several- years; and he enters
into a long argument on the .subject. . . .
14. There are mairy maiiufactoring establishffients, large, and. smalh
mostly of .cotton and wool; but his information does not enable him to
give- any .account of their number, nor of the capital invested, nor of
their profits.. He has been: concerned in but one, which is of cotton, and
that has hot, for the last twenty years, yielded two per cent, per annum
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222
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continu'ed.
on the cost; and for the last three years has paid no dividend, the profits
being expended in repairs. Others have yielded less, and a few have-
been profitable.
22. If more, revenue is heeded, tea and coffee would bear a moderate
duty. He is not aware of any reason why these articles should be
exempt from duty. It is by no means certain that a moderate duty
would enhance their cost to the consumer. ■ '
26. Manufactures benefit the farmers in this State, especially in the
neighborhood of the factories, by furnishing them a near and certain
market for their products. In his opinion the present duties can be so
modified as to benefit a portion of them (those who aaise sheep) directly,
and the .rest indirectly, by imposing a higher duty on wool costing less
than seven centkper pound. Much of this wool comes in competition
with, the wool raised here. -For the last twenty years this State, if it
has prospered at all, has prospered slowly; does not attribute its want
of prosperity to high duties, but to a want of skill and management in
the cultivation of the soil, and to the amount of emigration from the
State, &c. • .
' 27. The number of sheep in 1844 was 497,633. Estimating each sheep .
' to 5field two pounds twelve ounces of wool, the whole amount would be
1,368,475 pounds. The price of wool has fallen this year — domestic
competition, stimulated by. the present duties, having increased the
quantity raised.
. H&nover, Grafton county. From Alfred Morse, Postinaster.
1. Spealcs only of Grafton county, which he says is an agricultural
county, raising all kinds of grain and vegetables. No cotton, rice, or
tobacco. ■ ' ■
2. Nearly three-fourths of the capital is engaged in agriculture, inclu-
ding the raising of five stock. • .
4. The annual average of profits on capital employed on well-cOnducted
farms for the last three years has been very small, if an actual loss has. not
been sustained. For the ten years preceding 1842 was about six per
cent greater than for the last three 'years. The Operation of the tariff’
laws and the currency have, undoubtedly produced this result.
8. This county raises a supply of horses, mules, hogs, and cattle, and
a supply of all provisions except flour, the deficiency of which is ob-
tained from the West. The average price of this, as well as all other
agricultural products, has been lower since 1842 tha.n in the ten years
preceding; while the average prices of -what are called the protected
articles have been higher in proportion. . ■
There are eight smcdl manufacturing establishments in this county for
the manufacture of woolen goods,.. principally cassimeres and satinets,
the value of which, and their machinery in 1844 was $38,350; capital
for the purchase of raw materials, $5,000 each. The profits for the last
three years have been large... The present duties might be somewhat
lessened without injuring them.
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M— Continued.
23. The articles of iron, sugar, &c., which are extensively used and
consumed by the producing and laboring classes, are undoubted^ greatly
enhanced in price by the operation of the present tariff.
■ 27. Wool is the great staple of this county, of which there is used
annually about 450,000 pounds. The , dupes on foreign wool "which
comes in competition with much of this, are almost , nominal,, and afford
httle protection to the wool-grower; and the oiily benefit from the pres-
ent duties to those engaged in growing the agricultural products and
staples referred to, is .through the manufacturer; that is, they perhaps
find a quicker market, though not at any advanced price. It would
seem evident that, to be equal, if the present duties are continued on the
manufactured articles, the duties on the raw material ought to be con-
siderably increased. ■ The price of wool in this county since the tariffs
of 1842 has been, tfpon an average, for good quality thirty-five cents per
pound, and for the ten years preceding about forty-five -cents,.
28. There is an iron mine worked in the town of Franconia, in this
county, the fixtures and machinery of which are valued by the assessors
of that town at $3,000, and in the working of which some $20,000 cap-
ital is employed. The quantity of iron produced, or its value,, he has
not been able to ascertain. The business is better than it has been for
several years- past..
VERMONT.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.
Burlington. Archibald W. Hyde, Esq., late .Collector, encloses ansiwers
frOm Norris Dodge.
1. Arlington, Burlington county, Vermont.
2. Woolen. Water power. . ■ ,
3. 1833. Joint stock.
4. Capital $7,000. '
5. No answer.
6. Has made no dividends as yet. Prospered till Janmary, 1837,
■ when the whole was lost by fire. Very soon rebuilt, and again lost by
the failure of a commission house in 1840.
7. Causes of increase and decrease are various. A good, established
Government policy— one that can be relied on as permanent — gives
life and health to the manufacturer; whereas an unstable one is death
to all improvement, and to business. itself. There are other causes.
8. No answer. ■ ■
9. About 12,000 yards per annum off goods. p
l6. No. answer. . .
11., No answer.-
12. On an average about 12.
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REPORTS OF THE , [1845.
M-^Contittued.
13. Thirleen hours. . - i .
14. No answer. ; . . - ' . r
15. No answer. ■ ■ • ' - '
16. Clocks are sent to Troy, Albany, and New York.’
17. They do, but to wliat extent cannot say.
18. In nearly all the States. ' ' . ■ ' • , -
■ 19. Not any.
20. Sold oh commissipri ht six months;
21. - There has been a decrease . in Consequence of iinprovement in
■ machinery, and an increase in . stock at times, but not any in labor.
■22, Varied from 95 to 40 cents. . ■ .
23. ' The present rate of dutyO^ill answer very well.. None less.
24. No'answer. ' . ^
25. No •answer. ■ ■ ' . . ' ”
26. Nearly . three-fourths of the raw material; one-foUrth for labor,
and profits. , of capital. . ' ' '
'27.- Five families are fed and clothed mostly. by American produc-
tidhs. • . ■ ■ ' ,
28. No answer. ' •
29. Should be obliged to abaridon the busiriess.
30. Till the soil.
31. Could make a comfortable living by farming; but manufacturing
could only be done at a loss.
34. Not tmy. . ^
35. to 40. Not answered. • .
'MASSACHUSETTS., '
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1,
Plymouth. From W. M. Jackson, Collector,
1. Massachusetts, county of Plymouth. ■
2. Two rolling and nail mills ; water power.
3. In 1807. Individual concern.
4. $100,000. -'V . .
5. $85,o0o. ■ -
6 to 9., ;Ndt answered. ,
10. Scrap and, pig iron.
11. Not answered. . -
12. Fifty men; average $1 per day.
• 13. Ten hours average time.
14, 15. Not answered. .
16. Sent principally to Boston and southern ports.
17, 18, 19. Not answered.
20'. On a credit of six. months. ■
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. . , 225
M— Continued. . "
■ • 21. Not. answered.
22., From to 5 cents per pound.
23, 2,4, 25.. Not answered. ■ " „
26. Raw material cost about 50 per cent.
27. 28. Not answered. ■ ^ ■ * ■
29. Could not be continued. , ,
30. Unknown. A heavy lOss would be incuired.
■3i to 40. Not answered. '
Plymouth. From W. M.. Jackson, Collector.
1. Massachusetts, county of Plymouth.
• ■ 2. Cordage manufactories. Water and steam power,
j 3. In 182$ and 1838. Joint stock. ,
4. $70,00.5.
5. $65,000.
6. About :4 per cent.
7,8. Not, answered.
9. About 900 tons.
,10. Russia, Manilla, and American, one-third .each.
1 1. Cost about the same to import. ■
12. 139 men and boys ; average about $1 per day.
13. Average 10 hours per day. ' ‘
;,14, 15. Not answered.
16. Principally sent to Boston. , ' • - '
17, 18. Not answered., ' -
19. Some Manilla cordage sent to Havana and, South Anierioa.
20. Six months’ credit.
21. Not answered.
, 22., Tarred cordage for 11 cents; Manilla, 10 cents per pound.
23, to 27. Not answered^
28. 5,060,000 in the United States; 4,500,000 in this State.
29; Could not be continued.
: 30. Not answered. ,
31. Would.be nearly a total loss. ,
32 to 40. Unanswered. ' , •
, , Plymouth, From W. M. Jackson, Collector,
2. Cotton mills. Water power.
3. In 1812 and 1830. Joint stock.
4. $20;006 capital. ■
5. $10,006. '
, 6, 7, 8. Not answered.
9. $16,000.
10. 187,000 ibs. of cotton.
11. Not answered.
12. About;3l males and 47 females; males average about $1, females
75 cents per day.
VoL. V. — 15.
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226
REPORTS OF THE
M — -Continued.
[1845.
13. Average about lO hours.
14, 15. Not ariswered. ' • - .
16. Sent to Boston principally.
■ Plymouth. Frcnri W. M. Jackson, Collector. :
■ 2.“Rivet manufactoty. Water power. , •
. 3. In 1844. ' . ■ ■ .
4-. $10,000. . . ■ . . . ; 1
5 to 9. Unanswered. . ■’ ■ ' . ■
10. 75 tons of ' wire, “ doiriestic,” value $50,000.
11. Not answered. ' - . U .
12. 15 men, at $1 25 per day. , ..
i3 to i5. Not replied to.
16. In this country. , , .
17 to 19. Not answered.
20. Six months.
21 to 40. Not answered.
Essex.. Front William NichplsyCollectpr\ froiii Amesbury Manufacturing
- Company. . .
1. Massachusetts, cotin ty of Essex. ;
2. Woolen. Waterpower. '
3.. Estabhshed in 1822. Joint stock.
4.. $400,000. .
5. About $100,000.
6. After paying interest on amount borrowed, have, not avefaged
more than 5 per cent. .
7.. . Causes 'vatiou's. ' ' • .
8. From 6 per cent, to 12 per cent. ' .
9. From $200',000 , to $300,000. Flannels and satinets principally;
about two-thirds flannels, and one-third satinets.
10. Wool 400, OOO’ lbs. per annum; all raised in this" country; value
$140,000, Value of other domestic products per annum $8,000; foreign
products $12,000.
11. From the variety of qualities, impossible to state.
12. About 180 males and females. Wages’, males $5 to $8 per week,
•females $3 50 to $5 per week; younger class of females from $2 50 to
$3 per week.. ■ , ' . . ; . .
. 13. About lOi hours a day, on an average,' the year through.
14. Not answered.
15. T'wo horses. ’ . ■ . .
16. Manufactures sent to Boston arid there sold, to different parts of
the country.
17. Not to a great extent. , . '
18. Co'nsumed in every part of the country, chiefly in the North and
West. . ■ '
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Faiilarfll BacoPina Banki of.St. Louie
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 227
t M — ‘Continued.
19. ’None exported.
20. Sold by commission merchants On a credit of 8 months.
21. “ Decreased: Some of the materials cheaper, and some not. By
improvement in machinery, manufacture for less than formerly ; opera-
tives receiving the same wages as ever.
22. Prices have varied almost every year, more or less, .
23. The present duty is none too much.
24. For securing ;the duty a specific square-yard : duty is the most
desirable. In ad valorem duties false invoices are easily made.
25. For 3 years, including the present, about 30 per cent, for the
wAo/e time-— 10 per- cent, per annum*
26. Cost of raw materials, including wool, about 70 per cent.; labor
20 per cent.; interest, commission, freight, &c., about 10 per cent.; profit
about 5 per cent, per annum, ‘
27. See answer to, question No. 10, .
28. Not answered.
29. If the duty should be reduced to 12 J per cent., it would cause
us to abandon the business,. . , ‘ /
30. Cannot say.
31. The business done by a certain class of brokers w:ould be more
profitable than manufacturing, should the duties be reduced to anything
like 12J per cent. ■
32. 33, Not answered. ’ - -
34. Has not given 6 per cent, throughout. Could expect nothing
good from a reduction of duties.
35’. About 40' per cent, on flannels,
36. If practicable to calry into effect the system of home valuations,
(ivhich seems impossible,) that would operate equally at all ports, and
prevent frauds by the importer. . ' ‘
37. All Consumed here. ' '
38. 39, 40. Not answered,.
Essex. From Win. Nichols, Collectm',from Bartlett steam mills, Newbwri/port.
1. ' Massachusetts, Newburyport, Essex county. ■ "V '
2. Cotton manufactory. Steam power.
3. In 1838. Joint stock.
4. Capital $300,000. , . . ,
5. Average amount of materials, &c., $50,000.
6. Annual profit 8- per cent.'
7. Competition and . state of the market.
8. Not answered* ' ■ . ■ ■ ■ ‘ ,
9; 2,000,000 yards of cotton cloth. No. 40-^value $200,000.
10. 500,000 lbs. cotton, Louisiana, 100 bbls. flour per annum.
11. " Not answered: y, . ■ '
12. Four hundred. .
13. Eleven; hours throughout the year.. .
14. Not answered.' ■' . ’ ' ' • . ■
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228 . REPOR^FS OF THE . . [1845.
. M-^Continued* o ■
, .15. None. ' .. . .. . .
l5, BostonvNew York/PMJadelphia,' and Baltimore. . n o. -
•1.7.. Unknown. '■ ... '■ . ' ' • ' ' ■
_ 18.' IiT the United :^ta;tes.. •
19. None..
20. ’ On credit, 8 tO' 9 months.
21. Wages pretty uniform.
22. In 1839, 25 per cent, higher than the present -rates.
23. Not answered. ■■■■-.■ • - ' .
24. Unknown. , ’ <
25. - Dividends average 9§ per cent., and in the last four y'ears have
■carried to profit and loss account $33,000. ' • • . , .
26; Uabor, .one-half; raw material, one-fourth;' profits of capital, one-
fourth. , . ' , ‘ . ■ •• • ' ■ ■ • . • . .
'27. $45,060, in- cotton, flour,. and starch made from potatoes. '
28, 29, Unknown. '. ■ ' ; ‘
. ,'30, The larger proportion of the capital being in,, buildings and machi-
nery,. ■woMMJe Zo«f. ■ ■
31. Knowofhone. ' ■ ■ ■ . • .
• 32,. .Not answeredi ■ . • ■ '
■ 33. ••■$350,000 paid in, of which $50,000 : is .active capital ; rernainder
buildings, machinery, &c.,.; .
■ 34 to 40.' Not answered.'
. Essex. Ff&in William Nichols, Collectcft, from Globe steam mill's. New-.
huryp&it. .
■ 1.' Massachusetts, Newburyport, EsSex couiiW* . , ; . • ■
2.' Cotton drillings. Steam power.
•3. lit 1845. Joint stock. : -
4. Capital $2.00,000.
.5. Not yet in operation. .' • •» ■ ■ . '
. 6,7. Not answered. ■•• ' .
8. 1 tp 50 per cent. . ' ; . • . .
9, 10. Not ans\yefed. \ i.f ■ ■■
II. None- imported. . • ' ' '
12,13. Not answereci, ' . . ' .
14. Too various, to name. ’ •
15, 16. Not answered.-
17. Not much competition' in this particular aiticie.
18. United States, South America, and China...
19. ' Not answered. ■
20. UsuMly 6 to 8 months’ credit, • U
21. 22. Not answered. ■ ; ■
23. The tariff would hot affect this, article so rnudh ’as fine goods.'’
24. Think not, . '
25. 26, 27, 28, Not answered. . <;
29. The proportion of ra\y material for this toanufacture being so
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184.5,] SE.CRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 229
M— ^Continued.
large, compared to the labor, should iiot require so iiluch duty as articles
requiring more labor. . ;
30. The capital, consisting of buildings and machinery, . would become
useless. .. • ■
-31, 32. Cannot say. ■ V- , ^
. 33. Real ca,pital $200,000‘. • ' • • '
34 to 39. Unanswered. , ^ ’
40. Average rate of wages pf 'males $1,50 ; . females 50 to 60 cents per
4ay.^-- ^ ^ ‘ ;
Essex. From William Nichols, Collector, from Essex steam mills, New^
' . buryport.
1. Massachusetts, county of Essex, and town of Newburyport.
2; No. 30 printing cloth, three-fburths.of ayard wide. Steam power.
3. B.uilt in -1835. .Joint-stock concern. .
4. Origin^ cost of buildings, machinery, &c., $80,00-0; failed, and
’ . sold for $21,500; afterwards.additional improvements, machinery, &c.,
madej to the'amount of $131,500. - . . .
5; •$27,,000.''; .. ; ^ '
•. 6. The “ Nfewburyport Steam Cotton Company tnade- one dividend
of 10 per cent., dr $60,000. ' The present Company made one in 1844.
. "of $12,400, and another in 1845 of $29,750, pr 43’y per cent, upon a
• • capital of $70,000. A new mill of this capacity ;\vould cost $100,000..
The cost to the former and present proprietors is $131,500, consequently
a loss qf. $31,500, which, if deducted from the dividend of $48,850,
.leaves a net profit of $17,‘050. Earnings, from 1835 to 1845, is 1 70-100
per cent, per annum upon a capital, of $100,000. If the capital is esti-
mated at $100,000, mehing no allowance for loss, the mill hastearned
$48,850 in 10 years, or 1 86-100 per centV per annum. The present
proprietors, by a purchase at a very,.low rate, have made a profit of
$42,550 in the last' 2 years, '.all of which has been expended in improve-
ments. • . . . . ' . V •
7. Increase of demand for the goods manufactured. • ,
8'.' Presume from to 25 per ceiit, per annum.'
9. The Newburyport Steam Cotton Company niade per an.num.about
700,000 yairds of No. 30 printing' clqth, worth: from ,5 to 10 cents per
yard. The Essex; steam mills have made i,i00, 000- yards per annum,
..worth from 6. to 7 cents per yard; thepresent price is 6y;-^all sold on
' a credit of 6 months.. . • . .. ’ •
10. The Essex mills have used, in 2. years,, 4S9’,156 lbs. cotton, cost-
ing $38,138 ;. '1,139 tons, anthracite’ coal, $5,766 ;- 2,239 gallons of oil,
$1,898;- 19,568 lbs. starch, '$905; beddes; in sundry articles, $5,000 ;
all of -which is of domestic production. • \ -• .
'. , 11. • None, imported.
12. About 150 in all, viz-; 32 men, .103 females over 16' years of age,
15 children from 10 to 16 years Of age. '-Men, per day^ $1 28 ;' women,
.61 cents; ' children, 33 cents. -. - . ■ .. . ' ■ -
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230 REPORTS OF THE 1845.]
M — Continued^ •
' 13. llj hours. Mill in operation about 50. weeks.
14. About the same rate of wages in this neighborhood.
15. Not answered, '
16. Sold- in Boston. . -
17. No. ■
18. Consumed in this country. . .
19. No. , , , ■
20. Sold on 6 months’ credit. i
21. To the Essex steam mills the increase of cost of the second year
over the first was 10 per cent.; labor increase, 25 per cent. ; cotton
decreased 17 per cent. ; coal increased 10 per cent.; starch increased
25 per cent.; oil increased 20 per cent.; incidentals, 10 per cent.
22. The 'Steam Cotton Company sold at from 10 to 5 cents per yard ;
the Essex at, from to 6J, on six months’ credit.
- 23.. Cannot answer. . .
24. No.
25. See ;mswcr to No. 6. .- , ■ :.
26. Our goods cost ‘ us about 4| cents per yard; they net, in cash, •'
5 85-100 cents. Of the cost, cotton is 35 per cent. ; labor, 47 -per cent. ;.
other expenses; 18 per cent. Of the price received, labor is 47 per
cent.; cotton 26 per cent.; other expenses, 13 per cent. ; profit of cap-
ital, 27 percent. ■
27. See answer to question 10.
28. Don’t know. ' ; ■
29. “It would, without doubt, cause us to abandon our business.” '
30. The remainder (if any) should be divided among the stockhold-
ers,’as' by the act of incorporation they ate confined to the manufacture
of cotton.' .
31. A mviltiplicity ; if the duties were reduced to 12 J per cent. ; could
' not realize the cost of the goods. ' ' •
32. Don’t know.
33. Capital is $100,000; no part borrowed. .
34. As they have-not as yet realized a profit of 6 per cent, per annum,
think no reduction of the duty would enable them to do so.
35. Cannot tell, as it would depend upon the quantity imported and '
manufactured in this country. .
36. Are not aware of any frauds upon the revenue being practised,
as no goods of this kind are imported; thinks an ad valorem duty would
lead to fraud by false invoices, and strongly opposed to, the abolition of
' minimums. . , . ‘
37. The printing cloths printed by the printers of this country are
all of domestic products.
38,39,40. Cannot answer, >. ■
Essex.- From William Nichols, CoUeclm',fr(nn James's. steam mill. :
1. Massachusetts, Essex county. . ' . -
2. Cotton steam miU.
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3. Commenced 1.8.42,. enlarged in 1844, and just completed. .
4. ' Capital, $250j000. , '
5. The >v hole capital stock is in buildings and machinery.!
6; Semi-annual elividends of 3 and 4 per cent. ' ^
7.. Increase or decrease of profit depends' upon .'the demand, which
will be governed .by quantity of similar goods imported.,
8. The profits.of other inyestments, managed with the same .skill, will'
be about the same. Agriculture, in many eases, pays larger profits.
9. 1,800,00.0 yards of No. 40 shirtings and sheetings; value, $220,000.
, 10. 1,000 to 1,200 hales of cotton per annump value, ^40,000. In
making this, there will be used 3,000 gallons sperm oil; value, $2,700;
1,000 tons coal, $5,500; 600 bushels charcoal, 100. barrel's superfine
flour, 60 casks of potato starch, &e. •
11. About the same cost. . '
,12. Of- men, 75; ■•vvages, $1 37 per da.y. Women, 160; wages, 67
'cents. Children, 100 ; wages, 30 cents.
13. Eleven to twelve hours per day through the year. .
14. Higher wages than is paid for any other labor, or for any similar
labor in .other countries. ’ .
15., None.' • ' .
16. Into the Atlantic cities. ,
17. Sufficient to reduce the price, since 1836, .of the article which "we
manufacture from 22 cents to 14 cents per square yard* , '
.18.. In our own country. .’• ■■■
19. Answefed above. , ' ; '■ , . " .
,20; Sold usually on a credit, of 8 inonths. -
21. Decreased, from the greater facilities of manufacturing afiTorded
by protection and encouragement to our own labor, and the improvement-
in machinery. Wages- as high- as they have been for the .last 15 'years. .
22. Has not been in operation' long. The price now is 14 cents', per
square yard. Similar goods were sold in 1836 at 22 cents. The reduc-
tion has been, gradual. ■ ■ ■
23. Thirty per cent, on a Acme vaZMatioM.. . . . ^ '
24. Not prepared to say what change, if any. . -.
25. All the profits divided.. See No. 6. '
■'26. The labor amounts to about one-half of. the cost. :
27. Sufficient for the support of the operatives.- ' Potato starch and.
flour in manufacturing. , , ■
28. Not able to state. Several mills are making the same description
of goods. ■' ■ - .
29. The’business .would probably be abandoned, or the wagesbf labor
reduced,, to enable the manufacturer to meet the surplus product of the
foreign ' article. . ■ !• .
30. Such property vyould he sold for 25 per cent, of its cost, and
would 'depend .upon a reduction of wages of the operatives for its Con-
tinuance. ' ■■.•.■■■•■:■'-
31. Not answered. ' ■ ■ • ■ . '
. 32. No.' .
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; , 33.- Npf answered. . :
34.. ThepVeseiit^rate would not be idofe. than ''sufficient to pay B per
cent., aiid keep the. property good— that is, at phr value— for a series of
years.
: 35. .*‘If' niinimmns should ;be abolished,” it would be;diffiGulf to
•determine what rate of ad valorem duty, wpuld be sufficient, ‘‘or equiv’',
alent” to the present duty. The change would open thedodr to extensive
, friuuls. ' ■' . ' . . .. „ . . . _ .
, . 36. Greater frauds Avould probably be pfaGtised- . ' ,
, . 37 to 40.- Not answered.-
'■.'■Essex.-. Frorii William Nichols, Collector, from Enoch Huse, tobacco and
■ '■ cigar nuinufacturer, Newhcryport.^ .
' ' ' ^ ' • ■ ■ ■
• ' : ii.. Newbu'iypdrtj Essex county,, Massachusetts. , . - , ,
.2. Tobacco, snuff, and cigar manufactory. . Hand and water' power.
: . 3. In 1816.
4. Commenced- -with small capital— nOw $20,000. ,
’ ,5. About $10,000. ■ , ' '
■ 6,. Not answered, satisfactorily,- •
7. Increased to three times its former amount.sinde the tariff of 1842 ; -
- has 'abandoned the making of tobacco for chewing to the southern man- ,
ufacturer, in consequence of the access to ' the imported article ; has
advantage' over the southern manufacturer for cigars, &c.
8. Cannot give an opinion approaching to -accuracy. , -
9.. Previous to the tariff of 1842, 2,000,000 cigars— value, $6,000 ;
. also, 6d0,000-i-value,- $5 per thotjsand; snuffj $2,000 ;-^annually. Since
- the- tariff: oif 1842,. 6,000,000 to -7ir000,000 cigarse^-price ndt increased;
■- the low-priced American tobacco noAv fills the place of the same article
of foreign-; increase three-fold; value of same, $18,000 to $2O,O0O.
•• 10., About 160 hogsheads of American tobacco, ahnuatly — value
$10,500 ; 2o6 bales foreign — ^Aralue, $6,000; 20 barrels flour, $100; for-
eign guins, a small quantity. ' ■ • ■ ■ -
11. Cost of Cuba and Havana -cigars, $4' or $5 per thousand ; can be
rnadC here.at $2 to $4.
12.. 45 females and 4 males; to 1842, wages $1 per day for men, 40, .
: cents for women ;. since 1842, 90 females and 10 men, -
13. About 10 hours per day*
14. Not answered.- , ' ' . ' ' , .
15. None. , , ' .
16. At the factory, for both foreign and domestic consumption.
17. Af the present, rate of duty, the American cigar' will take the place
of the foreign, so long as the raw: material can be had at low duties. :
: 18, Almost in every part of the -United States; many exported:
- 19. To all countries where the Cuba cigar finds a nrarket.
20. Generally sold oh a credit 0;f 4 and 6 months. .
21. Increase of, cost to manufacturer for labor! 30 per cent.
22. Prices about uniform, o
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23. The present duty ample— any less will, prevent the use of- Ameri-
can. tobacco; „ . , ' . ,
24. No change needed-.- ■ '
25. As there is but one'o'Wnerj no dividends are made. .
26. About one half of the cost is for material— the other labor. . ,
27. 28. Not answered.
29i^'Abandon the business. ■ ■
30. As an importer of cigars, made of Cuba and Calcutta tobacco.
31, 32. Not known., - '
33. About 25 per cent. .
34. Will not admit of reduction. . '
35. Sufficient to make the duty as it is now, .
36. Not answered.
37. Formerly, about .one-eighth^under present duties, four-fifths.
38. 39. Not answered. ; , . , ■ ' .
40. Men, $1, per day ;; females, 40 to 50 cents. '
. Barnstable. From. Pacific Manufa^tming Com'pdnyy'Falmoutli. '
; . 1. Barnstable county, Massa,chusetts.
2. Woolen manufactory ; water power. . ■ v . '
3. Established in 1830 ; joint stock.
■4, $10,000. ;
t ■ ■ ■ 5.,$i4,opo.„ ■ , ' /, y . ■ V- :
6, . None borrowed j average profit not over 3 pei; cent.' before 1842.'
7. -, Profits have increased to 6 per cent. ?ince 1842. '
, S'. Not-answered., .
.50,00b yards kersey flannel,- 25 to 40 cents .per yard. • .
10. 35,b()0 lbs., mostly doinesfic wool-; value, $10,500. .
•1-1. .Not answered, ■ .
,1'2. .S men at 75--cents per day, and 14 women at 40 cents per. day. ' .
13. 11 to . 1 2 hours.
14. Not answered. . ' ■ .
15. 1 horse. .
16. 40 to 80 miles.
17. They do, and probably to three times the hoine niariufacture. , '
18. Within about 100 miles. , ■
19. Not any. ■
20. Usually on 6 months’ credit, .
21. Decreased nearly 40 per cent.; ^ or 10 per cent, on labor,, and | !
or 30 per cent.- on material.
22. From 45 cents down to 30 cents at dififerent times.
23-. Certainly not less, than the present.
24. Not answered.
25. 6 per cent, retained, .or not/yet paid out. v
2,6. Three-fourths for raw .material. ' , -
27, 28. Not answered,
29. Could not continue at, reduced prices.
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REPORTS OF THE
• M — Continued.
30. Uncertain.- ; . , . .
.31 to 40. Not answered. ' ,
Barnstable. MoonarMs Manufacturing Company, Falmouth.
1. Massachusetts, Barnstable county
2. 'Woolen; water power., ' ■ ' ■
3. . In 1831. Joint stock.
4. $8,000; , ■ • '
5. $9,000. .
■6. All borrowed ; no profit over interest.
7. Since tariff' of 1842 profits have increased. .
8. Not answered. .
9. 7,000 yards satinet, 3,000;yards, 4,000 pounds yarn.-
10. 18, 000. pound's of wool — cost $6,000 — domestic,
11. Not answered. '
12. 5 men at 6s. per day, and 3 women at 3s. per day."
13. 11 hours.
14. 1.5. Not answered.
16. 40 miles. , , . ■ • ■ ■'
17. 'They- do. ■ :
18. Within a cti.cuit of 50 miles mostly. .
19. No. ■ . > ,
20. Cash, and 6 months. •
21,. Decrease l.J per cent, in materials.:
22. Satinet from 7s. 6d. to 50 cents; kersey 50 to 35; yarn 7s. 6d, to
4s. 6d. ■
•23, 24. Not answered. •
25. 6 percent.; no dividends; into fixed capital. .
26. 15-20ths raw material; 4-20ths — [So in the original.]
27,28. Not ans-wered. '
29. Very probably should. - ,
30. Convert the stream into a herring fishery.'
31. Uncertain. : . '
32 to 40. No answers.
Barnstable. F rom Anthony Killry.
1. Massachusetts, Barnstable county., :
2. Cotton; water. > ■
3. In 1825 ; joint stock. . • .
4. Capital $9,360. ■ ' ;
■ 5, $500. ■ ■■ • • .
6. 7, ,8. Nothing. ■ . ■
.9. Sheeting, shirting, -warp-yarn, and -wadding, &c.; difficult to give
the amount manufactured. .■ . '
10. 6,000 pounds domestic cotton; value, $500.
11. Not answered. ■ ' ,
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12. 1 man, $2 per day ; 6 women or children at .12 pel- week.
13. Twelve hours per day, oiie-third of the year;'
14. Not answered. . ' ' . •.
15. . None. ■ ■
16. Partly at the factory and partly at Boston.
17. Not answered. ■ . , .
18. In the region of the factory and in Boston.
19. None.
20. Generally sold for cash or on a short credit. •
21. Cost of materials and labor variable.
22. Sarhe as in Other parts of the State.
23.. 24. , Not answered., .
25.. Nothing.' '
26 to. 40.. Not answered.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Salem- ’ B. F- Browne, Postniaster^ encloses answers from John W. Treadwell.
John W. Treadwell selects such .questions as bethinks applicable, and
begins with No. 14, viz: '
14. Says there are a large number of manufacturing establishments,-
private ’and incorporated, in proportion to the population, and compared
with the other States of the Union. The capital invested in them' is
about $60,0p0,000, and the aniiual product about $100,000,000. The
principal articles manufactured are cotton and woolen clothsj oils, the
product of the fisheries, leather, boots and shoes, iron, castings, nails,
brads and tacks, paper, books, and- stationery, glass, candles, and soap,
clothing, machinery, salt, brass and copper utensils; the profit on the
investment has averaged, probably, about six per cent, per annum. The
present rate of duties he considers necessary to, sustain this rate ofincome.
15.. A portion of , our citizens have always been engaged- in the busi-
ness of ship-building and navigation ; to the extent in ship-building of
about a million and a half of dollars per annum, The condition of these
interests is about the same as the average of tlie other interests of the
State. The effect of the tariff laws is salutary upon these as well as all
the other interests of the country, inasmuch as' our oWn labor is empiloyed,
instead of foreign labor, in the production of tlie manufactures consumed ■
in the country. This employment of labor, and the consumption of the
domestic raw rnaterial, is most beneficial to the agricultural interest; it
enables the laborer to consume more of its products, as well as the pro-
ducts of the manufacturing establishments; and this universal ability to.
consume is the foundation of the prosperity which the country has
enjoyed since'; the passage of the tariff act of 1S42 ; -a.nd, on the other
hand, the inability to consume which marked the three years immediately
preceding that act (the last three jmars of the- disastrous compromise act)
was the main cause, in his opinion, of the prostration of business, and
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„ M-— Gontinue^.
the consequent poverty and distress of that period. A portion of oiir
navigation finds profitable ■ emplbyineiSt in the purchase, in foreign
■ countries, of the raw materials used in our nianufactufe's, and the trans-
portation and sa,le. of our manufactures abroad, which are beconiing ,
every succeeding year mpre ahd more in demand, arid compete success-
fully with similar ar:dcles manufactured in Europe,
17,18. I consider that the establishmerit of a warehouse system, under
proper regulations and safeguards, would promote the trade and increase
the commerce , of thp State ; and that drawbacks, runder its operation^'
might be safely abolished.- ; . ’’
• 20v There are a nuniber of articles of foreign manufacture which come
into competition with similar articles manufactured in the United States,
the duties on which are so high as to amount to a prohibition of the
foieign articles; and the price of. the. domestic article has ■' been so.
reduced by domestic competidon, in bur market, that the dudes on the
foreign ai'dcle might now be safely abolished, were it riot that we should ,
thereby open a door to the foreign manufacturers, to throw upon oUr
maj'ket any surplus in their own, which would^so reduce thg price here
as to effectually , destroy our own manufactures : among 'the^se ardclps
may be: named iron, Cut nails, and alum. .
21. The interests of the country have' been heretofore most favorably
-affected by the minimums of the present tariff; and the rule requiring
the' duties to be paid in cash is a gOod one, ahd has been salutai'y iir its.
effects upon the business of the country.' .
27, The quantit}’’ of'wool grown in the'State is of about the annual'
value of half a inillion of dollars. Its price, .since the tariff of lS.42, has
been- about thirty-five cents per pound,' and- for the ten years preceding
. about fortvrthree- 'cents per pound. The different state of the currency,
in the two periods,, it should be considered, had an important bearing, on
.prices. • . , ,, - • - ' ' - . .
•Bostoii. Napianiel Greeiie^ Postrmstef, enchses answer's from. Mr.P'ayne.
Mr. Payne, after giving the statistics of 'a very large number of man-
ufactories of various descriptions, their capitals, number of persons
employed, and value .of manvifactures,- answers as follows : - ‘ - :
1. Neither:Of the! great staples named is produced .in -Massachusetts,
. .. but Indian corn,' potatoes, apples, &c. . -' - '
; 2. A very small proportion of capital is thus invested — and refers to
.the, as-sessbrs’ returns- for an appi'opriate answer. . ' ' '
■ .3.- It may be $aid that very little employment to our shipping is derived
from, agricultural produce of this State;, nearly all the 'bmlvy' exports,' of
other .than manufactures . or handicraft, being deri-ved' from ice and
granite. ■ > -.
- - 4. Only a. general, answer can.be. given,. and • that is to U-he effect of
reporting a. net -profit of six to, ten -per cent, on other than 'those farms
■ 'whi'ch 'supply the d,aily wants- of . large towns,. On- sorhe-' of the latter
establishments very .large profits have. been, made from, .the sale of vege-’
■ tables, fruit,.. &c.' - '
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1845,]
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2-37
M — Continued.
5. An equally general Answer naust, be given, a,ncl thatis to this effect:
;a greater profit has- been -derived; from farming in. this State, for the last
five year's, than for many year's before; but iriiich of that prosperity in
that interest has arisen from a sound currency and the success ofhandi-
efaft in. the, srriall to-\vns, nearly all-havihg now some- kind of establish-
ment to make either' clocks, tubs and pails, palm leaf hats, chairs, &e.
, 6. Cannotanswer with the accuracy it demands. • • ■
7. Has been answered b}^ the reply to the 5th,' which refers the'
prosperity in- Massachusetts rather to a sound currency than 'to an ultra
system of protection', as- that of 1842. • .
8,. May be aiTswered so far as to say, decidedly, that we do not raise
a sufficient supply . of cattle, &c., andhave torely' on New York, Vermont,
New Hampshire, and Ohio, for that supply. The average of prices is
lower .than :h- has been, but the quality- is so various that a , definite'
; answer canriot be rgiven. ‘ „ '. ... ' ■
9. They Are not,; and the reasons may be ■found in replies to,. 1,2,
.and '3. ' - ’. . . ■ .
10. .They have not been ; and the cause may be found in the cur-
rency, backed by a! tariff provision which, in the case of a specie cur-
rency or its equivalent, acts to prohibit a certain class of imports. The
expenses of hvirig are greater than beibre;
11. - 12. Wbuld say that we have no exports of agricultural produce,
of any .note. Ice or 'granite is. not competed withrin any other' market. .
\ 13. - AS ';a geheral remark, would vsay that custom-house values are
bad criterion^ from ■which. to deduce either profit or loss on exports aiid
imports. The. Ygeneral prosperity of merchants and traders, and, by
cons'eq^ue'nce, the' whole country, must depend upon the', profit or loss .
'. upon the 'aggregate of adventures.. . If p.rofitable7^tbe'r'eturn entry must,
or.course, represent an increased: value, as also the freights of ouf ships;
both of which go to swell an advance balance of trade, if custom drouse
aggregates are relied upon— 'and no others are accessible.
■ 14; In' reference to the profits, of cotton factories in thb State, it may
■ be remarked,' that since 1842^ which was . a period of great depression
for that interest,, they have revived, and make ■splendid returns of profits',
besides keeping their stock good by depreciation accounts andlarge.reser-^
vations. ' For the y^ars 1843, ’44, 'an'd ’45, -their average profits earned
must have been fully 25 per-cent. . ■• . ■ '.;
.; .l§i' This State was formerly to a large, and is now to so in e extent
engaged in' ship-b'uildihg:; but the freighting business has for the last two
years been so' bad m its returns that builders are discouraged from those
extensive operations once carried, on. The cost of ships is, of course,
much enhanced by high duties on hemp and iron ; but the former article
has recently been derived from the western Statesj of good quality, and
at low. rates. . •' ' , . ... . ' . .
16. Commerce .has a vast preponderance in capital' oyer agricultural
products, other than for' domestic hse of the groWer; and the tariff’ laws
have until recently had an injurious effect upon commerce; but a turn
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has been effected, within a few years, by the natural tendency to increase
in our population, and requirenients of. an industrial supply in raw
material, &c. ; , ' '
-1.7. May be answered in the affirmative, if it can be properly regu-
lated and fraudulent exports prevented ; and the abolition of drawbacks,
as named in the 18th question, would be injurious in its effects upoh dur
.manufacturing industry. ■ • .
19. Should answer by naming hemp and, iron used, in ships* and coal
in steamers. ■ . . , ' . .■=■ ■ ■'
20. Cannot answer in' detail; but it is obvious that many descriptions
of cotton and woolen goods, hardware, and cutlery, are thus prohibited ;
while bur local currency is sound and not inflated, so as to break down
this prohibited- difference.
21i In answer, it may be said that the minirnums of the tariff of 1842
have, while our local currency is equivalent to specie, a prohibitive eflfect
upon nearly all articles thus . protected. The. cash-duty system woilcs
well in practice, but a warehouse system, with due restrictions, would
■.do away with some hardships to those of small capital' and facilities in
.business.. . , . '
,22. If the -wants of the Government require a duty on tea and coffee,
then it should be levied ; but not unless imperiously demanded, to raise
sufficient revenue for the economical administration thereof.
; 23. -Cannot understand, so astb give a distinct .answer but if it means
cotton and wool as ; a raw material, and their manufacture as goods
used by the people, the answer would be that those great staples have
fallen, and the,, articles manufactured therefrom generally advanced
within a short time. -
24. RailrOad iron ma.y be stated as an important article .that, the tariff
of M2 has injuriously affected the general interest of, by. a prohibitive
duty, when it cannot be produced in the country in any considerable
quantity. A. reduction to $10 per ton, with the proviso that the mail
and other Government . service shall be freely and cheaply performed,
would be an advantage to all classes and the country generally. '
25, 26. Are already, so far as . possible, answered* except that it may
be ' said to , be undeniable . that; 'some modificatiori Of the existing
tariff would be , agreeable to all butffhe very I'ai'ge and flourishing
corporations and their agents ; such discriminations being made as would
prevent an overflow of foreign manufactures, and the breaking down .of
our domestic industry. Very :little objection vmuld otherwise be made
to the abolition of minimum scales of dut}'^ by the mass of our State.
'27. But little wool is now raised in other than Berkshire and Hamp-
shire cOunties,- and its , price is so seriously depressed as to induce a
disposal or slaughter pf very many [sheep] this' fall. . If no direct and
unavoidable duty upon low-cost wool is imposed, its production must
soon. cease in the eastern States, as. our woolen factories import a large
portion of their supply so as to have' it at seven cents or under, and pay
but five per cent. duty. . .
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• M — -Continued.
239
’ Boston. Isaac O. Barnes, Esq., United States Marshal, encloses answers from-
Hon..- Isaac Winslow.
■ 1. The great staple of the New England farms is hay. No cotton,
rice, or tobacco .grown. ,
2., The fixed or inactive capital of agriculture (land and buildings)
must be very great ; its active , capital in live stock and productions is
considerable. It is impossible to state what portion of- the capital of
Massachusetts or. Ne-vv England is absorbed in agriculture. ,
3. As furnishers-, of produce- for export,- either at home or abroad, the
•three interests mentioned ar-e not, to any important extent, connected
with agriculture ; but all , three more especially' and beneficially con-
nected with agriculturists, as both of foreign and home pro-
ductions.
■ 4. Impossible to' answer. The profit of a Ne-w England- farmer is
principally, from; his labor, combined with his sons (if he has sons,) as
they grow up to manhood.- A farm 10 miles from Boston, of 80 acres,,
with RuildingSj &C., sold for 12,000. The owner would have to .expend
$500 in repairing buildings. This is called fixed .capital ; his active capital,
consisting of 15 , cows, 2 yoke of oxen, 2' horses, wagons, &c;,- would be
$1,000. From this he expects to cut 150 tons of hay ; one-half he keeps
for.his own use, and the other he .;sells at.'$16 per ton ; . which, deducting
extra labor in cutting, curing, and carting to. the buyers, ($3,) would
leave $900. for the hay crop. ;; But 1 ton per acre is a medium crop; if
SQj only $450 would be. left; deducting interest ,0n $2,500 cost,. $300 is
left. 'Then, in winter, he can bring in wood, poultry, eggs; butter, fee.,
to market, and fatten hogs, thereby making- an inebme of $700 to $1,000
per annum. ' Being , principally- a grazing countiy, cattle, hogs, sheep,
butter, and cheese are raised in great iabundahce.in westerm Massachu-
setts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine — -nearly all of -which Corne
to Boston rirarket. The very low prices prevalent from- 1837 to 1842
no doubt affected 'their profits very sensibly. Imputes, the low prices to
the' inability of the merchants .to buy for exportation, because frbm the
principal markets (West Indies, Newfoundland, fee.,) the- returns were
subject to SL prohibitive duty, ■
■ 5. The opening- of the ports of Great Britain to agricultural products
is a most beneficial event for all agriculturists in the United States,
especially the. West. As to' the high prices supposed tO be caused by the
tariff, this is of little, importance to farmers, as regards all but clothing
and Utensils, tools, fee. ' • ■
6. It may be observed, generally that agricultural products are at low
prices in a languishing state of trade. The price -of flour, for instance,
has increased or decreased for thirty years back, in proportion to the
increase Or decrease of . the net revenue; in other words, as national
prosperity increases or decreases, - . ■
7. Prices and profits of farmers me always injuriously affected by
the Operation of laws which prevent their produce being exchanged.
The state of the. Currency has a' most important bearing oh the prices of
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agricultural produce, as well as .every article of trade.- Aii inflated
currency ca,uses prices to advance ; a contracted,. one produces. a decline.
ThuSi in 1837, 1838, and 1839, years of excessively inflated, currency,
flour (which frorn, 181,9 to 1830 averaged about $5 25) rose to S9 50—
$7 75 and $7 25 average price; from '1840 to .the present time,titS5^averag:e
, has not been $5,, till very recently. - , ,
8. This State, and all .New England, - raise a supe;rabundariee of
, horses, cattle, and eatables adapted to the plimate, especially potatoes.
Prices fori. the. last two Or three years cannot be stated; generally, how-
ever, it may be aSirmed that the prices of meats, butter, .cheese, pota-,
toes, &c., were ns low or lower than they were before the Revolution.
Considers this as partly owing to .the restrictive system, ryfeA . preheats
■exchange of .dbmestic for foreign articles by the prohibitive duty on so
many articles of foreign produce. Asks respectfully to suggest to .the
hohorable Secretary the expediency of obtaining- from Congress power
for the Executive to permitthe importation of eatables, in.case' of necessity,
or bad harvests, da;!?/ free—z. .power the Executives of all countries have.
9. Does hot .think that the profits of the four occupations, inquired of
depend at all on, or aa-e closply Connected (at leak, only generally) with
, the profits of agriculture; because the consumers amongst the unprofit-.,.
able occupations can buy but s]}armgly of either domestic Or foreign
articled It is for the .interest.. of every class of society that aZ^ classes'
should be profitably employed, and buy largely. ■
10. Very much reliance has been placed, on the part of both tariff
and anti-tariff' writers, on the effect ol a pEOteetive system and prphib-
itory di.Vities. to influence the mices of articles ; the o,he, contending the system
■ in question really reduced the prices— the other, that it had the effect to-
increase them. In the face of a. high .tariff, prices of . the high duty
articles certainly sometimes have fallen,' and risen in price in face of ia
tariff merely, for revenue ; but other circumstances than the tariff pro-
duced the fall qr rise of prices. Were it -possihle to adjust the supply
.to the demand exactly,' no .doubt, the duty being an important element '
in price, the lattei; would be regulated by the former; but supply and
demand are .never equally balahced, nor can be— and hence a rise or
fall of price is not necessarily regulated by the rise or fall, of duties.
11. 'The State exports po agTieultural product abroad, but exports
some fish and fish oil; but these articles are now mostly consumed at
home. It .exports also, to Brazil, the’Racific, a,nd .Chiiia, . and Calcutta,
perha.ps about the value of two milhons of dollai's in manufactures. Its
•exports are principally to our own ports, e.specially to New, Orleans, of
soap, candles, whale oil; -w'ooden. ware, . pots, kettles, nails, brooms,
•cabinet ware, shoes — ;in short, a little of everything. Does, not think
the tariff or protective system has had any effect on the export trade..
12. The prices of all articles of produce Tptmcipally' consumed at .home,
as meats, fresh fish, butter, cheese, potatoes, grain and flour, hay, fi'uits,.
shoes, hats, furniture of all kinds,', with a vast number of other articles,
are regulated almost entirely by the home market, or the proportion
of supply to demand. Those partly ..consumed at 'home and partly
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
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exported are generally regulated by the foreign price ; such as -pickled
fish, pot and pearl asheSj naval' stores, (turpentine) — the leading exports,
such as'cotton, tobacco, rice, and lately butter, cheese, lard, and similar
articles, almost entirely by the London prices. The bulk and value of
the 'vast number of minor manufactures, household furniture and appar-
atus, mechanics’ and fai'mers’ tools, shoes, hats, &c., shipped, (some to
the West Indies, BraxU, and the Pacific — ^but few, comparatively, to
foreign places,) are not benefited or injured by the tariff, either at home
or abroad. ; ,
13. It is my firm opinion that exports and imports are intimately con-
nected; not, however, in all cases, as in the trade to China it could not be
carried on without her taldng our produce instead of specie ; but the^
latter can only be obtained from other buyers of oiir surplus productions.
14. To the first part of this query, has not sufficient time for investi-
gation to make a proper reply. To the latter part, says : In proportion
as the various products of all climates, and the manipulations of all
people, cmi be naturalized in the United States, in such proportion will
imports become unnecessary, and therefore cease. • Agriculture, except
perhaps cotton,, rice, and tobacco, and with it trade and navigation,
would dfechne, and, of course, the revenue amount to little or nothing.
15. Ship-building is one of the oldest, and perhaps the most important
occupation in New England- From the cutting of the wood inthe' forest
to the launching, all is derived from ..manual labor. Yet dnis domestic
manufacture is most shamefully taxed by heavy duties on its hemp, duck,
iron, and sheet cables, to benefit, or rather introduce Kentucky hemp
into the United States. A ship of 1,000 tons pays a duty on iron of
$750; copper bolts, of $7Q0; canvas, $300; anchors, $200; chain
cables and dhains, $1-,000; cordage, $950^ — in all $3,900; of course, in
proportion for smaller vessels. And yet the ship-owners, set on prob-
ably by the tariff people, complain of the fort}’' or fifty reciprocity vessels
that frequent our ports — -principally New York and Baltimore. The
effect of the tariff laws has iiot. been so injurious to ship-buff ding, as
might have been expected, owing to ;the vast increase of cotton from .the
South, augmented and bulky cargoes from New Orleans to the North,
and steam navigation on our lakes and rivers. , But tlie high tax on its
materials is most unjust.. • .....
16. Cannofanswer the first member of this queiy. The commerce
of the State has not declined, as he. and other anti-tariff people antici-.
pated; this only proves that the internal Commerce of the conntry .is
vastly more important than its external, The present duties prevent
wholly, or in a great measnre,the importation of spirits, of Russia goods
generally, of coarse cottons, woolens, flannels, baizes, wool over 8 cents,
prints and calicoes,, glass arid glass ware, cai-peting, floor cloth, linseed
off, &c,
17. A warehouse system would essentially benefit the wholesale
merchant who imports for exportation. In fact the principle of the
warehouse systeiri exists by a section of the act of 1799, never repealed,
by which vessels in distress may unload, deposite their cargoes under
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lock and key of the collector, reload, and proceed on their voyage. A
warehouse System would not'.benefit, indeed, the importers For consump-
tion ; hut what would accommodate them, would be to direct the col-
lectors to suffer' the entry and receive the duties on any part .of a package
. shipment, not less than one package, .in this way they would only have
to pay moderate sums of cash, receive the, articles immediately wanted, ,
and wait till thepress of busihess.is partly .over. This is eften so great ,
here and in New York, that clerks are, or wereTced to get the importers’ ’
entries passed. (Such directions-.might be given at once.)
18. The abdhtion pf drawba.cksis a necessary consequence of a ware-
house system, saving to both merchant and Government . officers a. vast
deal of unnecessary trouble and expense; speaks of the systern intro-
duced from Great Britain by Alexander Hamilton; gives the form of a
biU, to be passed by Congress, which he thinks would establish the
warehouse system, and .by which the, complicated machinery of entries,
ascertainment of duties,.debenture$, &c,, &c., would be done away withi
and the commerce of the State and country , generally greatly benefited*
, 19. Answered in the preceding.
20. All the high-dutied articles of foreign ' growth or , manufacture
similar to our own, especially white lead and carpets, floor cloths, &c. ■
21. The estabhshment of minimums has already been touched upon
as to its first introduction ;, being then supposed to be on cotton, gopds
25 per cent., (at that time thought a very high ad valorem, dxity.) - It has ,
degenerated into a complete deception; ashamed to call for a' prohihition
in a free country,, or so calling itself, (or, ■what is the .pame thing, open
prohibitory duties,) minimums have become & concave mirror, reducing
the giant to a dwarf; whereby a 30 per cent, duty becomes, in a fe>v
extreme cases, 180 and 190; in numerous ones 100 per cent. ;' in a few.
comparatively, (and in none when minimums .exist.j), 25 or 30, or 50. per
cent., as the law-giverk intended; consider^ minimums a disgrace, to o.ur
revenue system. -
22. A duty of 5 per cent, ad valorem might safely be imposed on all
the articles free of duty now, except to the 5th .paragraph' of the 9th
section of the act of 1842. The articles in the ■ 6th paragraph might
well pay 5 per cent., except tea and coffee; some raw materials in this
paragraph might indeed- come free ; but when the, .ship and wood
manufacturers are so enormously taxed for their raw rnaterials, the
consumers of dyorwoods -might pay something; but dye-woods have
always been free of dut}'', and had better continue so.
23. This is of a very comprehensive character. If it means, for
instafice, to ascertain whether anthracite coal comes dearer to the pri-
vate consumer than to the incorporated company, should say, -Certainly
not. The consumption of all the. manufacturers, together is as nothing
to the great mass of consumers — perhaps, of coal, a 20th or 30th of the
quantity used by the mass. So in regard , to. the conspmption.of foreign
.articlgs by stockholders and, operatives, (the- latter of whom are on
wages)i — ^thqy consume as much; and -no more than other individuals of
the same .revenue.,-,' ' . . ■ . , ' . ■
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24. The effect of duties on articles generally consumed, and manu-
factured here only to a limited extent, is to enrich at first the manufac-
turers; then, competition arises, and profits decrease or beconie. nothing.
In the mean time agriculture arid ^commerce decline, because the mam
ufactured article takes the place of the; foreigii, for \A'hich there is no
demand. / ;
25. To answer this requires statistical information I caniiot obtaiii.
26. I believe agriculture to be the chief sufferer in all countries from
restrictive duties. • . . ■
27. I am entirely unacquainted with the wool trade, and only know
this fact, that the greater part of the wool used is, imported from .Buenos
Ayres,...Smyrna, Gibraltar^ &c. .. •
28. No mines are; ■worked, in this. State, f
Note.— The undersigned, feaiihg he rhay have overlooked some fact
in the above synopsis of Mr. Winslow’s answers, as he ha,s entered very
largely into a discussion of most of the interrogatories, would most
respectfully refer the, honorable Secretary to the letteqpf Mr. Winslow
itself, enclosed in one from Isaac O., BarneSj Esq., United States Mar-
shal, Boston. E. C;
Newhuryport, Essex County. William, Nichols, Collector, sends answers from
' Edm. Barilet., ,
1. Corn, potatoes, onions, hay, beef, pork, horses, sheep, swine, neat
cattle ; no cotton, rice. Or tobacco. ' ' U
2. Three-fifths of 350,000,000 of dollars in value.
3. Three-fifths of all that is produced.
4. The agricultural interest gives but a small percentage over the
support of the laborers. ■
6. Four per cent. ,
6. Fluctuating; present prices 30 per cent, higher than in 1842.'
7. In 1842. prices were depressed by the currency.; since 1842 prices
higher. ' . ' ■
8. The State does not raise sufficient; from the West; a revival of
business, and more confidence. ,
9; They increase or diminish slightly by commerce; by manufactures
and mechanical operations, they increase.
10. The prices are lower ; competition and improvement have caused
it. ■ ■ '
11. Largely of its products of industry; aggregate greatl}'' enlarged.,
12. Competition and industry, are the life of all.
13. Keep up the tariff, and we wiU soon- supply articles for export,
which we now import. ' >
14. Have all kinds' of manufactures of the raw material, and many
articles made frorn rnaterials imported, to the ainoUnt of more than
$100,000,000; invested Capital, $120,000,000 ; profits 8 to 12 per cent.,
clear. They are necessary, with slight modifications On some articles.
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The profits oii the inanufacture of eeitain articles fluctuate as the times
are. ' ‘ '
15. Largely in ship-building. Heretofore, the duties on some articles
were heavy ; nOw little affected, by reason of supplies of iron, hempj
copper, &c., being our own products, and also conipetition. ■ '
16. Two-fifths in commerce. The tariff has benefited Commerce 10
per cent, of value of imports.
17. It would be beneficial in many respects.
18. It operates unfavorably.
19. There are some such articles. ;
■ 20. I think of none. ‘
21. The interests of the State are promoted by the tariff. The cash
system is good for large capitalists; but the warehouse system would
benefit all importers, if optional. ^
22. Coffee, tea, and some others ; 20 per cent. Specific duties.
23. This information Cali best be obtained from manufacturers or their
agents.
24. Encourages new enterprises,; brings out talent and Capital.
25. None ; not pecubar to Massachusetts. ' ' .
■ 26. Yes; greatly prospered by the tariff of 1842.
27. Large quantities — ^25 to 30 cents per pound; previously 18 to 20
cents. ■ .
28. Some coal, some iron, little copper, some other minerals, large
quantity of granite, marble, some slate, ochres, &c. Since the tariff of
1842, the prices of said articles have gradually lowered, and are now 10
to 15 per cent, less than before 1842.
Neyiburyport. William Nichols, Collector, encloses answers from \name not
givenl] _ , , .
1. Hay, potatoes, butter, cheese, stock, &c.
2. Should suppose about one-fifth.
3. The success of agriculture in the State mainly depends upon the
prosperity of the commercial, manufacturing, and mechanical 'interests,
as its chief business is- to supply the towns and cities in which these are
carried on with the products of the farm. , ,
4. The profits on capital employed in agriculture were, probably,
greater from 1830 to 1837 than at any time before. Since 1837, the
increase of the products of the West has generally operated to reduce
the price of agricultural products. '
5. The profit of capital employed in agriculture in Massachusetts,
and managed Under the eye of the owner, with a proper regard to
system and economy, has -pfobably been pretty uniformly about six per
cent. On a fair valuation, the valuation changing with the general pros-
perity or depression of business. ‘
6. The first part of .this question mUy be answered accurately by
reference to the bOoks o'f some of the, large prO-vision' dealers in Boston ;
and the second by the judgrneht rif some- fmmer of large capital, who,,
conducts his business With a systeihatie regard' to profit.
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7. Not answered. , -
■8, This State does not raise a sufficient supply for its consumption ;
the deficiency is, drawn from^Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the
western States. The average annual amount, prices, &c., may be
ascertained of the large provision dealers in^Bostpm
9. See answer to No. 3. ' '
10. As a general rule, the prices of all articles of domestic manufacr
ture are lower than those of imported articles and the prices are usually
low in proportion to the length of time during which the manufacture
has been carried on in this country, subject only to temporary vaiiations,
by the increase or diminution of competition, and the general, prosperity
of this and foreign countries.
• 11. A' considerable quantity of the manufactures of this Stute, of
various kinds, are ejcported to different parts of the world, where they
are , allowed admission. The statistic^ tables within reach of the
Department will answer the latter clause of this question^ •
12. The statistical tables in the possession of the Department will
give an answer to the first ffiree divisions of this question. F oreign
competitors to most descriptioits, of merchandise (wooden clocks are,
perhaps, the only 'exception) exported, are met almost everywhere. The
English arid Germans are the principal competitors who meet our man-
ufactures in foreign countries ; arid in some, owing both to long, experi-
ence in the manufacture, to, the establishment, of agents concerned in
their manufacture and ac^quainted with the tastes and habits prevailing
ih the foreign market, aided by their cheaper labor, they undersell us.
Am not aware that the present tariff lessens the ability to export. If it
does this to any extent, it must be in consequerice of increasing the
home market and keeping up the price of labor. There is no hmit to
the increased production of manufactured goods, unless the parties
engaged in ’ it are in possession of the irionopoly of some patented
machinery, so long as they pay a profit equivalent to the customaiy^ rate
of interest. Many articles manufactured iri Massachusetts ai'e prohibited
as contraband, of excluded to a great extent in large foreign markets by
high duties. '
13. There is, undoubtedly, an iritimate connection between the amount
of foreign exports and imports of a cbuntiy. The imports cannot, for
ariy long series of years, exceed the amount of exports more than the
gains on traffic -and the profits bn freight, which sometimes may reach
25 per cent. The tariff may be considered, among an industrious'
people, as diminishing the foreign traffic of a country . just in proportion
as it increases their internal trade.' This will hold where the tariff is
placed upon articles susceptible of being produced to advantage witliin
the country itself.
14. The answer to the first five divisions of this question may be
found in tbe statistical, returns of Massachusetts industry. The present
tariff is probably (more needful to the success of newly-estabhshed man-
ufactories, than of those which have been in operation for a course of
years. An establishment which is just putting up its buildings, placing
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its machineiy in operation, and procuring its agents and . operatives,
necessaril5^does,this at more or less disadvantage. Other things being
equal, the longest experience in the manufacture of a,n article gives the
fabricator a manifest advantage. The profits of manufactures are less
equable, than those of agriculture, and even those of commerce. They
are affected by the legislation of foreign countries, by the general pros-
perity of the. world and of our. own country in particular, by the legisla-
tion of our own Government, and by many other contingencies.
15. - The tabular statements annually published by the Department
will show the amount of the ship-building, and the extent of the naviga-
tion of Massachusetts. The general condition of those branches of busi-
ness has not been better for many years than during the last three. The
cotton and tobacco carrying trade alone has been depressed, and their
profits reduced tO: an exceedingly Ipw figure, by a great influx of ship-
ping belonging to England and- the. Hanse Towiis. The shipping
employed by th'e , Hanse Towns,; owing to the cheapness with which-
they are sailed and constructed, and to the numerous branches of Ger-
man commercial houses from Hamburg and Bremen established in the
United States, possess an advantage in ' some respect over our own
shipping. The English, also-, from- their vast colonial trade and their
navigation laws, added to the .fact that their immense timber fleet is
shut out -from almost all itS timber trade during the busy season, when'
the great staples of the United States are pressing on the market, thus
enabling them to make two timber freights a year, and then, instead of
hauling up during the, winter, coming over to the United States, and
making one or two freights, renders it not only a formidable rival, but
. gives it a manifest advantage : over the. shipping of the. United States,
which is excluded from this great colflnial tra,de. ;
16. The capital invested in commercej .including all branches of the
fisheries, is probably greater thap that invested in agriculture. The
foreign commerce of the. State may have been somewhat unfavorably
affected by the tariff; but its coastwise trade and fisheries have undoubt-
edly been benefited'by this tariff to a still greater, extehn .
17. The establishment of a warehouse system would undoubtedly
benefit the importing interest, and particularly the large cities, especially
if no charge should be’ made for storage. At this time, on. some articles
upon which the duty, is high the present tariff operates very unfavorably ;
for instance, on a cargo of pepper, the importer is obliged to raise about
$50,006 in cash , on what cost him only half this sum, before he Can
touch or sell a single pound of it. ' •
18. 19. There is little or no foreign merchandise exported from this
district. •
20. It is difficult to decide what foreign articles are shut otit from
competition with domestic manufactures, by. high duties. The fairest
wa}r seems to be to ascertain the present prices of articles of the same
quality in the United States and foreign countries. The prices at home
may be readily ascertained, and those in- foreign countries, accompanied
by samples, may be obtained through the consular agents of the United
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States. It is believed that, with the exception of woolen goods, the
finest qualities of white cotton goods and of prints, .iron,, hemp, canvas,
i and perhaps coal and. shoes, all articles’ which enter extensively into
the consumption of the people, and are produced in the United States,
are quite as cheap, and in many cases cheaper than in any other part
of the world., ■ ■ ' • ■■
■ 21. Not answered. •
22. There are some articles now on the. free list, upon which a mod-
erate duty hright be levied, without, perhaps, affecting the price at all,
. except- at the outset; by speculation. They are such articles as are
most cheaply and abundantly produced in foreign countries, and for
which . the : United States afford an important and valuable market.
Experience has shown to a certain extent, in such cases, that the duties
come out of the pockets of the producer, and not of the consumer. ' He
finds it better to diminish his price and reduce his profits somewhat,
rather than to check the consumption, which is always the tendency^of
high prices.
23. The duty on articles used in manufectur'ing is probably rather
lower than the average of other articles, owing to the high dutiqs on
sugar, hemp, ii-on, and dry goods, which enter so largely . into the
general consumption ; but, with the’ exception of the cheapest kind of
foreign wool and dye-sttiffs, very few foreign articles are used bj^’our
manufacturers. Oh these, it is believed the duty is quite as high in the
United States as in England.
24. . High duties upon articles extensively consumed, and manufac-
tured only -to a limited extent in the United States, are unquestioiiably ,
for the period during which such a state of things exists; injurious to
I the commerce; but if they should lead tO’ a large increase of the manu-
facture, sufficientj within, a reasonable time, to supply the wants of the
country, at a price nOt much above the cost of the same: articles if
brought from foreign countries free of duty, they would in the long run
be beneficial. The infancy of manufactures needs as much care and
attention in order to cause them to thrive, as does the infancy of human
’existence..’.- • . , . . ’
, ■ 25. The articles on which the prices are the most enhanced by the'
( duty are probably sugar, pepper, iron, canvas, woolen and worsted
f goods, spirits, and high-priced pririts.
26. Inasmuch as.the present duties tend .to increase and cheapen the
^ rnanufactures of, the country-by competition, and advance the geneial
prosperity of the community, they enlarge the demand and the home
1 market for agricultural products. ;
\ .27,' 28. Not satisfactorily answered, .
^ Vue de V Eau, Seehonk. From Hon. Johnson Gardner.
1. A reply to this may- be found at length -in the cOm'pendium of the
6th census, pages. 107,, I'OS.
2. Of this I will only say, that in this State there were, according, to
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the last census, 87,837 persons employed in agriculture, 8,063 in com-
merce, and in manufactures and trades of all kinds only 85,176; yet the
manufacturers would like to have it inferred that they possess all the
wealth and influence of the State.
3. It would conduce to the permanent welfare of the other great inter-
ests of the country, were agriculture, which is after aU the great interest
of the country, to be equally regarded in our tariff with the other inter-
ests, instead of being taxed for their benefit.
4. In his judgment the annual average of profit 6n capital employed
. in agricultural pursuits in. this State .for the last three years has not been,
after deducting the incidental expenses, preparation for market, trans-
portation to place of sale, and sales themselves, more than two per cent.,
if indeed it. has been more than one. ,
5. Should think; from sales made from his ovvn farm, that the average
for the ten years previous, estimatedin the same way, would be about,
five or six per cent.
6. The price of products has been about one-half or two-thirds as much
since the passage of ihe 'unjust act of 1842, as' it was the three years
previous. >
7. The prices and profits have not, in his judgment, been as much
affected by the state of the cuiTency, or by any expansion of the same,
as by the operation of this same tariff. .
8. Many cattle and other provisions are transported hither from other
■States,'
■ 9. While the agricultural interest is depressed, the manufacturing may
flourish and prosper, if the , can receive a bounty from the Govern-
ment at the expense of the former..
■ 10. Says a protectfre tariff benefits a few wealthy capitalists at the
expense of the great mass of the people; and therefore is unwise, unjust,
and intolerable, &c,
11. Under high, tariffs there has been a diminution of the exports of
agricultural produce; and a corresponding fall of prices in the market.
No greater absurdity ever existed than the idea-udvanced by the manu-
facturers, that by protecting them with a high tariff we are afforded an
adequate home market for our produce.
12. Not .answered.
13. Is of the opinion that a protective tariff like the one of 1842 has a
tendency to diminish the export trade.
' 14. There are in the State manufactures of aU kinds. Their profits
' for the last three years have not been less than 25 to 30 per cent. Con-
trast this with the profits of agriculture and commerce, crippled and,
depressed as they have been by .this aggravated injustice! Beheves
that the manufacturing; interest needs no more protection than the
agricultural.
15. Some of the citizens of this State are engaged in ship-building,
and that interest and the interest 'of navigation are injuriously affected
by the tariff.
20 to 23. Articles principally used by the agriculturists, such as non
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 249
I M- — Continued.
implements, manufactures of iron, leather, salt, &c., are subject to a dwi?/
almost prohibitory, while articles used by manufacturers, such as machinery,
dje-vroods, &.C., are admitted duty free!
24 to 28. Has not time to answer.
[Encloses some resolutions of his introduced into the ■ Senate of the
State, in 1843, in relation to the interests of agiiculturists.]
jBarnstable. From Josiak HinMey, Collector:
. Acknowledges the receipt of the circular, but cannot answer either
question satisfactorily. ,
, / . \ ■ _ ■■■ V - \ .
; ANSWERS TO CtRCULAR No. 1.
LiOwelh From Thomas G. Gary, Treasurer of the Hamiltou, Manufacturing
Company.
1. The manufactory is situated at Lowell, in the county of Middlesex,
and State of Massachusetts.
5. It is' a cotton facto ly, moved by water power.
3. It was established in 1826, and is a joint-stock concern.
4. The capital- invested in ground a,nd buildings, water power, and
machinery, is $700,000.
6. The average amount in materials, and in cash for their purchase,
and for- payment of wages, is $500, OOO.
6. The annual rate of profit on the capital since the establishment of
the- manufactory has been,- on an average, 9 J per cent., allowing for fire
insurance, and loss of interest during the building, or 10^ per cent,
without any such allowance; the profit having been as high as. 23 per
cent, in one year, andrihere having beeh in other years no profit at all.
No part of the capital is borrowed. ' .
7, The causes of the increase and decrease, when they have occurred,
have been similar to those which have produced fluctuations in other
branches of business ; but the decrease has been particularly owing to
over-importations of foreign goods; and competition at home.
'8. The rates of'profit on capital otherwise employed in this State vary
from 2 or 3 per cent, to 20 per cent, or more.
9. The amount of articles annually manufactured is as follows, (the
value fluctuating like that of other goods) :
Jn one mill of coarse yarn. No. 14, bedticks, shirting stripes,
and denims, valued at 9 to 12 cents per yard, f wide ..... $240,000
In one nrill of finer yarn. No. 20, jeans, cotton flannels, and
pantaloon stuffs, of different value, from 8' to 15 cents per
yard,, f wide ..i... ..... 200,000
. In a third mill, also of finer yarn, (from No. 22 to No. 36,)
sheetings and -printing cloths, valued at 8 to 12 cents per
square yard. ; 170,000
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In a set of print-works belonging to : the ■ sanie company are
printed annually 750', 000 yards of printing cloth, made in ;
the third mill mentioned above, and about 2,000,000 more
which are purchased. The- whole are valued, when printed, ;
at about ... .... . . . .. . , .. ... : . 300,000
Total amount annually manufactured. ....... $910,000
,10. The quantity and value of difierent raw materials used are —
Domestic— Cotton, 5, 000, bales. .... $140,000
Statch .3,300
Leather..... ..: 1,500
Oil.:... 6,000
■Coal. 15,000
Lumber. ......I...... 18,000
Dyestuffs... 24,000
$207,000
•Foreign— Madder. ................ $18,OO0
Indigo ............ ;. . i . .. . . .:. . . L ....... . 3.0,000
Other dyestuffs ........... 28,000
. ■ $76,000
11. The cost in the United States of similar articles' ‘‘of manufacture
imported from, abroad” cannot be giyen, because similar goods are
scarcely ever imported. Some of them jprohably would not be in any
state- of duty, as they appear to be made cheaper here than in any other
part. of the world; the others are made nearly as cheap here as any-
where. ^
12. The number of persons employed is as follows : .
Men. . .1 ......... .245 ; average' wages . . : .$1 03. per day.
Women. ......... .669 ; ■ do. . .53 do. ;
Children, (boys,) . . 34; do........... 44 do.
■ The wages are always paid, whether the manufacture yields any profit
or not. In 1;842, when there were hardly any dividends, and when this
company made' none at all, there Was a reduction of wages ; but H was
small in prbpoftibn, and the reduced .Wages . were sufficient to enable
those who are prudent to lay by a part of their earnings. The laboring
classes employed in manufactures,. therefore, suffer but little from the
depression of prices until the works axe stopped, as they have been
when the, importations were excessive. '
13. They are employed about 12 hourS a day, and have -work through
the year. . ' . ; ' s
14. The fate of wages of similar classes otherwise employed in tins
and other States isv as far as I am informed, for men about' the sanie,
and for wonien and children considerably less.. In England, it appears,
by parliamentary returns; that they are less by about 40 per cent. .
15. The number of horses employed is 2 ; no other animals are used.
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16. The manufactures do not find a market at the factory. They are'
sent to Boston and other Atlantic cities; and some of them are prepared,
by order, for shipment to South America and elsewhere.
17. Foreign articles of like kinds do not enter into competition with
them at the places of sale in the United States; although foreign articles
of finer quality and higher cost are constantly imported and sold in con-
siderable quantities, even to the people who- are employed in the factories.
The consumption of foreign goods in Lowell, for instance; is important.
If the manufacturing establishments at siich places were to be broken
up, the purchasers there would cease to have the means of purchasing
foreign goods; and the dismission of such people from profitable em-
ployments ■would affect foreign trade. The repeal of the tariff, there-
fore, is more likely to diminish than to increase importation ; and if the
prosperity of the South depends upon that, the South- is likely to suffer
with the rest of the countiy. by the repeal, for the, returns sho-w that im-
portations have increased under the tariff of 1842.
18. The manufactures are cohsumed in various- parts of the United
States,- in- South Ameiica, in the islands of the Indian ocean,- and to a
small extent-in China. • • ■ ' ■ ,
19. Some of the cloths are' exported as above in considerable ..quanti-
ties to South Arnerica, and in small quantities to the West Indies and
the British colonies.
20. - They are usually sold on a credit of six or eight months ; they
are not- bartered, . - .1
21. The cost of the manufactured article to the manufacturer has
decreased, both fn materials and labor. The decrease has not been at
ai regular annual rate, but subject to partial fluctuations. The fluctua-
tions of the principal material (cotton) are well known. The- decrease .
in the cost of labor has not been produced by the reduction of wages,
but by improvements in rnachinery and skill, which enlarge' the'produc-
tion of cloth without adding to., the number of hands employed. The
whole decrease since the estabhshment of the manufactOiy has been
about, one-third of the cost. ' -
22. The prices at ■which the manufactures have been sold . since the
establishmerit have been various, fluctuating to . the extent of nearly 100
per cent., from 75 per cent, above the present rates to 25 per cent,
below;
23. “ To enable the manufacturer to enter iiito competition in the home
market with similar articles imported,” such rate of duty is necessary as
w*ill secure him against the excessive importations that sometimes occur-
^yhen there is .an over-production abroad; such importations being of
- no permanent advantage to the consumer, because the depression which
they cause is followed by a short Supply, and great advance in prices.
Itis well known that our cotton' cloths are. furnished so lowthat only a
small portion of the present duty- on most kinds is added, in the price
paid by the consumer, to what would-be the cost of similar, foreign arti-
cles. .But paying, as the manufacturer does, wages sufficient to make
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
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those in his employnient independent, he wishes that he and they may
be relieved from the uncertainties caused by the competition of foreign
pauperism, whose labor is occasionally procured at any rate that will
prevent starvation.’ ’ , ' ' ,
The duty necessary for this varies with the fineness of the cloth. For
the goods made in the mill first mentioned from No. 14 yarn, and from
the coarser numbers, little duty, if any, is required, except to prevent
our being flooded with spurious imitations made from Bengal cotton,
the want of intrinsic value in which miight not be fully known unfd
much mischief had been done to Our establishments. We sell speh
goods in foreign markets as low as they can' be sold by any nation..
Foreigners then could not send them, here advantageously under any
circumstances; and as to those goods, therefore, which me chiefly used
by the laboring classes, the tariff is wholly inoperative ; they are as cheap
as if there were no duty at all. For cloth a grade or two better, a rnod-
erate duty would be sufficient; and for the finer fabrics, the duty as it
now stands is necessary to effect the purpose intended. -
24. I am not aware that any change is necessary in collecting the duty
under the present tariff to prevent fraud, except a more careful examina-
tion of the goods. If the duty should: be assessed upon the -value, I
think there would fie great frauds, which could not be prevented.
25. The rate of our aiinual profits for the last three years, to June,.
1845, when the accounts were last made up, has been 12 per cent, on
an average. The dividends during that time have been 8 J per cent,
annually. The difference, amiounting in all to 11 per cent., has been
appropriated to the renovation of the mills and machinery, which being
old, required new outlay to fit them for competition with newer estab-
lishments. ■
26. The proportion of price of the raw material to that of the labor
in the cost of the cloth varies with the price of cotton, which has fluctu-
ated from to 20 cents per lb. since the establishment of the factory.
It varies also with the fineness of the cloth. At present, in our coarse
cloth, the price of the raw material is about double the price of the labor
of making it. In the finest cloth that we make, the price of the labor is
about one-fifth more than that of the raw material. The profits of the
capital are not reckoned in the cost of the cloth. Sometimes there are
no profits.
27. The agricultural productions of the country consutned in our estab-
lishment amount to 8140,000;' other domestic productions so consumed
amount to 867,800. . » ■
28., The manufactures of the Harrrilton Company are so various that
to answer this question with precision would 'require a comparison with
most branches of the cotton manufacture of the United States.
29. If the duty were reduced to 12 J per cent., it would probably
cause us, in a great rheasure, to abandon the business. The manufac-
ture of the coarser cloths might,..as has been stated, be continued without
interruption, except from one cause-— that is, the probable change of
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M — Continued.,
'machinery from the finer descriptions, to increase the quantity of the
Cparser, so that the manufacture of the latter would be greatly over-
done. ' .
30. The capital being furnished by the stockholders, I cannot say what
they would severally do in such a case. More than half of it being in
fixed property, which could not be converted to new uses, must be
nearly a total loss.
31. No doubt there are pursuits' in which they could employ what
they would have left, so as to derive greater profits than from the man-
ufacture of the finer cloths, for there would probably be little dr no profits
on them after such reduction.
32. I am not particularly acquainted with the manufactures of salt
and iron. ■ '
33. The amount of our capital is $1,200,000 ; no part of 'which is
borrowed.
34. It would be impossible to tell “ what amount of reduction in the
duties would enable the real capital employed to yield an interest of 6
per cent.”
To regulate the profit in that way would probably require monthly
change of tariff— a shding scale; for it must be obvious that such a limit
as would prevent the profit from ever, rising above 6 per, cent, would
probably have the effect to destroy, the profit altogether ; since it would
leave our , market exposed to any influx of goods which might suit the
temporaiy convenience of the foreigner, and subje’ct the manufacturer
here to uncertainties that would be ruinous.
When business is so nicely balanced., a small addition to the importa-
tion is sufficient to turn the scale. Instead of competition aniong pur-
chasgrs to, get the goods, there comes competition among the sellers to
get rid of them, at the sacrifice of all profit and part of the cost.- Then
begin failures among the merchants, discharges of hands from the fac-
tories, and bad times to most people.; for, though a yard of cloth that
usually costs a'shilhng may be. bought- for sixpence, it is more difficult,
at such tirnes, to, get the sixpence to pay for it than it had been to earn
the shilhng before. This was eminently so in the depression of 1841
and 1842, just preceding the operation of the present tariff; goods could
scarcely be sold, even at half price. ■ ■
35. It appears from a statement, made by the Treasury' Department,*
that if (as is suggested in the 35th inquiry) ‘‘ minimums should be abol-
ished, and the duty assessed upon the actual value of the imported arti-
cle in the American port,” the rate of ad valorem duty, equivalent to
the present with the minimum, as actually collected, would be 38 per
cent. It appears, too, that this is chiefly collected upon articles of the
highest cost, and therefore approaching, nearest to what are called luxu-
ries. , The rate per cent, charged upoir the cheaper cloths would appear
*Senate Doc. No. 109, 2d Session ^th Congress;
Duty from goods costing above the minimun) 30 per cent. .p, 121, 000
Duty from printed and colored goods, at 9 cents per square yard, 43 per cent. . . .. 2,574,000
Dutyirdm plain goods, at 6 cents per square ywdjtSj per cent. .... ... ... 544,000
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higher than the average; but, as, has been shown, this becomes almost
nominal as the cloth , declines irj quality, because the coarser fabrics
could not be imported with advantage under any arrangement of the
■duty. . ■_■ :
36. The operation of the change upon the frauds at present supposed
to- be practised, would probably- be greatly to increase them. ..f
37. In coarse cotton goods, the production by the American . manufac-
turer supplies the whole . cohsuEription of the country. . In finer goods,
the proportion of the production to the consumption varies, diminishing
as the goods increase in fineness. , '
38. I think the individual and household manufactures of the United
States have diminished since the tariff of 1S42.
39,40. lam not particularly informed as to the average profits of
rnoney or capital, or of w’ages, in the United States. So far as I have
observed, they are occasionally higher in the southern and Western States,
than in the northern. ■ '
. y
Lowell. From Thomas G. Cary, Treasurer Appleton C&mpany..
1. It is situated at Lowell, Massachusetts.'' - ■
2; It is moved by water power. ■
3. It was established in 182.9, and is a joint-stOck concern.’
4. The amount invested in ground , and buildings, water power, and
machinery, is $375,000. ' ,
. 5. The average amount in materials and cash is .$225,000. ■ • ^
6. The annual rate of profit since the establishment of the factory,
allowing for fire insurance and loss of interest during the building, has
been 8f per cent., or 9| per cent. Avithout any such allowance, ‘ No part
of the capital is .borro wed. ‘ ^
7. The cause of increase or decrease, when they have occurred, has
been of the same nature as the cause of fluctuations in Other branches .
of business, and also home competition.
9. The arnouht of articles annually manufactured has been about
1,700,000 pounds of heavy sheetings and shirtings; of about 3 square
yards to the pound. The cloth is aU maxie from one kind of yarn. No.
14, and is nearly similar in quality, jthough varying in Avidth. ■
10.. The raw materials vised are as follows ;
4,500 bales of cotton. ....... ........ . . . ^ . . .$12:0,000
Starch. . . .. . . ..'1 - - 2,500
Leather ...... ..... 500
Lumber .1. . ..... 2,000
Oil........ :. 3,000
Coal ...... 1,500
Total ........ $129,500
11. No similar articles are imported from any foreign, country.
12. The number^ of men employed is 89— average wages $1 ,05 per
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
day. The number of women employed is 326— average wages 51 J-
cents per day. Children none.
23,'24. No.duty is necessary, unless to prevent -spurious imitations;
nor would it be -for that if Bengal cotton were .admitted, . free. There
are no fraud's, I presume, therefore, in respect to goods like the fabrics
of this company, for no such foreign cloth is made, cheaper.
25. The rate of profit for the last three years has been 10 J per cent.
The dividends during that time have bee'n'.7§ per cent. ’ The remainder
of the income,, amounting to .per cent., or 2 5-6 per cent, annually,
has been appropriated to the improvement of the mills and machinery,
which are: now old. and require new outlay to ' enable , them to stand in
competition with newer establishments.
26. The price of the raw material is usually about . double the .cost of
the labor in the price of the cloth; but it varies with the market for
cotton. . ' , ^ ^ ^
27. The amount of agricultural productions of the country consumed
in the establishment is $120,000; . other domestic, productions am0unt4o
$9,500. k . .
28. The quantity or amount of nianufactures, such as we., make, pro^
duced .in the United States, must be. nearly one-fourth of the whole
cottoh mjanufacture.
29. If . the duty were reduced to 12^ per cent, on the kind of goods
made in the Appleton factory, I do not think it would- induce us to
abandon the business unless the duty were reduced on. finer goods, so
that machinery would be turned from the manufacture of fine to that of .
coarse goods. .
33. The amount of capital is $600,000, and none of .it is borrowed.
34. The duty being wholly inoperative on cloths Rom No. 14 yarn,
the reduction would probably have no effect.
35. If minimums, wliich are inoperative as to the goods of this com-
pany, were abolished, the rate of duty ad valorem would be equivalent
to about 75 per cent. But, as has been stated, it is .merely nominal and
is never levied, because such goods are not imported, and could not be
at any rate of duty, unless it might be a spurious imitation from Bengal
cotton. , -
36. The change, therefore, would have no effect upon frauds.
37. The production of the American manufacture covers the whole
consumption of the country.
For answers to questions Nos. 8, 13to22 inclusive, 30, 31, 32, 38, 39,
and 40, reference is had to the answers annexed hereto in respect to the
Hamilton Manufacturing Company.
(ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR NO. 2. ,
Groton, From Noah Shattuck.
1. Hay, wheat, rye, corn,-oats, barley, apples, peachesi pears, plums,
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[1845.
cherries, grapes, potatoes, and other usua.1 garden vegetables ; fruit trees,
of various kinds, and butter and cheese.
2. A large proportion of its capital is engaged in their production.
3. To a very considerable extent. ■
4. Not more than 3 per cent.., as a general rule. •
5. About 4 per cent., as a general rule.
■6.' Cannot answer.
7. Cannot answer.
8. No; it draws its supplies from the various quarters of the United
States and from abroad. Cannot answer last two branches.
9. -The commercial, mechanical, and navigation, I think do,, but not so,
with the manufacturing interest.-
10. I should think not ; I attribute it to. the tariff; cannot answer..
11. We export cotton cloths to a great extent.
12. Cannot ans^ver.,
13. Cannot answer..
14. We have, of various description's;; and a great amount of capital
invested in them. Goods of various descriptions, but I cannot answer
as to profit, or investment. With the present duties the manufacturing
interest is preferable to the agricultural or mechanical interest.
15. ' Yes; but to what extent I cannot answer.
16. Cannot answer.
17. 18. I cannot say. , ' '
19, .,20. I leave these questions to be answered by the mercantile part
of the community.
21, 22. I cannot answer.
23, 24. I answer, that the present duties operate more favorably to
the manufacturing interest than to the other industrial classes of our
community.
25 to 28. I shall not risk an opinion. I confine .m,y answers, in
particular, to .Middlesex county, where I am engaged in a,gricultural
pursuits. ' ■ ■ . . ■ ’ ' ■
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No.; 1.
Boston. From C. W. Cartwright, Treasurer of the Uxbridge Cotton Mills.
1. Massachusetts,, Worcester county.
2. Half throttle and half mule spinning, live spindles.
3. Present corporation, in 1840. ,
4. Eighty thousand dollars.
5. Forty-five thousand dollars.
6. Seven per cent, since 1840; prior thereto a great loss. We have
no borrowed capital. • ' ' . '
7. Supply and defna,nd.
8. I don’t know.
9. About one rhillion yards of cloth; value '$100, 000; aU shirtings.
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY., 257
M-^Gontinued.
id. 600 bales of cotton; 12,000 lbs. of statcli ; 1,-200 gallons of oil;
400 cords of wood. '
11. I do not know.
12. About 50 men, and 120 girls; men’s Wages ,$1 50 per day, and
girls’ 40 cents per day, clear of board and lodging,
13. About twelve hours the year round.
14. I don’t know.
■ 15v One horse.', ' ' • ■
i6'. Our goods are sold in' the' vaidous seaports in the- United State's-;
s'bme for' consumption, arid SOtUe for Mexico. . '
if . I am not aware -that any foreign goods come into -coriipetitibn With
ours in the United States ; but in Mexico this may be so:
18. They are distributed within and without the United . States for
consumption. / ■ ’ .
19. Ans'wered iri Nov' I6v . "
20. Generally sold on 6 and 8 'months’ credit; never bartered.
21. It has constantly varied .as cotton has -varied ; cind this variationj
.since 1840, has been corifined almost exclusively -to the Cottori, the labor
being nearly Statipnary';; the goods sold dn. 1840 at 12: cents per yajrd
. ridW; seU at 9- Cents'. . ' '
22. Answered above. So far asyregards the ' present company; but
about 1828 the goods hoW selhng at 0 brought 16 cents per yaid:
23. I do not know.
. 24. I should think rioti
25. Answered in No: 6, so far as profits are Coricerned ; all of -which,
excepting one dividend of six per cent., has been added to the capital,
raising' said capitah from |100,000 to $125,000, and shares hate been
issued to the stockhoiderS for such addition. / ; , , '
- 26: About one-half for labor, 35 per cent, for stock, arid 15 per Cenf.
for profit for the past year, owing to the' low price of CottOn arid ready
sale of goods ; but frequently our goods have remairied' oil hand, arid
. the loss of interest and expenses on them 'has left no profit.
27. Our hands not being furnished by us with board',! do riot kno-vv ;
but, being well fed and clothed from their wages; I premme they con-
sume as much as any other equal number of hands.
'28. .1 cannot form an opinion based on facts ■within my own knowl-
edge; but' suppose, we make of the number of yarn woven into shirtings
about one-twentieth of what is made in the United States.
29. The reduction of duties on. goods to 12 J per cent., other than
cotton fabrics, would, not reduce the cost of our goods; but a reduction
on cotton goods to 12'J per , cent. Would be' very hkely tomreate' such a
competition in the home market from European manufacturers as would
be destructive of our business. ' . ' ' .
■ 30. If qur business Was destroyed, so far as our Capital is in build:
■ ings, machinery, and Water power, it' would be lost, and we should ri'ot
of course have it to employ in any other buSiiieSs; our quick orAvorking
capital we could convert into mOriey at mOre or less sacrifice: arid divide
VoL. V.— 17.
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it among our stockholders, ^ho would use it no doubt with proper dis-
cretion.
31. in case of reduction, I have no doubt that circumstances would
arise by which those who had money, might Speculate on those in dis-
tress to great advantage. . •
. 32. So far as I am informed, there is rip poirit iri the United States
where iron is made in any quantity; but what is within the reach of
foreign competition the most rerirote from the seaboard, so far as regards
the home market, would Re the least operated on ; but so far as the same
furnaces depend pn the seaboard for a market, it would be ruinous to
them at present to allow foreigners to compete in the, home market; but
as the skill and necessary economy are acquired at .our furnaces, our
iron ore and coal being so much mPre abundant than in . any foreign
country, and generally above' the level of tide-water, (which is not the
case in England,) all that is required to reduce the price of iron here iri
a few years is the security of the home market: this secured, capitalists
would be induced to enter into the business with ample means- to intro-
duce the most approved machinery and skill in this fabric;, and I have
no doubt that in a few years all Pur. railroad iron .would be riiade in the .
United States, and that hammered and rolled iron would be ranked
among our articles of domestic export. Salt made west of the Alle-
ghany mountains, and in western New York, I think is placed beyond
foreign competition.
33. I do not know.
34. This involves tpo many contingencies to be susceptible of an an-,
swer.
35. I do not know. . ■ .
36. Its operation would be to have different rates of duty existing in
the •. different ports of the. United States; the trade would of course
centre where the officers were the most pliable : then, in guarding against
foreign frauds,' we should encounter unequal duties at our various custom-
houses at honie.
37. I don’t know. ;
38. 39., 40. r don’t know, . • . ,
RHODE ISLAND.
ANS'WERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Netuport Coirnty. From E. Wilbur y Collector,
1. Hay, corn, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, onions,, and garden vegeta-
bles ; together, with beef, pprk, and poultry. No cotton, rice, or tobacco.
2. About two-thirds of its capital employed in .their production;
3. All these interests have been iso nearly blended that it is. difficult
to decide which is the dependent interest. , ■
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SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
259
M — Continued.
4. Four to six per cent,
5. Six to eight per cent.
Prom 1832 to 1842.
From 1842 to 1845;
Hay, $15 per ton. ,
.$12
per ton.
Corn, 92 cents per bushel.
70 cents per bushel.
Rye, $1 - do.
87 ,
do.
Oats, 42 cents do.
37.
do.
Barley, 67 cents do.
67
do.
Potatoes, 33 cts. do.
.30
■ do.
Onions, 37 cts. do.
25
■ do.
Beef, 6 cents per pound.
4 cents per pound.
Pork, 10 do.
6
do.
Poultry, 10 do.
10
do.
Garden vegetables about the same during both periods. Average
income per hand, during the first period, about $125; during the last
$150.'
7, Perhaps somewhat by both; much more by the currency than the
tariff; perhaps as 4 to 1. " - , .
8. The country does not raise a sufficient supply. It draws its
supplies mostly from , New York, Virginia, Louisiana, Massachusetts,
Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, Maryland, and Cuba.
Tlje average amount has been estimated as follows, together with the
prices:
Amount,
. Price, 1832
to 1842.
Price, 1842
to 1845.
11,500 barrels
#6,
$69,000
$5,
$57,500
700
10,
7,000
7,
4,900
800
t< .
12, .
9,600
10,
8,000
300
(4
15,
4,500
12,
3,600
1,000
44
3^
3,500
3,
3,000
100,000
44
12 cts.
12,000
10 cts..
10,000
60,000
44
8 cts..
4,800
6 cts..
3,600
150,000
44
8 cts.,'
12,000
6 cts. ,
9,000
10,000 gallons
30 cts.,
3,000
28 'cts.,
2,800
50,000 bushels
60 cts.,
30,000
50 cts..
25,000
4,000
44
75 cts.,
3,000
60 cts..
2,400
l\500 barrels
$5,
7,500
p..
6,000
500
•<
6,
3,000
5,
■ 2,500
25,000 gallons
25 cts.,
6,250
20 cts.,
5,000
200 bead
#75,
15,000
$60,
12,000
. 2,000
44
30,
^60,000
20,
40,000
Articles, '
Flour
Beef. . . ; •
Pork. . . .
Bacon
Fish
Butter.
Cheese
Lard . - •
New Orleans molasses.
Corn
Rye. -
Buckwheat .
Beans .!. . ..
Cuba molasses
Horses
Neat cattle.
Sugar.
The difference in prices may be traced to various causes: the exten-
sive railroad operations which were forced onward in the teii years
preceding 1842, beyond the ability of the. country to sustain ; the state of
the currency ; to facilities afforded to speculators by the Bank of the
United States and other banks ; tp the diversion of labor from agricultural
to manufacturing pursuits and internal improvements.
9. No.
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260 . ^ REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
10. Tde average prices of protected articles have not been so low
during the last three years as in the ten preceding. This is owing, in
part, to the operation of the different tariff laws, but perhaps more to the
improved condition; of the currency, and the consequent stability qf trade.
’ The amount of protected articles is'not sa large- but that the general
expense of living has been less in the last three years than in the prece-
ding ten.
11. A large amount of cotton and woolen gopds exported; but the
manufacturers, refuse to answer the questions propounded to' them, so
that I cannot ans>yer explicitly as to the difference in value; probably
about ten per cent, higher during tire last three years than in the prece-
ding ten. The county also exports oil and- other articles to' a large
amount, which have not been materially affected. Cotton and woolen
' goods nearly, or quite $1,000,000; oils and other articles, $190,000.
12. The direct exportation from this county to foreign markets’ds so
small that this question cannot be fully answered. The direct foreign
exports,, to any considerable amount, are garden vegetables, cheese,
pork, potatoes. Onions, sperm an d< tallow candles, cordage, fish, and
poultry; none of which are materially .affected, if at all, by the tariff.
13 i No ansfrer.
14. We have in this county 4 woolen and 8 cotton manufactories ; the-
woolen manufactures are mostly Coarse goods, conimonly called “negro
cloth,” satinet, the coarse kinds of broadcloth, and a small quantity of
finer and medium broadcloths. The- cotton manufacturers • use about
No. 40 sheetings, and Nos. 28 to 30 printing cloth ; sheeting, 1,230,000
yards ; ■ printing cloth,'' 2,200,000 yards. The others make cotton yarn
about Nos. 8 to 10 ; these are small mills; capital about $640,000. The
manufacturers refuse to answer questions as. to their profits ;, a fair esti-
mate is, probably, 20 to 30 per cent. A profit at least equal to agricufr
iural profits (under a discriminating tariff of 25' frer cent. ad 'valoxMn
manufactured articles, rejecting; the minimum) might be made by the
man ufaCturers in this county ; perhaps' mote'. ••
15> This county has but little interest in. ship-building at present,'
compared with former yeai'S. The tariff laws have had Some effect
upon this bilanch of business, by engaging q,ur citizens in manufactures.
Another reason is found in the fact, that the supply of ship timber in this:
State is nearly exhausted^ , ‘ '
16., About 1 to 10 ; tire: attention of our citizens -haying been -diverted
frorn commerce to manufactures has caused the dechne of the former..
Cannot tell how far the tariff laws have operated to produce this effect.
17. Not materially. •
18'. The same answer. . ■ ■ ^ '
19. Cannot specify with e'ertaanty,
20. Cotton fabrics generally, and' low-priced woolens.
21. "The manufacturing interest only directly affected ; ah the bthers
incidentally; and the effect upon' all beneficial, as it destroys foreign
compeiition. ' '
22. Cannot give a definite answer. A duty on tea and coffee and
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Fodorol Rooofvo Bonk of St. Louio
1845,] ; SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
,M— Continued, '
261
fruit would fall with ahoiit equal weight on the poor as oh. the wealthy;-
and the tax would therefore, be unequal in comparison with their ability
to-pay,. ' ' , .
23. The duty on wool affee|ts the agriculture of the State materially ;
upon all other articles the present duties seein to operate equally,
24i . The duties oh silk and bn some articles of woolen manufactures
operate injuriously upon this class; not necessarily perhaps, but frorn a
desire' to dress as' fashionably as their more wealthy neighbors,
25. Answered in the foregbing as far as my means of knowing will
26. The benefit to the agricuUm-ist is only incidental,, and the effect of
modification will also be only incidental, except in the case, of silk and .
some articles of woolen m anufacture referred to in No; 24. I know of
no way to remedy the evil but by a reduction of duty,. The country'
has, prospered under the present duties, but it is believed that under a
.system of duties for revenue, )vith a judicious discrirnination in favor of
the manufacturing interests, it would be equally prosperous,. ■
27. About 80,000 lbs. in this county. '. Since 1842, the average priee
has been about 37 cents; in the ten years preceding, about 30 cents.
28. We have only one coal mine, which produced last year about
2,800 tons of anthracite coal; .the price at the mine ■ has .uniformly
been $3 per ton; it is now abandoned; never having been profitable,
The above ■ return from collector, district of Newport
Rhode Island, is connected ydth a cbmrnunication addressed to ' the
Secretary of the Treasury, acknowledging the receipt of the circular,
stating that -he had “furnished the several agehts of manufacturing
companies with copies bf the questions;” that the “ agents refuse to
answer;” that “ the facts set forth in the return refer to the county of
Newport alone, .and are to be xegarded mere estimates," &c„ &c.'
B. Anthony, United States marshal. Providence Rhode Island, fur
nishes a list of individuals and companies to whom he had sent copies
of the questions. _ .
Newport,, From Joseph Joslen,
1. Similar products to those in the rest of New England.
2. .The greater portion of the capital; but investments in other pur-
suits involve that also to a considerable extent. • ' .
3. The general connection is. intimate, but not so vital in a given
space but these may flourish, at least for a time, while agriculture is
languishing.
4- Farmers, in general, are understood to say, “ Not more than 3 per
cent, since 1842;.”-^ • . ■ ■ '
5. And “4 or 5 per cent, for the ten preceding years.” But add
that, since 1842, they .have had to compete with a greater quantity in ^
this market from other States, as well as general, low prices.
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2G2 ■
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
6. The variation is inferred to be in about the same proportion.
7. As far as those laws have increased or diminished the rate of
living and cost of cultivation, or left open to a. greater or less competi-
tion from abroad the produce of the soil. The fluctuation of the cur-
rency considered as incidental only.
Not a sufficient Supply of the animals mentioned. Not of pro-
visions of air the kinds consumed. Supplies of grain and flour from the
South and West ; meats frdrh bordering States. Prices lower in the
latter period ; attributable to the fact that agriculture has not been fos-
tered so much as other interests. '
9. These interests, in this State, always tend to an equality of profits
with one another, and with agriculture. Pursuits are changed as profits
invite. That interest w.hich, for the time being, is mdre profitable than
any other, will for that reason Constantly tend, if undisturbed, to become
the least so in its turn. Legislation may cause one to flourish at the
expense of another, for a season ; may check the tendency to equality p
if despotic enough, arrest it. Still, under a fair operation of law, the
degree in which agriculture flourishes is the best test of general pros-
perity. If there are exceptions, they are not to be looked for where the
^ agricultural is the- chief interest.
10. The protected articles have been, on an average, highet in the
latter than in the former period. Attributable to special protection,
operating as a tax upon, and a general tax.
11. This State exports few agricultural products, and these to a very
limited extent. The export of manufactures, coastwise at least, is
considerable. Their value has been enhanced during the latter period.
12. Not a large proportion in foreign countries. Prices are governed
by the general demand, home and foreign. Similar articles from other
countries do come in competition with those from this. High duties
must stand in the way of successful competition abroad. So far as they
are a protection, by raising the home value; at least 'so fai' as the home
profits fail to make up to the exporter that difference. '
13. ' The general connection is such, that at a fair value, if excessive
importations continue a sufficient length Of time, the indebtment of the
country importing will become oppressive. And if the exportations are
in the same manner continued, the balance in its favor may result in
loss. Supposing the difference removed, in course, by the transport of
specie, the otherwise creditor countiy, is exempt from loss while it
, exports. But the debtor countiy suffers a drain of specie, meanwhile,
and must fail to receive as its ability to exchange fails. The present
duties tend to. lessen, therefore, the value of agricultural exports, so far
as the' ability to purchase is thereby lessened in the. country receiving
them. , ■
14. Numerous. .* Of cottOn, wool, machinery, &c. Comprising from
one to three-tenths of the whole capital, and increasing. Cotton and
woolen mills together between one and two hundred, and about one-
third as many of various other establishments. _ Not less than 276,000
cotton spindles, making 925,760 yards per ■week. Profits are admit-
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 263
M — -Continued.
ted to have ranged, for the'' last three years,. from .8 to 15 per cent.
The present duties on coarse goods are not necessaiy for them to oper-
ate with profit. Thcvpiesent profits induce so many to embark in the
business that it will soon be overdone. If the duties should be changed
in the mean time, against their inclinations, as a matter of course the
manufacturers will attribute the failure of their business to that circum-
stance.' But 20 to 25 per cent, is, undoubtedly, as the most intelligent
now admit, enough to make the manufacture of coarse goods equally
profitable with the growing of the best products in this State in either of
those periods. - -
15. Comparatively much at former periods; ship-building has evi-
dently declined ; the business has been unfavorably affected by tariffs ;
the. present not an exception. They have increased the -cost of build-
. ing by increasing the price of important materials for that pufpose and
for equipment. ' ^
16. Less to greater. Commerpe has declined less than ship-build-
ing; manufactures, and the transport of materials for them, supply in
some degree that deficiency. ,
T7. Undoubtedly. ' -
18. Very well.
19. Spirits permanentl}r without reductions.
20. Some of those paying high duties ; the domestic having taken
their place., ; . ’ , ;
'21. Agriculture and commerce, especially the latter, unfavorably ;
manufactures favorably; at least there is heard no complaint on their
especial behalf. ■ . , ^
22. Articles of luxury, and those which -may well be produced, in this
country, rather than those of the. most common use- which are not, be-
cause less burdensome in general, and more equal as to the means of
contributing. . ■ . ' , .
23. Many articles used by the most numerous class are taxed higher
than others more 'especially in request for manufacturing purposes : as
wool, hides, some materia-ls for dyeing, and other raw materials, which
are or may be produced in this country, not taxed so high^as the cheaper
kinds of clothing and several articles made of materials of hke origin
for general use.
24. To increase the cost to consumers, and so to protect the manufac-
ture of them in the United States; unequally, at least while such protec-
tion lasts, upon those interests. • ' ’
'25. The idea of special protection supposes there are; consequently
they might be imported for less, the duty aside, or sufficiently reduced.
The consumption of such is considerable and not peculiar. Were there
no fears of competition, as with respect to some is the case, the evidence
would have a different bearing.
26. The opinion is general in this State -that the pi’esent duties, by
stimulating maiiufactures. - and collecting consumers in villages, make a
home market for a.gricultural products; but they do hot appear to have
stimulated agriculture in an equal degree, to say nothing of commerce.-
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264 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M-rriContinuied,
From some cause', the. profits of farms are less, while those of manufac-
tures q,re greater : nevertheless, the State on the whole; h^s prosperecj
through its manufactories, however less in degree in other pursuit's. -
27. Probably 200,000: pounds- of wool annually, and double at least
of that quantity manufactured. . The wool raised for market is mostly
of fine quality, but languishing in price^25.to 28 cents, and no deman.fi.
Woolen factories mostly work' coarse wool from South America, under
the eight cents minimurn. The wool of this State has declined 30 per
cent, or more in the last twelve orfifteen years;, and h.ad nearly reached
the present low price as early as 1842.
2:8. Sqtn.e of coal, but not with remarkablo s-uccess. .
CONNECTICUT.
ANSWERS TO CIRCPLAR No. 1.
: New London County. From Increase Wilson. ' :
1. Connecticut, New London county.
,2. Miscellaneous hardware ; steam power.
3. In 1830; individual concern. ' . . i
4., : Present, capital invested in grounds, buildings, power-,, and machi-
nery, about S35,Q00.
5. Average amount expended annually for the last ten years, for rna,-
terials and wages, about 83.0,000. f ,
■ 6 to 8. No answer.
• 9. Amount of goods manufactured since 1830 from’ $20,OOO to ,
$50,000 per annum, consisting of a variety of articles. [A fist of these
articles is appended;]
10. Materials annually used for a few years past, 100 to 150 tons, pig
iron ; about one half Scotch, and the remainder American. Also from
20 to 30 tons American bolt and bar iron, rods, and wirefand about the
sanie quantity of English, Swedes, and Russia iron ; and nearly the same ,
quantity of old copper, block tin, zmc, &c.
...11, No answer.. ' ... ■ ■ . ,
12.. Forty to sixty rnen ; average wages $1. 25 per day; twenty to
forty bo5fs, average wages 60 cents per day. .
13. Ten hours per day throughout the year.
, 14, .15. Np answers,
16. Sales made to merchants directly, in different parts of the coun-
try, and through a,gents in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore. .
17. Similar articles are imported in large quantities, and sold at less
prices,, blit are supposed to be generally inferior in quality.
18. The manufactures are probably .consumed in every State in the
Union. ' ^ , , ■
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1845,} SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 265
M— Continued.
19. No answer. . . '
20. Sold principally on a credit of six months, but in. some cases for
cash, with a discount of .five per cent.
21. The cost of ‘the manufactures has gradually decreased, in conse-
quence of greater experience in the workmen, improvements 'in machi-
nery, tools, &c., and a slight .reduction in the cost of .materials; The
price of labor has not materiallyWaried,.
22. Many articles are now sold from 20 to 30 per cent, lower than
they were ten years since ;' and other article.s 15 to 20. per cent, lower
than they wer.e five; years since.
23. The present rate of duty on general hardware is considered
necessary to enable manufacturers to compete with' similar articles im-
ported; but if no more than ,a. coiresponding duty were placed on pig
and bar iron, many •articles now exclusively imported'.CQuld be made in
th.is c.puntry,
■ 24. No answer, ' ■
25; Profits never precisely ascertained, but small and hitherto ex-
pended m improying the concern.
26 to 28. No answers.
29.- Under a duty of 121 p,er cent, on .imported, goods more than one
half the articles now made here would probably be abandoned...
30 to 40. No answers. '
Tolland County,. Name not given;- received in a 'letter of Charles F, Lester,
. Collector,, Ne%p London, .October 2, 1845;. [Name suys^ppsed to be -Riifns'
G. Penney.'] . , ' : .
1. Connecticut, Tolland county. '
2. Satinet;, water power. ^ .
3. In 1839 ; ■joint-stock concern. . ' •
4. Capital invested, $24,000.
5. Not '.able to answer,
6. Not over six per cent; no portion of capital borrowed.
7. Fluctuation of prices.
8. No answer. '
9.. About 70,000 yards satinet good quality; average value about 60
cents 'per yard. . ' .
IQ, Seventy thousand pounds domestic wool, 35 cents per pound;
75,000 yards cotton warp, 41 cents per. yard; 1 ,200 gallons larcl oil, 70
cents per gallon; 400 gallons sperm oil, $1 per ga,llbn ; d5m-stuffs, wood,
&c., about $3,000.
11. No answer, -
12. Fourteen men, avera,ge wages $1 per da.y; 13 women, $2 per
week; no children. .. ,
13. ' Twelve hours per day throughout the year.
14. No answer.
15. None ; teaming done on contract.’
16. Sent to Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, to market.
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REPORTS OF THE
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M-^Continued.
17. Low-priced imported woolens to a considerable extent.
18. Principally in the United States.
19. Do not know that any part ai'e exported.
20. Sold by our agent in market for cash, and credit at . eight months.
21. Va;ries from year to year; prices fluctuating.
, . .,, 22. From 50 cents to $1 per yard.
23. Satinets are ilot imported to any extent'; but low-priced imported
woolens compete with them. - ' \
24. Is unacquainted with the frauds practised. ' ,
25. First three years a loss; since, $8,000 have been converted into
fixed capital. ...
26. Domestic wool is the principal article consumed by us.
27. Wool, cotton, and all others, probably $34,0OO. '
28. No answer. - ’ .
29. If the duties on woolens were, reduced to 12^ per cent., aind cor- .
responding imports, it would probably cause us to abandon our business.
30. Should be governed by circumstances.
31. At present know of none better than to loan at six per cent.
32. Unacquainted with these interests. .
33. Amount of . capital, $24,000; none borrowed.
34. No answer. '•
35. Cannot say certainly ; probably 30 per cent.
36 to 40. No answers.
Middlesex County. Name not^iven; received in letter from P. Sage, Col-
lector, Middletovm, Connecticut. ^
1. Connecticut, Middlesex county.
2. Cotton factory; water power.
3. In 1838; joint-stock company.
4. Twenty-five thousand dollars.
5. The property is leased at $1,400 per annum ; from which sum is
deducted, say $400, for insurance and taxes, &c. The lease expires
April, 1847. •
7. Honie competition, by additional factories; as well as foreign im-
portations, diminish profits.
' 8. Legal interest six per cent. Bank stock pays about seven per cent.
, 9. Three hundred and fifty thousand yards printed cloths ; formerly
sold at nine cents per yard, but are now selling at about five cents.
16. Sold principally in New York.
18. Purchased by calico printers in this country.
’20. Cash and credit. .
21. Manual labor has diminished by improvement in machinery.
22. Printed cloths now sold at five cents per yard were a few years
ago sold at about eight or nine cents. '
The other questions not answered.
Note. — The first and second returns given above were received in a
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Federal Rese<'v&’Bank of St. Loi.ii.‘.: ^
1845.] SE CRE TARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
2G7
letter from Charles F. Lester, Collector, New London, Connecticut, Octo-
ber 2, 1845,; who states that he had “spared no pains in distributing the
‘questions, and seeking to obtain all necessary information from the
‘ manufacturers that.“ no I'esponse had been : received, except in the ;
‘two^ cases”' given aboVe. Mr. Lester adds: “ The great reluctance
‘exhibited by the manufacturers to answer openly and franklyy gives
‘strong evidence that they are unwilling to make a free expose of their
‘business, which is owing to, the fact of the immense, profits thereof,
‘growing out of the present' protective tariff. I am well satisfied that
‘ the average net profit of the cotton and woolen establishments of Con-
‘necticut is equal to forty per cent, per annum,” &c. .
ANSWERS TG CIRCULAR No. 2. •
Litchfield, From George C. Woodruff, Postmaster. ^
1. Rye, maize,- oats, flax, potatoes, turnips, and a httle tobacco;
beef, pork, horses, sheep, &c.
2. Say four-fifths.
7. I think not inuch by the tariff — a little by the currency.
8. Yes; except wheat, which has been drawn from the western
States, New York- iiicluded.
9. T think not.
10. No; I attribute it to the duty.
14. We have manufacturing establishments of woolen and cotton
goods, buttons, brass, clocks, iron, &c., &c.; and being in successful
operation before the tariff of 1842, I conclude they would\operate with
pirofit without it, though the profit would be less.
23. On most articles manufactured here the tariff is beneficial to the
manuficturer to a much greater extent than the agriculturist.
24. Increase of price at the expense of other classes.
27. Price increased by tariff of 1842,
28. Lon mines in this section.
Litchfield, Conn., October 4, 1845.
Sir: I herewith return the questions propounded by you, with
answers annexed to such as are in my power to answer, I cannot,
without great expense, procure information necessary to enable me to
answer the others. . , . .
Very respectfully yours,
GEO. C. WOODRUFF, P.M.
P. S, By an act of nur Legislature in May last, the assessor's in each
town in this State are to procure and return to our Secretary of State a
vast arnount of statistical information relative to the' matters Contained
in your inquiries; an abstract of which the Secretary is to moke, 'print,
and.- return to the Legislature in May next. This is probably the only
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2.68
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M— Continued. .
way in which niuch of the information . you seek can be . accurately
obtained. ^ ^ ,
Hon. R. J. Walker. : .
[To this latter set of questions, D, Browning, P. M., HiUsbpro’ , states
that he “has 'not the means of obtaining the necessary information,”
&c.,, &c.]
New. London. From Sidney Miner. .
1, Potatoes, onions, corn, oafs, wheat, rye, and barley, sufficient- for
the consumption of the State ; some-tobacco; cotton and rice, none.
2. About one-fourth. . :
' 3. Not connected witli or dependent on them to any extent.
4. Not more than 3 to' 5 per cent, per annum, and generally uniform.
5. Profits on agriculture uniform, but generally small for iO years
past, but improving. . ■ \
6. Prices have averaged for, 10 years past as foUows ; Potatoes, 25
cents' per bushel; corn, 65 cents; oats, 40:cents; wheat, $1 12; rye,
67 cents; barley; 67 cents ;. labor, per hand, $10 to $14 per month and
found. ' ,
7. Prices have not been materially affected either by the tariff or the
currency. , , . ■ ■ ’
8. Raises,, a sufficient supply, of horses, hogs, and cattle, and pro-
visions, (except flour, horses, and mules, for shipping purposes^) Flour
is. supplied from New York, and horses and mules ,frOm the, westerii
States. Amounts have been- small, and (varying yfith the season) used
' for comtriercial purposes, which is large; and. purchased principally in
New York for the whaling interest only: 13,000 bbls, proyisions, .3,000
bbls, flour, 600. bbls. meal, 1,200 bbls. molasses, 150 tierces, peas, 40Q
tierces beans, and 120,000 lbs. bread, yearly. ; •
'9. These interests -are not dependent on the agriculture, of the State
to any extent.
10. Little or no difference in prices; does not think there is any effect
on the gi'Qwers of the staples, or the State at large, in production or
living. , t „
11. None to any amount; some few pota.toes, onions, and tobacco;
their prices have not been affected, to any extent for several years past.
12. None to aiiy extent exported; prices governed by home demand ;
none shipped to. foreign markets, except some few manufactured articles.
,13. No answer. , •
14. A considerable number ; cotton, woolen, worsted carpeting, docks,
nails, combs, chairs, wooden ware, candles, oil, soa.p, oalsum, sash and
window bhnds, foundries and ropewalks; profits not known;, generally
good; cotton and woolen factories, large profits; wodd bear a great
reduction of duties. . .. f . '
15. Engaged a,t present, to .some extent, in ship-building, but not as
largely as formerly, owing to the scaxcity of. timber and the high duties
on iron, copper bolts,, duck and rigging,' anchors, chains, &c. ; largely
engaged in navigation, mostly . whalingyconsiderably in West India and
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1845.} SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY., 269
{
M— Cdntinued.
in coasting and general freight; her present condition is Nourishing; the
effect of the tariff is detriiriental to individual enterprise, particularly in
ship-building.
16. One half of the capital enaployed in .comrnercial interests, which
have been affected to sonie extent by the tariff on the before-mentioned
articles, viz iron, copper bolts, &c. ...
17. A warehouse system would riot be of use in this State.
18. The drawback .would not be beneficial to any great: extent.
, 19 to 22. No answers.
23. By the operation of the .present tariff the duties on cottons and
woolens give a great profit to the manufacturer, to the injury of the con-
surner, and especially of the laboring classes. The present duties on
iron,; duck, cordage, copper bolts,' chains, fee., operate very hard on
.commercial' interests., , '
24. The; effect of, the tariff on the before-mentioned articles, manufac-
tured to.a limited extent in the United States, is detrimental to ship-
builffng and the commercial interests to a considerahle extent; the
operation of a high tariff is' injurious to the commercial and mechanical
, interests. ,
25,. Cotton and woolen goods particularly are much enhanced in price
ewing to the protection ; iron, copper bolts, duck, cordage, and chain
cables, could be reduced without. great injury to those manufacturing
them ; the consumption is large,; arid would increase with a reduction of
the duties. ' ‘ ’ ’
"' 26. The duties do' not benefit the growers of the articles referred to,
but give a greater profit td the manufacturer ; does; not think that'the
State has been injuihd by the tariff generaliy ; some have been, benefited ;
ship-building has declined, while, cotton and woolen factories have
. greatly increased. ■' — , . .
27; Not a great amount ; prices vary according to quality and demand,
but prices generally fair.
28'. No anstVer. ■
Milford. From ly. L. WiMdl.
4. The average' profit 'on capital employed on well-cultivated farms
is between 2 and 3 per cent. And as to the annual profit on capitai
employed for the ten preceding years, my answer is, between 3 and 4
per cent; that is to say, the profits; on farming, under the tariff of 1842,
have lesseried with Us- about 25' per cent., as’ compared with the like
business for the ten years preceding. It plight seem strange in a Con-
necticut man to say that this depreciation is in' Consequence of the
present tariff; but the fact is so, aldiough other causes besides the tariff
have operated., ■ ;
6. Agricultural products brought about 25 per cent.- more during most
of the ten years preceding 1842. thari they have brought for' the last
three years. . ‘ '
7. It is difficult to say precisely how far prices have been affected by
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REPORTS OF THE ^ [1S45.
— Continued.
tai'iff laws, for our prices and profits are much regulated and controlled
by agricultural productions w‘hich come to us from the great West. Still,
I hesitate not to say that the tariff of 1842 has not benefited our agri-
cultural interests ; that is, more than they would be aided by a lower
tariff.
8. Horses, mules, and cattle are exported, but many of them are first
brought here from Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Their
prices were raised by the bloated cun-ency of 1835 and 1836; but prices
have lessened since our eurrency-'has become sound, and bills are equal
to dollars, as ha,s been the fact since the United States Bank ceased to
regulate the currency. „
10. The average prices of protected articles have been higher, since'
1842 than they were the ten preceding years. The high duties have
prevented importations, and manufacturers have fixed their own prices,
12. You will have learned the extent and character of manufacturing
establishments from our eastern friends. 1 think- that profits, for the last
three years, have been three times greater than the profits of agriculture.
Tf duties were reduced about one-half on many articles, the manufactu-
rers would then make good profits, and this reduction would lessen
.prices to consumers.
15. The extent of ship-building and navigation you will have learned
from other sources, but both interests are injured by high tariffs..
17. A warehousing system would hot affect our trade and commerce
as. materially as it would those of large importing States.
20. Coarse cottons; sortie coarse wooleps ; hats, (fur imported ;) if the
tax on iroM-'were lowered, more would come in, and at cheaper rates for
consumers, (but Pennsylvania would scold !) so, as to sugar and molasses,
(but Louisiana would scold !)
21. The “minimums” of the tariff suit the manufacturers, but the
mass of the consumers are beginning to understand and complain of their
operation. -
22. Tea and coffee; moderate duties would collect much revenue
without raising their prices.
23. The present tariff helps manufacturers much, but burdens other
classes. '' ' '
25. Coarse cottons, some wooleris, iron, sugar, and molasses, are among
the chief articles; duties on some might be lessened half, and on others
a quarter. '
26. . Present duties do not help, agriculturists and other consumers ;
duties should be lessened. Our State, as a whole, would be belped by
the operation. • ' . . ■
For many reasons, T think the tariff tax better than the direct tax
systern ; but the tariff can be improved) and, then the system, will.be more
lasting and satisfactory; High tariffs, like all other disjointed things,
place men and business in false positions, and always produce agitations.
Modify the tariff a nd it wiU bear more .equitably on all classes ; then the
middling and poorer classes- will only beai’ their'proportionate burdens ;
now they are oppressed; while the: rich aie favored, if not privileged.
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1845.] • SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.,
M- — Continued.
NEW YORK.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR, No. 1.
Schenectady. From Archibald Craig, President of 'the Factory, enclosed in
letter from C. W. Latvrence, Esq., Collector.
1. State of New York, Schenectady county.
2. Cotton rnanufactoiy ; water, power. .
3. In 1841 ; joint stock. , ,
4. Capital in real estate $20,000; in machinery, &c., $36,000.
5.. Capital in stock, rhaterials, &c., $20,000.
6. . Profits about 2 J per cent ; none borrowed. .
8. No capital employed in other business.
9. Amount manufactured last year about 225,000 yards 3-4 coarse
cotton, and 175,000 yards 4-4 do; both valued at about $25,000.
10. 100,000 lbs. cotton used annually, with, other domestic produc-
tions valued at $10,000. ■
12. Twelve men — average wages per diem $1 06 ; 18 young women,
at 50 cents ; 30 boys and girls, at 25 bents.
1,3. Working hours, winter and summer, about 12 hours.
16'. About one-fourth sold at home, and the other three-fourths sent to
Ne\^ York city. ■ '
. 20. Sold mostly on a credit of six to eight months.
22. Threerquarter brown cottons have sold from 37J down to 4 cents.
25. Last three years about 5 per cent, per annum.'j
26. Raw material, &c., about 40 per cent; wages of labor, repairs,
&c., 45 per cent.. Profits on amount of manufactures (not on capital)
about 15 per cent.
27. About $15,000 agricultural productions; $5,000 other domestic
productions. i
40. No answer. . ,
Troy, Rensselaer County. From Benjamin Marshall, Esq., enclosed in letter
from C. W. Lawrence, Esq.
1. Troy, Rensselaer county. New York.
2. Cotton factory ; ' water power. • ■
3. In 4843; private, owned by B. Marshall.
4. One hundred thousand dollars.
5. Fifty. thousand dollars.
’ 6. About 7 per cent.
7. An increased demand.
8. None otherwise employed.
9. About 250,000 yards plain, and twilled shirting's, at 13 cents;
100,000 yards colored i, at 13 cents; and 60,000 yards ginghams, at 20
cents per yard. ' " ■
10. Three hundred bales of cotton, about $12,000; oil, 1,000 gallons.
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$900; coal, 100 tons, $500-; iron, $500; leather, $500; lumber, $500:
sajr $15,000 domestic, including $1,500 foreign.
11. All his manufactures could be imported, from England, at an ad-
vance of 10 per cent, on the above prices.
, 12. Twerity-five men, at $1. 1 15 boys,- at 50 cents ; 80 females, (chiefly
women,) at 50 cents per' day. ■ ^ , ,
13. Twelve, hours . all' the year.
14. In England about two-thirds the price, and on the continent of
E urope one-third to One-half the price,. . . ^ . , . ; . ■
15'. Two horses.
16. Sold chiefly in New York, Ehiladelphia, . and ' Baltimore, and
thence scattered all over the United States;-
17. Gingh, ams, and J colored goods are chiefly imported. >
18. All over the United States. , ,, '
19. A small port at South . Arilerica.
20. Chiefly sold at eight months’ credit.;
21. Cottons,; have fluctuated, but generally declined; labor steady,
and rather advancing. ,
22. Goods of the above, nialie- have declined from 20 'to 13 cents
during the last 20. years. , ' -
.23. Not.less than 5. cents- per' square yard,, i ,
24. Not able ' tp recommend any.
25. None except interest, on capital which has been invested in
improvements of buildings and machinery. ,
, . 26.- About 20 per cent., raw material, 60 per cfht. labor, and 20 j)er
cent, interest. , ' ■ . : ■ :
-27. Including, cotton, .40 .per cent, agricultural, 40 per cent, domestic
manufaGtures,.andabout20per.cent.importedarticles,-
.28. Two-thirds United States, one-third this State.
29. The high price of labor, would , not enable him to conipete with
the foreign importations at 12J per cent, duty, and would cause him to
abandon his business. , . / ,
'30. Capital; chiefly in buildings and rnachinery, would be lost, and
therefore leave but little to'employ otheiwise ;■ but, .if abley would import
cotton goods, and ship cptton. .. , ; , .
31. Made all his capital in importing and shipping, and at the high
rate of duties has only been able to extend his mahufacturing Concerns,
which would not, this da.y, reahze more than the capital- CPmmenced
with.
32. Not acquainted.
33. About one million of dollars, original capitali.
34. The increase of manufacturing establishments will, reduce the
profits and make it an interest business of 6 per cent, in three years, and
no reduction beyond 10 per cent, on the ■ -amount of. duties per annum
could be sustained by the manufacturers.
35. About 40 per cent. On fine goods, and 50 to 100 per eeht; on
coarse. ' . •
36. Not acquainted. . ,
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M— Continued.
37. Ill cotton goods, thinks three-^fburths are now manufactured in' the
United States.
38. Not acquainted.
39. Not exceeding the lawful interest.
40. Boys and girls under 15 years, 37 J cents; boys of 20 year's, 62 J
cents; 25 years and upwards, $1; women, 50 cents per daj^.
Buffalo, Erie county. From Calvin J. Mills, Eagle Furnace, Buffalo.
1. State of New York, Erie county.
2. Iron castings ; steam power.
3. In 1836; “ is not a joint-stock concern.”
4. Capital in buildings and machineiy, $35,000.
5. Materials $30,000, wages $15,000 during the year. '
6. Profit 10 per cent. ; no borrowed capital.
7. Decreased in consequence of the increase of manufactories of the
same kind in this vicinity.
9. Manufactured annually, ^40,000; sales in 1836, $12,000; in
1844, $60;000; iron castings, average value of each $70 per ton.
' 10. Seven hundred tons of pig iron, at $30 per ton ; 200 tons Lehigh
coal, at $7 per ton; 100 bushels of charcoal, at 4J cents per bushm;
350 cords of wood, at $2 per cord; all domestic products.
11. No articles of the same kind imported.
12. Eighty men; average wages, $1 50 per day.
13.. Twelve hours per day during the year.
14. About the same throughout the country; in foreign countries less,
but does not know.. ... ' .
15. Three horses. ,
16. Finds a market at factory.
17. Foreign articles do not enter into competition.
18. The manufactures are consumed partly in western NeW'York, and
the western States, and Canada.
19. A small portion exported to Canada.
20. Part for cash and part for credit of 6 months ; some bartered for
wood. ’ .
21. Has continued about the same.
22. In 1836 castings sold for 5 cents per.pound; now for 3J.
23. As no castings are now imported, it is presumed the tariff is suf-
ficient.
25. Annual profits for the last three year's about-10 per cent.
26. Costof rnaterial 50 per cent.; labor 40 per cent,; and profits of
■ capital 10 per cent. : •
29. Any reduction of duties would cause an,, abandonment of busi-
ness.
31. Cannot teU; thinks there would be if the duties were reduced.
33. Fifty thousand dollars ; no borrowed capital. -
34. Thinks any reduction would have that effect.
'Yol. V. — 18.
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[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
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38. Amount not known ; thinks it has increased since the tariff of
1842 60 per cent.
39. 40. No answers;
Erie County. From Calvin J. Mills ^ Buffalo Steam Engine Works.
1. State of New York, Erie county.
2. Steam engines, mill gearings, and castings generally ; steam power.
3. In 1842 ;, a joint-stock company.
4. In buildings and machinery, ^60,000.
5. In materials and wages, ^20,000.
6. Annual profit, about 10 per cent.
7. No difference.
. 10. Sixty-five thousand dollars annually; all domestic.
11. No importation. ^
12. About 75 men ; average wages, $1 25 per day.
13. Labor 10 hours a day the whole year.
. 14. Thinks men generally receive $1 per day in 'this- place ; don’t
know as to other places.
15. Two horses.
16. Two-thirds at the factory — the remainder is. sent to Michigan,
Rlinois; and Wisconsin.
17. Foreign articles do riot enter into corripetition.
18. Two-thirds iri this vicinity ; one-third 'iri Michiga:ri, Illinois, and
Wisconsin.
19. Perhaps one-twelfth sent to Cariada.
20. One-half is sold for cash, and one-half on a credit of 6 months;
21.. The Cost to the manufacturer has increased 10 per cent. It has
been gra,dual, and almost equally in material and labor.
22. The castings for $80 per ton, and the wrought work f|200 per ton.
23, Thinks 40 per cent, duty necessary.
25, The profit of 10 per . cent, has been converted into fixed capital.
26. Oost of material, 50 per. cent.; labor, 40 per cent.; and profit on
capital 10 per cent. . ;
29. Should abandon the business.
31. Thinks there is. •
32. With iron this is partly the case; cannot tell to what extent.
33. Amount of capital, ^80,000. ■ '
34; Thinks the duty might be reduced 5 per cent.
40. Thiriks average rate of wages not equal to 75 cents per day.
Erie County. From Calvin J. Mills,. Black Rock Iron Works.
1. State of New York, Erie county. . -
2. Manufacture of wrought-iron ; water po\srer.
3. In 1844; individual propevty.
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, and water power, $4,500.
. 5, Average cost of materials, $2,400 ; wages, $750.
6. Annual rate of profit, 12 per cent. .
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M — Continued;
12. Employ 12 men, who receive $16 for every 2,000 lbs. of iron
wrought. •
13. Thirteen hours a day throughout the year.
16. At the factory and at Buffalo, 4 miles distant.
23.. If the duty of $17 per ton should be;Struck off, it would cause a
loss of $2 per ton.
24 to 40. Not answered.
Erie (bounty. From Calvin J. Mills, Buffalo Cotton Factory.
1. State of New York, Erie county.
2. Manufacture brown sheetings; steam power.
3. In 1844; joint stock.
4. Capital in buildings and machinery, $35,000.
5. ' In the. purchase of materials and payment of wages, $5,000.
9. Thirty-five thousand dollars worth -made in one year of brown
sheetings; value, 7J cents per yard. .
10. Cannot answer, as the factory has not been long in operation.
11. Similar ^oods not imported.
12. “ When in full operation calculate to employ 50 men, women, and
children; wages for men, from 75 cents to ^1 25 per day ; women, 25
. , to 50 cents ; children, 12 J to 25 cents per day.” , ,
13. Twelve hours per day the whole year.
.15.' None.
16. A market at the factory for two-thirds, and the balance in New
York, Ohio, and Michigan.
17. Foreign. articles do not now enter into competition; but by redur
cing the tariff to 12^ per cent, they would, and would ruin the business.
18. Consumed in all parts of America, and exported to Mexico,
Canada, and China.
19. Answered in l8.
20. One-fourth is sold for cash, one-half on credit of two to eight
months, and one-fourth bartered for all kinds of goods.
21. The cost of the manufactures to the manufacturer has decreased,
in consequence of the extreme low price of raw cotton,
22. Prices have been from ,7 to 8 cents per yard.
23. The pi:esent tariff enables the manufacturer to enter into compe-
tition with tbe foreigner. '
24. No change necessary.
25. No profits divided ; they have been expended in and upon the
buildings, &c.
26. Cost of manufacture : three-sevenths of raw material, three-
sevenths of labor, and one-seventh of profit of capital.
29. Such a reduction would cause us to continue manufacturing by
reducing the wages of labor. . .
'30. . Same as 29. :
31 to 40. Not answered.
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276 REPORTS OF THE
M— Continued. '
Erie County. From, Calvin J. Mills, .Niagara Mills.
1. Erie county, New York.
2. Flouring mill ; water power.
3. In 1840. “Not a joint-stock concern.” ' , ,
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, and water power, ^62,000.
5. Capital in material and wages, ^10,000.
6. Annual rate of profit uncertain.
7. Wheat is always too high for the price of flour.
9. Make annually 35,000 barrels flour; average price, $4 50; value,
$157,500.
10. Use annually 160,000 bushels of wheat, worth ^128,000.
12. Employ 12 men: wages $30 per month.
13. Eighteen hours per day for 8 months in the year.
16. The manufactured article is sent to the northern Atlantic cities’ior
market.
17. Foreign article does not enter into competition.
.18. Consumed among the manufactories of the eastern cities,
19. Not expdrted.
20, Sold for cash. ’ , . >
.26. The price of the manufactured article consists of the price of raw
materials, nine-tenths ; the wages of labor and profit of capital, oiie-
tenth.
27 to 40. Not answered.
Erie County. From Calvin J. Mills^ Tannery.
1. Erie county. New York.
2., Leather tannery ; water and steam power. .
3. Established in 1831; Private concern. . '
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, and water power, $10,000.
5 to 8. No - answers.
9. Amount of manufactured articles ahnuallyj about $50,000.
10. Amount of raw material used annually, about $24,000— one-third
of raw hides from South America. ^
11. There is not enough of foreign manufacture imported to affect the
price.
12. Twenty-five men at $18 per month.
13. Ten hours per day the whole year.
15. One horse. - .
16. Market principally at the factory. : .
17. No foreign articles enter into' cbnipetition.
18. Principally consumed in the United States.
19. A small portion exported to Canada;
20. Sold half for cash and half bn credit of 2 to 6 mbnths.
21. Has decreased to manufacturer in consequence bUfeduction of
price of raw material and price of labor. ^
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SECRETARY OF- THE TREASURY. 277
M— Continued,
22. Sole leather, the principal article, has decreased, ' since 1831,
from 20, 18, 15, to 13 cents per pound. ' ,
23 to 40. Not answered.
Cattaraugm County. From Calvin J. Mills, Persia Woolen Factory.
1. Cattaraugus county. New York.
2. Woolen factory. Water power.
3. Established in 1844. Private concern.
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, &c., $4,000. . '
■ 6. Average amount in materials, purchase of the same, and wages,
$1,000.
6. Profit annually 10 per cent.
9. Annually manufacture 4,000 yards' woolen cloth, valued at 60
cents per yard ; wool carding valued at $1,000 per annum.
10. Quantity of raw material not stated. Value of American wool
from 26 to 31 cents per pound.
12. Six men and three women. Wages of men 90 cents, and of women
50 cents per day.
13'. Twelve hours per day, 8 months of the year.
14. In mechanical pursuits about the same ; in agriculture less. ^
15. One horse. , .
16. Part sold at the factory, and part at Buffalo, 35 miles distant.
17. Foreign articles do not enter into competition;
18. Consumed in this country.
19. None-are exported into foreign countries.
20. Partly sold on a credit of three and four months, and party bar-
tered for provisions, &c.
22. The manufactured goods have been sold from 50 Cents to $1 per
yard,
23. Cannot say whether or not similar goods would be imported if
there were no duty.
29. Should continue to manufacture, with a less reduction of price
of the manufactured article, than in the raw material, and thus make a
better profit than now,
30. Answered in the foregoing.
• 31 to 40. Unanswered.
. ■ ' f -
Frie County. From Calvin J. Mills, Collins Woolen Factory.
1. State of New York, county of Erie. ;
2. Woolen ; water power.
3. Estabhshed in 1837 ; is not a joint stock. ^
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, and water power, |i0,000.
5. Average amount in material, purchase of same, and wages,
5,000.
6. Annual rate of profit 12 J per cent.
7. There has been an increase in cost to the manufacturer,, in conse-
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qiience of the increase of establishments, of the same kind, and of the
increase in demand for raw material.-
9. Made about 15,000 yards of woolen cloth the present year; value
65 cents per yard.
10. Used 17,000 pounds of wool; value '25 to 31 cents per pound.
12i Fourteen men, foUr women, and one boy ; wages of men 90 cents,
women 50, and boy 37J per day. ,
13. Twelve hours per day, eight months in the year. ,
15. One horse. ;
16. Part of the goods are sold at Buffalo, 30 niiles off, for cash;, part
bartered at the factory.
17. Foreign articles do notenter into competition.
18. Are consumed in this country.
19. None are exported.
20. Some sold on credit of three and four inonths, and some bartered
for all sorts of goods.
21. The cost of the raw material hah decreased about three per cent,
per annum; (?) there has been a gradual decrease in the value of
goods, . . . ' ,
22. Sold for from 50 cents to fl. per yard.
25. Annual rate of profit about 10 per cent.
29. Should continue to manufacture at a less reduction of price of
cloth than of raw material, and thus make greater profits.
30 to 40. No answers.
Chantauque County. From Galvin J. Mills, Westfield Edge-tool Factory.
1. State of New York, Chautaiuque county. '
2. Edge tools; water pdwer. '
3. Established in 1840 ’, private concern.
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, &c., $8,000.
5. Annual amount paid for raw material and wages, $20,000. .
. 12. About 45 men ; wages from ,$16' to $40 per month. '•
13. Twelve hours per day all the year.
18. Mostly consumed in the United States ; some exported to Canada.
19 to 40. No answers.
Chautauque 'County. From Calvin J. Mills, Westfield Pearlasli Manu-
factory.
1. Chautauqiie county. New York.
• 2. ' Ashery. \
3. In 1842 ; private concern.' '
4. Capital in buildings, machinery, &c.y- $1,000.
5. Annual amount for materials and wages $2,200.
9. Amount of manufactured articles produced annually, $4,300.
12. Four men, at $15 per month.
16. Articles sent to New York city for market; sold on credit.
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. , 279
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Chautauque County. From Calvin J. Mills, Westfield Distillery,
1. State of New York, county of Chautauque.
2. Manufactory of high wines ; steam power.
3. Established in 1843, and enlarged in 1845.
4. Capital in grounds, buildings, &c., $6,000.
5. Annually expended for raw materials and wages of labor, $9,000.
9. Value of wines, beef, and pork, annually made, $15,000.
1,2. Eight men at $15 per month. .
16. The productions, sold for cash in Buffalo and New York.
17 to 40. No answers. '
Rossie, St k Lawrence County, D. C.'Judson, Collector — From Geo. Parish,
Esq., proprietor of the Rossie Iron Works. ,
. 1. Rossiej St, Lawrence county. New York. V -
2, Iron furnaces; water power..
3. In 1825; private property. , . : ,
■ 4. . Sixty thousand- dollars.
5. Forty thousand dollars. , ' . .
6. None so far ; $100,000 over and beyond interest have been sunk .in
the establishment. -
7. The low price of iron; the high price off labor; the expense of
getting to market. '
9. About 1,500 tons of pig iron annually, of which one-sixth has been
manufactured into castings.
• 12. From 40 to 50 men, at average wages of $1 25 per day.
• 15. Twelve to . sixteen horses annually, and from 150 to 200 teams
during the winter to supply stock.
16. Chiefly at Buffalo, 300 mffes;. and at Rochester,- 250 miles.
1.7, Scotch and English pig. iron reach the same market through New
York and Canada; the facility of transportation from the seaboard is
such that the cost of laying down British iron invariably regulates the
market price.
20. Usually on six months’ credit. '
21. Decrease in cost of manufacturing pig iron, since established, 30
per cent., and progressing; owing to the increased scale of manufacture
and to improvements introduced.' • ' •
22. Pig iron has sold at from $20 to $40 per ton, and casting.s from
$50 to $100. ,
23. Nothing less than the present duty on pig iron ; even under its
operation the British manufacturer competes with and regulates the
price in the markets.
26. None. .
26. The stock and material for the manufacture of iron being prepared
and near the works, is calculated at its cost in labor; the entire cost
expended in wages of labor, deducting only for interest on capital
vested ; equal to $4 per ton. .
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serve Bank of St. Louis
280 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued .
29. Any reduction of the present duty on pig iron would cause the
business to stop. .
32. The expense of transportation on pig iron must always limit the
sale to a certain circle around the place pf manufacture, the extent of
which must depend upon the facilities of transportation and the cost of
the article.
33 to 40. No answers.: , '
Note. — D. C. Judson, Esq., in his letter enclosing the above,, says
that the manufacture of woolen fabrics is increasing in the valley of the
St. Lawrencq, and where well conducted, with sufficient capital, has
been prosperous. Instead of owing their prosperity to the high duties,
on imported woolens, they have derived very much of their profits from
sales in Canada ; and the demand there for American woolen fabrics of
the common wool, adapted to - ordinary wear, is constantly increasing,
and at prices affording a fair profit to the manufacturer. The duties to
be paid on the entering of them on the Canadian side are equal to about
13 per cent. It , is scarcely necessary, tO say, therefore, that the high
duties on woolens are not at all essential to the prosperity of the manu-
facturer of the article so far as this locality is concerned.
In relation to the duties on wool, it is to be observed that the present
rates interfere with the manufacture „of Canadian wool in our manufac-
tories, which would be carried on to a considerable extent were thfe duty
a mere, ad valorem duty of 20 per cent., and to a much .larger extent if
it could be manufactured and returned in the cloth without duty, or with
the retention of the usual amount in case of importations, with, the
benefit of drawback. : ■ .
The same remark may be made in relation to the flouring of wheat.
The grinding of Canadian wheat would be carried On to a considerable
extent on the frontier could it be done without the payment of duties, or
if the exportation of the flpur would ’ give a drawback of the duties on
wheat.
Town of Salina, 131 miles from Albany. George H. McWhorteri Esq.,
Collector at Oswego, encloses letter from E. Marks, Superintendent of Onon-
daga Salt Springs.
1. On the Erie and Oswego canals, in the town of Salina, 131 miles
from Albany. , ■ '
2. Salt springs.
32. The quantity of salt , sent to the Hudson river, and thence distrib-
uted throughput the New England States, the counties bordering on the
Hudson river. New York city,, and the ports still further south, even to
Baltimore, was 878,769 bushels; the quantity shipped this year will be
greater. The Onondaga salt is brought into competition with the foreig
article throughout the- Northern, Eastern, Middle, and Western State
anrl along the Mississippi to New Orleans. The quantity made in 18
was 4,003,664 bushels.
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Federal Re.serve Bank of .St I niii.c: — —
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M— Continued.
281
Rochester, Monroe County.
L. B. Langworthy, Esq., Collector; from Samuel
Mouhon.
1. Rochester, Monroe county, New York. '
2. Soap, candles, salseratus,- oil, and white lead; water power.
3. A part in 1829, and part in 1844; joint stock.
4. Capital in ground, buildings, machinery, and water power,
$22,700. ■ '
5. Materials, 18,000 ; for materials, payment of wages, &c., $6,400.
6. Cannot answer.
7. “ Has arisen from the fluctuations in the currency.”
8. Capital loaned yields 7 per cent. ; in agriculture about 6 . per cent. ;
in some favorable branches of manufactures it may yield 12 to 18 per
cent. ■ ■ , : - . '
9. Cannot answer satisfactorily. ■
10. Does not answer the question.
11. Soap and candles seldom imported ; white lead in small quantities
from England sells 25 per cent, higher than the American. ,
12i From 10 to 40 men; 1 boy to 10 men; average wages of men 69
cents per day. -
13. Eleven hours per, day all the year. '
14. In farming, wages about the same, 69 cents per day, in this State;
in Germany, 40 cents ; in England, 42^ cents ‘per day.
15. Two horses.
16. Sold principally in this city; some sent to various' places; Say one
thousand miles off.'
17. Foreign articles enter ’ irito competitioti to an extreniely, limited
extent. ■
18. Consumed in western New York, Michigan, and a small part in
Canada.
19. Exported to Canada to a limited extent.
20. Sold for cash, and on credit of 3 and 6 months ; some little bar-
tered for goods for the workmen. , .
21. Wages decreased; ashes decreased; lead' decreased, although it
is now 18 per cent, higher than last spring. ^
22. Price of soap has varied from 8 to 4 cents per pound ; candles,
from 12^ to 7 cents; salseratus, from 10 to 3^ cents; white lead, from 6'
to 8 cents.
23. A tariff of 18 to 20 per cent, would be ample ; this applies to lead.
24. No change would be necessary. , '
25. Annual rate of profits about 15 per cent. ; surplus converted into
fixed capital.
26. Tallow 80 per cent.’; labor 11: profit 9; white lead, 50 per cent,
material, . 30 for la,bpr, and 20 profit. .
Not answered satisfactorily.
No answer.
. The duties on soap, candles, and alkali have no effect, as the raw
rial is lower here than in Europe ; goods made of such material do
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282
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
not nefed protection. White lead requires a duty ; might manufacture at
12J per cent; duty; could certainly at 18 per cent.
30. Would probably employ dapital in agriculture.
31. A reduction of duties to 12^ per cent, (except on white lead) would'
rather increase than diminish his profits.
33. Varies; borrowed capital about 10 per cent; .
34. All may be taken off soap, candles, alkali, tallow, and soap mate-
rials; on lead a gradual reduction to 18, or probably to 12i per cent.
. 35. Thinks^it would be extremely difficult to levy duties dh actual
value, as the valuations in some ports are 30 per cent, lower than in
others.. ' ; ' ■ .
36. It would change the perpetrators of fraud ' froth manufacturers to
foreign importers. '
37. Nine-five per cent, of the articles manufactured.
39. Probably 7 per cent.
40. Probably 70 cents per day for men.
Rochester, Monroe County. L. B. Langworthy, Collector; from Lewis Selye,
Manufacturer.
1. Monroe county,' New York. ■
2. “Machinery;” water po'vi'er. '■ / "
3. In 1821, Individual enterprise. , . : , ■
4. Fifty thousand dollars. .
5. For material 112,000; wages 118,000.
7. Increase of profit since ,1842. ■
12. Forty men; average wages $1 50 per day.
13. Twelve hours per day, the whole year.
16. A portion at the factory.
17. The coinpetition'is great.
18. All in the United States.
20. For cash and six months’ credit; never bartered.
21. Increase since 1842 in labor, but mostly in material.
23. The present rate of: duty is sufficient to protect the manufacturer.
24. No change necessary in collecting. '
Monroe County. From Horatio N. Curtis, Manufacturer.
1. Monroe county. New York.
2. Manufactory of wood, such as lasts, boottrees, &c. ; water power.
3. In 1841. Individual enterprise.
Capital 150,000. .
Wages and material $50,000.
Business increased, from protection afforded manufacturers, &c.
Men 75, women 40, boys 25; wages of men $1, women 37 J cent^
and boys 25 cents per day; ,■
' 13. Ten hours the year round;
16. 'In the United States and Canada. ■
20. Cash, and 4 inonths’ credit; none bartered.
"4.
5.
' 7.
12.
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
283
M — Continued.
ITJ. V_/UX1UIIUCU. I
23. The present tariff of duties prevents all competition.
24. No change is necessaryi
Monroe, County.
L. B. Lang;w&rthy, Collector, Rochester; from D. ff T.
Grows, Manufacturers.
1, State of "New York, Monroe county.
2. Leather. Water power, ^
3|. In 1830. Joint stock.
4i Capital $50,000,
5. Seventy-five thousand dollars. .
7, Canada tariff and surplus stock have caused a decrease.
12. Forty men ; $1 per day.
13., Ten hours per day all the year.
15. Seven horses., .
16. In part at home.
17. They do enter into competition. t .
18. In the United States and Canada.
19. To Canada.
20. Cash, and 4 months’ credit; no barter,
21. Decrease, because of a surplus.
23. An increased amount of duty is necessary.
24. No change is necessary. . , , .
29. “It would cause us to abandon oiir business.”
30 to 40. . Not answered.
Monroe Cdunty. L. B. Langworthy; from D. R. Barton, Mct'^ufacturer.
1. State of New York, county of Monroe.
2. Mechanics’ and agricultural tools. Water power.
3. in 1831. Private.
4. Capital $32,000. '
5. Fifteen thousand dollars. ' .
6. About 20 per cent. ■
7. Increased ; owing chiefly to xhe protective pohcy of the Government.
•9. Began with about $4,000 — now about $30,000.
12. About 35 men; $1 per day.
13. Ten hours per day the entire year.
14. In foreign countries about 25 cents per day.
15. None. ■ ■
16. At home.' , ' - , ■
17. “They do; but being inferior articles, they- cannot command the
high price we are enabled to obtain; Without the protection at present
afforded by the Government we could not successfully compete with the
reign manufacturer — the
difference of wages being so great.'
Chiefly in this and the western States.
A few to England for manufacturers' samples, and a small amount
, nada for competition. .
For. cash, and 4 months’- credit. '
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284
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued,
21. It has decreased in price; but the profits are as great, owing to
the increased demand and the experience in manufacturing.
23. “The present- rates of duty on the articles we manufacture are as
low as would enable us to compete with the foreign article, so much of
the cost being in labor.”
24. Knows of none. .
25. About 16 per cent. '
29. It would; we can now make, more profit on foreign articles than
on those of our own make.
30. In purchasing and vending the foreign article.
31. “I don’t know; Yankees are disposed to try.”
32 to 40. Not answered.
Rochester, Monroe County. L. B.Langwoi'thy, Collector ; from Roswell G,
Benedict, Manufacturer.
1. State of New York, county of Monroe.
2. Casings, wrought iron, machinery, &c. Water power.
3. In 1832. Individual enterprise. .
4. Fifty thousand dollars. .. ,
5. Fifty thousand two hundred andi twentyTthree dollars.
7. Increase; caused by the price of iron.
12. Fifty-seven men ; average wages: per day, $1 25,
13i Ten hours the whole year, . -
16. At home and abroad. •
17. No competition.
19. Exported to the Canadas. ...
20. Cash, and credit 6 months ; Barter for agricultural products,
23. A reduced rate of duty on Scotch pig iron is necessary.
.24. No change is necessary. . ■ :
25 to 40. Not answered.
Monroe County. From Gatens Sf Price, Manufacturers.
1. State of New York, countv of Monroe. .
2. Woolen factory; waterpower.
3. In 1845 ; joint Stock.
4. Capital, $31,000.
5. Twenty-six thousand dollars material ; five thousand dollars wages.
7. Increase caused by the low price of wool.
12. Nine men, 12 women, and 10 children ; wages — ^^men, $l ; women,
50 cents; children, 25 cents. . .
13. Twelve hours per day, the whole year.
23. The present rate of duty.
24. No change necessary. " ' .
25 to 40. Not answered.
Note. — L. B. Langworthy, Esq., enclosing the above answers, s
‘Without professing to be au fait in the just views of a financi
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 285 .
M — C ontinued .
protecting system of duties, I cannot see the fallacy of taldng the ground,
as a basis or general rule, that all those articles which we possess the
most ample ability to manufacture, and for which we produce the raw
material in abundance, and of which the material is the principal item
of value, are the trwsul^ects of protection; ' and all those articles of which
we do not produce the raw material, or not in abundance, and of which
the chief value consists in labor, should be taxed only nominal duties, if
at all — else, to operate as a protection against the pauper labor of Europe,
the duty must be excessive and unjust, and the prices exorbitant.
The low 5 per cent, wool duty must, I conceive, be abolished, and
the higher grades reduced ; it is all a sham— the plea for the admission
of the cheap wool of the South American States for; carpet purposes.
Under it the greatest possible frauds on the revenue ai*e practised,, by
means of double agents ; the last agent purchasing of theRrst
agent, who actually sells the supercargo, or ageiit, wools worth 30 cents
for 7; and all the ceremony of drafts actually passes in good faith on
one part, and all the proofs are easily made complete without any false
swearing. At our^ late State fair, I saw 16 samples of the large lot of
Lowell wool, (lately seized by the Government agents,) both in the rough
and washed stat?; it was fully equal to our 80 cent | blooded merino
wool, and in the grease could hot lose more than 33 per cent.; a mon-
strous fraud riot only On the 'Goverriment, but upon the growers In the
Oouritry, if proteetiori is ari item of consideration, which I conceive to be
good cioctrine. If any claSs is tO be protected, the agricultural produc-
tions 'strongest clanix''
‘ Oswego Count f 'Geofge H. McWhorter, Collector; from Willicm Foster,
Manufacturer. •
1. State of New York, Oswego county.
2. Hemlock sole leather.
3. In 1831; private concern.
4. Capital, $50,000; of which $12,000 is invested in buildings, ma-
chinery, and water pOvrer.
5. Thirty thOusarid dollars, for. the purchase of materials, and $8,000
for the paymeht of wages. , .
6. For the last three years the animal profit has been but a fraction
above 7 per cent. .
7. The usual profit is from 12 tO 20 per cent., and the cause of the
decrease is the Over-production; or supply greater than demand.
9. About $50,000 worth of sole leather per annum; description and
quality light in comparison with the English article.
10. About $30,000, or $35,000 per annum of foreign hides, and about
000 of bark and wood from our own forests.
F rom 25 to 30 irien.
, New York and Boston.
, There is no foreigri; competition that affects prices. ;
. In every part of the Union. , .
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286
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — C ontinue d .
19. Considerable has been exported to England this season.
20. Generally sold on a credit of from 4 to 6 months.
23. No. duty whateyef. The duty imposed by our ta,rilf of 6 cents
per pound on sole leather is totally inoperative for protection or revenue,
for the simple reason tliat we can manufacture- at a less price than any
other nation ; and so long as it remains on the list of duties it wiU be one
of the items of import which ju^stify retahatory duties by other Govern-
ments. . ■ ■ ,
25. Answered in answers to 3d, 6th, and 7th questions.
26. Answered in answer to 5th question.
27. Cannot say. ,
29, 30. Answered in 23d.
3l. If the British Government keeps the trade free we can undersell
them in their own markets. But should the British Government impose
. the same duty which is imposed by our tariff it would prohibit the trade.
32 to 40. Not answered. ..
Cayuga. County > . George H. McWhorter , Collector; from R. MUer, Manu-
, ^ facturer.
1. Cayuga county. New York.
2. Two cotton mills, for spinning yarn and weaving cloth, 4.-4 sheet-
ings,-and 3-4 shirtingsy yarns No. 16. and 18; water power. ; ,
3. The one at Auburn was commeUced in 1818, the other at Moravia
in 18 — ; the first a private concern, the other joint stock.
4. Buildings, -water power,' &c., at Auburn, $8,000 ; buildings for the
operatives and land, $5,000; machinery, &c., $12,000. • .
5. About $5,000 in cash, for the purchase of cotton, oil, and wood,
and. the payment of wages. .
'6. From 1828 to 1840 about 7 per cent., all of -which was used in
repairs and supplying new machinery, &c. Since 1841 has paid in im-
provements and interest about 20 per cent.
7. The increased profits arise principally from the reduction in the
price of cotton, a small percenta,ge in labor, and the goods selling at
about the prices as when cotton was 4 cents a pound higher.
8. In improved farms, 4 to 5 per cent. ; bank stock, 9 per cent.; rail-
roads, 9 and lO per cent. ; money at legal interest, 7 per cent. ^
9. About 180,000 yards of 4-4 sheeting, 120,000 yards 3-4 shirting,
made from No. 18 yarn; the 4-4 sells from 7 to 7^ cents per yard; 3-4
shirtings from 5J to 5f cents a yard, running measure.
10. The* quantity of cotton- used is- a.bout 130,000 lbs., v^ued at 6J
to cents per pound, growth of the United States ; about 300 gallons
sperm oil, at 90 cents per gallon ; and 100 cords of wood, at from $2 25
to $2 50 per cord.
11. None such imported; the valu
England, is. about 4d. sterling, or 7f
12. About 8 men, 26 women, and
of age. Men’s wages average $120 per day; women’s 50 cents,
clnlclren from 25 to 33 cents per day.
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e.of such sheetings at Manchestef
dr 8 cents per yard. ,
20 boys and girls under 16 y
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 287
M — Continued.
18. Thirteen hours in all seasons.
14. Laborers’ wages in the field- about 60 cents per day; women, for
common work, 30. Cannot say as to the other States and Territories.
16. A large, part are sent away to a market; some to. Buffalo, 130
miles,' thence to Canada; some to New York, thence to' China and South
America ; those sold M home axe for consumption. New York- is 320
miles distant. - > .
17. There is no foreign competition as regards these goods.
15. Consumed all over the 'United States.
19. Almost all the 3-4 shirtings' are sold for the South. American mar-
ket; some have gone to China.
20. “ They ai-e mostly sold by commission merchants; always for cash,:
after a credit of.6 and 8 months — mostly at 8 months’ credit.” o
21. The cost has generall}'^ decreased, principally in raw cotton, by
improvements in machinery, and a small percentage, in labor.
22. The prices of sheetings and shirtings have changed from 6 to 10
cents per yard. The cause of fluctuation has always been controlled
by the high Or low price of cotton. ■
23. It would require ho duty, or at least a very small one, to carry
on this factory; the sheetings weigh about. 1 lb. to every 3 yards.
24. None imported. . '
251 The profits for the last three years are fully 20 -per cent., besides
keeping the machinery in repair.
26. About three-fifths for raw material, cotton, oil, and wood ; about
three^tenths for labor ; residue' interest, profits, and commission. j •
27. About 40 bbls. of flour for starch, or its equivalent in potato starCh.
28. Cannot say. ; . ■
29. It would make no difference; would continue at less prices, and
at one-half the present profits. , ’
30. It would still be more profitable than farming.
31. Knows of none.
35. About 90 to 95 per cent. ,
37. Amount manufactured is greatex than the amount consumed in
the United 'States.
Note.; — The above answers will apply to the. Moravia mills; the
goods find the same. markets. Sheetings are mostly made at this mill
from yarns No 16. It produces about 350,000 yards per annum.: Last
year it made in profits 21 per cent, to its stockholders, besides expend-
ing $3,000 for. new machinery; this year it will pay 25 per cent on its
capital. In the last ! 6, yems great losses , have been sustained by the
manufacturer in consequence of the high prices paid for raw cotton.
The fluctuations of the tariff have had little or, no effect upon this kind
of goods.
Oneida. George H. McWhorter, Collector; from Kellogg Hurlhurt, Agent
of New Hartford: Cotton Mills.
■1. Oneida county. New York.
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[1845.
288 REPORTS OF THE
: M— Continued.
2. Cotton shirtings ; water power.
3. Commenced in 1812 ; joint-stock concern.
4. 5. Capital about $60,000, exclusive of about $20,000 reserved
profits, used for purchase of stock, and paying wages and other current
expenses. '
6. Has had no immediate charge of this factory till within the last
eight years; but from what knowledge he has, is inclined to think the
annual net profits may have been, previous to 1837, from 6 to 8 per cent.
Since 1837 the profits have been very irregular, varying froni a positive
loss in one or two years, tb 1-5, 20, and even ‘25, per cent, in others.
During the la.st two years the profits have been nearly or quite at the
latter fate.
7. The changes in the general condition of the trade of the country,
and consequent fluctuation of prices of goods and raw material.
8. Unable to state.
9. For the last few years about $60,000 in value, wholly unbleached
sheetings, now worth 7 cents per yard. -
10. About $25,000 worth of cotton, and perhaps $3,000 worth of
other materials almost exclusively of domestic products.
11. No goods of similar description imported. . ,
12. Eighteen men, average wages about $1 25 per day ; 60 girls, at
45 cents per day; 20 boys, at 50 cents per day; all boarding themselves.
13. Twelve hours a day the whole year.
14. Cannot say; but thinks the wages in this factory better than in
other employments.
15. None, except for a small amount of team work.
16. Mostly at home ; a small portion sent to New York and Boston.
17. None.
18. Answered in 16.
19. Large quantities of goods, similar to those made at this factory,
are exported to foreign countries; China, India, South America, north-
west coast of America,- West Indies, Mediterranean, :&c.
20. Partly for cash, but mostly on credit of 6 to 8 months.
21. A gradual decrease has occurred in the cost of labor, owing partly
to diminished wages paid, but mostly to improved machinery, and a
greater' skill and experience in the operations. A yard of goods can be
manufactured now, 'without regard to the cost of materiMs, for little
more than half what it cost 10 years ago. The cost of cotton has varied
witliin the time from 18 to 6 cents,' such as is used in this factory. It is
now worth about 8 cents.
22. In 1813 such sheetings were worth about 40 cents per yard; in
1816 about 25 cents ; from which price they gi'adually declined, with
various fluctuations, till, in 1842, they were worth but 6J cents ; since
which time the price has improved, and they are now worth 7 J cents on
time, or 7 to 7^ cents cash. ; ■
23. No duty whatever is required to sustain the manufacturer of such
goods, or of the heavier sorts of plain cotton goods.
24. Answered above.
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Ftifiiiiiiriil liriioomio Bank, of St. Louiu
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
• • o
M^’^-^onidnuei
28£»
. , 25. Previously answered. ' ‘
26. At the present . price of cotton, (saty 8 cents- per pound,); about
3-7ths for materiaP, 2-7tbs for labor, and 2-7ths profits, It should b^
remarked, however, that- the fate of profits for the last, two- years^ has
been unprecedentedly large, owing to various causes, which cahnOt con*
tinue long. ' The extensive preparations now in progress, and rapidly
. coming into Us^,'rti'ust very greatly reduce the present rate of- pfofitsy in
the course of one or two years, by the competition which will be created
inlhe cotton manufacture.
27. -. Exclusive: of coftOn,‘’only so rnuch as is ne'cessafy for the suste-
nance of <,10,(1 persons^ employed and their families.-; • :
28. Has no means of answering.
■ 29 to 31. Has answered.
■ , 32. Cannot answer.
33. Capital $60,000; reserved profits $20,000 ; none borrowed.
34. Any addition or diminution of duties would be altogether inoper-
ative, directly, in this business. What indirect effect a reduction of
duties on . other manufactures might have- On this, he eannol say.
^ 35. About 86 per cent, on the kihdi of goods mad© here, '
86 to 40. Cannot answer. .
Oneida., From Geo. H. Mc Whorter, Collector;:, Manchester Cotton’ Factory,
1. State of New York, Oneida county. . '
2. Cotton sheetings; water power. ,
In 1814;-joint stock; '• - ^
4, 5. Capital $lObV0OOV exclusive of $18,600 reserved profits, used to
purchase stock' and pay wages,- &c.
i 6. For the last four years the average annual profits have been about
10 per Cent.
9. For the last four years $3Sl,OO0- per year,' wholly for sheetings' and
drillings.
10. About $20,000 worth tof cotton, and $4,000 Worth Of other goods,
all domestic. : • •
11. None imported of this description.
12. Ten men, 25 boys and girls; wages for men ,$l.per day; bo'ys
and girls 38 cents.
' 13.Twelvehoursperdaythe'Wholeyear.-
15. Noney except for team. work. , .
j 16. Mostly sold in New York, and Wnfe' at home;
r ' 17. None.- • . . ^
t 18. Answeredirf 16.;,
19;' . Large quantities, similar to oursy exported to China, India, South
. America, northwest Coast of America, West Indies, Mediterranean,. &c.
20. 'Principally for cash, but some on a credit of 60' to' 90 days;
22. For the last four 5mars prices have ranged from' 6 J to. Sf cents per
yard; now worth 8^ cents. •
23. Thinks no duty necessary on such goods as are mad© at this- fac-
tory, or on any of the heavier Sorts’ of plain Cotton goods;
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290
REPORTS OF TEE
M— Continued. "
[1845.-
» 25. Previously answered. - .
26. At the present price of cotton, (say 8 cents per pound,) about 3-7ths
for material, 2,-7ths for labor, and 2r.7ths for'profits.
27. Only so much of agriculture productions (exclusive of cotton) as
are necessary for the support of the persons employed in the factory.
■ 28. Cannot say.
■29. 'Should continue to manufacture.' ' ‘ ‘/o i',; ^ ;
30, 31, 32; Not answered. , . .s ' ■ " - . :
33. Capite $100,000, reserved profits $18, 600 ; none borrowed,
35. About 86 per cent, on the goods manufactured at ‘’this , place. ,
36 to 40. Not answered. . . “ = „
6‘ ,-b
Oneida. From George H. McWhorter, Collector; New York Mills, {Upper
Mill.)
1. New York, County of Oneida.
2. Cotton; water power.
3. In 1813; not a joint-stock concern.
4. Seventy-five thousand dollars.
5. Seventy-five thousand dollars annually. ■
6. Not over 7 per cent. ; none borrowed.
7. The changes of policy in the administration of the Government of
the country has been the great cause of. flucthations in business matters.
8. Unable to say. , . » ■
9. Eight hundred thousand yards of cotton goods annually; princi-
pally heavy jeans for pantaloons; average value 18 cents. , .
10. Five hundred and twenty bale's cotton annually ; $32,500. ,
11. From 15 to 25°cents. From Great Britain and Frahce.
12. 33 men, 102 women, 36 boys and girls ; average wa,ges of men
$7- 50 per week, women $2 75,- boys, &c., $1 75 to $2 per week.
13. Twelve hours all the year.
; 14. Cannot answer.
15. Two horses.
16. Articles manufactured sent to New York, Philadelphia, and Bal-
timore, ; .... ■ ■ v'
17. They do to some extent.
18. Principally in the United States;? .
19. Not aware of any exportation. ■ •
20. All at eight months’ credit.
21. The cost of the manufactured article has decreased in consequence
• of the improvements in machinery, and depreciation in the price of the
raw material; but the decrease in the priceof the goods has been greater
.than on the cost. ' . , ■ ■
22. Prices have varied from six to twenty cents.
23, The present rate, and not less.
24. Not aware of any. ' ,
.. ■ 25'. • No dividends. , . '. . ' , . ,
26. One-third labor ; onenhalf raw. material. . ' ‘
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 29i
— Continued.
. 27. From $12,000 to $15,000 annually.
'28. Unable to answer.
29. Abandon the business. . . . >
30. Uncertain* If the property could be made , available, should want
to look about and ascertain what would pay best ; not in .manufacturing.
31. Yes. ' ‘ ■ ' . ■ ■ , ' .
32. Should think not. The facilities for transportation are so great
that the manufactures of salt and iron can hardly be so remote as to be
without the circle of foreign competition.
33. to 40. Not answered. . . :
Oneida County, From George H. McWhorter, Collector; Oneida Manu-
facturing Society.
1. Oneida county. New York. ,
2. Cotton; water power.
3. In 1809 ; joint stock.
4. Capital, about $100,000.
5. Amount of materials, about $40,000 ;, wages, $30,000.
6. No borrowed capital ; average rate of interest is four per pent,
7. A very great variety of causes.
8. Not known.
9. Principally domestic sheetings; as nearly as can be ascertained,
about $80,000. . '
10. Cotton averaging fair^ — amount about $35,000.
11. No cottons are pow imported of a similar description; formerly,
an article' for which this is a substitute was imported from China at a
• -cost .of from three to four shillings per yard.
12. The number of men, women, and children, is about one hundred
and fifty,. The average wages of men is about twelve shillings' per day ;
women four shillings per day ; and children two shillings. .
13; Twelve hours per day the whole year. . . ^
, 14. In this State,. should say, men eight shillings; women, three shil-
lings; children not generally employed. . ' ,
15. One span of horses, and no other animals. ,
16. The nianu factored goods mostly find a market in the vicinity of
the factory.
17. No foreign article, to any extent, enters into competition with the
description of goods made at this factory. ,
18. Throughout the country generally. .
19. Similar goods are extensively exported to China, South America,
' and many other countries. .
20. Both cash and credit from three to eight months.
21. The cost of the article has decreased, both in the material and the
expense of manufacturing, by the introduction of labor-saving naachinery.
The labor has not materially varied,.
22. The price, since the establishment, has varied very materially —
from fifty cents per yard to seven cents, iln 1809 the same kind of fabric
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292 .. .
REPORTS OF THE [1845,
M — Oontinued.
then sold for fifty cents — would riot be Worth now more than seven
cents. • " , .
23i From twenty-five to thirty per cent.
24. As there are no goods of the description made at this factory im-
ported which directly enter into, competition, no change in levying or
collecting the duty is necessary while we have the control of the home
market. •,
25. The rate of profits, for the last two years, has been about twelve
and a half per cent.; for the three years previous, nothing; and, in many
instances, worse than nothing.
26. About fifty per cent, materials, &c., and about thirty per cent;
labor ; arid, for the last three years, ten per cent, profits.
27. The amount of agricultural praduetion consumed in many ways
may be $70,000.
28. Cannot say.
29. “I verily beheve if the duty were reduced to twelve and a half
per cent, generally, we should have to abandon the business.’'*
30 to 40. Not answered.
New Harford-, Oneida County. From George H. McWhorter, Collator;
Half Century Manufacturing Company.
1. Oneida county; New York.
2. Cotton; water power. -
3. Commenced in 1826— enlarged in 1830’; joint stock*
4. Capital, $10,000.
5. Capital employed for stock and wages of haiids» $4,000i
6. Not known — but some yeaxs a: loss, owing to fluctuations in trade ;
other years, froni five to twenty per cent.
7. The changes in trade and consequent fluctuatioiis of prices; of goods
and of the raw material.
8. Unable to state.
9. Amount manufactured, $15,000;: — ^goods, six-quUrter bed ticking,
wicking, and batting. At this time, say $14,000 in tiekingi and $1,000
in wicking.
10; Quantity , fifty-two thousand pounds of cotton, at this time worth
about $5,000,, exclusively domestic. Other materials, $1,000, mostly
domestic. . ^ '
11. No goods of a similar description are imported.
12. Four men, $1 each per day ; eight girls; at $1 75< per week ; eight
boys; at $125 per week. ■ '
13. Twelve hours a day the year round.
14. Not known.
15.. One horse at home, . and teammg by others as- wanted.
16‘. City of New- York mostly-:; distance : 250' miles.
17. None.
I S. Mostly in the State of New- York.
19. A few may be, sent to China and South America.
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Fodoiol Itooiifvo Biinli. of Gl. Luni'
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. . 293
. M — Continued.
20. Some sold for cash ; some on 6. and '8 months’, time.
.. 21. Decreased about one^half in cost, owing to; the decline of labor and
stock, and, the improvemeiits in machinery. ■
22: Our gOods have varied from ,56 to 15 cents- since we cOmnienced ;
are worth now 22 j to 23 cents per yard, on 8 iftonths’ credit, in New
York. ; ,/
, 23. We do riot know of any goods similar to ours being inipprted ;
consequently no foreign competition ; but We go up of down with finer
factories, which have competition From gbroad , and need some pfoteC-
tioriv
‘ 24, Not known. , , ■
25. Three years ago run at a loss, and; till the fall of .1843 the .same;,
since that time frpin 15 to 25 per cent, profits have been , realized. • .
26. Cost of cotton, at present rates, .$80, and Wages to hands, &G.,
about ^50, per week. . • ' '
27. The exchange for .produce' at this. Establishment is sufficient to
support 20 persons and the families to which they belong.
28. Confined mostly to Newj York State ; amount not known,
,29. Cannot say.
30. According to our best judgment. :
31, 32. Cannot tell. ^ ^
33. Ten thousand dollars capital ; $4,000 stock in trade, and $2,000
borrowed.
34 to 40. ' Cannot answer. ' '
Oneida,’ County: From George H.. McWhorter, Collector; FranMin Cotton
Factory, by A. Brownell^ Co. ,
. 1. Oneida county, New York. ■ ,
2. Cotton. Water power.
3. In 1826.. Individual, concern.
4,. Present capital |50,000.
5. Materials about ,$2OjOO0. Wages about $15, 000. .
6. No borrowed capital. Average rate pf interest is about 4 per
cent. . ■
7. A variety of causes.
8. Not known. ' - ; , \
9. Domestic sheetings and shirtings about $40,000.
lOi Cotton, middling fine; amount about $ i6i000.
11. None of a similar description imported-
12. Number of men, worrien, and chUdfen, about 100. The average
wages of men about $1 25 per day; women 44 cents.; children 22
cerits. '■■■•..'•
13. Twelve hours per day the whole year. , .
14. In this State children are riot generally, employed;, but men’s
wages say $1, and women’s 37J cents per day. -
15. Three horses.
16. No; the manufactured goods are generally sent about,250 miles
to New York city.,-
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294 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
17. Not to any extent, of the kind made here.
18. Through the country generally, and exported.
19. To South America, China, and other countries.
20. Credit generally, and at 8 months principally.
21. The cost of the article has decreased from year to year, both iii
the manufactured article . and expense of manufacturing, by the intro-
duction of labor-saving machinery. The price, of labor has not mate-
rially varied. / . . , ' , ■
22. The prices of our goods have varied — say from 11 cents per yard
to cents in 4-4 goods; and the shirtings in about the same propor-
tion. „ : . .
23. Probably about .30 per cent.
24; No change is inecessary while we have the privilege of the home
market. ■ '
25. The rate of profits for the last two years may have been 11. per
cent. ; but say, for the last three years previous very trifling, if anything.
26. About 50 per cent, materials. See., and about 30 per cerit. labor;
and for the last 3 years 9 per cent, profits.
27. The amount of agricultural productions consumed in various
^yays may be about $34,000, cotton included.
28. Not possessed of information.
29. .Most likely will have to abandon the business.
30 to 40. Cannot answer. • . ..
Oneida County. From George H. McWhorter, Collector; Stone Mqnu~
® factory.
1. , Oneida county. New York.
2. Cotton sheetings and drillings ; water power.
3. In 1844; individual.
4. Twenty thousand dollars.
5. Materials for One week, $144; wages, $1.87 13.
6 to 9. Cannot answer.
10. Two thousand pounds cotton per week ; value $144.
12. Seventeen men at $1 12^ per day; 21 women at $2 75 per week;
13 children at $1 i2J,per week.
13. Twelve hours per day, every day..
15. Four horses employed.
16. Two hundred' and eighty miles to a rnarket.
,17. No competition.
18, 19. Cannot answer. '
20. Sold at 8 months’ credit.
22. Five and three-fourths cents per yard.
25. Has been in operation only a year. . >
26. Cotton, $144; labor, $187 13; profitfor capital, $50 perweek. -
27. Agricultural ; other than cotton, $80.
28 to 32. ' Cannot answer.
33. Four thousand dollars, borrowed; $16,000 real.
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295.
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
'1
34 to 39. Not answered.
40. Cannot say. • '
Oneida County.: Gem-ge H. McWhorter, Collector ; from M. T. Eggleston,
Superintendent of Utica Cotton Manufacturings Company.
■ i. County of Oneida, New York. ,
2. Cotton.
3. About the year 1812 ; joint-stock company,
4. Capital, $100,000. ,
5. Value of materials about $35,000; wages; $25,000.
6. As near as can be ascertained, about 3 per cent.
7. Various causes,
8. Does not know. .
9. ' As near as' can be ascertained, the value of the manufactured
article, as answered in No. 2, is $60,000.
10. Cotton, about $25,000, at the present low prices. , .
11. None.
12. About 150 ; average wages of men, 10^. per day women, 4s. per
day; children, 20 cents, •
13. Twelve and a half hours all the year. .
14. In this State about 6s. per day ; women. Is. ,6dv v
15. One span of horses;
16. New York and Philadelphia markets; a small portion at home.
17. ‘ None imported.
18. United States, East Indies, and South America,
19. Answered in 18, ' .
20. Cash, and credit on 8 nionths.
^ 21. The cost has decreased niaterially by the introduction of labor-
saving machinery. , ■ ' , , « ; ' “
22- Previous to the introduction of power-loom^, sheetings were sold
for 50 cents per yard, inferior in quality. ■ ■ ■ . ■ - . o
23. Thirty per cent. ' s • "I
. 24. No means of knowing. , 1. . . .. .
25. AboutciIO per cent' profits .have been expended in iniprovements
for the last three years,
. 26. About 50 per cent, materials, 40 per cent, labor, and lO'per cent,
profits. . ' . .
27. .About $50,000.
29. Would cause an abandonment of present busiriess.
30. .Cannot say. \
31 • None. '
i ' 32 to 40, Cannot say. • ■
Oneida County. George H.- Me Whorter, Collector; from S. Newton Dexter,
■ ■ Agent of the Oriskany Manufacturing Company.
1. Oneida county, New Yqrk.
2. For the manufacture, of broadcloths ; water power. •
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296
REPORTS OF THE [1845..
M — Eontmu€.d.
3. In 1811. Joint stock.
4. Capital $110,000.
6. Not answered.
6. Nor able to say profits better, however, thaSi formerly.
7. Since the tmff of ,1842^ have increased in skill arid had a better
market for the goods. From 1837 to 1842 (except 1838 and 1840) Tost
money. *
8. Has not the means of answering this question. ,
9. Not able to say for want of proper records. r
10. Use none but American wool, and of this a!bqut 210,000 lbs. "
worth this year about $70,000. The value of all other materials, such
as soap, dyerstuffs, oil, fuel, teanle, urine, iron, lumber, &c., in. 1844,
$16,356 09; all these articles were of American growth, except the
dye-stuffs and whale oil, amounting to about $3,700. -
i 11. Not answered.’
12. 49 men, 68 women, 26 boys and girls. Wages for men is 88J
cents per day ; women, 47 cents ; children, 31 cents per day. .
13. . Five days in the week, 12 hours; Saturdays, 11 hours. ‘
15. Two hours. '
16. About 36 per- cent, sold at the factory ; the resid,ue:sent to Boston,
New York, and Philadelphia. ' .
17. Foreign articles do enter into competition, and to a very great
extent; but to what extent unable to say. '
18. In nearly all , the States and Tcmtories of the Union,
19. Knows of none having been exported,.
20. Some sold for cash, some bartered for wool or other materials, but •
the greater part sold on eight months’ eredit in the cities nanjed above.-
21. The cost pf^thp manufactured article has decreased. This is
partly owing Jo Jiiore “skillful management, and partly owing to the re-'
duced price of the raw materials and the improvements,, in ihachinery.
: 22. Not able to state? • '
«23. Not less than the present duty.
■ 24. "Cannot say. v, . , •
26. There have been only three dividends of five per cent each, since
October 28, 1841; no particular sum has been reserved 'or ° set 'apart;
have made improvements worth $6,000 or $7,000=; capital has not other-
wise increased from profits.
In the year 1844 the expense of labor, including agent and superintend- .
ent’s salaries $24,763 93 ^
. Materials, exclusive of wool. 16,356 09 -■
Wool.... i., 71,451 46a?
■JO
112,671 48'V
Insurance- and interest paid. . . , . 6,190 63
$118,762 01
Profits not .oyer 10 per cent. ,
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Federal Re.serve Bank of St I riiii.s
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE ,TR-EASURY. 297
M — Continued.
27. Believes the company corisurhes of agricultural productions, an-
nually, from $80,,®0.0 to $83,000, besides what is consumed fey persons
in its. employ.
29. Should afeandon the feusiness.
' 30. Cannot tell. : •
31;. Many, he has no doubt.
32,. He .has very little inforrnation on the subject.
33. Capital is ,$110,000 , and generally owe nearly half as rnueh more.
34. As there is not now. realized an income of six pCr cent, on, real
Capital, could not- if the duties were less.
35; The minimum principle dqes not. apply to broadcloths.
36 to 40i Cannot answer. ^ -
Onei^ County. George H. McWhorter, CoUectm-j from S. Newton Dexter,
Agent of the Demer Manufacturing Company i •
. - 1. State of New, York, .Oneida county.
2. Woolen p water power. - ' . .
. 3- In 1834 ; joint stock.
4. About $40,000,
,5. Materials, $12,291 17; wages* $17,859. This is exclusive of wool;
,6. There have been dividends to the amount of 40, per cent.
7. : The tariff, a better, market for .goods, and more skill in malting.
8. Cannot tell. / ^ ' ^ '
9. In 1844 made 46,525 yards of broadcloth, at an average valiie of
about $1,55 per yard; cannot say of previous years,
10. Use none but Americaii wool, and;Of -this last year 116,25.0 lbs.
The value of all other rnaterials, as stated above,, is $12,291 1,7:.
12. Twenty-nine men, 30 women, 12 girls,, and 20 boys; average
wages 55 J cents, ,
13, Twelve hours 5 days each week, and ;11 hours one day.
15. Two horses.
16. About 33 per cent, are sold at the factory ; the residue , in Baltir
more, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston.
17. F Oreign articles do enter into competition to a' Very :^eat extent.
18. In nearly, if not in all the States, and Territories. ,
19. These are not exported.
20. The goods are sold and bartered in almost every way, (that is,
those* shat are sold at the. factory,) for cash, on a credit, or for fuel,
■teazles, &c.o'° ” , " c . ; ' ■
\21.. The costehas decreased,, owing to greater skill in the manufacture,
the reduced price of materials, and improved machinery.
23. The present duty is low enough.
24. Has .no| giyen his. attention to the .subject.
25. S,inceDi83S andiyidend of 20. per cent.; should estimate about 20
per centi has been added in buildings and machinery out of the profits
since 1834 — say Ml.
26. At this time^sho,p|d tjpnk about 65 .per cent, for materials, lafeoir
23 per cent.— leaving about <12 per cent, for profit.
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eral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
298
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.,
M — Continued.
27. Cannot tell exactly, but thinks about 154,500. •
29. Should abandon the business as soon as he could.
31. Believes there are many.
33. Capital paid in is. $30,000, and frequently owe as much as
$25,000, and sometimes more.
34. Profits probably will, not be six per cent., even at the present rate
of duties ; this year they will probably amount to 12 or 15 per cent., in
consequence of the low price of American wool,
35'. It would not affect bis business. ■
36 to 40. Not answered.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Oneida County. George H. McWhorter, Collector; from Alfred Thonijpson,
Agent of Orishmy Falls Woolen Factory.
New York, Oneida county.
Woolen; water power.
In 1834; joint stock.
Capital $6,000, in ground, buildings, machineiy, &c. ’
Four thousand dollars; reserved profits used for purchasing stock
and paying wages, &c.
6. The concern has manufactured at a, loss until 1841; since then
should think from 12 to 15 per cent, profit has been realized.
7. The changes' and fluctuations of trade.
8. None.
9. Amount $12,000 ; wholly woolen goods; worth 55 cents per yard.
10. Seven thousand dollars worth of wool; $500 of other materials;
all domestic production,
11. None of the kind pf goods made at -this factory are imported.
12. Six men, average wages 88 cents per day; five girls, 40 cents
•per day. ‘ ,
13. Twelve hours per day ; ten months in the year.
14. The rate of wages in this district is altogether higher than in for-
eign countries. ' ,
15. None.
16.. Sent mostly to NeW York; some are consumed at the factory.
17. None. ■
18. Answered in 16. ^
19. Some are sent to Canada, and some to Illinois and the western
States. ■ ■; .
20. Partly for cash and partly for credit; those sold^on credit fropa,,SiX;
to eight months. ' ■ ; ' , ' , o • ■ oV/
21. The reduction in the expenses of business, improvements in’ mb-
.chinery, and the reduced price of stock, have occasioned a decreas^.
22. Sold the cloth for 68 cents up to 1840 ; since that timp fore53 cents.
23. None of this kind are imported,. therefore nee'ds^no protection.' "
24., Cannot say. , . , A . c ' o oo ° -
25. Previously answered, as far as coulcbbe.-j , o<>o o o ,
26. Present price of wool 27 cents per ofionnd; thf,ee-^fths for mate-
rial, one-fifth labor, and oiie-fifth profit.' ’V " s' o
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Fpripml Rpi;pr\;p Rank nf I riiik
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE , TREASURY. 299
M— Continued.
27. Six hundred dollars, the aggregate amount of the productions used
aithisestablishment; ordinary sustenance of 20 persons.
28 to 32. Cannot say. ’ .
33. Capital $6,000; borrowed S4, 000.
34 to 40. Not answered. ■ ' _
Oneida County. George. H., McWfiorterj Collector ; — ——Factory.
1. State of New York,. Oneida county. .
2. Woolen ; water and steam power.
3. In 1817.
4. Twenty-five, thousand dollars. ■'
5. Wages and materials, $21,000 ; wages, $7,00().
■ 6. Nothing.
7. Fluctuating times, &c.
8. Nothing.
9. For the last seven years have manufactured satinets and woolen
plain cloths; about $20,000 annually.
10. Average price of the domestic wool about 33 J cents; the foreign
wool, 30 cents; quantity, 75,000 pounds.
11. Fifty cents per yard.
12. Twelve men, 12 women, and 4 boys; wages of men $1 per day;
women, 50 cents; boys and little girls, about 37J cents.
13. Twelve hours each day the year round. -
.14. Cannot say. . . ,
15. Five-horses.
16. New York, Philadelphia, and at home; mostly to New York city.
17. Unable to state.
18. All over the United States.
19. None.
20. Sold on six to eight months credit.
21. Has not increased in the material, and not in labor on the average.
22. Front $1 25 down to 50 cents per yard. , .
23. Thinks the present tariff will answer if it can be continued.
24. Cannot answer.
25. Have not made any dividends, but have extended the works out
of what it has made.
26. Cannot say.
27. Three, thousand dollars.
28. Cannot say, but a large amount.
29. Should be obliged to stop.
30 to 37. Cannot say. ^
38. Thinks it has increased.
. 39,40. Not answered. : .
Oneida County. George H. McWhorter, Collector; Hollister Woolen Factory,
1. State of New York, Oneida county.
2. Woolen; water power.
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ieral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
300 REPORTS, OF THE ' [;1845.
' ■ - ‘ ' . • ' * ' ■ ■ .
■ M — Continued.
: 3. In 1842 j not a joint stock.
4., ' One hundred and twenty thousand . dollars;
6.^ Sixty thousand dollars.
6. No borrowed capital ; ..profits invested in improyements.
. 7. The unsettled state of the tariff is the cause. .
9. One hundred thousand yards woolenj different styles, froth three-
ijuafters to six-quarters wide, varying in price from 45 cents to. $3. •
10. ’ Two hundred thousand pounds wool; value $50,000.
11, -Unable .to say,
12.. Fifty individuals ; average sixty-five cents. ’ .
13'.' Twelve hours through the year.
. 14; Wages about the same in this county and State.
15. Six horses and two yoke of oxen.
16., Partial market at home ; majority New York, Boston, and Phila-
delphia,. . , • . '
17. -Great competition in finer qualities. .
18.. In the United States.
. 19. Not exported to foreign countries, : .
20.. ' Credit eight months.
21. Variation mostly in raw material.
22. Three-quarter goods at 45 cents, six-quarter at $1 75 per yard.
23. Nothing less than the present rates. ,
24. Unable to say. •
25. No reserv,ed prbfits ; ..profits invested in. improvements.
26. ; One-half raw materi^S, one-fburth labor, and one-fourth profits.
27. From $10,000 to $15,000, ' ^ ,
*28. Unable to say.
29. ' Will be obliged to abandon the business.
30. Uncertain; property would be useless. ' . '
31. Yes.
32 to 40. . Not answered.
0?ieida County. ■ George H. Me Wharter, Collector; from Hollister CheeJeer-
ville Woolen Mills.
1. New York, Oneida county.
2. Woolen goods ; water power.
■ 3.'. In "J842 ; joint stock. . . ' ' '
4. One hundred thousand dollars.
5., One hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars aniiually.
6. - No borrowed capital.
7. Agitation of tariff.
8. No answer..
9. One hundred and twenty thousand dollars annually; style three-
quarter woolens,
10., Three hundred thousand pounds foreign wool.
11, No answer. '
12., One hundred hands; average price per day five shillings.
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. , 301
M — Continued.
13. ' Twelve hours per day through the year- ’
14. Wages 50 per cent., less in foreign countries.
15. Eight horses.
161 Find a market everywhere^
17. No. , , , . ■ ■
18. United States.
19. Export none.
20. Sold at eight months’ credit. ■ .
2^1. Little variation, taking materials and labor.
22. Average 50 cents.
23. Fifty per cent. * .
24. No answer.
25. No excess ; any profits arising have been expended in improve- •
ments. - 1
26. One-half raw materials ; balance divided between labor and
profits. ® ° , , . ■ »
27. Fifteen thousand dollars per annum. " • , » » ^
28. No answer; t, a" ‘ “
29. Abandon the business. ^ ° ,
30. Profit would- be thrown away.
31. Yes- ■ ‘ ■
32 to 40. Not answered.
Oneida County, From George H. McWhorter, Collector — New York Mills,
1. New York, county of Oneida. . .
2. Cotton* Water power; , ■ /
3; In, 1825. Not a joint-stock concern.
4. - Capital $350,000. '
5. For materials, &c.,“ $120, boo.
,6. Seven per cent. No borrowed capital.
'7. The agitation of the tariff question has probably produced as' much
valuation as any other cause.
8. Unable to say. ■
9. One miUiomyards annually ; average price 13 cents. The style
is 4-4 shirtings j of j,No. 40 yarns.
10. Seven hundred and eighty bales of cotton annually ; value,
$41,000;
11. Price about the same. ^
12. Forty-six men, 190 women, 62 boys and children. Men, average
per week $7 50; women, $2 SO”; boys, $1 75 and $2..
13. Twelve hours through ihe year-
14. Wages do not' differ niaterially in this country; say 33' per cent,
less in foreign countries'. -
15v Six horses;
16. Articles manufactured sent to New York, Philadelphia, and Bal-
timore markets — principally to New York.
17. There is a competition of a foreign article to some extent.
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued.
18. In the United States.
19. Exports very limited, if any.
20. Sold at eight months’ credit.
21. Much the same as at the Commencement, taldng materials and
labor together. ■
22. At an average of 14 cents per yard.
23. The present rate, and not less.
24. Do not know of any. - V -
25. No surplus profits; any profits arising have been expended in ex-
tending the business.
26. One-fourth is raw material; one-half labor.
27. From 825,000 to $30,000 a year.
28. Cannot say. ; . : . ‘
29. Abandon the business, in all probability, from necessity.
30., Uncertain; the property would be; unavailable.
31. Yes.
32 to 39.’ Not answered. '
u a 0 '
40. Answered in No. 12.
Oswego County. 'George H. McWJiorter, Collector ; from Stevens S/" West,
. ' Woolen Manifacturers.
1. New York,. Oswego county.
,2. Woolen. Water power, o . ' ■
3. In 1830. Not a join^-stock concern. ,
4. Capital $9,000. ^ /
5. Say $6,000; about one-harf cash and one-half materials.
6. Cannot say; but the rate of profit has not exceeded 7 per cent.
7. Cannot say; in 1840 and ’41 the profits were greater than, since.
8. No capital employed in any ,othbr”place. ,
9. Say $7,000. Coarse woolen cloths.
10. About 18,000 lbs. native wool, at a cost of about $5,000; foreign
dye-stuffs, value $400.
12. Ten men, at $1 per day; 5 women, at $2 25^ per week.
13. Twelve hours the whole year. - . o „
14. Men’s wages about 75 cents ; women’s 50 cents per day.
15. One horse.
16. Part sold at home, surplus about 300 miles to a market,
17. Yes; to what extent unable to say.
18. Generally in the country..
19. None so' exported. ■ . ,
20. Such goods as are sent to market are sold for cash, and credit at
eight months, some bartered at home for aU lands of produce.
21. Decreased say 40 per cent, since the estabhshment of the con-
cern ; one-half by the introduction of labor-saving machinery, and one-
half on materials employed. . .
22. From 42 cents to $1 per, yard.
23. Twenty-five per cent.
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
— Continued.
303
24., Cannot say.
25. Ten per cent. -
26. About one-half in materials, three-eighths in 'labor, and one-
eighth of profits.
27. About $2,000. Say about $5,000.
28. Cannot say.
29. Would be compelled to abandon, the business.
30 to 32. Cannot say.
33. Real capital $9,000, ; none borrowed.
34. To about 25 per cent.
35 to 37. Cannot say.
38. Thinks there has been a considerable reduction in such manu-
factures. % o . .
39. Seven per cents - . ,
40. Should think, about 75 per cent.
Oswego Goimty. . ^GeQ-^ge H. McWhorter, Collector; from Tallmage,
, » V > Wright Sf ,Co. , ‘ ^ • " ■’ '
5 O' Ow n - ’• ^ * O <;•» O'*'' »
1. : State tif.Ne■^^'York^Oswego c|)unty.°y'*, . V ! , v )
2. Paper; wate°r power.- ’ ° ' ..5, ... , , ^0
3. In 1^7 ; not a jointistock concern. ” \ ■
: ;4. Capitd $14,000. -,
5. ' Twelve thousand dollars Cor, materials, &c.
6. The profits have not exceeded 7 per‘cent.
8. None. ■ • „ .
9. Cannot say. ’ -i- '0
10. $8,000 domestic, $2,000 foreign. , ' '
11. Similar articles of paper, of French and English make, are much
cheaper than we can well, afford them.
12. Thirteen men, eight to ten girls ; men $1 per day, girls 12^ cents
per day and board.
13. Ten hours all the year. '
' 14., Cannot say.
15. Five horses.
1'6. At the manufactory in part, but most of the articles (say printing
f paper) sent 300 miles.
17. They do, but cannot, say to what extent.
18. Generally in New York pity and county.
19. None. , . ’ ,
20. Aiticles sent abroad sold for cash, and. at from 3 to 6 months’
credit ; some bartered at home for materials and produce for consump-
' tion. - . ' . .
21. Cannot say, but probably about the same.
22. Printing paper, at the establishment of the concern, sold for 12|-
cents per lb. ; now at only 10 cents per lb. ^
23. Forty per cent.
24. Foreign paper is often done up three reams for two.
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304 , EEPORtS OE THE : - [1845.
M- — Continued. .
/ , 25. Cannot answer.
. 27. $l,500?agricultural,. $1,200 domestic and foreign.
29. Should abandon the business. . . . "
^ 30. Cannot, say. . .
31. “ Yes ; 'buying bonds and mortgages at a share.”
33. $26,000 about one quarter. '
34. No reduction, or not- more- than' five per cent. •
35 to 37. Not answered., ' \ ' . • • ■
35. There is none. . :
39. Ten per cent.
40. Six ..shillings per day for men, and for women one shilling and
board. '1 , . ,i: . .
Niagara. R..H. Broughton, Collector; from George Field, Agent of the:
Niagara . Manufacturing Company^. . . ' '
1. New.' York, Niagara^ Gpunty. , V-.. ■ > o. V.'" ‘
• *2. Cotton; water power. J ■ " ..
'’3. By. t'hfe" original* owners . in, 1835 ; by the , present ind841.. Joint'
• • stock.' '• ^ ** • !■ ‘ " ■, ;• V / _ ' ■
4.. ^ Capital of oEiginal ownefs $60,0t)0, which was all lost. Capital of
present owners $60,000. ° o » o
5. From $16,000;tO'$J8,d,00 for m'atefials' annually, $750' per month
for labor. ■ ‘ f ^ - s, ” >'
6. The first compan^ made . n^ profits; and Ibst their whole capital.;
the present owners lost moneydn 1841 and 1,842 ; in ,1843 .and 1844
made barely sufficient to covet losses ,;pf thp t'wro.,’iprpceding years ^
during the last- year ihiade about 7 per cent., being the'firSt^aetnal profits
made by the establishment. '% - % 1
7. Losses occasioned partly by the descending scale of duties on
importations previous to the year 1841.
8. Money is worth 7 per cent.; some farmers make 10 to 15, while
some make only 5 per cent. Mechanical labor various.
9. Make 4-4 brown sheetings, weighing about nine lbs, to each thirty
yards — ^yarns nurribered 16 to 18 — ^which have varied; from 6 to 8 cents
per yard.
10. Consume domestic products almost entirely.
12. About eighty men, women, and children ; the wages of the; men
about $1 25 per day, women $3 per week, and- the'chil&en $1 75 per
week. .
13t Twelve hours, per day, ex'cept Saturday— then, nine and a half.
14., Some; expert spinners and weavers- at this-' factory receive more,
by three dollars per month, than similar ones-elsewhere. The wages pf
the younger persons about the same- in the county.-
16;. About one^tbird find a market at home, while the residue is sent
to the commercial marts, to .fie distributed in the. cbunti'y;. ' Some few
sent out of the coifhtry. ■ - ;
17. Is not aware of any foreign, article; coming into competition.
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1845.]l SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 305^
M— Goritinued.
19; Some few exported.
. 20. Generally sell at home and abroad* on a creditmf six months.
21. The cost of manufacturing has varied w;ith the cost of the raw
material and the rate of interest; the wages of labor continuing about
the same.
23. In this, as in nearly all. branches of domestic manufacture, a pro-
tective duty sufficient, under ordinary circumstances, to insure the home
market to ou-r own manufactures* is indispensable to their sta.bility and
success. ■ ,
26. The costofthe raw material is about 2-5tlis, the wages of labor and
other expenses about the same, to which is to, to be added waste and
ordinary wear of machinery and interest of capital.
27. Consume but few domestic productions except cotton, about
.$1,000 worth of flour, and the necessary supplies to the machinery.
30. Capital invested in buildings. and" machinery cannot be withdrawn ;
and to discontinue the business which- has in 'it all one’s capital, or to-
work at a certain loss, is equally disastrous ;: and, generally speaking, -
those who are driven from anj'^ kind of manufacturing have no capital
.. left to employ. ' . .
Neio. York. Frorn William A. Hadden.
Tdile' of'diit&s -dii- carpetings undef tariF-'act o/1842.
Description.
r • •
Width, in inches.
Cost in England,
sterling.
u
, <
■ CU-iTf
S-
CO
5 •
^ n-
?■§
tn o-
O' c-
O -
Duty per square,
yard.
Duty per running
yard.
»•
« c.
5 S
_ 4) ‘
. s • .
cr
W
Remarks.
s. d.
cts. .
cts.
cts.
per ct.
Fine ingrain
36
1 3
30:05
30
30
Prohibitory; none now
imported. „
Super ingi’ain.
Inferior Brussels
36
1 10
44.37
30
30
: 674
Do. do.
27
2 10
68.57
55
4u:
Do. do.
Hetler Brussels:. . ♦ ..
27’
: 3 6
84.70-
55
414
49
Do; do.
B.est Brussels
-27
i 0
: 96180
55
414
421
A; few still imported.
Three-ply ingrain
36
3 0
. 72.60
65
65
mm
Prohibitory..
'W'ilton
27
■ 7 6
181.50
65
484
26
Still imported.'
Axminster
27
inKl
242.00
65
484
Do-.
Hearth rugs; . . . ......
: -
•
-
Prohibitory; very" few
now imported. |
FToof cloth baize. . . ... .
■
•
"
14
•
Prohibitory, as to lower j
. qualities,:,. .... . . J;
New York, September 19, 1845.
Sir : It being generally understooduhat a report is . about to emanate
from your Department iii relation to our' revenue laws, and our present-
tariffin particular, Ibeg to hand you a table showing its effect upon the'
article of carpeting, in the imporfatiori of which I have been- rather
extensively engaged for years paisti You wiU observe that the law, as-
itmow stands, virtually excludes all- but the most eostly* description- of
VoL. V.— 20.
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Federal Reserve Bank Of St. Louis
306
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
carpets, such as are used by a comparatively small class of consumers,
namely, the most wealthy.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. A. HADDEN.
Hon. Secretary of the Treasury, Washington.
Orange County. From Daniel Jxickson.
Speaks of the hue and cry raised by the Whig papers about the cir-
culars not being sent to Whig manufacturers, and requests that 15 copies
be sent him for that purpose. .
Albany. From Albert Gallup, Deputy. Collector. •-
States that he sent the circulars to manufacturers with whom he is ,•
acquainted, but as yet has received no answer to the- interrogatories.
Thinks more information can be derived from the census returns of the
State than through any other channel.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Rochester, Monroe Countyi From L. B. Langworthy, Collector.
1. The principal staples of the State are wheat, Indian corn, oats,
barley, potatoes, and rye; neither rice, cotton, nor tobacco are grown.
2. Probably three-fourths of the capital of the State invested in agri-
culture.-
3. Nearly wholly dependent upon them.
4. Deducting necessary outlajs jirobably 4 per cent.
5-. Two per cent, more than in the preceding period.
6. Since 1842 the average value of wheat has been about 84 cents;
Indian corn, 37 cents; oats, 18 cents; r5fe, 40 cents; .potatoes, 18 cents.'
Previous to 1842 the prices, during some years, were so affected by the
currency that.it is difficult to state the average price ; yet it was conr
siderably higher than, since that period.- From this cause, too, it is
nearly impossible to , tell the. real effect of the tariff of 1842 on the value
of agricultural productions. ' , '
7. Prices, however, have fallen, and it must be admitted that since
1842 the currency of the State has been comparatively steady. We
have not been visited by any monetary 'convulsion consequent upon a
paper-money inflation.
8. The State raises (with the exception of horses, probably) more than
sufficient of the articles enumerated in this interrogatory for its own con-
sunnption ; and, as a general thing, prices have fallen since the passage
of the tariff act of 1842 ; and for! the ten preceding years no correct data
can be given, as the prices rose and fell in the exact ratio of the inflation,
and curtailment of.our rascally currenc3n
9'. Although dependent upon agricultural products in a great degree.
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Fwiplii.i'n! riejiii"iiL Cl. Lmiiu
1845.] SECRETARY QF THE TREASURY. 307
M— Continued. •
the profits on manufactures do not diminish in the same proportion ;
nevertheless, the value consumed of the latter must be'affected by the
prosperity of the former. The tariff act bestows a bonus on the one
and not on the other. ' ,
, 10. The average prices of pro.tected articles have not been as low, in
proportion, as the staple productions of the State for the last three years
as in the preceding ten. The prices of manufactured goods, in general,
have been higher, and an increased expense to the farmer has been the
consequence.
11. The State exports chiefly manufactured goods of wood, [wool?]
iron, and leather ; cannot say further.
20. Window glass is manufactured in the State,' and the duty on it
amounts to a prohibition of the article.
26. : The duties do not benefit those engaged in agricultural pursuits.
The duty on wheat is not needed, and that on wool affords little or no
protection to the grower. That on cheap wool of South America, whiqh
' more immediately comes into competition with that raised by our own
farmers, is by far too low. The tariff, in this respect, is made for the
especial behoof of the manufacturer, enabling him to buy the raw mate-
rial as IGw and sell his goods as high as . possible.
27. Not answered.
Rochester, Monroe County. L. B. Langworthy, Collector, encloses answers
■ from . [Name not mentioned,']
1. Wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, potatoes, wool, butter, and
cheese.
2. Three-fourths, of the entire capital of the State invested in agricul-
tural pursuits.
3. About one-half of the material that goes to mabe up the commercial,
manvfactnr'ing, and mechanical business, and the navigation of western
New York, are dependent upon the. agricultural productions. of this State
and the western lakes ; balance from other States and foreign productions.
4. From 4 to 5 per cent.
5. The annual profits, for the ten years preceding, were greater than
during the three years succeeding and including 1842, which has been
more or less influenced by the increcised productions oi the far West, the
immense immigration, the increased facilities of transportation, and the
operation of the of 1842.
6. The average value of wheat from 1832 to 1842 was, in this market,
where from 500,000 to 600,000 barrels are manufactured annually,
$1 03; corn, 50 cents; and wool, 37 cents. For the years 1842 to 1845,'
wheat has averaged 86 cents, corn 40 cents, and wool 31 cents. It is •
difficult to estimate the average, profits per hand, from the manner in
which agricultural labor is performed.
7. The excessive prices of the ten years precediiig 1842 were mate-
rially affected by the inflation of the currency ; and every article of agri-
cultural production in this quarter of the' Stat4 has declined since the
passage of the tariff act, particularly vxml, contrary to expectation.
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308
EEPORTS OK THE
M— Continued,
8l: The State produces more than its supply of all those articles:; thef.
yalue of all has receded: since the pass^e of this, taiiff,
9. As far: as western New York is concerned j yes-.
10. They have not, although competition is now gently operating upon;
prices; but, in many cases,, , those foreign, articles which: are: all but
excluded from our rnarkets. are; furnished by our manufacturers at prices:
close, upon the rate that foreign artieles can be sold for, with the duty
^ added — as cotton and; woolen goods, iron, glass, ,&c.
11. The Avestern part of this State and lalre coast export some leather,,
machinery:, and agricultural;, implements, - but at prices; considerably
lower than fair rates, partly owing to; .the: countervaihng, imperial and-
provincial: duties of Canada. /
12. Cannot answer satisfactorily.; •
13. If a cOnntry’s imp.07ts greatly exceed'its exports,, and the balance
has to be paid in coin., it would; seem to be a necessary consequence that
thetoountry, Would be drained of the preciom metals.:; but it is- proved to-
the- contrary by many' year's’ experience, and may in a ineasure be.
accounted for by the immense quantities brought into the country by:
emigrants, thc; pi’oduction of our wi»es,,and the payments, made by stock
and paper. Excessive' duties must have an unfavorable effect on exports-,,
especially on manufactures, not only from countervailing dupes of foreign
governments, but from the injlated p'ices of labor consequent on the exclu-
sion of competition.
14. The western district of the State of' Ne-w York is strictly an agi'i-.
cultural region, and therefore cannot answer this question, satisfactorily.
15. Ill this section, only for the lake trade.
16 to 18; Not answered. ,
19. As far as the lake trade, is concerned, all imported merchandise is
entitled to drawback; there is no discrimination made by the law of 1842.
20. All articles (or liiany of them) of which iron, cotton,, and wool.
, are the chief components, together Avith glass and leatlier. This, ques-
tion cuii, oulybe correctly :answered by manufacturers and impoi'ters:,
and there is a manifest, repugnance in a certain to give the. true facts
ii,i the case. . /
21. This interrogatory must be: answered by the experienced among
commercial men. In the absence of experience oh the subject, the cash
system: would', seem to' claim a preference over , the warehouse or credit:
system.
22. Many. articles- which; now pay o, lieavy diuty , should be free or nearly
so, viz : all such articles as we imperiously require, and which we do not
nor ever, can prodme, andL ipany .of those of which; labor, is .the' chief com-
ponent of value, a-nd that: of a cheap description I to enter, into- competi-
■ tion with.which presupposes a most abject state of population. Of articles
now free, which might pay a moderate duty; , are dye-woods, copper in all
shapes,.grindstones,.und, India, rubber; .fox reasons that they are used. by'
manufacturers: and companies that- vyill be ihcidentally; or otherwise
proteeted^sbme of them, the- subject of great proftsttosthe manufacturer,,
and -(Others- largely :Krud«eed!«t Aoai^^^^ , ■ ' ^ . .
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Fodorol Rooepi'o Bonir of St. Louio
iSi5.3 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 309
M-^Gontinued.
As Car as the laike is concerned, the • articles fresh fish, staves ', shingles,
fail and, tub holt's, (blocks,) red, whiu, and yellow cedar yosts, and flat hoop-
stuff, should pay. about 10 per cent.
• 23. Not answered.
24. Its operation is bad oil all the articles which are the prime neces-
saries of life, which causes general complaint on account of the unequal
duties of the present tafiff„when compared with the mom-taxation of the
luxuries and higher grades of articles. ,
25. Cannot answer.
26. The agricultural community fire only benefited by the operation
of the tariff in the case where the manufacturers who are consumers
only sustain themselves by its heavy discrimihating duties.
The State of New York is undoubtedly steadily progressing in pros-
perity. From its favorable location, its sj^stem of internal communica-
tion, and its fertile lands, (not being strictly a manufacturing State,) it
will Continue to do So, Under a, fair and equalized revenue tariff, based
upon ad valorem, duties, at a mtiu'that the manufacturefs who .are cortsw-
I mjers to a Considerable amount may live and make as fair a profit as other
I investments. .
27. The prices of wool, from reliahle sources, for seven years prior to
1842, in this -region was 37 1-10 cents; and since, including ’42, is 31
2-10 cents— average of all grades. The produce has doubled since
1840, increased in fineness of staple and weight bf fleece, and decreased
in price, notwithstanding the protection given to the manufacturers. Of
the absolute fallacy of its necessity there is no better proof than the fact
■ that they are enabled to compete in foreign mdrlcets with foreign goods.
28. As there ai-e no mines in this State^except iron, therefore cannot
answer this question.
-■ Cortland village, New York. Wrom Henry S, Randall.
In answering the interrogatories contained in yOur circular, I shall
confine myself to those pertaining tO agriculture, the only branch of
physical industry with which I have any extended practical acquaint-
ance. ■
Those of iny answers which embrace facts affected by local position,
as, for example, the prices of products and Staples, axe designed to
represent the southern of grazing sections of New York. I include under
this head all that'paft of the State lying south of the limestone or wheat-
producing region. The line of division, with Some exceptions, would
nearly correspond with a right line drawn fi'om Buffalo to the mouth of
the Mohawk river. The great triangle, bounded by Oswego fiver. Lake
Ontario, and the St. Lawrence on the west, .east by Lake Champlain
and the Hudson, and south by the Erie canal, though presenting differ-
ent geological features from the southern section above specified, is also
a gfaziug, as contradistinguished from a wheat-growing region. Though
, the prices pf its minor agricultural products and staples, take the whole
region together, might; for a term of years, considerably vary from those
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310
REPORTS OF THE 1845^.]
,M — Continued.
of the southern section, by reason of the sterility of considerable portions
of it and the new settlement of others, still it is probable that its agri-
cultural interests would be similai'ly affected by legislation designed to
modify the natursil course of production and trade. . t
The counties and parts of counties comprising -the southern section,
taken as a whole, produce a surplus of wool, butter, cheese, pork, and
beef; about a supply of Indian corn, barley, oats, and buckwheat ; also
pease and beans; and less than a supply of wheat. West of the Cats-
kill mountains this region has no outwai'd market for its surplus products,
excepting on the Erie canal on the north, reached, froin some portions
of it, through the lakes and lateral canals; and the southern markets,
reached through the SuSquehannah-, the Delaware, and the Alleghany
rivers. From the greater portion of it much land transportation is neces-
sary to reach outward or domestic inarkets of any extent; and, conse-
quently, though the prices of the articles which wtill bear transportation
ate regulated by .the -large outward markets, those of the ; minor and also
the less portable products, such as oats, pease, beans, hay, potatoes, &c.,
are, to a certain extent, only nominal, and are considerably affected by
local circumstances. Though one hundred tons, of hay, or one or two .
thousand bushels of potatoes, would glut the market for an entire year
in many towns in southern . New York, still the nominal price would
remain the same, and would frequently exceed those of the canal or city
markets. This will appear in the tables of prices hereafter given. These
high prices, therefore, are no index of that prosperous agricultural con-
dition which they' would, at first, view, seem to indicate. The coarser
•grains, pulse, roots, and hay, have in fact, in the main, in the whole '
southern region, to be reconverted into wool, dairj’’ products, beef, pork,
&C.J , before they find any cash market. ' '
I have judged it best, in giving prices and in making all estimates, to
conform to the .home, rather than the city market standard. I have sup-
posed it your object to ascertain the profits of the producer. The inter-
mediate purchaser, the drover, packer, wool, butter, or cheese buyer,
expects to receive a profit considerably-exceeding disbursements and
transportation..
1. The agricultural products of the State of New York are the cereal
grains, live stock, products of the dairy, wool, potatoes, hay, sugar, hops,
■products of the orchaj-d, hemp, flax, sills, cord-wood, wax, &c. No
cotton or riCe is cultivated in the State, and not to exceed 1,000 pounds
per annum of tobacco.
2. Probably nearly four-fifths of the capital of the State is invested in
agricultural productions. In 1839 the capital invested in manufactures
was $55,252,779; in commerce^ fisheries, mines, and other interests,
$107-,425,593. The valuation of the real and personal estate that year
was $519,058j782. This would showthat a fraction above three-fourths
of the capital of the State was invested in agriculture. But in this
estimate the capital employed in agricultural labor is not taken into
account, and it is also' well known that it is the practice of assessors to
assess real and personal estate at not much beyond one-half its actual
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 311
M — Continued.
value. Probably $1,000,000,000 would not exceed the whole actual
amount of capital now invested in agriculture in the State.
3. I know of no data by which the facts involved in the question can
be' settled with precision. It is the province of both the mechanic and
manufacturer to prepare the raw material of the products and substances
of the earth for human use. A great share of these products, and by far
the most indispensable of them, are supplied by agriculture. Commerce
and navigation are the media of the exchange and transportation. The
connection, therefore, between these interests and agricnlture is neces-
saiy and intimate.
4. The average net profits of agricultural prodnction, where a consid-
erable section of the country is included in the estimate, must necessarily
be, to some extent, conjectured. More light will be thrown on tins
subject, so far as this State is concerned, by the publication of the census
taken this year, which will contain 'many statistics of importance not
embraced in the United States census. The, United States census,
though giving gross amounts of products, does not give the number of
acres cultivated, the amount of labor, or the animals employed to obtain
them. Dairy products, for example, are stated, but not the number of
cows milked, acres depastured, or laborers employed. On sheep alone
are we enabled to obtain the product per animal. It appears that in
1840 the number of sheep in the State was 5,118,777, and the product
in wool 9,845,295 pounds, or less than two pounds per head. It is to be
hoped, and it is probably true, that this miserably low. average weight
of fleece was improved in 1842, and has continued to improve since.
We will assume that the average for that and the three succeeding years
has been. 2 pounds per head. The average price for that period has beeti,
as will be shown hereafter, 31 1-16 cents. It .would require land of
•more than medium quality, “on well-managed farms,” to sustain'fiye
sheep to the acre during summer, dr the hay from half an acre to sustain
the same number during winter.* The land which would do this would
be worth at least twenty dollars per acrert The average price of sheep,
immediately after shearing, has not been far from $1 25 per head ; lambs
at the same time 75 cents. The average annual increase in lambs is
proba.bly not far from, eighty per cent.; or, where, the number of lambs
is less by reason , of the number of wethers in the flock, the growth of the,
latter would give a corresponding profit.
The profit and loss account, thert, with one hundred sheep, would
stand thus: , ’ ■ ' .
100 sheep, to interest on purchase money ., : ..... $8 75
To interest on 30 acres; at $20 per acre ......... 42 00
To curing and storing hay on 5 acres of above , . . . . . ......... 6 25
To expense of shearing .... .......... . 3 00
To loss by death — -say two per centum over and above value of
j pulled wool j. 2 50
*It is ordinarily estimated that, on the average,, one acre will keep three sheep a year,
t The grazing lands of the southern section arfe far lower priced than the wheat region, though
they will produce' probably as much or more grass and hay. f
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312 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— ContiHued. '
To labor of foddering during ■winter— isaj.. $5 ^OO
To salt,' tar, and summer care.,. , 4 QO
To interest on winter shelter ;(worth, say 125),.. - , . 1 75
■ ' ■ . . • • ■ ' $73 25
^ ■ ' Cr. . . -
By 200 pounds wool,, at .31 1-16 cents per pound . .$62 12
By 80 lambs, at 75 cents per head. - 60 00
By •manure .......... . 5 00
, , 127 12
Balance. ... ...... i . .$53 87
Maldng/a. net profit of $1 79 17-30 per acre on lands worth $20.’
Now, 100 acres of cleared land of above quality (and this would at
least equal the ayerage in the southern section of New York) would sup-
port 333J sheep, and give an income of $179 56§. On the average, at
least thirty acres of wood land will belong to every farm, which contains
one hundred acres of cleared land, "fhe interest on this would be $42.
Deduct from this $11 25 . for thirty' cords of wood, for use of family,
(worth not to exceed 37 J cents per cord, standing ;) leaving the a;cGOunt
of an exclusively sheep farm of the above specified size to stand thus :
Farin of IZO acres. '
To interest on capital. . . . .. . ,. . ................. .. . ... $18.2 0.0
To taxes and insurance^ — say 12 00
To repairs to fences and buildings 2.0 00
f $.214 00
Cr. ^
By keeping 333^ sheep, yielding a profit of. $319 56
By 30 cords of wood, at 37J cents per cord ...... ....... il 25
330 8l
. Balance. $116 81
I will now give a profit and loss account of rearing neat stock ; select-
ing steers, which give a better return to the breeder and grazier than
cows. I shall here be under the necessity of abandoning estimates by
acres, as no farmer in the Uriited States has, so far as .P am informed,
made experiments to determine the average amount of land required to
supply the summer feed of neat stock of the vmious ages, from which
reliable data can bei drawn. J shall therefore estimate by the average
price of pasturage, hay, &c. ; ■
Cost of rearing a calf up to the first winter $ 4 00
Hay for first -winter, half ton, at $6 per ton. .......... 3 00
. $7 O0.‘
Summering a yearling, 26 weeks, at 10 cents peF vveek... $2 60
, ■ ■ ■ ,
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1S45.| SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 343
M — rC.ontinued.
Hay for second winter, one ton ^ $6 00
Interest on first year’s . disbursements ... 49
:$9 09
Summering a two-year old, 26 weeks, at 16 cents per week. ... $4 16
Hay for third winter, 1 J ton 0 00
Interest on previous year’s disbursements .......' 1 12
■ . ■ $14 28
Pasturing 8 syeeks to ordinary time of sale, at 22 cts. per week.' |1 76
Interest on previous disbursements, 8 weeks,. , 35
Previous disbursements.., ,, , . ..... ... . . ... 30 37
Total cost of raising a steer until three yeai's and two months old . • $32 48
Average price of grass and hay-fed steer, at that age, not to exceed.: $ 18 00
I have not estimated the pasturage as high as it will average in this
(Cortland) and some of the better southern counties; perhaps a trifle
higher than the price in some of the more sparsely settled and remote
from markets. At all events, I feel authorized in saying that no farmer
can reaff neat stock on grass and hay alone to “ three years old past,”
and obtain within ten dollars per head, of the nominal prices of the grass
and hay consumed by them. In the above estimate I have let manure
offset against labor in feeding, &c.
Daiiying, tho;^h sufficiently familiar with the estimates of others, I
have not had sufficient personal experience in to undertalre td speak of
its. various processes with entire accuracy. The average profits are not
far from those derived from sheep husbandry, but it is attended with
much more hard and confining labor. It also, requires better soils and
a larger investment of capital.
Fattening pork beyond what is necessary for family use, is not gen-
erally considered so profitable as wool-growing or dairying.
The same remark will apply to the rearing of horses.
The expense of preparing the soils for the cereal grains (with the
exception of Indian corn) is not far from the same. , In the following
table all expenses are included : ' "
Cost per acre.
'
Average number of
bushels per acre.
Average' value of
stalks or straw.
Total value, estirha-
ting grain at aver-
age prices for the
last five years.-
. Net profits per aCre.
Indian corn, $15.
i3P
$ 5 0 .0
$20 00
$5 00,
Spring wheat, 9. .
12
1 GO
12 40
3 40 !
Barley, 9
■ . 28
1 25
13 29
4 29
Oats, 7.
38 .
1 25
10 18
. 3 18
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rederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
314
REPORTS OF THE
[1845..
p . M — Continued.
In considering the profits of these’ several. branches of husbandry, we
are not to forget that there are a few farms where we can select a single
branch, that which appears most profitable under favorable circum-
stances, and pursue it to the exclusion of all others. There are lands
and grasses on rhost farms adapted to one kind of animals, and not to
another; and the same is true in relation to grains. Wet lands and
coarse grasses are unsuitable for sheep ; they must be depastured by '
grosser feeding animals. High poor lands and steep declivities, on the
other hand, could not be as profitably grazed by neat cattle as by sheep.
He who has lands adapted to. the cultivation of Indian corn: will alwaj^s
find it a highly profitable crop; but there is rarely a farm in New York
where the whole, or even a half, is suitable for Indian corn. If it were,
it would be impracticable to obtain the necessary manure. If that was
obtained, it is out of the power of any ordinary farmer to raise force;
enough "to get in, hoe, and finally harvest such a disproportioned crop.
If we cultivate Indian corn, we must have cattle or horses to consume
the stalks, and swine to eat the soft., or unmarketable corn. To crop our
lands with any reference to an economical preservation of their fertility,
we must resort to a rotation of crops, requiring at least three kinds of
grain, or two kinds of grain and one kind of roots.; and so on through
the whole circle of husbandry.
Whatever theoretical reasons there may be in favor of a division of
labor on the farm, as well as in mechanical occupations,- and however
well, the theory might work on favorable soils and near large markets,
where every produpct can be sold without converting it into another pro-
duct, it is a reasoning which will not apply in the inland agricultural
regions of the United. States. I have already stated that, although in
those inland positions all products bear a nominal price, many of them,
such as hay, potatoes, and e’ven the coarse grains, find a cash market
only to a very limited extent. , ■
On the whole, it is my opinion that ten per centum is realized on agri-
cultural ^investments only by farmers of skill and under favorable circum-
stances; that from six to seven per centum is not far from the average
profit from and including the, year 1842. ' -
5. For the ten preceding years the average profits would be some-
vrbat higher. An inspection of the tables of prices below will enable
you to determine this question with as much accuracy as could the prac-
■tical farmer. During the years of high prices the expense of producing
was increased, the price of man arid horse labor being higher, but not
sufficiently so to counterbalance the increase of profits. The cost of
production ■was, say, from one to two per centum higher ad valorem
on the products-; T feel confident not to exceed this. Now the price of
wheat from 1832 to 1842 averaged- $1 33J; from 1842 to 1845, inclu-
sive, 924 cents; niaking an average diflference of 414 cents per bushel!*
The prices of other products and Staples, as will be seen by the tables,
bore about the same ratio to each other during those periods.
*The prices of 1845 estimated up to the 15th of October.
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315
M — Continued. .
6. In giving the. tables of prices asked for in your sixth question,, I
have thought it not expedient to rely simply on farm books. These,
though correct as far as they go, could not indicate average prices. . I
have, therefore, resorted to the books of extensive dealers in the several
products, giving in all cases the average prices paid to the producer.
For the , following table of prices of the cereal grains, pulse, &c., I am
indebted to Mr. Abraham Mudge, a miller of standing in this place,
(thirty miles, south of the Erie canal.)
Years-. .
i
Wheat. '
Indian
corn.
Barley.
.Oats.
Buck-
wheat.
Peas.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
1832..:..
$1 12
1 $0-56,
65
35
44
60 ■
1833
1 12
56
65
38
44
62
1834
1 06
62
60 .
37.; ,
40
62
1835.
1 25
69
75'
38
56 .
75
1836...... ;
1. 38
j -87
7-5
40
50
75 .
1837.........
2 00
1.00
75
44
,62 .
80
1838
1 60
1 88
'70
42
50
75
1839.....
1 50
!. 80
62
38
50 -
62
1840.. ............
1 25
! - 62
50
30 .
38 -
50
1841 ;
1 07
62
50
.'28
•38
50
1842. ......
1 06
60
45
25
38
50
1843..............
88
44
40
20
31
, 40.
1844.
8'5
44
40
20
30
44
1845^
90
■ 50,
40
25
31
40
To enable you to compare the prices of the southern counties with
those of the markets on the Erie canal; (which are supposed to corre-
spond, with those of New York, bating the price of transportation,) I
^pend the following table. I am indebted for it to George Geddes,
■ Esq., of Tyler, (one of the most intelligent and correct of our New York
agriculturists,) who collated it for me from the books of the most exten-
sive grain merchants in Syracuse. The averages are taken between the
1st of April for each year, except' 1845, which only extends to August.-
-Years.
■Wheat.
Indian corn.
Barley.
Oats.
■
Cts.
■ ■ Cts.
Cts.
1840-.
$0 '86
'44
43.1
■28
1841
: 98.7
.52.1
46 ■
31.5
1842, .......
•1 06.7
44.2
35.
26
1843v
87.5
. 47.7
36 .
19
1844
90
43.1
53
22
1845....
91
*I think the disparity was less between the average prices in 4he canal and city markets of
these respective periods. Local circumstances had a bearing on thorn in the southern counties.
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rederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
316 , REPORTS OF THE , [184-5.
M; — iGondnaed.
For the prices of pork, eggs, and feathers, I am indebted to Messrs.
J. Barker & Son, extensive dealers-, of Homer; for those of butter and
cheese, to James, Van Valen & Co., of this place, who purchase those
articles to the value of $140,000 annually; for those of beef, to Rufus
■Boies & Sons, of this town, extensive, dealers and packers ; for those of
wages, to niy own recollections, aided by those of various agriculturists
with whom I have conferred on the subject. I have found it impossibte
to ascertain the, average prices of tallow, lard, and several other pro*
■ducts, there being httle commerce here in those articles. Hay and
^potatoes I have omitted, as the prices, as before stated, would be merely
nominal.
Years.
• •
Wages per
month.
Pork per
cwt.
Beef per
cwt.
Butter.
Cheese.
Feathers.
Eggs per
dozen.
-
Cts.
Cts.
Cts. •
. Cts.
1832
$4 00
-
5
-371 ,
6
1833
HltiVniH
5 00
12|
6
371
6 '
1834.
5 00
-
121
6
'44
6
1835...
6 GO
#7 00
14
7 -
•50 • •
6
1836
8 00
9 00
.18-
8
50
6
1837
6 00
10 00
15
R
, m
6
1838 .
8 00
10 50
18
■ -8
•62i
6
1839.
4 50
7 50
15
5i
621
5
1840.,
4 50
12‘
5|
56
6
1841
3 50
5 50
13
6
Zt'i
6
1842
3 00
4 00
Hi
5i
■37^
6
1843....
3 75
4 50
43
371
0 ■
1844. . . ;
3 50
4 50
lip
H
37i
63
1845
•
4 50
14
5|
37|
. 7|
For the following table of prices I am indebted to Messrs. Rufus Boies
and Sons, the drovers above mentioned.
■ ,
'years.
Oxen in
yoke.
Three-year
old steers.
Two-year
old steers. ;
Dairy cows.
Wethers.
1835...
■ $70 -
$24
$14 '
■ ■ $27
.$ 2 2§
1836.....
■ 85
■ 28
. 20
35
. 2-’75
18.37 .........
100
30
22
38
2 75
1838
105
32
. 24
35
2 00
1839....:^
85
28
• 20
25
1 75
1840
70
24
14
. 20
1 50
1841.......
65
20
13
■ 18 ■
1 25
■1842..
55
14
9
13
1 06
1843 ..........
60
16 .
10
14
1 25
1844
65,
17
12
17
2 12J
18.45-
70
20
14
18
1 25
In the above table each animal is priced separately, with the excep*
tion of oxen in yoke, where the price of a pair or yoke is given.
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1845.J SECRETARY OF THE. TREASURY. 317
M — rContinued.
I have not; included wool in any of the above products, as; you make
• it a separate subject of inquiry in your 27th interrogatory., ’
It would be difficult to state, with precision (in answer to the latter
clause of the 6th interrogatory). “ the net income per hand,” on account
of the variety pf avocations which the liorthern laborer, engages in,. In
the estimates in answer to your 4th interrogatory, I have reckoned in
labor,, in all easesj as chargeable to,., or to be deducted from,, the gross;
proceeds of each crop or animal; and this will afford., perhaps; sufficient,
data, to the fact, you, desire to ascertain. ■ . •
7. Prices of agiicultural products have been raised by the operation: of.
taiiff laws ;; but far more; however,, in; my judg;ment, from the confidence
or fear these; laws, have been the means of inspiring;, than from any
natural or legitimate consequenees;; growing out of them. Wool is: the-
great protected article of the northern agriculturistr— the only one which
really enters- materially into his-mstimate of the benefits . which he expects
to derive from, the tmiff;. but wool averages, higher in price under the
“ compromise tariff,’’ than that enacted in 1842. ;
The reason for this brings me. to the second branch of your inquiry,:
' viz. : the effect of the state of the currency on agricultural prices and
profits. One has but. to inspect the table of prices above, to perceive the^
direct consequences; in the markets of those great, expansions and com
tractions of the circulating, medium; which occurred, between; 1832 and
1842,. At one peiiod the agriculturist waa incited to extravagance and';
; i'mudicious. investments of capital by unreasonably high; prices — the
. . enect of the cheapness of paiper, money, rather than the increasing, demand,
for! the. producti, and'.at another, he was pressed to' the earth by the reac-
tion and panic- following; such periods, and the depreciation; of his capital
in unprofitable ijrvestmeijtSi - . '
Thus- far 1 have spoken of prices but your inquiry further, embraces
agricultural profits.. The effect of the tariff has been to raise the Va,lue
o.f wool, but also to enhance: the prices of articles, of foreign production'
consumed , by the farmer; I think the ba.lance of grain has been in favor
of the wool grower, but I think such, gain is; far below the popular- esti-
mate. Few farmers, in. this State, in proportion, to the'. whole- number,.,
are benefited ,$25; in the sale of their wool,, by the operation, of the tariff.
He must be a plain fiver, and use few of the necessaries and luxuries of
life, who does not pay an approximation to this sum, in duties, on foreign
articles consumed by him, or domestic articles,. whose prices are enhanced
by those duties. - How much is; to be deducted from what the tariff costs
him, by reason of- one of its supposed indirect effects, viz: the creation;
of a home: market: for his; other products besides wool, . by building up a -,
manufacturing: interest; I do not consider it my province here to discuss.
That; more benefits would resultr to the, woofigrowing farmer from
the present tariff, were it not for certain frauds and evasions practised-,
by those imposing wool, under- certain of its provirions; I have no doubt.
These will be alluded, to ;iri: answering; a: subsequent inquiry.
8; The State of New' York raises a sufficient s-upply of “horses;
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31S
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
mules, hogs, rmeats? and other provisions.” By the United States cen-
sus of 1840 it appears that there were then in the State —
Horses and mules 474,543
Neat cattle 1,911,244..
Swine . . . . . 1,900,065
9. To this interrogatory, I will simply express my decided convic-
tion that the connection between the interests alluded to is so intimate
that their profits increase or diminish together.
26. To the first clause of the interrogatory I have already made
answer under the 7th question.
In answer to the second elause, I would say that I believe the present
duties “can be so modified in some other way than by reducing them
so as to benefit the growers.” I would specify particularly the duty on
wools worth seven cents or under at the place of exportation.
The duty on wool, “ the value whereof at the last port or place
whence exported into the United States shall be seven cents or under
per pound,” is not, I think I am fully authorized in saying, believed by
the most intelligent and leading agriculturists of this State to be suffi-
cient, or to bear any just proportion to that on other wools, viz; 3 cents
per pound and thirty per centum ad valorem'. If the wool thus invoiced
were all of the quality whose admission was contemplated under the
tariff act of 1842, viz: that of a quality coai’ser than any grown in the
United States, still its admission at such rates of duty would prevent
the extension of a branch of industry Avhich might be productive of
widely-diffused benefit. The high inferior lands of Virginia, the. Ca.ro-
linas, Tennessee, and, in short, all the southern States, and to a certain
extent the prairies of the West, might be grazed with sheep. A warm
climate is no bar on the healthy growth and wool-producing qualities
of this animal. Spain, the native country of by far the best variet}'
for the production of wool, lies between 36° and 44° north latitude, cor-
responding with a section of the United States extending from Nash-
ville, in Tennessee, on the south, to Oswego, in New York, on the north;
and it is, a well-established fact that isothermal do not correspond with
latitudinal lines as between this country and Europe. At similar lati-
tudes, the mean temperature of Europe is considerably higher or warmer
than that of the United States.*
It is asked if these regions, or any other in the United States, could
profitably produce wool of a similar quality with that now imported
from South America, &c., under the five per cent, duty? Not certainly
the most profitably, for it costs no more to raise a pound of medium, than
a pound of these exceedingly coarse wools.. After considerable experi-
ence with -every important variety of sheep, I am willing, unhesitatingly,
to hazard the assertion, that more pounds of medium (say the coarser
*I might adduce much more .proof— the experience of many highly intelligent agriculturists
of the South — to determine this point, if such proof were needed. During the period I acted
as corresponding secretary of the New York State Agricultural Society, I made this a subject
of particular inquiry and investigation in my southern correspondence, and soon became per-
fectly convinced of the feasibility of growing wool in any portion of the United States where
the land is dry and there is a supply of nutritious and not over-coarse grasses.
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1845.]
319
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
/
M — Continued.
grades of merino) \vooE can be produced from the feed on an acre of
land, than of the excessively coarse South American wools. With
suitable encouragement this branch of industry might be established in
the regions alluded to; and, when firmly established and .widely
extended, I believe those foreign coarse wools would be driven from the
market, though admitted duty free.
There is no good reason why fleeces should average only two pounds.
It is a fact discreditable to the American farmer. Not only medium,
but fine wools may be made to average at least from three and a half
> to four pounds per fleece ; * and medium wools still more. It is certainly
a profitable investment of capital when the fleece brings one dollar.
Medium wool, averaging four pounds to the fleece, would bring this
sum, sold for twenty-five cents per pound. To cleanse them as well as
our domestic wools are ordinarily cleansed for mai-ket, (deprived of
“tags,” and washed on the back of the sheep as thoroughly as it can be
done in swiftly-running cold water,) they would lose probably full half
of their present weight. Thus a pound of the coarse foreign wool would
cost (washed) twenty cents. The same amount of good medium wool
; could be grown in the United States for twenty-five cents.
; Now it is a well-known fact that the felting property of wool, (its serra-
tions or “ beards,”) which gives adhesion and strength to cloth, increases,
in all ordinary cases, in the same ratio with its fineness. If a pound of
medium wool would malte no liigre cloth than a pound of very coarse
wool, the cloth thus produced would exceed that manufactured from the
coarse, in . value — whether carpets, slave cloths, or other fabrics — by
more than five cents, or double that, amount. But the finer wool will
make the most cloth. It will bear being spun finer, still retaining equal
or superior strength and. durability, arid will thus make enough more,
cloth to cover the extra expense.
When the American farmer learns to depend upon his own skill and
perseverance rather than the arm of legislation — to call upon his own
energies instead of . the Hercules of the State — the tariff on all kinds of
wool will, I believe, soon become as niuch a dead letter as that now
imposed on foreign provisions. Indeed, I believe the United States may,'
at no distant day,, profitably cayart wool.
In spealting of the foreign “seven per cent, wools,” I have hitherto
proceeded on the supposition that those thus invoiced were actually
what was contemplated, in the tariff act of .1.842, viz : a much coarser
article than any grown in the United States. It is believed, however,
that frauds of an extensive and serious character have been, perpetrated
*In a flock of merinoes on which I drew the first State premium in 1844, as “ the best
managed a.nd most profitable flock,’! the full-bloods averaged over five pounds per fleece, though
many of them had not. arrived at maturity. The wool sold for thirty-eight cents per pound.
This year the fleeces of my' full-bloods averaged over six pounds. Ten sheep, (one ram and
nine ewes.,) on which I drew the first premium on rams and the first and second on ewes, at
the State fair the same yearj cut this year over seventy-five pounds of washed wool, though
the ram was but a yearling. *'We. have far better sheep, in my opinion, (the acclimated
merinoes, imported originally by Livingston, Humphrey, Jarvis, &c.,) than ^ny now in Spain
or any other foreign, country; and there is no excuse whatever for a farmer to fear sheep cutting
only two pounds to the fleece.
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320^
REFOETS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued-.
in the invoicing of these wools. Numerous speeiniens of wool equalling:
our choicest Saxon are in the handsuf yarious individuais throughoutthe'
country, which men of well-known standing and- veracity allege they
obtained of importers and manufacturers— such- importers stating that
they were: from bales of South American , wool admitted under the five
per cent, ad valorem duty ; and conceding that large quantities of a
similar quaht}? Were received by them from the same source.- It is
alleged that some of the smaller manufactories of good-, cloths receive'
their principal, suppl}^ in this way. How such a fraud could elude the
provisions applicable to our custom-houses j I am unable to sUiy. ■
These- statementsi as I present them, assume but the questionable
form of mere reports-. But they are based on the authority of highly
respectable men, and they are, I heVievt; generally credited. If would-
perha,ps hardly be expected that those who could fiirnish the best testi-
mony in the premises would, if guilty, volunteer to throw' that testimony
in an authenticated form before the public. Bb the: facts as they may,
the public mind wilf hardly rest satisfied until the subject shall receive
competent investigation.
In conclusion of this topic, though perfectly satisfied that all legislatiye
protection on wool,, after the business of growing it is widely extended
and well understood, will become nugatory, I am of the opinion that, in-
the present condition of things, while the average quality and quantity
per fleece is so- low; and especially while popular^ opinion and feelmg
remain what they now are on this topic, all the incidental protection
which can be yielded, in justice to^ the rights of all, under a revenue
tai'ifl; is necessaly to foster this important, interest. It is necessary to',
encourage the extension of this branch of industry to encourage^he wool-
growing farmer to persevere, until obtaining more skill, possessing him-
self of better breeds of sheep, learning to rmy on his own efforts, instead’
of legislation, for success; he shall cease to be dependent upon legislative
protection from foreign competition. The following views of Judge
Beatty of Kentucky, (published in the American: Agriculturist) if correct,
show the importance, in a national point of view, "’of this g'reat interest. '
I believe they are substantially correct.
“ The returns of the. late census show that the number of sheep in the
United States in 1840 was a fi'action less than 2O;O0OjO0O. Twice this
number would probably not furnish more wool than would be needed by
a population: of 17,000,000, if we were to manufacture all our' own blan-
kets; carpets, and every other description of woolen fabriesv The period
is not ■very distant When this will be done, with- the exception of some
very fine goods. We shall then need about 100,000,000 lbs. of wool
for a population of 17,000,000 ; and in that proportion: for home consump-
tion., even supposing none should be exported. Now, as our population
increases (as past experience demonstrates) at a;,compound ratio of three'
per cent, per annum, we shall have a population of 34,000,000 in the
year 1864, 51,000,000 in 1878, and.60, 000, 000 in, 1888. We shall: need
at these respective periods two, three, and four hundred millions of
pounds of wool. If we estimate sheep, upon an avera,ge, to- produce 2J
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Federal Reserve Bank nf .St I niii.^ ^
321
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M-rTT^ontinued.
lbs. of wool ,per boad) we shall irequire in the.year 1888 (a little more
than forty years hence) 160,000,000 of sheep. This view of the subject,
without looking to a foreign market, holds out strong inducement to
engage in sheep husbandfiy.”
And I believe, to give effect and consistency to present protection, as
well as to do equal justice to all connected with the interest, there should be
no essential disparity in ad valorem duties on coarse and fine foreign wool.
■ To the third clause, of your question I would say, that I have no^doubt
the State of New York has prospered under the present , duties. J think)
however, as a whole, those duties haye henefited the manufaeturing
far more than the agricultural interest. The gains of the farmer ai'e
moderate, as has been shown before; he rarely -attains wealth by the
mere profits of ordinai'y farming. If he attains even competence, it is
rather by economy ; by saving, than hy lai-ge or rapid accumidation.
Low as the prices of agricultural products ai'e, the malltets are compara-
tively steady and equable. This rends greatly to alleviate the evils
which would otherwise result from their depression. I attribute this
partially to the steady, and settled .state of the currency. If the same
settled and steady character could bemven to our tarifflaws, our pros-
perity would be greatly augmented. The farmer wants to know what
he can depend upon. He asks that the fruits of his labor shall not be
subject to constant variations in value by reason of vacillating legislation ;
•he asks that;his ;Government shall not one year' enact laws to encourage
him :to embark his capital in one branch of industry, and the next, hy
■a.dverse legislation, destroy or depreciate the value of the investment.
In;a word, he asks that the tariff be settled on -a :fixed and permanent
basis ; one admitting of no fluctuations but those rendered indispensable
by important matural <changes, or discoveries developing new interests,
or modifying existing ones. • '
27. The quantity of wool raised in the State of New York in 1840,
.Was 9.., 845, 295. lbs.
■ For the follo.wing table of prices I am indebted to George T. Taylor,
Esq., of Madison, who has bought wools extensively through this section
of country for a ;series of years. He remarks that the table below gives
the prices about 3 cents per pound higher than his own average pur-
chases, as he buys for a satinet manufactory which does not require the
choicest quality^ of wool. My own opinion, however, based on 4he
average purchases of others, would be, that the average of the whole
State would be between the prices paid by him and the table below,
viz : about, 1^ per cent, below the following table :
In 1832,
Per Pound.
average price, 40 cents. I
In 1839,
Per Pound.
average price, 50 cents.
1833,
do.
50
1840,
do.
33
1834,
do,
45
1841,
do.
35
1835,
do.
48'
1842,
do.
30
1836,
do.
54
1843,
do.
31
1837,
do.
30
, 1844,
do.
40
1838,
do.
36
1845,
do.
32
i VoL. V. — 21.
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322
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
■ M — Continued.
The following average prices have been paid by Rufus Boies & Sons,
of this town. On these I founded the estimates given in answer to your
4th question :
In 1842, average price paid, 28^ cents per pound.
1843;
do.
28J do.
1844,
do.
39 J do.
1845,
.-.do.
28 do.
The following table of prices' paid by William Randall, Esq., of this
town, shows about the average prices received by the growers of small,
including average and ihedium lots of wool :
In 1840,- average price paid, 30 38-100 cents per pound.
1841,'
do.
32 22-100
do.
1842,
do.
27 73-100
do.
1843,
do.
25 63-100
do.
1844,
do.
34 25-100
do.
1845;.
do.
26 75-100
do.
.New York City. George A. Dwight— encloses a letter from Edwin Hunt,
. . containing two, statements,
Spealts of the great inipositions practised upon the consumer of glass,
owing to the yet imperfect state of the manufacture.
Edwin Hunt, at the request of Mr. Dwight, has made out a calcula-
tion of the ad valorem rate of the present specific , duties on certain hard-
ware goods, on many of which the duties amount to an entire prohibition,
such as wood-screws ; iron and brass ; brass battery or hammered ket-
tles; thf cheap or common butt hinges.; sad, smoothing, and tailors’
irons ; pins and iron wire; which articles are not now imported.
The correctness of the statement is attested by five of the largest and
most respectable importing houses. ■
In 1841 he imported wood-screws to the amount of .£1,986 IO5. 6d.,
and brass kettles to the amount of .£1,218 12s., paying about $3,500
duties on these two alone ; since which time he has not imported any,
except one cask for the purpose of testing the percentage. •
Also, encloses a statement from an importer of window glass, show-
ing the duties on that article; both of which are given, marked Nos. 1
and 2.
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Rani^ nf I oiiiQ
M— ^ontiHued. 5
No. 1. — ‘■A statement of ike sterling prices of various hardware articles now paying specific duties, and the percentage rate of duties
oh the same. •
Anvils ( common.
warranted....;.....,... 19.s.
Pricg in England.
I5s. 6<i. sterling per cwt., delivered in Liverpool..
Butt hinges, cast Common kind, 82j per cent., a cask amounting to
£15 2s. Id. net. .
Smith's’ hammers.
Do.
Best steeled, 19s.
of 100 lbs. 8d.
Pins, mixed.. ; Think, Is. 2d. per lb., net;.
Screws, brass. A lot, -costing ^9 Ts.' lOd. , . ..
Kitchen furniture, as saucepans, A cask, amounting to £i 7s. .6«i., net
kettles, &c. , . .
Par value, at $4 44
the £.
Duty.
Ad valorem
rate of duty.
$8 44 per 102 lbs .
2^ cts. per lb., or $2 80 per cwt.
81 i per cent.
|4 22 do
Do. do. .......
66i
do.
24i cts. per lb. . . .
12 cts. per lb
50
do.
i54 57,. value . .
2j cts. per Ib.; net weight in this
cask, 1,624 lbs.; amount of
duty, paid, $40 60.
74i
do.
P 78 per 112 lbs.
2j, cts. per lb., or $2 80 per cwt.
73i
do.
$4 22 do..,..
Do. do
67
do.
.#2 11. do
Do. do........
135
do.
jfl 50 per bundle..
5 cts per lb. j or $3 15 for 63 lbs.
210
do.
$4 72 for 100 lbs..
4 cts. per Ib., or $4 per bag
85
do.
26 cts. per lb. ....
20'cts per lb
75
do.
$1 46 each., .....
$1 each saw i
68|
do.
$310......
12 CIS per lb. on 2,250 IbS.; ac-
tual duty paid, $270^
87
do.
$41 74
Duty paid, t»b lbs.- at 3U cts. per
47^
do.
lb., IS $19 80.,
$19 45
2^ cts. per lb,, 351 lbs., = $8 87
45
do.
We, the undersigned, have examined the above calculations, and find them correct.
New York, October 31, 1845.
RICH, KINGSLAND & CO.,
WOEFER GILLESPIE,
A. W. SPIES & CO.
HYSLOP & brother,
C. V. S. ROOSEVELT,
EDWIN HUNT.
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M — Continued.
No. 2. — Duties on Window Glass.
Bescription. ,
Sizes.
Prices in England.
Par value.
Ameficari duty:
A-d valorem rate
of such duty.
Db. do
Do. do
• I).o, do.'. . «t «
i)b. do..
Do. do
P’d. do. .
,D6^ , ^ do...... ;.
Brown window glass
po. do... ;.d
Do. do
Do. do.....;
Do. , do ■
Do. do ^ . i
Do. do....... ,
4 X 6 to 6 X- 8-
7 X 9 to 8 X 10
9 X 11 to 10 X 12
10 X 13 to 10 X 14
10 X 15 toll X 16
i l X 17 to 12 X 18
12 X 18 to 16 X 24
18 X 24 to 31 X 42
4 X 6 to 6 X 8
7X9 to 8 X 10.
9 X 10 to 10 X 12
10 X 13 to 10 X 14
10 X 15 to 11 X 16
: 11 X 17 to 12 X 18
12 X 19 to 18 X 26
• 6s. sterling per lOO feet.
8 do
12 do....;
14 do
16 do..........
16 do.
18 ' do..
22 • do..,...;.;.
8 do.
10 do... .
16 do...;;.....
18 do...
21 do
24 do
30 do,,, , .
P 33 per 100 feet.
1 78 do......
267 do....;
: 3- 00 do.....
: 3 56 do.;..;
3 56 do
4 00 do.;.;.
4 88 do; . . .- .
178 do..:..
2 22 do..;..
3 56 do.....
400 do.;..;
4 66 do.;...
.5 37 do..;;.
6 66 do..;.;
j}2 00 per 100
2 00 do
2 SO do
3- 50 do
4 00 do
5 00 do
6-00 do
6 OO do
3 50 do
3 50 do
5 00 do
6 00 do
7 00 do
8 00 do
10 00 do
feet.
150' per cen t.
112i do.
94 do.
112i do.
' 112i do.
140 do.
■150 do.
123 do.
198 do.
' 165 do.
' 145 do.
150' do.
150 do.
i ISO do.
ISO do.
WM. CjHANCi, Jr.,
Per James H, Hervv.
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1845.]; ' SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 325
M---Continued,
Port: of Black Rock, District of Buffalo Creek. From C. P. Turner, Deputy:
Collector.
Ahstr act. —Plot doubting but that your official position, ha^ freguently
brought, you in contact with. the., fi-auds, and deceptions: practised upon:
the revenue^ by importers,, under that most aniple. shield for corruption,
the tariff of 1,842„ Iffiarfe. thought it not out of place for rne, nor perhaps
too much a. tax: upon your time, m direct yOur attention to the operation
of the system upon a .portion of our northei-n frontier.,
Ip that portion of Canada West bordering on Lake Ontario, the Niag-
ara river,, and Lake Erie-, agriculturists,, for the last two or three years,,
have engaged somewhat extensively in the growing of wool. In conse-
quence of a lank of manufactures in that portion of Canada, growers, of
necessity, have had to, resort to, a United States' market. A majority of
the wool grown in Canada, and imported to the United States, I am sat-,
isfied, from personal observation, will vary in value from two to three
cents per pound less in our markets than a majority of the wool grown
by our farmers and sold in the same markets. It is generally a coarser
quality. It is probably safe. to. assum.e that the Canada wool has, on an
average,, been Worth in. our markets the present season from 23 to, 25 cents
per pound, and would average 18f cents per pound in' Canada as its-
cash value ; last season the prices were somewhat higher. Importers,
for the purpose of availing themselves of .the 5per cent., duty, resort to
the expedient of importing the wool on the; skin, This, you will per-,
ceive by the entries which I copy- from the books of this office, made by
the ex-deputy collector last season, and also at the port of Black. Rock
Dam, under the sanction of an appraisal, furnishes a two-fold system of
fraud. First, it will appear: that a. mere nominal duty was, collected
upon wool last year, in consequence of underrating the value and quan-^
tity of wool upon the pelts, as the following examples of the entries will
show:
Date, of entry.
No. of pelts.
y^ue of pelts.
Amount of wool
■ entered at 7 cts.
Amount of wool
entered at 12 cts.
September 5, 1844. .......
1,200
$48 00
550 pounds.
50, pounds.
September 12, 1844
1,030
51 50-
1,615 “
150 “
September 26, 1844 .. ,. . .. .
: 1,000
50 00
6.75
75. “
Octpker 3, 18.44.
• 1,510
60; 00,
900. “
100
October 10,, 1844.
1,800
72 00
1,500 “
October 12, 1844. . . .. . . ...
800
40 00
1,200 '■
100
October 17, 1844. . ;
1,600
80 00
. 1,500. “
100 “ .
1,300
on
1,170 “
- 1,120 tt
100 “
January. 2, 1845. ;
^ , . 812 -
40-60
80
February 11,. 1845. .,. .. .. .
126
6 30.
1 ■ 130 “•
; 20
Total....
11,168
$513 50
10,360 pounds.
775 pounds.
It appears, by this table that the quantity of wool upon the pelts was
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rederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
326 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
averaged at less than one pound each, and the value of the shins less than
4f cents each, and the amount of wool entered at over 7 cents ; averaging
a little over 13 pounds' to the 100 pounds.
It would appear to be somewhat remarkable, that in the ten entries
made at different dates there should be in each entry so near' an average
of coai'se and fine wool, and from September to F ebrUary no more differ-
ence in the amount of wool upon each pelt; but such are the entries,
sanctioned by the oath of, the importer, or his agent. There may be a
reasonable doubt of the propriety of such entries, contrasted with the
entries made by the same importer of purchases 'made in the same
mai’kets, the present season, at corresponding dates, as follows:
Date of entry.
No. of pelts.
'V'aiHe of pelts.
Amount of wool
entered at 7 cts.
Amount, of wool
entered at 5J cts.
September 27, 1845 1,152 pi5 20 3,487 pounds.
October 20, 1845 1,372 - 171 50 - 3,600 pounds.
October 24, 1845 ^ 500 62 50 - 1,500 “
Total.,.. 3,024 . |349 20 3,487 pounds. 5,100 pounds.
The quantity of wool upon the pelts, in these entries, it seems,
averaged nearly three pounds each, and the skins at nearly twelve
cents each; thus exhibiting a somewhat remarkable increase in the
quantity of wool realized from pelts purchased this season over that
realized from pelts purchased at corresponding periods of last year ;
and a somewhat more remarkable advance in the value of skins. These
differences, however, are accounted for not in so wide a difference in the
yield of wool, nor so great an advance in the market value of skins, but
from the fact that after Mr. Rogers, the present collector of this district,
became acquainted with the frauds which before had been practised, he
directed a different criterion to be 'observed, and the only one which it is
believed the present la,w. contemplates; that is, to estimate the value of
wool on pelts the same as other wool, and collect duty upon the “yalue
of 'the wool in the principal markets of the country where it was pur-
chased.”, In consequence of the deputy collector refusing' to receive the
last entries as rnade, the importer asked aii appraisal under the 16th
section- of the law. of 1842, which resulted in sanctioning an entry of the
wool at 7 cents per pound,' and the skins at 10 cents each ; the importer
introducing his agents and workmen to prove that the pelts cost in gross
about 28 cents each, and that the skins, after the wool was piffled, were,
worth 12 cents each in Canada, and .would average s pounds of wool
each. Thus, by overrating the value of the skins, and the quantity of
wool, the importer was furnished with a successful stratagem to avail
himself of the 5 per cent. duty. -
I respectfully suggest that the appointment of one appraiser on the part
of the Government, who would have a general supervision over the
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1846-.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. . 327
M — 'Continued. ' '
valuation of articles to 'be entered, and whose business it would be to
“ obtain such information as is unavoidably beyond, the control of the
several collectors, would not only produce uniformity in entries, but in a
great measure guard the revenue against frauds that may be practised
under any system that fixes an ad valorem fate of duty to be collected.
One appraiser, I have no doubt, could perform the duties incumbent
upon him, upon aU that portion of the frontier extending from Oswego, in
this State, to Erie, Pennsylvania ; and in case of an appraisal, could act
1 in conjunction with one appointed by the collector at the port where such
appraisal should take place.
New York city. From William Depew.
Ahstraat. — -In view of the contemplated revisal of the tariff, takes the
liberty of calling the attention of the Secretary to the inconsistent rates of
duty which are now charged on wines. ' •
His predecessor, the late Nathaniel Cogswell, was engaged in, and
carried on for many years, a trade with the island of Grand Canary,
importing from that place the article known as Canary wine, and making
. returns for a large portion of the proceeds in our products. Since the
business came into Mr. Depew’s hands, not a gallon of Canary wine has
been , ini ported into this country in consequence of the prohibitive and
extremely unjust duty of 60 cents per gallon.
Speaks of the duties on different kinds of wine, and of Judge Bibb’s
construction of the treaty with Portugal, under which Madeira is admitted
at a duty of 7 J cents, and Port at 6 cents per gallon, while Sherry is
imported as. white wine of Spain, at a duty of only 12J cents per gallon,
and points out other inconsistencies in regard to other wines.
New York city. From C. A. Secor.
Abstract.— Speaks of the duty on sheathing copper and sheathing
metal ; of the eidvantages the European mechanic has over the American.
Takes the liberty of suggesting the only remedy which will materially
promote the general interest, viz : that of striking off the duty on “ sheath-
ing metal,”' on a revision of the tariff.
Oswego. . From Hon. D. P. Brewster. - ^
Abstract. — Acknowledges the receipt, of the circular, and regrets that
he cannot furnish any information other than that contained m a speech
delivered by him in the House of Representatives in 1842, which he
encloses.
Rochester. From Aaron Erickson.
Abstract.— Yke collector of this port, Mr. L. B; Langworthy, has
requested me to address you a letter, communicating such views as a
somewhat extensive experience in the domestic wool trade of the country
may have suggested to my mind. .
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REPOKTS OE THE
328:
Mr-^Gbntinueds.
The average pfice of wool in western’ New York, as realized hjf the>
growers for the last eleven- years, is as follows :
1835,: average price: 35 cents: per ponnd.
1836,:
doi
36
do. .
do.
1837,
do.!
37 .
do.
do.
1838,-
do.
do.
do.
1839j
do.
m
do.!
do.
1840,
do.-
33
do.
do.
1841,
db.
36|
do.:
do.
1842, -
do.
SOi
do.
do.
1843,
do.
28,
do.
do.
1844,
do.
39i
do.
do.
1845,
do.
29i
do.
do.
Although the manufacturers and 'dealers purchased the clip of 1839 at
the average cost, as above stated, in the autumn of the same year wool
declined to nearly the, price of 1840.
I have, the present season, shipped to England about 40,000 pounds
of America n fleece wool,: grown in western New York. This wool cost
at the hand of the growers 33 cents per pound, and averaged in quality
about the second grade of fine wool. The eight sample bags of these
shipments (and they determine the value of the whole) have been sold
in Leeds at a price which, by adding the difference of exchange, is fequal
in Federal money to 40 cents per pound. To arrive at the relative value
of wool in this country and England, it will be necessary to add to the
American cost, for collecting, packing, and transporting to tide water, or
to the factories of New England, not less than 2 cents per pound, which
added, to the price paid the grower, makes the home value 35 cents,
leaving a difference against the British manufacturer of 5 cents per
pound ; and as, from the great expense of shipping to and selUng wool
in England, the present experiment will rather pay a loss than a profit,
the difference must be still greater before successful exportations can
take place.
Having given such , statistical evidence as may be justly regarded as
contradicting the necessity for a highly protective tariff,- so far as the
growth and manufacture of wool is concerned, it will,- nevertheless, be
necessary, in order to arrive at just conclusions, to consider other causes
than the mere tariff laws in coHireetion with this' very important subject.
It will appear from the above statistics that the wool grower realized a
higher average price for the seven years preceding the enactrnent of the
present tariff law, than for the four succeeding years ; but it .should be
remembered that up t6 the period of 1844 this country had imported,
under heavy impost duties, large quantities of foreign wools of different
grades, and these importations, controlled the price of American wool.
In 1844 the growth of wool in this country had so far increased that, with
the importation of low Wools, which still eontinued, the supply was found
to be greater than the demaiid, and the still further increase of the present
year furnishes a very considerable excess beyond the demand for domes-
tic consumption, and that excess is now being exported; consequently
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1845.J SECRETARY OE TKCE TREASURY.
— Contoiaedi-
the importation and: exportation: prices, the trade being reversed, are to;
be regarded a.s determinings the price of American wools’ at the different
periods stated. , "
The question, then,; naturaJly arises, in view' of the’ facts stated, what
benefit does the American wool grower receive from' the action of the;
present tariff? The answer to' my mind is clear, that he receives none
beyond that iricidental' benefit that may be supposed' to flow from the'
general prosperity Gonisequent . upon the: vveli-employed and weU-paid
industry of the country; Eor whilst he is obliged; to look abroad for the
sale of so much of his prodnc'tion as determines the price of the whole,-
large quantities of foreign wools aije introduced into this country paying
only a nominal duty. It is a fallacy that any description of wool can be
imported into this country that does notcompete directly with the American
article. The different grades of wool are ■ so’ minutely -removed from
each other as to be imperceptible; and when one grade is relatively
higher than another,, the next grade is substituted, until the whole is'
brought to a corresponding price. All the wools that are imported into,
this country really at: a cost of seven cents, or under, are only so imported
for the reason that, an average of not less than one-half of the whole.'
weight is composed of the impurities Contained in them. These evils
can be remedied only by a specific duty on such wools, or by home val-
uation, subject to the same rate of duty as wools of higher cost. .
Hitherto this country has been the chief competitor with England for
the purchase of the surplus wools of the world, and it is highly interesting,
at this time to contemplate our altered relations. The history of the
introduction of the,, cotton culture in this, country, its extraordinary pro- •
gress and wonderful results, is hardly more remai’kable than the eonse-
querteeS that have followed the introduction of a few finerwooled sheep into
this country from' Spain and Germany at a still much later period ; which,,
blended with our. native stock, have not ‘ only supphed the domestic
demands of twenty millions of people, but the countries from which these
first germs were imported are at this moment actually menaced with the
reaction of a large excess — a fact that cannot but be regarded with the
most lively interest both in the Old World and the New. And here the
mind is brought to contemplate an ample field for conjecture; but it has
not been my purpose to enter into any arithmetical calculation of the
‘‘progress of demand and supply, or to speculate upon the chances of
successful rivalry; the prudent merchant, however, will, I think, proceed
cautiously with a customer who has the world for his market, without a
competitor. This: is literally the case with England at this time. .
If I have not been mistaken in any important point in the view I have,
here taken, it would seem evident that neither the wool grower nor the
manufacturer of wool, as such,' is or can be interested m a high rate of
duty. The latter has, a in the relative low-price of the raw
material much more likely to be permanent than any law of Congi’ess.,
The tariff on woolen goods is, therefore, purely a revenue question.
In conclusion, allow me to say that I have here stated such facts and
opinions as have seemed to me to be important, without considering, what
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their bearings might be upon the great question of a protective tariff that
now divides the political parties of the country. I will only add that
what is true of wool and woolens, is not true of many other branches of
industry. It could hardly be expected that human wisdom could frame
a law for the commercial regulations of a great nation so perfect that
experience would not detect en'ors as well as suggest improvements ;
and in this light I regard the present tariff. No one could regret more
than myself to see its essential principles abandoned.
Hoping that the spirit of compromise and devotion to the pubhc good
may give stabihty to a law of such vital importance,
I am, &c. ,
New York. From T. F. Corneil. ' ,
Abstract.- — I take the liberty to call your attention to a subject, at present
coming within .the scope of your official duties, in which the citizens of
this State, as well as those of all the western States, have a deep interest.
The articles of pot and pearl ashes, it is known to some, form one of
the most important staples of these States, and, until the last two or three
years, entered largely into the consumption of all our glass manufacturers
and bleachers, soap boilers, &c., throughout the United States. To the
detriment of ' the manufacturers of these ashes, and all others dealing in
them, embracing almost every merchant throughout the country and in
the cities, an article known as soda ash has lately found its way into this
country, which, by being admitted by the payment of a mere nominal duty,
has lately usurped the place of our pot ashes, and reduced them in price;
much to the injury of aU interested in their production, and to the benefit
of only a: few individuals who import this article from Europe, where it
is produced in large quantities; and by being subject only to a small ad
valorem duty, and invoiced at the place of exportation at a low figure,
the chief benefit acci'ues to the European houses. If I mistake not,
this article of soda ash was formerly subject to a duty of 33^ per cent.;
but it now stands at a mere nominal duty.
If there be an article within 'the wffiole range of the tariff requiring a revi-
sion, it is this article of soda ash. By imposing a duty, the object of an
increased revenue is obtained, and an incidental protection afforded to
thousands of our settlers, in the new western States — to all the merchants,
in the country and city^ — in fine, there is no hmit to the incalculable
benefit that would be produced to all parties interested in ashes, by
adopting the suggestion which I have made.
Our members from this State, as well as those from the western States,
will be addressed on this subject, and will unite in their efforts to bring
about the desired object.
There are two other articles which are admitted from abroad (I think)
free of duty, which seriously conflict with the home use of our ashes,
viz : barilla and sal soda. •
New York. From Cogswell, Crane if Co.
Abstract. — We hand you, herewith, a request relative to a landing cer-
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tificate, and now address you on the subject of bounty or return duty
on molasses distilled in this countrju We are extensively engaged in
this business, and feel seriously the loss of bounty which occurs under
the present law. We feel that we are entitled to the same treatment as
the refiners of sugar for export. Our business is injured materially by
the present law; and as we have understood that you 'are engaged in
revising the existing tariff, we have taken the liberty of drawing your
notice to the above matter, as the manufacturing as well as the commercial
interests of the country would be promoted. ,We sincerely hope that you
may give this matter your usual thorough examination, as it really is very
unjust towards a large interest of the people of this country. We trust
that you will pardon the liberty which w;e have taken, but a sense of the
importance of a revision of this subject compels us to intrude these
remarks upon your notice. '
Considerations on the Tariff- — hj a Farmer.
[From the Westchester Herald.] ,
1st. What equivalent does the farmer get for the tax he pays on goods?
The tax on foreign goods, at the custom-house, is said to averagfe about
40 per cent., on which the importer has his profit, and the country merr
chant his ; so that it brings it up to fifty dollars on the hundred, or there-
abouts ; and that is about double the amount that would be taken by a .
tariff for revenue. Now, what equivalent does the manufacturer render
the farrner, for such an extravagant protection to his pursuit?
No doubt he would say, I make a home market for your produce, and
if you will only consent to stand the tax, I will increase the number
' of my workmen, who, instead of being producers, will become con-
sumers; there will be less breadstuffs produced when laborers are
abstracted from agriculture. I grant it ; the farmer will produce less, and
have to pay more for his goods. Yes, he will have to pay you a hand-
some profit ; perhaps four times as much as he makes on his farm capital.
But, say you, there being fewer producers, and- more consumers, the
price of produce must consequently rise. That by ho means follows ;
for there is so much produced, that all the manufacturers necessary to
supply this country with such things as can be made here will be fed;
and so far as related to cottons, the whole country will be clothed, and
still a large surplus be left for exportation. 'Therefore, the price will be
what it is Worth to export, and no more: more likely less, from our
refusing to take manufactures in exchange, for no- nation can buy that
does not also sell. ,
2d, If .a tariff raised the price of other things to correspond with the
price of goods, wherein would the manufacturer be benefited? Surely,
he would have to pay more for the raw material, more for his factory
labor,- and the laborer more to the farmer for his bread and meat, — and
so on to the end of the chapter. Therefore, if protectionists’ assertions
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be tiuie, that ail other classes, professions, and trades- are to;he ahhe;
benefited, the manufacturer would not- be protected, at all by a, tax oil)
foreign goods..
I want this truth to be deeply impressed on the; minds of all— that)
favor to everybody is. favor to nobody; and that; unless there be somer-
body else to grind up to feed the. favored ones, it is; no favor at aU.
, 3d. Any tariff that lies against the trade of a nation, lies against the
nation itself. A tariff which makes against the imporiting trade of a
nation, makes also against the exporting trade of that nation, as a matter
of corisequence; because no nation can export that does not also import.:
And. a tax which lies against either the importing- or exporting trade: of
a nation,. Hes ■against the nation itself, and- is felt in full force by that
nation as a whole or. unit,, although a part of that nation may- be bener
fited — even as the mass suffer by the burning of a city, although, brick-
layers and dealers in old iron may be benefited.
4th. The manufacturer’s gain and the nation’s‘ loss contrasted; The
manufacturer who is protected, is not protected and benefited to the
extent of the tax. If that were the .ease, he- would need little or no
protection; because his business would already have been on a par with
Other employments; but it is in this manner: A certain- manufacture
cannot be. carried on in this country without a loss of 20 per Cent., unless
somebody else is taxed to support it, or protect it, as the. tariff man
would say. . Well, if the tax be 40 per cent., then the manufacturer can
carry on that branch of business- at.a profit of .20- per cent.; but all the
rest of the nation that consumes that article is taxed 40. per cent., that
the manufacturer may make a profit of 20 per cent.. And the- less the
manufacturer makes tne greater the suni: lost by the- nation in supporting
him ;: thus, if be made but 5 per cent., we should be paying 35 per cent,
for nothing. Where the. manufacturer malces, by the aid of a. tariff,' a
larger percentage than is made in other employments, the overplus is
drawn from those: other employraents, -which ai'e thus: made poorer; for
, whatever one man. or set of men makes in money clear is drawn from
others who: are loting.. This is right when it is obtained: by a. competi-
tion that is fair, open, and free; but when the transfer is made by legis-
lation, it is worse than agrctrianism. - . :
6th. How other tra.dqs and employments are injured, and the depend-
ence of one employment on another exemplified,:. ,
The farmers, under a high tariff, get no more or not so mucb.for their
produce, and have to pay more for their goods, and groceries: being the
principal consumers, of the countr}?, they bear the burden of the tax. The
common trades of the country suffer still more than the farming interest.
Take the shoem-alcers, for example, and they are far more numerous
than any other manufacturers — ^their trade requires nothing more than a
revenue tariff, if it does, that, to keep out. foreign eompetitfon;. the few
boots and shoes that -are imported, coxcombs will ha.ve at almost, any
price. But he pa3'’s more for goods and groceries. The farmer, suffer-
ing by the tax, cannot afford to pay the common mechanic as much as
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te otherwise ' could, hecause he has not wherewith to pay ; therefore
we must endeavor to get along with less boots, and shoes, or get them at
'a less price.
The blachsmith hammers iron taxed forty dollars on the hundred dol-
lars’ worth, besides the merchant’s profits, and :gets back ;as much of the
> tax as he can of the farmer; but the loss, from obvious reasons, is borne
between them. Heialso pays more to the merchant for the same quan-
'tity or amount rdf goods, but his means being less he .must do with less;
and .therefore, under the restrictive aystem, he has to exchange the same
amount of labor for a less amount of enjoyment. There are no houses
imported, that J lcnow of, to come :in competitian with /carpenters and
masons, /and 1 ‘.rather think the tax ;is a dead weight on them. The
butcher and baiter must also be injured, the farmer’s loss having to be
borne un part ibyiOther trades;; their market is injured for bread and
meat, and thus a high tariff or tax injures ;all interests except those which
' are protected.
It .'is therefoip true that all employments are dependent on each other,
qnd whatever injures one useful employment injures, jn the aggregate,
all the rest.
-6th. AtarifF'for protection contrasted with a tariff for revenue, &c. .
A high tariff is clearly injurious to the best interests of the country;
but the evil ' is mitigated -if the tax is laid for revenue purposes, protec-
tion being the incident. If it be laid for revenue, discriminating in favor
of =the poor who .would i otherwise have to pay, 'as at present, far more
than 'their •shaTe, -in so far as this .tax goes to support the Government in
lieu ''of other taxes, its inequality might be no very serious objection to it.
;Bul invso far as it enhances the price-of similar :articles made at home
it’is ia tax on tbe consumer, for which he receives little or .no benefit.
Thus,df domestic goods of like character equal in amount the imported,
they. are enhanced in /price to an equal amount; and in order to collect a
revenue of twenty millions of dollars on foreign goods under a tariff of
SOiper cent., the consumers pay twenty millions more tordomestic man-
ufacturers. ;0r, in other words, the consumers have to pay a . tax of forty
millions on both foreign-and domestic goods in order that twenty millions
may be realized for -the support of Government. Now, . that is the case
under a tariff for revenue — -the consumer pays twO dollars to get one into
the Treasury, which is bad enough in all conscience.
But if the tariff be like the present, one of protection for protection,
and the tax be 40 instead of .20 per cent., the design of which is to in-
crease'the amount of'gOGds.made in this country, and one-half the imports
are 'cut off by such a tariff, the revenue would still be twenty nrillions of
dollars ; but now ■.three-quarters of our goods of like character would be
made a:t home, and would be enhanced in price by the ' tariff equally
with the imported goods of like description; then, in order to raise a
revenue of twenty millions of dollars, the consumers would pay a tax of
eighty millions,. or four dollars ' to get. one into the Treasury, which is the
j state the protectionists are now bringing us to as fast as they can.
I 'Now, farmers "and mec.hanics,‘you'are arijured by.:any:and all tariffs.
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. Which would you rather do, pay two- dollars to get one under a revenue
tcurifF of 20 per cent., which James K. Polk is in favor of? or pay four
dollars to get one under the present tariff of 40 per cent.,, for which
Heniy Clay stands committed ? . •
Here I will notice a fallacy of Daniel Webster’s, delivered at the mass
meeting at Albany, and which was the only point he made in political
economy in all his great flourish of words ; which I will notice for the
purpose of showing up the sophistry and deceit of the high tariff advo-
cates. He says: “ Suppose a man has to pay five dollars towards the
‘ support of Government— it makes no difference to him whether he pays
‘ it directly out. of his pocket, or in tlie shape of, a tax on foreign goods,
‘ but that it may make a great difference to his next neighbor, who is
‘ manufacturing the same kind of goods.” But Daniel did not tell us
who paid the raise on his neighbor’s goods. Now, th^ difference is this:
for the five dollars paid at the custom-house, there has to be perhaps
fifteen dollars paid to the domestic manufacturer— making twenty in ^1
— that the Government may get five or four to one ; but in paying the
■ tax direct, he pays but one for one. This is a fair specimen of the soph-
istry of the high tariff men.
■ 7th. The excuse for a high tariff, on the ground of being independent
in the event of war, considered : It is urged, when all benefit to the agri-
culturist is given up, that we must be taxed into the support of certain
manufactures, lest the importation of them be cut off by war. ■ In answer
to that, I would say that there is no prospect of this country being en-
gaged in war one year in twent5u . The chances are altogether in, favor
of peace ; therefore we ought nOt to suffer a war penalty throughout the
reign of peace. Our policj’' should be the peace policy. Why prohibit
goods for fear of war, when the Avai: itself would, or might,'be the most
effectual prohibition after all? But suppose the war comes; all needful
and necessary articles would be made now under a tariff, for revenue,,
and. for that matter without a,ny tariff at all; and why. not then? All
articles that are regularly exported cannot be protected by any tariff, the
price being the exporting price. All common- manufactures, all good,
plain, substantial wares, would be made here Avithout any tariff other
than the natural one of cost of transportation. Then why endeavor to
tax us into a state, of independent poverty in time. of peace ? '
All articles that are regularly .exported at a profit Avould be exported
at still greater profit, were it not for the tariff tax on other articles that
have to be used by those producing the articles for-export. .For instance,
coarse cotton goods a,re exported; but the machinery is made, of taxed
iron; the workmen wear protected woolens and Calico; they, use pro-
tected sugar and molasses, (for the. benefit , of six hundred sugar planters
in Louisiana,) and. numberless other . things, which increase the cost, of
living, and add to the cost of the manufa.cture they are engaged in ; so
that it is exported at^ a less profit. . The interests of the manufacturers
of articles for export, then, are the same as those of the producers of
■ bread and meat. ' ' •
The less the expense of living in any country, the cheaper they can
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manufacture, and the sooner they can export any particular kind of
manufacture at a profit; therefore a high tariff retards and puts off' the
time when, the exportation of an article can commence. It defers the
time for another reason : it retards the. accumulation of capital ; without
capital and labor united,, we cannot manufacture. If I, by six days’
work, under a moderate tariff, can obtain as much as I could by eight
days’ work under a high tariff, I lose one quarter of my time, which
would otherwise be employed in making improvements which w'ould add
to the capital and wealth of the country. And if I am so taxed that in
order to live I have to occupy my whole time, then I make, no increase
of capital at all. The restrictive system, then, instead of hastening the
^ time when we shall be independent of other nations, actually puts it off.
8th. An inquiry as to which party is most likely to reduce American
labor to a par with British pauper labor : It is said, that by a tariff for
revenue we will be supporting British pauper labor in preference to
American labor; but those who make the assertion seem to overlook the-
fact that the imported goods are purchased with the products of American
■ labor, which can be more profitably exchanged for the products of foreign
labor (or it would not be) than employed in making the same kind of
goods at home; and therefore it is the true mode of protecting American
labor, for by that means it gets the best returns ; and if the starving
millions of Europe am benefited by it, so dre'we, the benefit being recip-
rocal But the protectionist , is willing to sacrifice the interests of the
. American laborer, if by so doing he can prevent bread from entering the
mouths of the foreign poor. What philanthropy of the dog-in-the-manger
school ! '
It is stated again that we have manufacturers of certain articles who
must be protected, or they will be turned back into agricultural and.
other employments, and so reduce the rewards of labor there. I would
say in answer, that I am not sure but that we could support that portion
of our manufacturers in idleness by direct taxation, under a S3’^stem of
^ freer trade, cheaper than we support them now by indirect taxation, which
, raises the price not only of what they manufacture, but also of all simi-
lar articles imported. But there is another answer to that assertion,
which is, that this is a new and agricultural country, and that there, is
room in agriculture for a hundred times as many as are now engaged in
manufacturing such articles as would not be ihade under a revenue tariff)
for the whole number of persons thus employed at, this time, so soon
after the imposition of this high'tariff, does not probably equal the foreign
immigration of a single year. So far from the prohibitory system pro-
tecting American labor, it plunders it. The farmer gets no more for his
produce, and pays more for : his goods; consequently gets less for his
own labor, and has less with which to pay for thatof others,— whilst the
manufacturer, if he could afford to pay a great deal more, pays but just
enough to get the labor away from the. farmer, which may not be as
much, after all, as the farmer would pay under a moderate tariff— the
laborer, in the mean time, paying more for his goods,
j The farm laborer, under the republican character of farmers; is gen-
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erally treated as an equal in their families, whilst the factpry laborer’s
relation to his :emplo}"er is sufRciently well .defined by his being jcalled
an “ operative,” which we might imagine to be some hind of machinery
belonging to the establishment. M&hich is most like British ipauper labor ?
So far from the high tariff men being isineerely opposed to putting Amer-
ican labor - on a ipai’ with British pauper labor, they advocate the only
system that can bring it to that result. :In the -first- place they tax the
labor of the whole nation.; curtailing the enjoyment of those ineasy
circumstances,; bringing a great middle class .nearer to ;poverty, .and
pauperizing the poor. In the second ;plaGe, ;they, by itransferring from .
agriculture to manufactures, take them from .an employment thatiisriiatural
.easy, and free,:and -coop them . up within factory walls, where they are
subject to the same kind of prison discipline with the British pauper
laborer. And but for the arbitraiy, restrictive policy, 'thos.e laborers,
thus .transferred, would have been better rewaixled there.
In agriculture, if men can make more by growing wool than wheat,
.they wiU grow less wheat and more wool. If they can make more by
pork than either, they will grow , less wheat and wool, and make more
pork. And they will naturally go into, that business -which yields the
best returns, without the aid of Congress. Reason ; and .common sense
ought to teach the same men, that in any country the business, of agri-
culture and manufactures stand in a certain relatiori tol each other, the
same as -the different branches of “farm industiy alluded to; that each
buBiness .ministers to the wants of the other, -and that the freer the trade
between them the nearer on a par will their profits be ; -that if .there be
an excess of labor in manufactures, it will go over to agriculture, .Where
it will .be better paid. :,But if the excess be in agriculture it will go oyer
to manufactures of its own accord, and .thus restore the equilibrium of
profits. , ■
These are the aiatural laws.of trade, founde.d pn the .laws of nature,
and belonging to the natural rights of man. But natural rights fare
equal rights.; therefore you cannot. infringe man’s natural rights without
•violating bis equal' rights. .Neither can yoii violate or infringe hismatural
fights without Injuring the social system. Now what does fhe present
tariff law do ? Why, it says to agriculture, you shall give up a portion
of. your labor to the manufacturing Interest. :But l ask, why did not
labor go there of its own accord'? The answer Is, because it was
better paid .in agriculture-^thebest of reasons. Had it mot been, there
would have been no necessity for atariff tax to drive-it out. But the
forcing system, being artificial, not .natural, is supported, not by taxing
the -ma.nufacturer, who ought to pay his -own laborers, but'by taxing the
farmer and the mechanic, .who^ .instead -.of employing them, have had
them bought away'by the manufacturer by the use of their own money,
which the manufacturer has been , enabled to i.take by law; which . is a'
violation of justice and the natural rights of man.
.9th. • Gan there, be a home market .for . all our produce'? The protec-
tionist says, tax us .on,.fax us on, :until we have a home market for all
our agricultural produce. "Their policy tends to that result,dn- this way :
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the more you tax imports, the more the ‘farmer and mechanic have to pay'
for their goods, and the more the manufacturer will. get for his goods—
as farming goes down, manufacturing goes up, of course ; according to
natural laws, meii will go over from the iiijured side to the benefited;
side. But will enough go over to eat up all our surplus flour and meat,
and manufacture all our cotton? If riot, then is the farmer’s and
planter’s price the exporting price still. But if enough do go over to
effect that result, and we have no raw produce to send abroad, how are
we to get'our tea and coffee, and numberless other things that we cannot
produce at home? The answer evidently would be, that they must be
purchased by manufacturers. And in very truth, when . enough have
been driven into manufacturing to make a home market for all our pro-
duce, they would be numerous enough to manufacture two or three times
as much as this country could corisume, and the surplus would have to
find a foreign maa'ket^ — the price of manufactures would be the exporting
price, worth no more here than what they were worth to send to foreign
countries. They would have to compete with England for the foreign
market; and theri, in truth and deed would American factory labor, and
agricultural labor too— for all employments find theif level— be reduced
to a level with British pauper labor; a state for which the Whig party
seem tp have a pious abhorrence. As protection will then be complete,
they must resort to direct taxes for at least a part of the revenue. Under
the protective system one of two things must happen ; either the farmer’s
and planter’s price for raw produce must be the exporting price, whilst
they pay more for their goods, (or there is no protection,) or else Ameri-
can labor must be reduced to a par with British pauper labor. Gentle-
men, take either horn of thatdilemmm and acknowledge Jt honestly, and
see how many you will get to sustain you.
10th. Of'the laws which govern the amount of currency; Or, can the
country get rich through the aid of a high tariff, by getting a balance of
trade in specie? which I shall call the specie humbug fof paper money
■ men.
If we take specie from one side of the Atlantic arid put it in circula- ' -
tion on the other, it will lower prices where it is taken from, and raise
prices where it is taken' to. If it comes from England here, it must
depress prices there and raise prices here— depress the price of our
staples there, and raise the 'price' of their goods here; of course, our
staples bring less, and their goods moi'e. We export less in value,
and import more in value. In fact, the balance of trade must then turn
against us, and be paid in specie.
The same thing is true if the case be reversed, and specie taken from
here to England — prices would fall here and rise there. Their goods
would bring less here, and our agricultural staples more there. They
would get less and pay more.
Many good-hearted and well-disposed men support a high tariff for no^
other reason, as they allege, than to keep our specie in the country. To
such I would say, that only a certain portion of the currency of the whole
world belongs to us, or can be supported, kept, or maintained by us, and
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that: portion is. fixed by the laws of trade ; that the more specie foreign
traders take of us, the less price they will get for their goods ; and it is only
when our currency is in excess: that specie: will be drawn from us, until
prices are restored to their natural level, despite all tariff men? s theories.
But a country under a high, tariff can support more currency than
under a low one, because, for a limited time, by diminishing imports it
protects specie from exportation. The importation of goods will be less
profitable, they being taxed at the custom-house ; but the. exports will
go forward to a rather poorer market, and be exchanged in part for such
articles as can be still brought in, and the balance taken in specie. As
soon as a sufficiency of specie has been brought in by that operation of
trade to raise the price of goods as much per cent, as the duty laid upon
them,, they can be imported again, and the imports and exports of specie
will again be regulated by the laws of trade. The increased, price of
goods through the accumulation of currency under a tariff, again admits
of foreign competition, and thus the more protection our manufacturers
get the more they will ask for. This is proved by the operation of the
present tariff; Last year there were twenty millions of specie imported;
the price of goods raised:;- and this year they are again imported at a
profit; SO: that a further increase of specie* by raising prices of goods,:
must soon be reduced to its natural level.
But; this inflation of prices does not reach the farmer’s produce; The
price of all articles of which a portion is exported must remain depressed, -
whilst all articles imported, or like articles made here, ad vance in price;.
The farmer bears the brunt of the loss. But the domestic manufacturer
stUl has the advantage of the foreign in what he is: able to sell, the tax;
still continuing- — ^the difference in affairs now being, that a part of the
tax we had been paying to the domestic manufactiuer is now paid at
the custom-house on foreign goods, for the benefit of the Government, and
to that extent the people are benefited.
But supposing we could exchange the products of our labor for specie
continually, (which is not. the case, for no nation can sell much that does
not also buy,) and have it accumulate on our hands: what good would
it do us so long as we kept it, and did not exchange it for soniething to
eat, drink, wear or use in some other way? Those who are so fearful
of losing pur specie, had betterturn their attention to the banking system
of this country; for a bank inflation drives' out the specie, and a ruinous
contraction, which goes as. much below, brings it back. I think it must
he evident from this article that the consumer here, not the foreign
manufacturer, pays the tax. The agricultural interest pays it.
: So also in England the consumers fof imported articles pay the tax.
But there the manufacturing interest is the exporting interest, 'and agri-
culture is the interest protected— they import, breadstuff’s, and, as a.
consequence, the consumers of breadstuff’s pay the tax. By. the accumu-
lation ofcurrency there, under the high tax on imports,, flour is made to
bear a price about double what it. is worth here,, and. hence we can.
export it to, them,, they paying us. what it is worth, here — the, costs*
charges, and. profits, and their duties: besides. .
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M-^ontinued.
A most dishonest attempt has been made for pohtical purposes, in the
Junius tracts, to make people believe that, for the want of a high pro-
tective or prohibitory tariff, the balance of trade has been against us
about four hundreid milhons of dollars since 1789, and that the country
is that much poorer than it should be; because our balance of imports
ov;er exports amounts to nearly that sum. The question is summarily
disposed of by James Bates, of Norridgewock, Maine,rin a letter to the
Albany Cultivator, in the following manner:
“ If a wagoner, from Verrnont should talce. a load of raorio7W 'to Bdston,
‘ and a load of groceries back, as the avails of his export load, which
‘ was not worth any more on his return than he gave for his load at
‘ starting, how long would it take him to get rich, or for the town in
‘which he lived to become rich, by a thousand such; transactions?
‘ When ships are employed on similar errands to all parts of the globe,
‘ the magnitude of the affair seems to involve it in a fog, and every little
‘ while some wiseacre is crying about the ruinous effects of the balance
‘ of trade, &c.”
Again, that “our exports are valued at the place of departure, and
‘our imports, until 1833, were valued at the foreign invoice, with 20
‘ per cent, added to those beyond the Cape of Good Hope, and 10 per
‘ cent, for all others, as cost of transportation and profit. Since tnetl
‘ they are valued by the true price at the port of entry. Now it is easy
‘ to see the value of imports should be so much greater than that; of the
‘ exports as to cover the use of ships,- wages of men, finding, insuraiice
‘ and profits.”
11th. Do the farmers ask protection — and has any class a right to
demand it? '
I never yet heard a farmer of any party, at any time, say that he was
in favor of taking of the manufacturer or mechanic more price by nine
cents per pound on cheese, or a dollar per barrel on floUr, or 100 per
cent, on beef, mOre than the article was worth in the mai'ket at the time
of sale; and if he was' told that he should not only have the. right
to, but should riiake them pay to him that much in addition tO
what they now pay, he. would no doubt say, I do not wish to be
dishonest; I do not wish to take the advantage of an unjust law.
He would not find it in his heart to tell the shoemaker, who fur-
nishes him with boots and shoes, and takes his pay in flour and meatj
a little at a time, for the imniediate support of his family, that he
must pay the accustomed market price, and an addition of 40 to 50 per
cent, by way of protecting him. Or making him a legahzed robber. In
other Words, he Would not like to give him in exchange for the same
amount of work ten pounds of cheese instead' of twenty-five, or fiVe
bushels of wheat instead of six^ Of one-half a- quarter of beef instead Of
a whole one,-^all of which the present law says he may do if he cam
No; he would shrink from sUch grinding oppression. If I, as a farmer'.
Were compelled to take, through themperation of an oppressive law, one
dollar and fifty cents for that which otherwise could have beeriibought
by the consuffler for a dollar, I should feel bound in good conscience to
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refund the fifty cents. The tariff leaders, including the God-like Dan-
iel, sneer at the idea of the protection incidental to a revenue tariff —
in other words incidental protection — and call it accidental, and say they
go for protection for the sake of protection ; but under the present state
of the countiy they have no more right to protection from me on that
ground than they have to steal my corn. It is not a whit more honest.
- It is the producer.of meat and breadstuffs that gets the accidental pro-
tection,^perhaps once in a generation, whilst the cotton grower’s protec-
tion does not amount to an. accident, he never getting any,
All protected ahke means all injured alike. All cannot under any
tariff he- protected alike, because the farmer, planter, and common
mechanic cannot be protected at all ; and inasmuch as foreign . goods
would not be imported at all if it were not cheaper than to make them
here, it is plain. that a protective or prohibitory tariff^ by preventing our
buying to the best advantage, is a national injury; but as a certain por-
tion of oui’ people are benefited by this national injury, it follows that
the whole national loss falls upon tire portion not benefited, to which is
to be . added the amount which the protected interest gains by . that
which caused the national loss. Now if all are to be protected alike,
and protection causes national loss, it follows that all ought .to be
affected alike, which being for evil, the- manufacturer ought to lose as
well as the farmer and mechanic ; but if the manufacturer causes the
farmer to lose by indirect taxation at the custom-house, and the farmer
i eannot cause the manufacturer to lose at the same place, because agri-
cultural products are not imported, and thus made susceptible of an
increase of price to the manufactures by taxing them, it follows that, to
equalize the protection and distribute the loss, it will become necessar}^
to levy internal customs on all the manufacturers and their operatives, on
all they consume and use which is the produce of farmers and mechan-
ics, or else tax them direct and distribute the amount among the injured
classes; that would be equal protection, or protecting ah alike. It is
Whig protection, equalized and distributed according to their professions
of benefiting all alike ; but not according to their practice, which is to
benefit the. few at the expense of the many. If you would protect all
alike, let trade alone.
13th. when will manufactures flomish naturally? This is, and ought
to be, emphatically an agricultural country. But manufactmcs also
are destined to flourish here. And each particular branch will be
engaged in and flourish without taxing other, emplpyments to support it,
wnenever individual sagacity (which is better than legislative wisdom
in such matters) can perceive that la.bor will be as well or better
rewarded in that branch than in agriculture. For if it will not be as
well rewarded without taxing other interests to support it, it goes
to show that there is not yet a sufficient accumulation of labor and
capital in the country to be diverted to it, and therefore it is prematm’e.
Who cannot perceive that under such circumstances a low revenue
tariff, such, as all are willing to submit to, is a sufficient tax to pay for
any contingent benefit that may ensue in case of wax or non-intercourse?
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
This concludes my examination of the protective system, which has
necessarily been hasty in consequence of pressing engagements on the
farm. I am weU assured that that which is wrong in theory cannot be
correct in practice, and that the present tariff will be tolerated^ no longer
than the time when the subject is understood. Let those who are
■ determined to think that the more toll the miller talres the mqre meal
he gets, give vent to their patriotism by paying tribute to the manufac-
turers to their hearts’ content; but Polk Wright men protest against being,
compelled to join in the tribute, as their patriotism runs in quite a differ-
ent channel. , We had rather stick to the old toll-dish, but are willing
that should allow the miller to make theirs, high enough to agree
with their philosophy. We do not believe in the doctrine that the more
a thing is taxed, the cheaper it is; that the more we pay for an article,
the less it costs Us. . , .
A variety of charming expressions are made use of to tickle the fan-
cies of our people into a love for the doctrine of protection. They are
told that it is to “ stimulate industi'y.” And in truth that will be the
effect, if we are to i-ealize as much as under a system of freer trade, for
we- -will have to work one quarter harder to obtain the. same amount
of enjoyment. And many of those who ai'e in debt will very likely, in
utter despair, stimulate in some other way.
It is to “ develope resources;” but it is the resources of necessity,
burdened -with tax, seeking out 'ways and means to get along. It is
called the American system;'' but what a prostitution of terms! Can
that system be American which shackles trade and' denies to Us the
markets of the world ? which prevents' our selhng where we can get the
best price, and buying where we can, buy the cheapest? which taxes
the millions in order that a few factory owners may amass princely
fortunes in kinds of business for which the country is not ripe? No;
there is nothing about it which partakes of the freedom which we asso-
ciate with the name of “America.” . A farmer.
NEW JERSEY.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. L :
Paterson. From John Travers. '.
li New Jersey, town of Paterson, Passaic county.
2. Cotton and flax canvas chiefly ; water power.
3. Incorporated in 1824; / ' :
4. Total cost about $400,000. ' -
5. About 600,000 pounds cotton and 250,000 pounds flax; $75,000
rnaterials and $50,000 wages per annum, >
6. Profit varies. We have divided, since 1824, 40 per cent, in 21
years. . . ' ' : . . .
7. : The demand for the gobds .fluctuates according to the importa-
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tions and. the wants of the Government, at whose instance and for whose
uses it was first established.
8. No. answer.
9. Cotton yarns selling from 16 to 30 cents per pound ; flax and tow
yarns selling from -8 to 32 cents ; cotton duck from 12^ to 30, cents per
yard; flax arid tow cloth from, 11 to .40 cents per yard ; about 3,000
bolts cotton and 2,000 bolts flax duck. The balance in various kinds of
yarns. .
If). Partly answered in No. 5 ; the cotton is all domestic, and about
qne--fifth of the flax; the remainder is imported from Russia and Ireland.
11. Cotton duck cannot^be imported, as when the yalue of an article
consists chiefly in the raw material, cotton, there is no foreign compe-
tition. Taldng the weights as the criterion of value, the foreign and
domestic flax goods are about the same price. The better, quality of
the domestic enables them to sell somewhat higher.
12. There ain about three hundred and fifty hands, employed, at from
10 shillings to $9 per week ; children earn from 10 shilhngs (but only
two at this) to $3 per week ; girls (grown) from $3 to S5 per week ; and
men from 75 cents to $1 50 per day.
13. Twelve hours the year round.
14. The difference in factory wages between England, and this country
is about .40 per cent.; in Russia a person earns in a year what i is paid
him here in a week, (see Tooke’s Account of Russia;) men, in this State, ■
receive about the same wages at inconstant service ; girls, put of the fac-
tory, earn from 25 cents to 37J cents; boys are idlers when not engaged,
. in a factory, and leave the neighborhood,
■ 15, None,
16,. Sold in Baltimore, Philad.elphia, New York, and to the: United
States Navy.
. 17. The foreign article enters .into competition in every place with our
cotton and flax duck.
18. Chiefly consumed at home, though cotton duck is exported to the
Brazils, Cuba, and the West Indies..
19. Answered in the preceding.
20. Sales sometimes for cash, or on a credit of six months; never
bartered.
21. The cost of manufacturing has decreased, from improvements in
machinery; the wages are the same as paid 20 years since; the cost also
fluctuates with the variations in the price of the ra,w material ; but, from
the improvements in the machinery, in 20 years we have reduced the
cost from 30 to 40 per cent.
22. We originally obtained $25 for duck, made half flax and half
tow; it is now made much better of all .flax, same weight and lengths,
at $1.3 50 per bolt; cotton has also been reduced from 42 cents to. 26
cents per yard, same weight and length. The reduction has been
gradual, from $26 to $22 50, $21,. $19, $18, and so pn, as it could be
afforded. ‘ ■
2.3. We have never had any protection on duck but one session of
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gress, when the professing tariff men reduced it afthe succeeding one.
I believe the duty is now less than it was at the first organization of the
Government. The commercial interests have always opposed any pro-
tective laws, although canvas is an indispensable article in time of war,
and is a contraband article ; yet our Navy and the whole marine of the
country is dependent on the foreign manufacturer, as all fail who under-
take it exclusively in this country. If the merchants would permit 30
per cent, duty, and provide against procuring ducks in foreign countries,
as all nations have hitherto done, particularly Great Britain, it would be
quite sufficient on the home valuation. But this will be difficult to
accomplish, as all means are devised for the protection of the merchant,
who would not hesitate to abandon his country for his “bag of coffee.”
24. Russia raven’s duck is daily imported into New York as she etings
or cloths, paying less duty than ducks would pay.
25. Have divided 40 per cent, to om stockholders in 21 years.- In
the last three years have paid 5 per cent, per annum, with' a reservation
only in reference to the payment of our debts.
26. In flax, as 15 to 40 of raw material; in cotton, as 8 to 30; wages
about the same proportion.
27. Cannot answer satisfactorily; we use coal, flour, pot-ashes, oil,
and wood, in the processes.
28. There are five flax factories in this State, Pennsylvania, Massa-
chusetts, and New York. I suppose they consume 3,000,000 pounds of
flax ; and of cotton duck I suppose there are 30,000 bolts per annum
made; requiring 4,500,000 pounds of cotton per annum.
' 29. I have been frank, and it rnay be easily determined what would
be the result of 12J per cent, duty, unless we could introduce some
machinery to compensate for the reduction.
,30. If I could now find a purchaser at two-thirds of the cost, every
stockholder Would sell. I should then retire to a farm, and invest what
I might have in United' States stocks.
31. I do not believe that there would be any profits at 12| per cent,
duty on imports, and any other business would be more inviting.
32. Some of, the manufacturers of sak and iron live remote from the
points of importation, and, ha-ving a ndarket at home, never see foreign
iron.
33- Does not like to answer this question, and hopes that' he wiU not,
therefore, be charged with a want of candor.
34. If we had 30 per cent, on the home valuation on all canvas, flax,
and tow goods and yarns, it would be enough to equalize out earnings
with those of the foreign manufacturer; and foreign duck should pay this
duty, “whether in use or not,” as the English have it.
35. I have never looked into the matter. Have never been an advo-
te for very high duties, but should think the duty I now propose on
and tow gpods, with a similar mode of estimation, would be quite
cient.
Frauds would be prevented, as the article would have to undergo
sonal examination, in order to determine its value, and one mer-
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chant would take care of his ow:n interests by watching another; and in
this manner 'the Government, and those collaterally interested, would be
protected.
37. We produce entirely for honae consumption.
38 to 40. No answers.
Hudson County. Name not given. Endorsed as from Euchuntte Sf An-
drews.” This is probably a mistake, as the Collector, A. Gifford, at
Newarh, refers to a return of these gentlemen, and . gives their location as
“ Bellville, Essex County.'^ I find, however, no such paper in those which
have reaxhed the Departrnent.
■ 1. New Je'rsey, Hudson county, Harrison township.
2. Patent woolen manufactory ; steam power.
3. In 1845. Only two partners.
j 4. Capit^ invested, $25,000. ' ,
5. Refer to No. 4; wages, drugs, coal, &c.; average about $300
weekly, -
6. Profits not yet ascertained.
7. 8. No answers. . ■
9. From 30 to 40 pieces manufactured weekly, 6 to, 8 quarters
broad ; average value about $30 per piece.
10. Raw material; sheep’s wool; domestic produce; quantity about
2,000 pounds per week, at an average of $700.
11. From England, and we are governed by the English prices.
. 12. Men, women, and children; about 50; from $2 50 to $8 per week
wages. , ' . -
13. Eleven hours per day.
14. Our men average $6 per week ; same work in England is done
for $4 per week. , ,
15'. Two horses. -
16. New York, Philadelphia, &c.
17. The English, largely.
18. Principally South and West, and the United States.
19. No answer, ‘ , '
20. Six and eight months’ .credit.
21. Cannot yet answer. ' < ■
22. Average $30, per piece.
23. The present tariff 40 per cent. .
24. Vigilance arid honest men to prevent bribery. •
25. No sto'ck, taken.
26. Answered in 6 and 10. ,
27. All we consume is the produce of the United States.
29. It would be a great injury, if not the ruin, of the concern. .
30. Should be at a loss, as most manufactures would be abando
31. None that we know of except farming.
32. 33, No answers. : .
,34. Any reduction would be ruinous at present.
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M— Continued.
35 to 39. No answers. ■
40. Answered in No. 12.
Further remarks on No. 14.
We pay workmen ,$6 per w'eek; in England they receive $4; differ-
ence in wages 30 per cent, in favor of England. The difference in cost
of wool, drugs, and coals, is 20 per cent, in favor of England — -together
50 per cent, against us; showing that 40 per cent, tariff is not too much.
The manufactures of England have made it rich and powerful; it may
be so with America. If manufacturers are injured, agriculturists must
suffer also. Their interests are the same. The manufacturers of America
consume more American produce than all Europe. England can buy
wheat cheaper in Poland and Odessa than the American farmer can
afford it, land will not take a single barrel more than suits her purpose.
If the tariff is reduced we shall be flooded with foreign goods, a,nd
drained of hard coin to pay the wages of the English workmen. This
would create a balance of trade against us which would be ruinous.
America should he an exporter of wool, not an importer, If the farmers
would turn their attention to this, nothing would pay them as well. The
export of cotton and wool would enrich us, and give the balance of
commerce greatly in our favor* . -
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2. ‘ •
Atlantic County. From Robert B. Risley, Collector, Great Egg Harbor.
1. Corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, &c.; no cotton, liccj or tobacco.
2. Is answered in my answer to the 1st; ho capital engaged in the
production of rice, cotton, or tobacco.
3. Not dependent, nor irhmediately connected.
4. Answered by my answer to the 2d. ■
5. Cannot answer, as there has been no capital employed in Egg Har-
bor township after that manner.
6. Cannot answer.
7. Cannot answer.
8. Egg Harbor township does not raise a sufficient supply of horses,
mules, hogs, cattle, meats, arid other provisions ; draws its supphes
chiefly from Philadelphia and New York. Township is large ; cannot
answer what has been the average annual amount for whole township,
nor what the price for the last three years or for the ten preceding. If
there has been a difference between them, cannot answer to what it is
attributed.
9. Cannot answer.
10. Cannot answer.
11. T1
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JM — ‘Continuedi
12. Answered in my answer to the 11th question.
13. Cannot answer.
14. No manufactories of any kind or description in Egg Harbor
township.
15. Citizens of this township have been, at a former period, engaged
in the business of ship-building to a considerable extent, and some are
now engaged to a very small extent. Two vessels building at this time
in the township ; owning no vessel property, cannot answer the remain-
ing part of the question.
16. Cannot answer. ^ '
17. Cannot answer. •
18'. Cannot answer.
19. Cannot answer.
20. Iron, glass, sugar, duck, and cotton.
21. Cannot answer.
22. Cannot answer. ’ '
23. Cannot answer.
24. Cannot answer.
25. Cannot answer. .
26. Cannot answer.
27. There is raised in Egg Harbor township about 2,320 pounds pf
wool per year ; it is now worth about 37J cents per pound, and ten years
preceding the tariff of 1842 it was worth 50 cents per pound.
• 28. There are no mines worked in this township.
Salem. From S. H. Merritt, Postmaster.
1. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, potatoes, fruits; no cotton, rice, or tobacco.
2. About seven-tenths of its capital employed in their production.
3. The mechanical interest is immediately dependent upon them; the
commercial and manufacturing remotely.
4. The average profit on capital employed on welbconducted farms
does not exceed four per cent, since the tariff of 1842. .
5. The average profit for the ten years preceding was gi'eater. The
tariff of 1842 has affected injuriously the interests of the middle class of
farmers.
6. Average price of wheat, 90 cents; corn, 45; rye, 55; oats, 30;
hay, $8 per ton.
7. Prices have been affected somewhat by the currency, but more by
the tariff, which is felt by the farmer both in his ■ purchases and in his
sales. . ■
8. The State raises a good supply.
9 to 12. No answers.
13. There is; and a country cannot long continue to import a much
larger amount than its exports without injury. The present high duties
affect the country in two ways: 1st, in the excess over the average profi
of other commercial or agricultural interests; and 2d, by its moral i ~
on the intercourse of nations. They will buy in preference of those
do not unnecessarily restrict their interests.
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14. We have cotton, woolen, saddlery, carriages, calico, printing, &c,,
&C. Capital about $5,000,000. The present tariff benefits these in a
high degree.
15. But sHghtly engaged in ship-building.
16 to 27. No answers.
28. The quantity of wool raised is not large ; its price per pound,
since 1842, about 30 cents.
9 ■
Rahway. From, William G. Lathrop.
1. Indian corn, potatoes, oats, wheat,, buckwheat, rye, barley, wool,
mutton, hay, fruit and vegetables.
2. Not less than nine-tenths. The census of 1840 is referred to.
3. Its commercial and mechanical interests are immediately connected
with, and dependent upon, its agricultural, manufacturing, and naviga-
tion interests, to an extent proportioned to the capital respectively
engaged in each.
Its manufacturing and navigation interests are maiiily independent of
its agricultural interests, consuming the products of other States and
countries, and looking beyond the bounds of the State for their principal
market.
4. Average annual profit for the last three years, nothing.
5. No answer.
6. For the past three years, wheat, $1 ; maize, 56 cents; oats, 30
cents; buckwheat, 50 cents; rye, 62J cents; hay, $8 per ton of 2,000
pounds.
7. From 1832 to 1842 the currency mainly affected prices and profits.
During the years 1842, ’43, and ’44, the currency having become regu-
lated, the tariff of 1842, came in aid of a reviving industry, and with
decided benefit to the agricultural interests in this region.
8. The State, supplies herself.
9. Answered in No. 3.
10. Answered in No. 3, .
11, 12. No answers. ■
13. [This question is answered by referring, at great length, to the
past history and present condition of China, as a strong, illustration of
the principles involved in the question.] .
14 to 16. No answers. '
17. As the importer is, in one sense, an agent of the community who
consume his imports, the facihties afforded by a wise and liberal “ ware-
house system” must affect beneficially the trade of the State.
18 to 21. No answers.
22. On tea and coffee, and hides, (if now free— a drawback being
allowed on the export of leather,) 10 per cent.
23. No answer.
24. One effect of the present high duties on iron is to enable the man-
ufacturer to pay to the skilled workmen the extravagant wages exacted
by them, and maintained by means of a thorough understanding and
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combination among them; wages amounting to from $3 50 to $5 per
day, and exceeding the wages received by the same class in England
and Wales three and four-fold-
25 to 28. No answers.
PENNSYLVANIA., \ '
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.
Clarion Co/iintij. Buchanan Furnace — From P. Cermer, Cary Dale.
1. Pennsylvania, Clarion county. '
2. Waterpower; a blast furnace.
. 3. In 1844 ; partnership concern.
4 to 8. Not answered.
9. Four hundred and fifty tons pig metal — value, $12,500.
10, 11. Not answered.
12. Forty men, ten children; average wages of men, 87^^ cents.
13. Ten hours ail the year.
14. Not answered.
15. Twenty horses, six yoke of oxen. .
16. None at home; 100 miles, by water, to Pittsburg.
17. Not at present. ■ '
18. Pittsburg.
19. Thinks not.
20. Cash, and, credit from three to six months. . ^ ,
21. Increased on labor twelve per cent.
22. Thirty dollars per ton, cash.
23. The same as at present. • .
24. Do not know.
25. Not answered.
26. The material costs biit "little, except labor.
,27. Five thousand dollars agricultural; $3,000 other domestic pro-
ductions.
28.. Very little idea, but large.
29. Yes, and would not continue.
,31,,32. No., ■
33. Not answered.
34. No reduction. . ,
35. 36. Does not know.
37 to 40. Not answered. . , d
Pittsburg. From George W. Smith,.
1. Pennsylvania, Allegheny county. '
2. Brewery and malt house; steam power. , .
3. In 181 i; individual. .
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
349
M — Continued.
4. Buildings, machinery, &c., $23,000.
5. Average amount of grain used 25,000 bushels; hops, 15,000 lbs.;
cash paid for materials, $17,000 ; for wages, $4,000.
6. Profit, $3,000 ; no borrowed capital.
'7. General prosperity, or general depressioii,
8. Not answered.
9. Four thousand barrels of ale, porter, and beer.
10. No answer.
11. The cost of English ale and porter is double .the price of that
manufactured here.
12. Fourteen men at $1 per day.
13. 14. No answer.
15. Four horses. .
16. About half the articles manufactured are sent to the . western
States.
17. The importation of foreign ale or porter does not injare the
brewers here.
18. Not answered.
, 19. Very little exported*
21. The. cost in material and labor has increased.
22. No answer.
23. No protection needed.
24 to 40. No answer.
Pittsburg. From John B. Sheriff.
1. Pennsylvania, Allegheny county.
2. Sheet iron; cooking stoves; copper, tin, and sheet iron; no steam
or water power. ■
3. In 1843 ; joint stock.
4. One thousand two hundred dollars invested in buildings and
tools. .
5. No answer.
■ 6, 7, 8. The rate of profit, exclusiveoflabor, is about twenty-five per .
cent. No borrowed capital. The profits have increased, in consequence
of a general increase of business, since 1843; no capital otherwise
invested.’
9. Cannot say with certainty; probably about $3,000 ; cannot
describe all the articles without writing a volunie; cooking stoves vary
fi-om $50 to $300 ; copper pipe at 40” cents. '
, 10, 11. Cannot tell the quantity of copper and tin plate used ; its Cost
is, for copper 30 cents per pound, and for tin plate $11 50 per box;
tin plate imported ; is not aware of any tin or copper ware imported
from foreign markets.
12, 13. Four men,: three boys; work 11 hours per day in summer,
10 hours in winter.
14. From $1 to $1 75 is paid, depending upon circumstances.
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350
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Gontinued.
15. No answer.
16. They do. -
17 to 19. No answer.
20. Generally for cash; when on credit, not to exceed four months.
21. The cost of the manufactured article has increased in consequence
of an advance of two cents per pound on copper, and $2 50 per box on
tinplate; no increase in wages.
22. No answer.
23. A specific duty of twenty per cent, would he an abundant pro-
tection, provided the tin plate should be admitted free of duty; the tin
plate not being manufactured in this country, there is no competition,
and the importer is enabled to add the duty to the first cost of the
article, thereby making us pay higher by the amount of duty.
24. 25. No answer. '
26. Three-fourths material, one-eighth wages or labor, and one-eighth
profits. • '
27. None, except such as are used in famihes.
28; Cannot tell.
29. If the duty on ware and tin plate were reduced to 12J per cent.,
with a corresponding reduction of all imports, the result would be felt
only indirectly ; all the large manufacturing establishments, upon which
I depend, would close, and, as a necessary consequence, I should have
to close also.
30. If compelled to close, having capital, I would employ it in
importing.
31. No answer.
32. Salt and iron are not protected from a ruinous competition by
their distance from the sea-shore, but by the duties now laid upon foreign
salt and iron; if the present duty on salt is taken off or reduced, at least
one hundred furnaces in this State must be abandoned.
33 to 37. No answer.
38. Has greatly increased since the tariff of 1842.
Note. — The foregoing returns were forwarded to the Department by
J. B. Guthrie, Surveyor and Inspector, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, who
furnishes a. list of tire names of manufacturers (188 in number) in the
adjoining counties of Pennsylvania, to whom he had furnished the “ques-
tions;'’ together with a copy of his note to -eaCh, soliciting their attention
to the. subject. He states that “only four of the manufacturers have
returned answers.”
The letter of Mr. Guthrie enclosed, in addition to the above, a com-
munication From S. Morrow, who states that he is “ not sufficiently
acquainted with the subjects of inquiry to give satisfactory answers ;”
that, in his “own business (the manufacture of tin, copper, and sheet
‘ iron ware) there has been no foreign Competition ; the bulky nature of
* the article, and the small proportion of value which the labor bestowed
‘ bears to the material, preclude it.”
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Federal Reserve Brrnk of .St I niii.S
351
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
George F. Lehman (post office, Philadelphia) regrets his inability to
furnish answers to the questions, and gives his own views, generally, on
the tariff.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No; 2.
Gettysburg. From C. W. Berbechy, Postmaster.
1. Wheat, rye,, corn,, and all cereal grains.
2. Cannot answer.-
3. Depend on the success of the farmer.
4. Average profit small, in consequence of low prices.
■ 5. The farming interests more encouraging previous to 1842 than
' since. ■ '
6. Average prices for wheat, previous to 1842; $1 25 ; since that
time from 90 cents to $1.
[No other questions answered.]
Hollidaysburg. From Joseph Kemp.
1. Wheat, rye, corn, oats, potatoes, buckwheat, &c.; no cotton, rice,
or tobacco. ’
'‘2. At least five-sixths.
3. To- a. very great, extent; but not so great as to the mining'and
manufaeturing interests. ' .
4. The average profit on capital (after paying labor and supporting
families) has been about as good as the average of manufacturers or
merchants. Farms will, not rent for more than 3ptp 4 per cent, (clear
of taxes) on the capital inyested in them, or the amount they would
bring if exposed to sale; but this is considered a safer business and
investment. The price of land, compared with the profits, has been
high. Since 1842 rather, lower, owing to a nearer approximation to a
specie standard. Land was higher in 1837, 1838, and 1839, when the
country was Ml of paper and. matters unsettled, than since, as persons
were willing and anxious to invest their paper dollar in land as soon as
possible.
5. The annual profit for the time referred to was rather higher than
now. True, the price of flour was about double what it now is, but
that was, in part, owing to. a failure- of crops.
6. No answer.
7. The tariff laws' ha,ve,always affected agriculture irnmediately in
the vicinity of manufacturing establishments favorably, by furnishing a
market for their productions ; it affpcts those at a distance, .also, by leav^
ing to them the city or foreign market. The condition of the currency
has more to do with prices and' profits than the tariff.
. 8.. About- the same as the- ten preceding years.
9. They ai’e.
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352
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Gontinued.
' 10. The prices of the staple manufactures are considerably lower
than they were for the ten preceding years, averaging them; they are
manufactured cheaper. Ron is cheaper. The price will still decrease,
by reason of the immense quantity now making, and the number of new
works going into operation. One county in. this State alone is now put-
ting up twenty-seven new furnaces, capable of manufacturing nearly
one-half of the entire amount manufactured in the State in 1830. The
impression that the tai'iff is to perform wonders, has put in motion capi-
tal and exertions that would astonish persons not conversant with the
facts ; the result must be over-production, low prices, and ruin to those
who have made debts in the construction of their works. The present
rates afford a sufficient remuneration. Ron that in 1837 and 1838 cost
$100 to $110 per ton, can be bought at $65 and $70. Pig iron com-
mands from $30 to $33 now. In 1837, 1838, and 1839, when the tariff
was nearly off, it commanded $45 ; showing that the currency produced
this effectj and not the tariff.
11. It exports vast quantities of coal, iron, &c.
12. The; foreign market, although coiisuming httle,. has much to do
with the price of products. We could supply the entire seaboard with
coal; England and Nova Scotia interfere. •
13. There is a very intimate connection. We ought not to import as
much as we export; we might as weU throw the cost of premiums for
exchange on our foreign friends, as to pay them ourselves. To do that
we must tax their fabrics so high as to make it tire interest of artisans to
come among us, until we leariij and get fuUy established. And then . the
next most important step is to keep our currency good ; keep prices low
at home, and our manufacturers will malm money ; not by reason of high
profits oh a small quantity made, but by small profits on much made;
then they - can ship fabrics abroad. The present tariff cannot affect the
exports, in the aggregate, other than to increase them. Instead of send-
ing flour, we . may send steam-engines and cotton fabrics to the places
heretofore supplied by England ; and when a failure of crops occurs,
they must buy our flour in addition; and, without a failure, they will
not take it. ‘ ■
14. As it regards. the duties, I can. only say that it does not- affect them
any now; at the present rates of iron but httle can be imported. A
terrific storm impends over the heads of many who are just going into
business, on account of over-production, low rates, &c. I expect, a de-
cline of 10 to 15 per cent, in the price of iron within the next six or nine
months; and it would be better to awid aw?/ paraic, as they might weather
out the storm ; and when once under way, the tariff wiU affect them but
httle, as competition will compel them to manufacture so cheap that they
will not be affected by a revenue tarifE
15. No answer. :
16. They are said to be greatly benefited.
17 to 20. No answers. .
21. The rule requiring cash duties is much preferred ; lower than the
present rates, and cash, I would prefer.
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Rank nf ,9t I hiiIq
1845.]. - SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
353
22. No answer. ■ . '
23. Considerable prosperity prevails, but this is not to be ascribed to
the tariff. , A reaGtion rnust always take place in a.country like ours after
a suspension of business. Public opinion malres trade; manufactures,
and business generally, start into life, when that on which their hopes
were founded is really in operation for good of eviL All are in better
spirits now than in 1840; 1841, and 1842, except lawyers. ': [The writer
had stated previously that he was a lawyer.]'
24,. 25. .No answers.’ , , -
26. The tariff’ has been a benefit to the agricultural and laboring poor,
as it has gwen employment to many, and purchased the surplus provis-
ions of the farmer. The manufacturer labors under a delusion as to the
protecting shield of the tariff; but othfers have been benefited notwith-
standing, by reason of hew' works which have been erected under the
behef that a tariff Would exclude foreign iron. -
27;. No answer. . ' -
28. 'Coal and iron are the chief minerals of this State ; and the amount
produced now is full 50 per cent, greater than in 18'40 and 1841. •
: DELAWARE. '
ANSWER TP CIRCULAR N0. 2. .
Georgetovm^ ' From diaries Tunnell, Postmaster. '
Cannot say that the taiiff has' had any effect in the county of Sussex;-
no cotton, rice, or tobacco raised, and no manufactures of any kinii-;
principle staple Indian corn.- ; ;
■ "'MARYLAND. ' ' ;
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1. ■
Prince George’s, Anne Arundel, and Baltimore. From Covington Manufac-
turing Company— Messrs. Ellicott.
1. Maryland ; Prince George’s, Aiine Arundel, and;-Baltimore.^unties.
2. Pig iron, bai- iron, boiler iron, nails, and spikes. Water and
steam. ' , ’ , , ;;
3. Has been conducted under, various names for forty years.
4. Cost of the various establishments about four hundred thousa-nd
dollars. : , . . ' ' / ’ •
5. Current stock on hand (including iron and nails unsold) is about
one hundred thousand dollars.
6. Has not averaged six per cent, per annum ; no difference in profit
between the retd -and borrowed capital, except the interest paid on the
latter.
VoL. v;— -23.
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354
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued.
7. The tariff is the general cause of the increase or decrease of, the -
profits, the compromise act having caused great losses. ,
8. Capital generally does not pay over six per Cent per annum.
9. Generally our product is about $300,000 per annum.
10., The manufacture being iron, the raw material has no value except
that which is given to it by labor. ■ , . .
11. About the same as ours at the present rate, of duty.
12. About 500 men.
13. Twelve hours the year round. '
, 14. About the same throughout the United States; in Europe wages
are less than one-half the rates in this country.
15. About two hundred and fifty. '
16. Our manufactures are sold to all parts of the United -States.
17. Foreign articles do enter into competition ' with ours at all their
places of sale, except in the case of cut nails, which are not made in
foreign countries.
18. In this cbuntry. , ' ,
19". Few or none exported, ,
20.^ Generally on credit. ' .
. 21. The value and cost pf our manufactures are constantly fluctua-
ting, as is also the cost of labor.
22. Prices generally, since the establishment of these works, have
decreased about one-half; too general to be answered with any correct-:
ness.
23. Fifty per cent., because the cost of iron is produped solely by
, labor and agricultural products.
24. Thfe present tariff has proved effectual except in relation to scrap
iron. '
25. No dividend has been declared; but the works have been some-
what improved, . - . ■
26. Bee answer to 10th question. ' , ,
27. Agricultural productions about one-half.
28. Cannot answer. , , ,
29i The business would be abandoned, and the property worthless.
30. Capital would be annihilated, and our people would resort to
agriculturcd pursuits. • , ;
31. Answered in the preceding., ;
32. ^hey are not;;, the largest iron establishments are tributary to the
seaboard;- but there are some 100 to 200 miles in the interior, and
should those on tile seaboard be destroyed by the reduction of 12 J
per cent, duty, the interior estabUshmehts would seek a market in the
. West.
33. Unimportant. ' , , . ^
34. Profits do. not average over six, per cent, at the present rate of
duty. . , . ■' ' :
35. Answered previously.
36. 37, 38. Cannot answer. '
39, About 6 per cent.
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1845.} SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 355
M — -Continued.
40. About seven-eighths of a. dollar.
. Note.— The above return, from the Messrs. EUicott, is forwarded to
the Department by General W. H. Marriott, Collector at Baltimore, with
a letter frorn Messrs. Robert Neilson and George W. Burke, to whom
, the Collector had confided the duty of obtaining information called for
by the circular of the 16th of April last, hnd that of the 10th of July.
■ These gentlemen state that their ‘Gabors were almost entirely unaided
by any official statistical records on which they could rely;” that they
had to depend in' nearly every case oh the; voluntary information of
gentlenien eonnected with the various interests referred' to in the circular ;”
and that, “with few- exceptions, their inquiries were responded to with
readiness and frankness;” that, in relation to the latter circular, they'had
“ placed in the hands of several gentlemen engaged in the rrianufacture .
, of wool, cotton, ironi and tobacco, copies Of the questions;” and that,
“ with the exception of the Messrs. EUicott, proprietors of the C ovingtoh
iron worksV they had all decKhed answering;”
Since the above. was written, several communications have been re-
ceived. in reply to questions ' numbered two. They are hereto annexed..
The return from John Dukehard and the letter from J. T. Ducatel Were
received in communication from Moreau Forrest, marshal, &c., October
31, 1S45V
ArrSWERS TO’ circular No. 2.
Baltimore. From J. Bukehard'.
20. In answer to this question, (to which , Mr. D. confines himself,)
-he furnishes the following table:
Cost of wood-screws, at the pres^ duty, of 12 cents per pound.
Size.
'Weight.
V
Duty.
Net sterling
cost, reduced
dollars and
i cents.
Remarks oh question 20.^ ^
inch. No
.6
4 dzs. ’
SO 03.
$0 07
From the foregoing calculation,
• s
<(•
7,
6' “ '
041
;08J
it will be seen that the duty of
■ /3-
4
<(
8
• 81
06
09i
12 cents per^ pound, on wood*;
•
9
121 « .
- 09
IR
screws, from the smaller sizes
1
(1
10
■ 1 lb. ■^:oz.
12 :
» 13
up to of an inchy enables
If
11
. I'lb. 4g ozs.
15
16
dealers to import them. ,rAs;
1?
If-
12
1 “ 14i: “
221
20
the size, and consequently the
2
it -
15
\ 3] lbs.
4'2
35
weight, is increased, the duty'
2;
U
16
■ 4J “
57
46
.-rapidly advances; So that .a'
3
(«
18
6|
79|
68
gross of screws, 4' inches, No.
31
((
19
10 “ _
1 20
92
20, the cost of which is JJl 10,
A’
((
.20
12 “
,1 44' i
no
. pays^-the wdght being 12-’
; pounds, 44 -and- duties,
130 per cent..
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356 REPORTS OF THE {1845.
M— Continued.
Baltimore. From J. T. Ducatel, State Geologist.
, 28. Is willing, to furnish information in reply to question No. 28, if he
can be paid for the labor and expense.
' Kent County. . From Janies M. Siiesicer..
1; Wheat, corn, rye, ,o,ats. Tobacco is raised in some of the southern
counties on the ■western shore., '
2. Capital invested in agriculture, about $i50,000,00b; in commerce,
$9,246,170; in manufactures, $6,450,'280; the two- last named including
all the niechanical; and navigating interests. About nine-tenths of the
capital of the State is invested in agriculture.
3. The manufacturing and commercial interests unaided by protective
tariffs, are as dependent upon agriculture as agricultural property is
dependent [on], me : causes which regulate and contrbl the value ; of
agricultural products^ It is the same from 'vyhich Commercial and man-
ufacturing profits are derived. They are connected with and dependent
upon each other- to a very great extent; unless, by a system of legislative
robbery, the. agriculturist is plundered to increase the. gains of the man-
ufacturer, or
4. Average profit oh capital employed in agriculture oh the Eastern
Shore of Maryland fot the. last three years, has been , very trifling, if any..
Some of the best farmers have not been able to pay expenses; tenants,
if not goo,d managers, have not been able to pay their rents ; and many
farmers who have had to hue laborers to cultivate their farms, have found
at the end of the year that their expenses have exceeded, the , proceeds
of their farms. For the last three years agricultural products have been
low, and manufactured goods high.
5. Is not prepai'ed to furnish a definite answeh The profit on Capital
was, however, much greater upon an average than during the eight years
previous to the compromise act, or than it has been since. , Refers for
particulars to Commercial List of Philadelphia for 1840.
6. No answer.
7. The condition of the currency of this State for the’ last three years
has been very good. The price of produce low, which proves that the
operation of the tariff, not the condition of the currency, depreciates the
value of agricultural products. The currency has, no. doubt,, some influ-
ence upon the price and value of the staples of the country ; but not so
great as a protective tariff- . ' , , i
8. The State raises cattle, hogs, and provisions sufficient for its own
' use. . Horses and mules are brought into the State principally from In-
diana and Illinois. The prices of these have varied, as the prices of
produce, and from the same causes. .
9. Unaided. by protective tariffs, commerce and ma,nufactures would
be .dependent upon agriculture; , Unless it prospered, they could not.
By ‘the operation of the, protective system, the dependence is destroyed.'
The manufactufer rides and rules over the plundered ploughman, and
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 257
M- — Continued.
commerce and manufactures Me injured and depressed by this systein
of .legislative favoritism.
[The other questions are not answered-] . ' . ;
Baltimore. From Robert Neihon and George W. BurJce, Inspectors of the
; ■ Customs.
I. ' Wheat, corn, and tobacco., i
. 2. The whole capital of the .State (assuming the last assessment of the
rear and personal property within its limits to constitute said capital) is
'about $200,000,000; about $-90,000,000 of that amount engaged in
agriculture. . ■ .-V '
3. The interests mentioned are very. intimately connected with and
dependent upon the agricultural productions of the State, as they afford
the merchant, mechanic, manufacturer, and ship-owner objects for the
profitable employment of' their capital and industry.,
4. It is difficult tb answer this question, the profits of farmingdepend-
ang so much on soil, ZocatioM, a.nd management. The duties on imports
but incidentally affect prices of product^ ; the great regulators in this
matter bjq supply demand. The average net profits, of well-conducted
farms cannot be estimated at more than; about 5 per cent.
5. Taking the annual average prices of the staples, refeiaed to in the
first answer, for the last thirteen years, ,we do not perceive any material
(tciwaZ diffg'fence in .the’ profits of the two periods; for although prices
. may have advanced after the- suspension of specie payments in 1837,
yet the expense of production kept pace with the advance of price.
. 6. We refer to a paper hereto annexed. (See table on page 359-60.)
, 7. Seb answer to question 5. '
' ,8. The State raises but a smaU proportion. The supply of horses and
mules is priticipally from Ohio and Kentucky; cattle, sheep, and hogS;
from Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Cannot tell the number of
j horses and mules imported from other States. . Number of cattle about
50,000 ; sheep, .40,000; hogs; about .100,000. ‘ About one-eighth of the
catde and hogs leave this for other markets. . The prices have averaged
for the last three years about $5 per cwt. ; for the ten preceding years,
about $6, which may be attributed to the fluctuations in the money
. market.' ' . - ■ ■
9. Any decided advance in the prices of our products must be caused
either by deficiency at home or demand abroad. If to the latter, the
interests referred to in this question ■will be more or less affected arid
their profits influeriCed. ; ' . . ’ ,
10., We understand by “protected^articles;” manufactures of cotton,
wool, iirin, arid sugar ; their prices have not varied much, during the last
three years, from, the prices of .the preceding ten. This is .attributed,
mainly, to increased" s.upply, produced by competition;, improvements in
machinery, and other facilities in their manufacture. ; What proportion
these prices bear to the {trices of the. staples during these periods icspec-
-tively,' we, cannot say. , . ,
II. The State exports a large amount of her cotton manufactures;- and
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358 KEPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
some manufaetured tobacco. The export of cotton goods, has been
increasing for years, particularly since the tariff of 1842, their prices in.
foreign ports being regulated by the... demand. ’
12. Nearly the \yhole of the tobacco crop (averaging 30,000 hogsheads
per annum), is exported to and sold in Europe. Flour, corn, beef, pork,
fish, arid other provisions, are sent to South America, the West Indies,
and England; cotton irianufactures to South America and China; the
proportion exported to what is raised and made, not known. All the
articles above named, with the exception of tobacco, meet \trith compe-
tition abroad. The high duties imposed on imports must, uriquestionably,
lessen the demand for our exports,.
13; There is this connection between imports and exports, that if a
country continues, for any length of time, to import more than ..she can.
export, a balance will be created -against her, which must be made good
by the.' export of the precious metals, and^ ®icc versa. The present rate
of duties operatirig to the exclusion of inany articles of foreign production,
it necessarily follows that the countries producing them do not take as
much of our products as they would were the- duties such as^to enable
them to send their goods to our mai'kets. .
14. There are many and extensive manufacturing establishments in
pur State, consisting principally of ;flour, cotton goods, w'oolen goods,
iron, soap and candles, liquors, gunpowder, glass, tobacco, chemicals,
leather,, refined sugar,; &c., &c. The number not known ; capital in-
vested about $7,5.00,000. As their profits cannot be ascertained, we
cannot say what rate of duty on similar articles would enable them to
sustain themselves. ' , •
15. Our citizens^ have been,' and still are, extensively engaged in the
businesdof ship-building and navigation. The present condition of these
interests is progressive and prosperous. Cannot say how they are
affected by the tariff. , ■ , ,
16. Cannot say. ■
17. As regards the effects of a warehouse system, there are different
and conflicting opinions. Those in favor of the system contend that it
would greatly facilitate commercial Operations in general, and he partic-
ularly favorable to men of limited capital, affording them .;adyantages
which they do not possess under the present rule of cash duties. On the
Other side it is urged that it would enable foreigners to compete injuriously
with our own merchants, and concenti'ate nearly the whole of the import
trade in the city of New York. . .
IS. The abolition of drawbacks Avould operate injuriously on the com-
merce of the country.'.
19. There are but few artieles, under the present syj.stem, that do not
enjoy the benefit of drawback. No important beneficial effect would be
produced by extending the privilege. ; .
20. Low-priced cotton goods, the inferior qualities of Carpeting arid
other' woolens, low-priced silk goods, wood^screws oflarger size than f
inch; and some articles of hardware.
21. The minimums of the present tariff and cash duties affect favor-
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 359
M— Continued.
ably— the former the manufacturer, the latter the iihporter of large capital.
The other great interests of the State are injuriously affected by their
operation, ^ ' , , ,
22. Tea and -coffee. An average duty of six cents per pound on tea,
and one cent hn coffee, would riot be felt by any class of the community,,
and, at the same time,' produce considerable revenue,
23. No answer. . ■ o
24. All the “protected articles” are extensively consunied, and,w-ith
the exception of Ip w-priced cotton goods, not manufactured in sufficient
.quantities to supply the demand for home consumptioh. , We niay men-
tion, in addition to the “protected articles,” glass bottles, glass tumblers,
demijohns, baizes, flannels, ox and trace chains, cigars, railroad iron,
pig ironj salt,' molasses, wood-screws, 'cordage, &c., &c'., as- being in
constant demand, and manufactured only to a hmited extent. The
effect of the present system of duties on the above articles, and many
others that might be mentioned, is to enhance their price to the consumer,
and thereby operate injuriously tp all, classes except the manufacturer.
25. In the preceding answer several articles are enumerated partially
manufactured in this country, the prices of which are greatly enhanced
by the operation of the present tariff law. Black pepper and raisins are
extensively cpnsumM, and are subjected to very high duties. Other
parts of the question not answered.
26. The present duties on imports have induced capitalists to engage
extensively in manufactures ; thereby creating, at various points, increased
consumption of the fruits of the earth. In the vicinity of manufacturing
establishments la,nds have increased in value, and most of the agricul-
tural products are readily; disposed of, either for money or in Exchange
for goods. The -State is now prosperous — all her interests are in a
healthy condition. How a modification of the present tariff would affect
her. prosperity, we are unable to say. i ,
27. ' The average price of \vool in this market, since the tariff of.l842,
is 26 cents per pound'. For the ten preceding, years the average price
was 33 cents. . The q uantity raised in the State not known ; the principal
supplies derived from the West. . • x
28. Iron, magnesia mineral, chrome, and qoal. The annual product
of iron ore 130:,000 tons, worth $4 per ton; 300 tons magnesia mineral,
worth $7 per ton ; chrome, 300 tons, worth $18 per ton ; Coal, 12,000 x
tons, worth $4 75 t0''$5 per ton, in this (Baltimore) market.
A statement showing the annual;' average jgrice^ of wheat, corn, and tobacco-, in
the Baltimore market, for three years, from l%i:2 to 1844, inclusive.
Years.
Wheat.
, Corn.
Tobacco.
■
No. of hogs-
heads Maryland;
tobacco inspect-
ed in Baltimore.
1842;.
105 cents.
90 « '
51 cents.'
$5 00
■33, 653
1844
‘91 »
41 “
5 50
32,101
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[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
/ Aivi far the ten preceding years.
->
,Yeai’S.
t
Wheat.
Corn.
Tobacco.
■ No. of hogs-
heads Maryland
tobacco inspect-
ed in Baltimore.
1832......
113 cents.
69 cents.
$4,87.
1833 ■.
115 “
61 »
5:60
1834.........
102 “
61 “
5 56
1835
126 . “
82
6,00
1836*...........
"172 “
80
5 81
1837*. ...•
177 “
90 “
4 75
■ 25,788
1838*
166 “
75 ■ “
6 00
23,464
1839 ..r
138 “ ,
75 “
6 00
1840 ...................... ........
100 “
50 “
5 00
1841 .....
112 “
56 “
5 00
Baltimore. From C. E. Wether ed, ( a Manufacturer.)
1. Wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, hay, and fruit.
2. Not known. ' ' '
3. All links of the same chain-, depending on each other.
4. Caiinot be stated with precision. Farming and planting’ must
pay better on the" capital invested than anything else. The State has
been improving since the tariff of 1842.
5. No answer. ■■ ' /
6. Prices of, agricultural products depend on the supply and demand.
Other parts of question not answered.
7. The operation of the tariff has given a stability to currency which
would not exist without. Prices and profits, have been more' uniform. ^
8. Does not raise a sufficierit supply of horses, but draws, its supplies
from other States. There is constantly a fluctuation in priqes, dependT
ing on supply — perhaps greater ' regularity at present than before., the
■passage -of the .tariff of 1842.- ’ >
9. They are so far dependent that when, from any cause, the farmer
realizes good returns, all derive advantage. At times, the pr ofits of
some do not depend so. immediately upon, the others. For instance, the
cotton manufacture, whhin the last year or two, owing to the opening of
the Chinese market, and the demand being greater, has been more
profitable. The cotton manufactures of other countries have been equally
profitable during the same time, from the same cause. , ^
10. The average prices of what are called protected articles have
been lower for the last three years than the preceding ten, taldng into
consideration the' raw material and the price of labor. ^
11. Exports, principally cotton goods, and some manufactured to-
bacco.. Prices abroad havb depended on the condkion of the foreign
market — sometimes netting good returns and sometimes loss.
*In consequence of the partial failure of the "wheat crops of 1836 and 1837, prices advanced,
and large quantities were imported from foreign,,couhtiies. 1,671,572 bushels of .wheat were
received into the port of Baltimore during these three years.
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184-5.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 361
M— C ontinued .
12. All goods exported are consumed abroad. Prices are governed
by the demand, whether homo or foreign; but when shipped are gener..
ally sold. The products of this State are shipped principally to South
America, the West Indies, And tobacco to Europe. They meet with
competition from other points, ^ye cannot see how the tariff prevents
our meeting them with success, unless in the article of breadstuffs and
provisions; much the larger market for which is, the home market, and
the prices of which would be lower but for that market.
13. .No country can long continue to import where the 'importation
exceeds the exports ; for coin would ;be drawn to me'et the difference,
which Would soon derange the curreiicy and produce distress.
14. We have a number of manufacturing estabhshments of cotton,
wool, leather, iron, &c.. The profits have been greater the last three
years than immediateip before that period, particularly the cotton — caused,
as before stated, by the opening of the China market. The profits de-
pend upon skill, management, &c. Some make nothirig ; others do well.
A fair tariff, not lower than 30 per cent., is necessa,ry to keep them in
operaiion. Nothing would make them realize as much profit as the
farming and pla:hting interests.
15. Is extensively engaged in ship-building; not,^so much so as before
the West India treaty;, that treaty injured the'shipping interests, more than
everything else. Not affected by the tariff. '
16. .Impossible to say what proportion. The commercial interests are
benefited by strong tariff laws, by giving greater security to commerce,
t . 17. The warehousing system is calculated to ' give hn advantage to
the European over the American merchant — ^the interest on capital or.
money being abroad than in this country. ' ’ ,
18. Some adva,iltage might be derived from the, establishment of a ware-
housing, system to those engaged in exports of goods to foreign markets,
bujt not sufficient to do away with the injuries to other branches of trade.
19, 20. Not known. , - .
21. 'No answer. '
22.. Tea and coffee. > , - ' '
23. to. 25. No answer.
26. The present duties are advantageous to the agricultural products.
The State has been improving under the system, caused by the certain
■ homeimarket. -
27. ; Considerable wool raised in the State. Prices depend on quan-
tity, quality, and condition. Prices lower now than they have been, owing
to the tariff— giving the home market to the producer of the article. In-
creased protection has had tbe effect of bringing down the price.
28. The mineral products of the State- are principally iron, coal, and
' chemicals. Prices not known; '
Baltimore. An importing fn^chant, \nfimie not given,'] ' received with the
returns from William H. Marriott, Collector,
17. The warehouse system Would be.irijurious to Baltimore, by throw-
ing aU the trade into New York, aiidfhat iii the hands of foreigners.
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REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
362
M— Gohtinued.
20. Flannels, baizes,, fustians, cords, and velveteens, lowrcolpred cot-
ton goods and white, cotton goods of all descriptions, axe prohibited, or
nearly so, by the excessive high duty.
21. The minimum duty of the present fariff acts so as to make the
poorer classes of people pay higher rates of duty than the rich. The
cash system is preferable to the credit. The warehouse system would
throw all the business into New York.
23. The operation of the present tarilF upon the manufacturers is to
enable them to make_ large profits on their goods without being required
to use extraordinary skill. The articles on which large profits are made
are woolen cassimeres and brown cotton goods of all kinds.
Vienna. From B. H. Crockett, .Collector.
1. The ' agricultural productions of this portion of the State - are
wheat, rye, corn, oa.ts, potatoes, &c. ; no cotton, rice, or tobacco.
2 to 7. Does not know. ’
8. This portion of the State does not raise a sufficient supply of
horses, mules, and hogs. Horses are supplied from Kentucky, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and some from New York ; mules from Kentucky ; bacon
from the city of Baltimore— ^originally, he believes, from Ohio. Cannot
answer the remainder' of the question.' ,
9, 10. Not answered.
11. This portion of the State’ exports lumber , and wool, but to what
amount he does not know. '
12, 13. Cannot say. ■
15i In this portion of the State vessels are built — ’•some coasters, but
principally for the bay and river trade. Has not the information to an-
swer this further. ■
16 to 27. Cannot answer. ' ' ,
28. No mines are worked in this portion of the State.
In closing his letter, he says that he enclosed the circulars to several
gentlemen' of both political parties, whom, from their general intelligence
and political standing, he considered qualified to give the desired infor-
mation, from Only two of whom he received answers.
■ ■ ' ■ ^ ■ . . . '
Indian Tovm. Hon. . John N. Steele; enclosed in a letter from B. H.
' - Crockett, Esq.
Regrets that he can give no., answer to the questions of the Secretary
in regard to the operations, of the tariff. The general impression, pre-
vails here that the only regular and certain demand for the products of
agriculture is the. home market, and that that will increase with the ex-
' tension of manufactures at home, and increased diversity of employment'
of capital. Speaks of Mr. Rush’s report, on the subject, of manufac-
tures while Secretary of the Treasury. Speaks of Mr.: Cambreleng’s
report from the Committee of Ways and Means of the House of Rep-
resentatives in 1836 or 1837, showing, from official sources, that the
importation of the protected artietes since the tariff era of 1816 has
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 363
M — Continued.
steadily increased, and the duty, of course, still a tax. How the high
wages and high rate of interest: in this country are to compete with the
low wages and low rate of interest in other countries he cannot see ; but:
supposes the agriculturist to be compensated by the production of his
products at home, as he can find no demand’ abroad. Speaks of the
large profits made by the manufacturerj and supposes that cornpetition
will eventually reduce their profits and prices. ■ .
, Camfyridge. From James A. Sieteart.
Regrets that he has not the time to answer the questions in detail.
Can only say that the operation of the present tariff is highly injurious
to the general interests of this section of the State, and that the reduc-
tion of the duties on iniported articles to the revenue standard would be
highly advantageous. ■ ,
Baltimore, From William, Miles,
Has been dealing -very much for the last two years in the article
of salt, and begs leave to present certain facts in relation to it. The
duty charged, on Turk’s Island salt, of 8 cents per bushel of 56 lbs., is
equal to a duty of 10 pr 11 cents per Winchester (common) bushel. The
cost of the article, per English Winchester bushel, at Turk’s Island,
during the last two years, has been 6J to 7 cents per. bushel measure,
(Winchester.) There is an export duty there of one cent per bushel;
so that it'costs, on board the vessel, ;,about 7 J to 8 cents per bushel, free
of other- expense, as the sellers there put it on board -without further
charge. - ,
' The freight from Turk’s Island to the United States has been at about
an average of 8 cents per Winchester bushel measure, or as follows :
To Norfolk, 7 and 8 cents;' to Baltimore, 5 to 8 cents; New York, 8
to 10 cents; Philadelphia, 8 cents; Boston, &c., 8 to 10 cents; New
Orleans, 8 cents. ,He supposes 8 cents to be a fair average.
RECAPITULATION.
Cost of a bushel measure at Turk’s Island
Export duty there . , . . j ......
Freight to the United States.
V • • .
Duty at the rafe of 8 cents per 56 lbs. ,. .
Cost of a bushel measure (Winchester) in the United' States . , 27 “
Turk’s Island 'w'as settled by the English,, from Bermuda, about one
hundred and fifty years ago. Their only business is salt-making. They
are entirely dependent on the 'United States for a market for their salt,
except what they seU to. Nova - Scotia, &c. They. draw their supplies'
frorn this country almost entirely. Does "not know why- the duty on salt
was fixed so high, but supposes it: -was to protect the saJt-maJsers of New
7 cents.
1 .'o '
8 , “
16
11 “
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[1845.
364 . REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
York, Kentucky, Virginia, &c. But this he -does know’: that the people,
of Turk’s Island are extremely anxious to have the duty reduced, be-
cause the}^ know that if it is, the price of their salt will rise several
cents per bushel at the Islands. If the duty were taken off he thinks it
would rise ,5 or 6 cents per bushel there. Such has been the case , be-
fore, and on the imposition of the duty of 1842 the price fell there.
He is a ship-owner, and is in favor of free trade, but will state what
■he knows.
Gets salt also from Bonaire, U Dutch island near Cura^oa, on the coast
'of New Granada, off Maracaibo, at 6 cents; also from Cadiz, St. Ubes,
in Portugal, &c.
• The German vessels that come to this country to transport tobacco to
Europe often call at St. Ubes, near Lisbon, and bring s^t (under our
reciprocity treaties) as favorably as our own can; and they are well sat-
isfied if they can earn 5 per cent, interest oh the capital employed in
vessels, ,&c. They pay less wages than we do to seamen.
Speaks of the quantity of salt made at Key "West, and of the number
of manufactures of various kinds that will spring up in this country
under the protection afforded by the present tariff.
VIRGINIA.
ANSWERS TO, .CIRCULAR No. 1. ,
Richmond City. From Charles Cimherson,
1. Virginia, city of Richmond.
2. Lock manufactory; no. power used. , •
3. In 1840 ; an individual estabhshment.
4. In grounds and buildings about $6,000.
5. About one-third material, and two-thirds wages.
6. Not answered., -
7. Very little change in the last three years.
8. 9. Not answered. ' V
10. More than seven-eighths raw material, consisting of copper, at 16
^ to 17 cents; sheet iron, at 8 to 8J cents; bar and rod iron, from 4 to 7
cents; arid spelter,, at 8 to 10 cents; this last-named article is- enor-
. mously high;' has known if to be as low as 2f to 3' cenfs per pound;
advance caused by the immense duty upon it. . <
11. Imported articles from England "about 25 per cent, cheaper, but
inferior. ' -• -v ' " .
12. ''Four men, and four boys. ■
13. Ten hours per day the whole year'. , ,
14. Not answered.
‘15. No horses or other animals- emplpyed.
,.,16. Sold from the manufactory to' consumers.
' 17. Where regard is paid to the.quahty of, the article no competition
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1845.] ' SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 365
^ ' M — Continued.
exists; but where it is otherwise, (as in the case of contractors to fulfill
the letter of their contracts,) then we , come ; into competition with the
imported- article.
18. In Richmond, and the adjoining towms and Country.
19. None exported. . ' .
20. ' Sold on a credit, of three months. ’ .
, - 21, 22., Not answered. ’ '
23. The duty on locks is not essentially too high, on account of the
unfair competition with the English manufacture, as explained in answer
to question 17; oar articles being- superior to the imported^
24 to 26. Not answered,
27. About $400 -of agricultural productions, and about $600 of other
domestic productions.
28. Not answered. . , .
29i The reduction ..of the duty to 12 J per cent, on articles similar to
those manufactured -by me would render my business unprofitable. ■
30. Not answered.
31. This being my legitimate business, (having served an apprentice-
ship of seven years,) I should regret being obliged to abandon it.
32 to 4(3. Not';answered.
Note.-— The above was enclosed to the Department in a letter of Sep-
tember 27, .1845, from Thomas Nelson, Collector, Richmond,. Virginia,
who' says that, “ as soon as prafeticable after the. receipt of the circular
of July 10, he' sent copies of the questions to the various manufacturers
inthe cityj with. a request to be furnished with answers as soon as con-
venient. ' No person had furnished, returns except in the above case,”
Mr; Nelson says, “ most of the' gentlemen are -strong tai-ifT men, ahd are
therefore unrvilling to answer, the questions, lest they might have ah
unfavorable effect upon their business.” - „
East River. ' From, William Williams, Surveyor.
Says that “ there are no manufactories of any kind 'within his limits.”
Yorktown, From William Nelson. ;
Says, that “ there are no manufactories in the country, and nothing
from which inforrhation can be obtained in regard tp the tariff;” but that
in relation “ to the, products of the country,” he will colle'ct and forward
all the inforniation in his power. i, . '
ANS'WERS T0 CIRCULAR' No. 2. ■
The annexed, from James Pointz, Marshal western district "of Vir-
ginia^ under date of .October. 27, 1845, has reference to the questions
numbered from 1 to 28, (being Circular No. 2.)-
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366
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
Staunton. , From James Fointz.
1. Horses, cattle, mules, sheep,' swine, poultry, wheat, barley, oats,
rye, buckwheat, corn, wool, hops, wax, potatoes, hay, flax, hemp, and
tobacco.
2 to 7. No answer. .
, 8. My district does, and exports to Eastern Virginia, Maryland, &c.
9. No answer.
10. Average, price of produce, less in the last three years than in the
ten preceding. ' ' •
11. No answer.
12. No data as to arnount; bht flour and tobacco are the principal
articles exported. ^
13. - No answer. ^
14. The manufacture 'of iron '.has increased since 1842, say 10 per
cent. ' ,
15. No ships built. , •
16 to 25. No answers.
26. The opinion is, that the agricultural interests are materially
injured by the tariff of 1842; and for this, and other reasons— its ine-
quality, &c. — my district is opposed to it, but is in favor of a, revenue
tariff, which wiU be made to operate equally on aU the great interests
of the country.
'27,28. No answers. Residing in the interior of the country, and , my
district being almost entirely agricultural, and the State having made no
provision to ascertain its resources, ,&c., it is impossible to answer the ■
. questions satisfactorily. ■ .
NORTH CAROLINA. ,
There are no returns from this State. J. Ramsey, 'Esq., Collector,
Plymouth, North Carolina, under date of July 30, 1845, acknowledges
the receipt of “ copies of questions,” and proposes to “ forward thenr to
the estabhshments in that State.” Under date of September 24, 1845,
Mr. Ramsey says that the copies had been “ forwarded through the
Governor to the several establishments in the State, with a request that
answers should be forwarded,” &c. Only one answer had been
received, which is enclosed in Mr. R.’s letter. This is- from Battle &
Brothers, Rocky Mount, North Carohna, who dechne answering the
questions ; first; because no manufacturer can answer them correctly ;
and second, because any manufacturer who would answer them incor-
rectly should not be relied on.
Since' the above was ■written, a. letter has been . received by Ahe
T)epartment from M. V. Jones, Collector, Wilmington, North Carblinaj
dated'October '20, 1845, furnishing the following. information. -
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Federai Reserve Bank of St'. Louis
1845.]: SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 367
M — Continued.
ANSWERS TO CIRCUtAR No. 1.
Wilmington. From M. Vi Jones, Collector,
1. In Cumberland county there are six cotton factories.
' 2, AU water power. -
3. . All established previous to 1840 ; three are joint-stock companies.
4. Rockfish factory is the most extensive ; its, eapital $143,000 ; the
other five will average $40,000 each. -
6., Annual rate of profits does not exceed 14 per eent.,^
8. The lumber business and that of proeuring turpentine is as good
as the manufacturing. . ' /
11. No similar articles of foreign manufacture are’ sold in this State;
(these factories only turn out yarns and jplain web.)
13. Ten- hours per day.
16. A large portion is sold in the northern eities.
17. No foreign competition; ’
18. Almost entir.ely' in the United States.
19. A small portion is exported to the .British North Ameriean
Provinces, hut no shipments are made direct from North Car ohna to
foreign ports,
20. .Generally three months’ credit.
23. Nothing siinilar is imported into North Carolina.
, 32. No manufactories of salt now in operation. The Western portion
of the State is supplied with dohiestic iron; the factories are remote from
navigation and from the points of importation, and consequently httle, if
any, 'affected by foreign importations.
The other, questions not answered.
' ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Neivbern.: \ From Thomas S. Singleton, Collector.
1. North Carolina- produces cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, wheat, and
oats. - , , ' .
' 11. The State exports boards, plank, scantling, squ^e timber, masts
and spars, staves, shingles, heading, hoops, tar, pitch, rosin, tui'pentine,
, and spirits of, turpentine.
17. The warehouse system would be preferable to the present system,
Which has almost entirely destroyed the httle foreign, commerce of this
place; and 1 think the old bonding system would be' best in this State,
as the importing merchants generally have warehouses of their own.
The present high cash duties will destroy the commerce of this State
' entirely. . . ‘ '
Elizabeth City. From WUliam D. Pritchard, Collector.
1, Cotton, tohacco, rice, wheat, corn, &c. ; the last two forming
almost the entire exports. ’ .
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REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M— Continued.
2. Nineteen-twentieths of the capital employed in agriculture.
3. All other interests dependent on agriculture.
4. Annual average profits for the last three years have not exceeded
two per cent., partly in consequence of a failure of crops. '
5. 6. The agricultural prosperity of the State was never so great as
from 1832 to 1841— capital paying from 5 to 8 per cent. The year
1842 was disastrous' from loss of all crops. ..
7. The prices from' 1832 to ’41 resulted, in a great measure, from
the act of 1833, and as but partially the effect of a redundant currency.
8. The State produces ' a sufficiency and an excess, except horses
and mules, which are brought here, in hmited number, from Ohio, Indi-
ana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Western Vu-ginia, The prices have been
33 per cent; lower the last three years than the ten preceding. The
decline I attribute to the reduced means of purchasing; in consequence
of the low price of wheat and corn.
9. The commercial, mechanical, and navigation interests, (and the
manufacturing, also, to' some, extent,) are so connected and dependent
on the agricultural prosperity, that their success is in nearly the same
ratio.-' ' . . ' '
10. The prices of protected articles have not been reduced in anything
like a fair proportion to the staple products within the last three year,s.
A monopoly has been enjoyed in the manufacture of these articles; and,
in a corresponding ratio,' the means of purchasing our staples have been
cut off. We suffer more from diminution in the price of our staples than
we do from the increased price of their goods.
11. We export tar, turpentine, lumber,- salted fish, &c, ; it is difficult
to say whether tliey have been affected by the tai-iff of 1842. ■,
12. We export but little direct, owing to the peculiar situation of our
State and its bad outlets to the ocean; most of our produce finding its
way to New York, (through the ports of Virginia,) and to South Carolina
and Georgia. Some lumber, corn,, and beans, go directly to the West
Indies. The prices are regulated by- the foreign demand.
13. The idea that one countiy can continue to import oi' export qZowe
is absurd. The present tariff must have the effect to reduce our exports
to the extent that it prohibits the importation of foreign goods.
14. AVe have twe.nty-five or thirty manufacturing establishments
(mostly cotton) in the State. They are said to be doing well. '
15. Ship-building was once foU'o-wed to a great extent, but at present
there is not enough tonnage to do the coasting- trade, having to rely on
the canal boats of Norfolk, and the New England vessels.
16. The capital employed in commerce is about as one to two of the
agricultural prod ucts and staples for sale and export. The effect of the
tariff is very injurious on comrfierce.
22. I merely remark that salt, molasses, and a small quantity of sugar,
form almost the only articles of direct importation; and under the
present system of cash duties, the importer is forced to sell very often at
a ^eat sacrifice. ■ ■' , ' . . ,
23. No answer. _ ,• • ' , . - . . . ' ■
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 369
— Continued.
24, 25. The article of salt, (say Turk’s Island, most used, here,) the
duty on which is nearly eleven cents per bushel, (more than its original
cost,) is much complained of. Other parts of the question not answered.
26. The present dudes do not benefit the agricultural, commercial, or
mechanical interests of the country in any manner;, and these interests
require that the present rate of duties should be reduced.
27, 28. No answers. '
SOUTH CAROLINA.
ANSWERS TQ CmCULAR No. 2. , .
From P.- W. Fraser. F ' ■ ,
1. Wheat, corn, rice, cotton, tobacco, potatoes, sugar, hay, hops, silk,,
wine, &c. Rice; cotton, corn, wheat, and potatoes, are the principal
staples of South Carolina. In 1840, 60,590,861 lbs. of rice were pro-
duced, 61,710,274 lbs. QOtton, 14,722,8()5 bushels corn, 968,354 busWs
wheat, and 2,698,313 bushels of potatoes., , ,
2. Lands, and manual labor principally. ' ,
3. For a successful operation of each, require those four important
interests ; but to what extent cannot say. ; ''
4', The price of rice has been very low for several years, until the
present' time ; and my estimated average profit on capital for the last
three years 6 per cent., after , deducting all expenses. I confine my
answer to this one particular.
5. Am hot aware that there has been anv great difference, within the
time stated, in my annual profit on capital.
- -6. The price of rice from the year 1832 to 1844 has varied almost
every year from 60 cents per bushel, rough rice, to $1 ; clean:rice $2 40
to $4 per lOO lbs., I estimate my average price of rice at about 70 cents
per bushel rough rice, or $2,80 per 100 lbs. clean rice,, in , consequence
of rice, selling oftener at thedower . than the higher point of the market..
Indeed, it has seldom happened that-rice sold in the Charleston market
at $4 per hundred' clean rice', or $i per bushel rough rice. \
The annual average income per hand or laborer, deducting aU expenses,
can be easily estimated by the hire, by which standard I am disposed
to be governed ; and I consider .full-task hands must have brought
annually during those years. $60,per head, and the furnishing $15, leaving
$45. Many planters realize;$100 or more; but much depends upon the
quality of the soil, and its situation, whether safe , or unsafe, old or new ,
and many other circumstances.
, 7, I am not prepaied to say that there is any material difference in
my annual profit on capital for the ten. year's alluded to ; and I might so
say as to the prices and profits, [they having] been affected by the
operation of the tariff laws." As long as these unconstitutional and'
oppressive duties prevail, it will be a difficult matter to prove whether
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we are richer or. poorer to-inorfow. We ha%re felt severely the effects
pf taxation for years; and all that we desire is to Witness' the effects' of
duties reduced to a revenue standard.' All duties lessen the ability of
the planter, and lessen the income' by increasing the prices of such articles
as are necessary for consumption. The essential articles of blankets,
plains, and implements of husbandry,' cost to the planter every cent of
the duty ; which so much increases the price as to render it exceedingly
onerous, pai'ticularly to the poorer classes. If a system of taxation on
domestic manufactures, could be placed on an equality with the foreign,
we. would soon discover the difference in the prices of our agidcultural
staples ; and until a monopoly ceases in our Government, there is little
hope of better things.'
8. The State , of South Carolina is not dependent on any State, and
raises la.rgely of every kind;, but many horses and mules are brought
into the State and sold, from .Kentucky, Tennessee, &c. Number of
horses in 1840, 129,921; but carihot give the average annual amount or
price for the years specified. ■
9 to 25. No answers. ‘
26. As a rice planter I have never been benefited by any duties.
(See answer to 7th question.) ^ South Carohna improves but slowly in
proportion to the northern and eastern States, where they have all the
benefits, and we all the evils and burdens of taxation.
27. Aggregate amount of wool in 1840 Was 299,170 lbs'. Previous
to arid after I Cannot §ay ; prices generally prevailing from-25 to 50 cents
per. lb.
28; In 1840, iron 2,415 lbs., salt 2,250. ' Gold, granite, marble, and
other stones, are found in this State, but . cannot say what quantity ot
price for the year's specified.
Waccamaw' Beach, near Georgetown. From R. F. W. Allston.
As sonie arguments and reasoning are found in - the accompanying
communication, : (as wed as facts stated,) which cannot possibly be
condensed without destroying, to some extent, their force, the original
communication is hereto appended.
WaccaMaW Beach, 'rteaV Georgetown, S. C., October 24, 1845.
Being requesfed to. reply to certain “questions propounded by the.
Secretary of the Treasury,” the undersigned-, wilhng to furnish to the
AdministratiOh any information in Ms power, yet earnestly protesting, in
the name of the , Constitution, against a tariff, founded on any pretext
whate'ver, for any Other than the purpose Of raising revenue, and
, that in the most equitable manner, cheerfully responds, according to the
best of his knowledge and belief to the interrogatories as numbered.
The time is quite tOo limited tO reply more fully. Responses 4, 5, and
6, are founded chiefly on his Own experiencedn bis o'wn affairs. Owing
to a seconditry (not choice) location, the want of facilities, and other
circumstances, he believes that be has met with only the ordinary success
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of every - “ well-GOiiducted plantation.” He therefore regards the follow-
ing results of his experience- as being very near the truth, (beyond, rather
than short’ of it,) when considering the ric-e-planting interest of the State
Very respectfully, „ ' ' R.- F. W. ALLSTON.
1. Cotton and rice .are the agricultural staples iof South Carolina.
The following statements will be understood as relating to the latter
staple exclusively, unless cotton should be expressly mentioned.
2. In the business of cultivating and preparing rice for market, the
amount of capital engaged is estimated, -approximately; at $18,, 000, 000.
3. On cotton and rice to the extent of nineteen-twentieths.
'4. As a .inere 'investment .of money,' ^seven and one-third (7J) per
centum on the capital, estirnating -both real, arid personal estate at the
.supposed average mar ket value. ;
5. Estimated, in the same way about eight (8) per cent.
. 6. From 1832 to 1842 the annual average price of fice was about $3 ■
per cwt;* in 1842-’ 43, $2 56; in 1843-’44, $2 63; in 1844-’45, $3.
The annual average income per -hand or laborer, during the first term
of ten years, was about $130 ; in 1842-43, .$83 ; in 1843^’-44, .$96 71 ;
in 1844-^’45, $128. -
. In 1844-’45, the general crop -was' short some 12,000 barrels, which
caused prices to rise towards. the last. - -
In 1845-’ 46, it is estimated that the general failure will be doubie,'
say 25,000 barrels; prices, therefore, will range over, $3. ■
7. An answer to this nSay be derived from a consideration, of other
replies hereiri. 'The state of the currency, it may reasonably he sup-
posed, had some effect bn prices a few years back, for example tne
year 1839, and consequently on profits ; but the effect was ephemeral,
as was the immediate cause. T rade, on the principle of laissez nms faire, ■
will regulate itself and the currency.
•8. This'State does not; the supply is. drawn chiefly from -Kentucky.
I have no means by which to ascertain the amount annually expended
in this .way ; although lesS than formerly, it iS still' considerable. Many
planters rear, as I do, about one-half the number of horses or mules, and
all the Oxen used in farniing. For pork and bacon, in the year 1841 and
prior, I expended $200 per annum where I do not now lay Out $40,
notwithstanding th.e iquantity consumed on the plantationv(abouf 10,000 '
lbs.) has been increased to this exlen-t. • -
‘ 9. Yes'.' . . ' ■ ' , ■
10. I cannot answer satisfactorily.
11. Boards, scantling, •shingles, staves, tar ; further I cannot answer.
• 12. Of the rice.Gfbp nearly the whole, fifteen-.sixteenthsi Of the cotton
efop about ffve-sixths. Prices' of both are pfincipally governed by the
* In 1832 ’.the average price was $2 81j; -in 1833, |2 62j; in 1834, |3 18^; in 1835, P 25;
in 1836, p 43|; in 1837, p 68j; in 1838, $4 06i; in 1839, $2 50; in 1841 ,'$3;— average, p 12i.
F or 1840 1 am not furnished; having mislaid my accouiit for that year. . ,
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foreign demand, ttiovigh the competition for home consumption helps to
put up the price of the la tter, or rather to keep it up. .
The exports of cotton are principally to Great Britain and France ;
about one^eighth goes to the north of Europe, the Mediterranean, &c.
The quantity manufactured in the United States is about one-sixth of
the crop. ' •
The exports , of rice are principally to the north of Europe, Great
Britain, and Cuba, To Great Britain if is shipped chiefly in the rough
or crude state, in which state it is called .paddy. ^ Some shipments ai'e
made also, to F ranee, both cleaned and. in the rOugh ; , the choicest . sam-
ples are selected, for the French mai'ket. About one fourth of the crop
is shipped coastwise, principally to New York and Boston,” whence, for
the most pai't, it finds its way to the north of Europe and the West
Indies; In Cuba the consumption of Carolina rice is about 17,000 bar-
rels, (average 600 lbs.) Competition is met with here in rice grown in
Old Spain, in Maranham, and Campeachy.
In England, and the north Of Europe, the competition encountered is
great; being . from the Java and East India rice, which can be afforded
much lower than ours. In England there are mills (constructed by Mr.
Lucas. of this State) which will prepare over 300,000 bushels. . When-
ever it becomes the interest of their capitalists not to purchasepur rough
rice, the East India, paddy is put under , the pestle, andYhus thrown irito-
the European markets j in a better condition far than they , can possibly
put it in . in India or Ja.ya. , The present tariff operates very unfavorably
to us by levying high duties on such articles as would best suit for ship-
ment to this State in lieu of remittances. F or exainple, the rice shipped
to Cuba would partly be paid for by return cargoes of sugar, but for the
almost prohibitory duty on sugar.. Again : the riee shipped to England
would be paid,for by return cargoes made up of hardware, cotton goods,
woolens, and salt, (which are the principal articles required in exchange
for our produce,) but for the same almost prohibitory duties. Thus is
our ability lessened .and our trade crippled by the unwise legislation of
our own countrymen. .
In the year 1843 the amount of duties accruing w‘as , $10,544,135,
being; an average rate of 36 per centum on the .value of merchandise
imported paying duty. In 1844 amount of dutigS' $29,137,000, being '
an average rate of ‘34.82 per centum on the value , of . dutiable merchan-
dise. Owing, to minimum valuations, together with the heavy duties on
the particular articles cOnsunied by them, the rate of duty paid by southern
consumers is greatly more than this. „
13. As much connection as tliere is between. individuals trading horses.
. If A cannot sell his saddle-horse in B- — -- market, without paying
thirty per centum on his value for the privilege, he cannot purchase C’s,
draught-horse at that place, but must look elsewhere for a more favorable
market, Five ships arrive at Charleston fi'om Europe. The supercargo
of each is instructed to lay in a cargo of rice. One having on board his.
ship (excellent woolen goOdsV with which our laborers are
\ clad,) says, to the rice factor, As soon as I, dispose of ray plains, worth
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45 cents the' yard, (original cost. and transit charges,) I will take of you
a ship load of rough rice, at 80 cents per bushel.” Ongoing to Mr. L.,
the merchant, he finds there a supply of “Chelmsford plains” (made at
the North, and very inferior to the other, both in weight and substance)
selling at 50 cents. Mr. L,. tells him, “Sir, yours are greatly superior;
hut, to enable the manufacturers of the Chelmsford to compete with you
in selHng to the planters. Government has imposed on the introduction of
your woolens a premium tax, in the shape of an impost.,, of 40 per cent;,
ad valorem. NOw, to indemnify you for paying this duty, together with
commissions, I must sell your goods at 65 ceiits, and it will require
nearly two jmars to work this supply.”
The supercargo, returning to the factor, says: “ Mr. Factor, I have
left my woolens whh Mr. L. the merchant,'' to be disposed of at Sn
advance of 20 cents the yard beyond the price I mentioned, this being
rendered necessary by the exactions of your Government. The impost
duty of 40 per cent, lue cannot pay; this is out of the question; we could
not live at it. The consumer, your own countryman, must pay it; .and
the quiet way to do the thing is the best. So we’ll just, add the dutyim-
posed by yfiur tariff on the , priqe; (a majority of those who buy it will
not be at all the wiser.) But, mark you; I cannot come back here for
two years, arid then I must fetch only one-third of my present cargo;
(the plariter, trusting to Providerice for a mild winter, will toooften prefer
buying the Chelmsford', or some other goods,, at 50 cents, to iriy Welsh
plains at 65 cents.) , I will talce your rough rice again; but inasmuch as
I'shall have to fetch out two-thirds of its value m specie at a certain
risk and loss of profit, or in bills of exchange, I will only be able to pay
you 70 cents, per bushel instead, of 80 cents. After thqt, unless more
wise and liberal counsels shall prevail in your national legislation in
regard to your trade with our country, I shall be compelled to give up
trading with you altogether.
“ Although the rice of Carohna is the best in the world, yet to secure
to myself and liiy principals a. legitimate profit on our investment I must
■trade with Java or the Indies'.” , ' , .
, One of the aforementioned ships is laden with hardware, another with
carpeting (at 5,5 per,, cent', duty) and blankets, (82 by 72 inches, at 25
per'cent, duty,);another with osnaburgs, another with salt— all of which
articles are extensively used among plariters ; the same argument, in
Substance, will apply to each cargo. - , , -
This suppqsitiori will, in some measure, serve to. illustrate the effect
of the present high tariff on the imports^ and ultimately on the exports,
of the plantation States. ■ , ,
The course of trade, , once interrupted, is with great difficulty, if ever,
induced to resume its accustomed channel., . .
14. There are several cottori factories.in the .State operating on a. Small
scale: In Pendleton, in Greenville, (one here of paper also,) in Spartan-
burg, (one, here of iron also,) in Darlingtori, one owned by Colonel J.
W. Williaihs, in which he employs from '40 to 50 operatives,- There
was one in Marlborough, with superior water povver; but I believe it
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has been abandoned or' converted to some other use. In Barnwell, the
“ Vancluse -’ is very suGcessful; m Lexington, near Columbia, the
“Salud'a ” company divided 5' per cent, the last half year. Limited as
is the number of these factories, it is believed they are not dependent
for their profits on the^present duties; but it cannot be doubted that a,
, number pf them- were brought into existence by the patronizing coun-
tenance of Government, and stimulated by the temptation to share a por-
tion of the immense pixjfits derived fi-dm their peculiar tariff p-otection
by the similar establishments at “Lowell,” Fall River,. Paterson, and
elsewhere. •
15. I am unable to answer.
16. The capital thus invested isvery limited,, nearly all the exports from
this State bfeing paid for in bills' of exchange upon the countries to which
they are: shipped. The present high duties, and the theory of protection,
so fatally for us applied, forbid the importation to any extent of foreign
productions, and fabrics in return for our exports. Thus are both the
commercial and agricultural interests of the States materially affected
by the “tariff laws.”'
17. It would. By this means, the surplus productions and fabrics of
any country could be shipped here, in order to be exchanged for produce,
and be held for a market eitheF on the spot of in the neighborhood of
the mart, without the importer being compelled. to pay the import before
a sale- could be negotiated. When such compulsion exists, it is often
necessary to sell a part of the goods at an unfavorable moment, in order
to raise the means of paying, the duty on the whole ; whereas, under a
warehouse system, the expense of storage only would be incurred.
18'. Unfavorably, by hampering the freedom of trade, abridging the
privilege of the merchant importing to seek the best market for the time
being. It would serve to lessen the inducements to native citizens to
invest in commercial adventures, and to foreign capitalists to engage in
ouF trade. -
19. I cannot answer satisfactorily. ’ ■ ■
20. Manufactures of iron and steel, of cotton, of hemp, of wool, of
leather, of copper; glassware of' all kinds,, paper, books, paints; all of
which we would take in 'exchange for produce. The importation of
these articles has been gradually diminishing latterly; .thus showing that
the high duties are becoming virtually prohibitory. '
21; The sj^stem of minimums ,aiieets the great interests of our State .
by oppressing our people having small means ; denying them the priv-
ilege of buying, at the legitimate ;pfice, the lower-priced fabrics best
suiting their fancy and the condition of their pockets; again,, by its
general immoral .tendency;, for the rest, see l7th.
22. On tea and cbfiee an ad valorem duty onerhalf in rate of what is
now levied on articles of more essential use to us, would 'yield a revenue
of $2,000,000; the 'value pf these imports exceeds $13,000,000, and
they are consumed in. the United States more universally than anything
else, excepting salt and sugar, perhaps. ‘ ^ ,
23. I know hot.
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24.. The effect has been very materially to. diminish the iniportation.
of such articles, and to enhaoce their price.
The dutie.^S upon woolens, cotton ba.gging, and such articles of hard-
\(Vare as are extensively used in the agriculture of the State, viz : spades,
scythes, chaiiis.,, nails, guns, castings of all. kinds, &c., operate , injuriously
on all the other industrious classes, inasm.uch as they, are compelled to buy
what they want out of a more limited supply, consequently at enhanced
prices, besides getting sometimes an inferior article ; sugar and salt are
t^o of the most important amongst the necessaries of hfe— on one the
duty is about IQQ per centum ad valorem, on the other even, more than
that.
25. See 20th. I have no mean.s of saying what is the aggregate paid ,
to Government ; but I can speak confidently as, to the sqm paid (incor-
porated with the price) by an individual; a rice planter, working about
one hundred hands, finds that \\is pfantatioii expenses during the. years
1844-’45 amounted to 13,400; of this sum. he has p.aid $296 20:, in the
shape pf Government duties on woolens, blankets, osnaburgs, salt, iron>
leather, and hardware) for the necessary use of his labo.rers ; if we were •
to include his personal expenses, articles purchased for use during the
Same year, other than those of ordinary necessity, namely, for household
use, the amount of imposts would exceed 1^00 for one individual Qon-
sumer, wliose habits are uot extravagant.
These imposts operate, unconstitutionally and unjustly, as a premium
in favor of the nortnem manufacturer, at the expense (uhcompensated.
by aught) of the southern and southwestern planter and consumer;
whereas, by taxing some of the luxuries .of life which are now admitted
duty free, and putting a moderate duty on the articles,, SOrne of which
are enumerated in reply to the twentieth question, the increased impor-
tation of such goods would, in a few years, more than make up for the
di.nilnution- of the rate of duties, and altogether would raise a sufficient
revenue to meet the expenses of the' Government, reduced; as d}ey .
should be,- to the fair and just standard of a liberal economy,
Such-a policy should recommend itself to enlightened statesmen by
the consideration that it would tend greatly to effect a most desirable
.end, namely, to remove from the minds pf the people pf the South and
Southwest the irupresslon that they axe bearing an unjust and onerous
share pf the burdens of the Government. ' . ' .
The supplies heretofore enurnerated 'are received chiefly from Great
Rritain and ffie Continent, in exchange for opr rice, on which (the rpagh
rice in particular) the duty in England is trifling, in comparison with
our duties on their manufactures of iron, wool, and cotton.
Many, of our cotton planters have already set about: manufacturing
at homci their woolen aud cotton goods; I have received, as a present,
.some of the goods ffiMS made, now and heretofore they will wear
almost .as loiig , again' as- the goods for the same purpose coming from
the protected factories of the North. , , • ,
26. They do not; they cannot be modified m aey- epnceivable way,
so ,as to benefit the “ growers.-”. i ■
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M — Continued.
-By the blessing of God the State has prospered ; not in consequence,
•but in spite of the present high duties on the articles imported in
exchange for her agricultural produce. Her imports,, however, have
been less and less. The unequal action of the Federal Government in
collecting and expending the general revenue having had the effect to
render the planting States tributary to the northern ports, most of the
supplies, for the interior especially, are received coastwise. ' ■
The average annual, imports for ten years, from 1833 to 1842, were
$2,089,463 ; average annual exports for the same time, $10,291,735.
The average annual imports for two years,. 1843 and 1844, were
$1,213,112; average annual exports, same time, $7,597,045. In the
year 1800 the produce of the State was exported from her own ports,
at which were also received the return cargoes which paid for it. Then
trade was brisk; all the interests of the State flourished in a high degree.
Then the imports , at the port of Charleston yielded a revenue of
$2,203,812, (less expense pf collecting.) Now, (1843,) the duties
collected at the same port are $158,405, gross. The great portion of
our import business is done in the northern ports, where the chief
revenue is collected on them.. South Carolina produces for exporta-
tion as much rice now as then ; but the profits of the commerce based
upon her great, staples inure to other ports than her own. One-fourth
of the rice crop iS' shipped coastwise, to be exported chiefly to Europe
and elsewhere from , northern ports.' The consumption of the State is
as great as then ; but the supplies and merchandise demanded for it
(especially for the interior) are sent to us mostly from the North and East ;
and thus we, as consumers, pay on oUr supplies, either to the Govern-
ment (in the one case) the .duty collected, at the North on the imported
article, or (in the other) the premium (secured by. the tariff ) to the.
manufacturer at the North of the domestic article. This Effect has been
produced, though not entirely, mainly by the operation of the tariff
law;s, together with the glaring inequality with which the public money
for. a long series of years has been expended.
- 27. Wool is raised in sufficient abundance by many planters. I have
no means by. which to ascertain the ag^egate quantity. I have never
known it held at more than 25 cents per pound. It is chiefly paid for in
barter ; . planters having a surplus being in the habit of supplying their
more needy neighbors in the country, at a very low rate, with enough,
when mixed with cotton, for their annual (home-made) stock of winter
clothing. These last must suffer seriously by the continuance of a high
tariff. -
Anderson Court Hotise. From Edwin Wehb, Postmaster.
1. Cotton and rice ai'e the great agricultural staples of this State ; no
tobacco worth mentioning. We raise pf the common grains near about
as much as consumed. . '
2. Gne-fifth of its capital in rice, and four-fifths in cotton.
3. These interests are immediately cdnnected with the agricultural
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productions of our State, and their profits increase or diminish in the
same proportion with' them. '
^ 4. The profits on well-conducted fai'ms in the upper pait of this
State have been, I should say, per cent; on the capital, and 5 per
cent, in the lower part, since and including 1842. The average price of
cotton, in Charleston,- 6 J cents.
5. The capital thus employed for the ten yeai'S preceding 1842 had
a profit of 5 per cent., and the price of cotton in Charleston was, on an
average, about 9 cents. : : ,
6. About 6 J cents, per lb. since 1842, and 9 cents preceding that
time ; and the annual income per hand, deducting all expenses, during
the same periods, was about $35 and $50 respectively.
7. The tarifflaws have had but little effect on prices and profits ;
they have been mainly affected by production and consumption and the
state of the currency. ,
;8. The State does not raise a supply of horses, mules, aifd hogs, by
perhaps one-fourth of the two latter and One-tenth of the former. These
I are brought mostly from Kentucky and Tennessee, she raises her cattle
mostly,- and other provisions generally; have no means of stating the
amount — several hundred thousand dollars, though;' prices for good
horses, the last three years, sixty-five dollars, mules fifty dollars, pork
from 2^ to 3 cents gross ; and for the ten years preceding, horses $80,
mules $60 to $65, and pork 4 to 5 cents;', the difference mainly owing, to
. the scarcity of nioney tne last three years compared with the ten years'
preceding. , ' .
9. I answer this question in the affirmative. ■ .
10. The average prices of protected articles have been as low, for the
. last three years, under this view of the question, as in the ten preceding;
and had a reasonable portion ofothe capital and influence of thq State
been embarked in the manufacture of these articles sorne few yea rs past,
they would have been lower than they now are, and cotton would have
been worth something more, I must think, and the general expense of
living less than it now is.
11. The State exports but very little except its agricultural products. .
12. The State m^ces but little for exportation except rice and cotton.
I presume half the rice,)or more, is consumed, abroad, and almost all
the cotton is exported; their prices are influenced principally by the
foreign deniand, especially that of cotton. The cotton shipped most to
Liverpool; some to the : northern States. There is considerable com-
petition in the foreign market; I think it very questionable whether a
jj^ protective tariff lessens our ability to meet that competition ; if it does, I
HL am unable to say in what way.
is. 'The connection between imports and exports: is such that it is
Hr difficult to conceive' how a country can, for a length of lime, continue to
^ import a greater amount in value than she exports, without an injury to
I herself. The reverse is more, intelligible. Almost any country whose
I agricultural and manufacturing interests are kept well-balanced and
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highly impi'oved may export more than she imports, especially one whose
resources are abundant in raw materials.
14. We have a few cotton arid iron factories in this State— twelve or
fifteen of the first, and five or six of the latter, The cotton factories:'
make yarn mostly, and weave some, coarse qlot.bs ;, the iron factories make
bar and sheet iron, nails, castings, &c.j cannot state their capital; they
are, however,, on srnall scales.,; their profits, are less for the, last three
years than they were the ten preceding I should say,, as. they sell ^heir
arti^cles from 50 to 100 per cent, lower, than some years past;, yarn now
$1 per bunch, ten years ago tS; nails 6 cents per pou.nd, ten yeai's past
10 cents. Still their profits are much better than those engaged in raising
the great staples of tho State, .
15. But very few of our citizens are engaged in; navigation, and fewer
in ship-building.
16,. The capital invested by our citizens in commerce bears a very
small proportion to the capital invested, in the agricultural products and
staples' of the State.. If its interests have been affected by the tarilF laws,
I am unable to say how or to what extent.
17. My commercial knowledge and present rnean.s do- not afford any
information which would be. of service to you on -this question,; nor on
the 18th a-nd 19th questions. - .
20. I know of but few, if any; there should be none, ! think, except
such as are driven out by the low price of the domestic article, under a
reasonable duty, which, I am inclined to beheye, would be Ae case,
with many of them in a few years, were the capital and labor of the
country properly diversified.
21. - My .information on this question, will not enable me to say ahy
thing worth communicating.
22. I cannot, with the, means now before me, name them ; but I
should say on all such articles as are, or could beyeadily manufactured
in the United States. As to the amount of revenue whiuh might be
collected on these articles, 1 cannot say,. ■
23. My Itnowledge of the articles used in manufacturing generally
will not enable me to say anything satisfactory on. this question- ■'
24. A welbregulated protective tariff will have a favorable tendency
to increase the nian'ufacture of all such articles as can he. manufactured
extensively in this country, and will 'ultirnately operate to the advantage
of all, while a high duty Qii such articles as cannot be made in the
country to advantage will operate particdly, and should not be. laid. As
to the present system of duties, I think the tariff law of 1842 is riot as
well regulated as it might be, and too high on many articles.
25. I know of but few prohibited ; the article of raw cotton, and per-
haps a few others, might be set down as such. As to the enhanced
price of such , as are not prohibited, there is rnuch variety of opinion.
My own view, is embraced by the principle laid down in the answer to
the last (24th) question, , As to the aggitegate amount of duties now paid
on such articles, or what would be paid under a tariff graduated entirely
with a view to revenue, I cannot say. .
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' M— ^Continued.
26. The present duties, so far as they 'increase the manufactories of
the country, benefit those engaged in agiieulture, as well as all other
classes, by diversifying .capital and labor by producing a greater
demand for agricultural, productions ; thereby enhancing the value of
lands, &c. And I presume that the most, indeed all the manufacturing
States, are. enjoying a, reasonable state of prosperity, taking into consid-
eration the state of the world;, the currency, &c.' Had a suitable portion
of the Capital and labor of our State been invested a few years past in
the various manufactures to. which her natural advantatges are so well
adapted', I think there can be no doubt but that her condition would
have been entirely prosperous to what it now is, and that sh® . would,
have retained^ thousands of her hardy yeomanry who have fled before
the withering, prospects of poverty and want.
27. Cannot state the quantity of wool raised in the State, though it
"^is small — hardly suflEicient for the small use made of it in families. It
has sold for the last two or three years for -40 cents per pound; previous
to’^this time its price was 50 cents.
28.. We have no mines in the State ’^orth mentioning, except a few ,
gold mines, hardly worth working. .
Friam the President of the Chamber of Commeixe, Charleston, S, C.
Chamber OF Commerce, Charleston,
• November 13, 1,845.
At an extra , meeting, held this day at the hall of the B.ank of Charles-
ton, Mr. M. C. Mordecai, from the committee on the questions proposed by,
the Secretary of the Treasury respecting the operatim of the tariff, submitted
a report, accompanied with tables, which was read.;; whereupon the foR
lowing resolutions were moved, seconded, and adopted:
Resolved, That the report, with the accompanying papers, be printed
under the direction of the Secretaiy, for .-the use of the members of the
Chamber, arid that a copy of the same be transmitted to each member,
with a notice Of the time fixed for final action thereon,
Resolved, That the President be directed to call a meeting of the Cham-
ber for ,the consideration of the, report, at as early a period as possible
after the, preparation of the papers, as contemplated in the first reso-
lution. Extract from minutes: '
' . WILLIAM P,. HFmOT, Secretary. ,
Report of the Committee of the- Charleston Chamber of Commerce. '
The committee of the Chaideston Chamber of Commerce,, to whom
were referred the letter of the Secretary of. the Treasury, and the ques-
tions propounded by. him in relation to the tariff, with instructions to
adopt such measures as niightbe deemed necessary to procure the infor-
mation desired by him, and^'to report thereon, respectfully submit : '
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, M— Continued.
That they have discharged the duty assigned to them in the best
manner that circumstances would perrnit. They deeply regret the very
short time allowed by the Secretary of the Treasury to answer these
questions, for, in consequence, they have been unable to enter upon the
examination of the tariff with that full detail of facts, and with that
careful investigation which so important a subject demands. They have,
therefore, confined themselves to a simple statement of such leading facts,
drawn from authentic sources, as will exhibit the unequal operation of
, the existing tariff. system, its devastating influence upon the' industry of
the country, generally, and upon the interest of the planting States more
• especially. The inforrnation furnished has been aiTanged under the
heads of agriculture, commerce, ship-building, arid a systern of ware-
, housing, and will be found to cover all of the more important questions
from tbe Treasury Department.
M. C. MORDECAI, THOS. J. ROGER, ®
-F. H. ELMORE, HENRY GOURDIN,
H. W. CONNER, JAMES GADSDEN, '
CHAS. EDMONDSTON, ANDREW McDOW ALL.
Answers by the Charleston Chamb^ of ^Commerce, to questions propounded by
the Secretary of the Treasury.,
Cotton, rice; and Indian corn, are the principal staples grown in South
Carolina; the two former only are exported. ’ ■
The commercial, manufacturing, mechariical, and navigation interests
are entirely dependent on the agricultural ‘interests of the State: — more
especially on the staples of cotton and rice. Remunerating prices for
these staples diffuse prosperity throughout all branches of industry, and
the employment and the profits of every class depend chiefly, if riot
entirely, on the products of the soil. : . “
The capital employed in their production c'aiinot be estimated at less
than $150,000,000. The average profit is generally estimated at 3 to
4 per cent., and the difference in the average profit for the nirie years
preceding 1842, and for the three last years, may be .inferred from the
statements iri another part of this report, in answer to other questions
connected with the subject. The average price of cotton for the nine
years preceding 1842, that is to sayj from 1833 to 1841, was $12 33J,
and for the three years from- 1842 to 1844,. $7 33 J;' of .rice, from 1833
to 1841, $3 per 100 lbs.,' arid from 1842 to 1844j $2 54 per 100 lbs.
The, currency of the country has had no -effect on prices of produce'
beyond what it "has had on all other articles. “Money has been abun-
dant both in Europe and in the United States for the last three- years,
and the depression in priges of cotton arid rice cannot be attributed to
the currency. The tar iff J by preventing competition, and raising the
price of cotton goods to the home consumer^ diminishes, Consumption arid
lessens the price of value of the raw material from which they are made.
The State does not raise a sufficierit 'supply of cattle, mules, hogs, Indian
corn, or oats. They are obtained frOrn Virginia, Maryland,! North C.aror
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J845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 381
M— Continued.
Una, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Louisiana. The committee cannot give
at this moment their average, price or value. All cotton goods, especially
the coai'ser kinds, which are the most protected, have been higher in the
last three jrears, while cotton has been lower than it was ever known;
rice, also, has averaged $2 54 in the’ last, four yea,rs; and in the four
years preceding 1842 $3 51 per 100 lbs. It is . now bringing a much
higher price, the crop being one-third short, but more particLilarly in
consequence of the failure, of the crops in Europe. ' Iron and cotton
goods, and; the coarser kinds of other goodsj are among the articles most
protected by the, tai’iff; many of them are excluded,' the dutips .being
prohibitory. The coarser manufactures of every kind, which enter into
the daily waiits of the masses,, are always the mOst extensively con-
sumed, and all of these articles have been; relatively high in the last
three years, as compared with the prices of cotton and rice. Timber
‘and lumber are. the only articles of any consequence, the product of the
State, Uesides; the staples, that are exported. The .committee cannot
furnish the relative prices for the ten years preceding 1842, and . the -
three years subsequent.
Five-sixths, of the cotton growri in the United States is exported and
consumed, abroad, andi the same proportion may be assumed as correct
in relation to that portion of the crop, raised in Carolina,* Three-fourths
of the rice grown in Carolina is exported and consumed ■abroad. The
price of the- former is governed almost entirely by. the foreign demand,
aqd the, latter also, except in the summer months^ wheii the supply
is sufficient only for the home consumption, and there is a cessation
of export.- Both articles meet competition .in the foreign markets, by ,
similar articles grpwn'in other cbuhtries.. The tariff diminishes imports,
The statement , from the Pepartment (table I) shows! that the less we
import in a series of years, the less do we export in value, although the
qhantity may be increased. High duties increase the cost of produc-
tion, by increasing; the expense of all -articles essential to- subsistence,
and lessen the ability of the plaiiterAo meet the competition abroad.
The experience of all countries has established the Fact, that there is
such a connection between imports and exports that a!ny great inequality,
between the two cannot long Continue. The tables, in this report com
firm this; principle, (see table- L) and they show that with increased pros-
perity in Europe,,and withenhancedprices of all kinds of cottOngoods,
the. raw material is- lower, than was ever known. The European manu-
facturer; has obtained from us more co.tton for less money,, while- the
- ' - ( • ^ ’ .-
* Mr. ’W’eb.ster,- in a speech delivered at one of the fairs in the interior of New York, in 1843,
stated that the consumption of cotton in the.United States Was equal to one-third of the cotton
crop. Mr; 'W’ebster displayed great -ignorance, or he practised a great imposition upon his
hearers. The cotton crop of 1842-ti3 was 2,378,875 bales, and the'! consumption (1842- ’43)
325,189 hales, or one-seventh only of the crop, in round numbers. The crop of 1841-’42 was
1,683,574, and the .consumption 267,850,- being less than bne-sixthj and the crop of 1844!
2,400,000, and the consumption 389,000, or less than one-sixth of the crop also. There is a
good deal of cotton manufactured on the plantations foir domestic use, and by mills in the inte-
rior of the southern States,;but this can inake no. difference in the statement, as the whole
quantity is relatively small', and the cotton so used is not taken from the ports, and is not conse-
quently included in the crop, so that both items may be thrown out with perfect fairness.
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382 ' REPORTS or tTHE [1845.
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American cotton grower, has had fewer goods for more rflpney. Such a
trade must, sooner or later, be ruinous to the exports of the country.*
There have been several cotton factories established within the State
in the last few years. Not enough is known of them to give the infor-
mation asked. They are reported, however, to be doing a profitable
business, and it is believed that they would be equally thriving with a
fair revenue duty. ■,
Tables B, C, and D„ fmiiish a list of many articles of foreign manu-
facture which come into competition With similar articles manufactured
in the United States, the duties on which are nearly, if not entirely,,
prohibitory.- The duty on bagging is particulai-ly onerous to the planter,
because it is ■ almost exclusively used in the- South in the packing of
cotton. It is, subject to a duty of ' four cents the square yard, equal to
44 per cent, on the cost of the imported article. ;
There were required for. the packing of the cotton crop of 1844,
•14,400,000 yards, and there Were imported 1,825,152 ; leaving 12,574,848
yards, which were furnished by the home'manufacturer. The bagging im-
ported in 1844 paid into the United States Treasury the sum of $73,00.6 08.
Assuming 20 per cent, to be a fair revenue duty, the difference between
20 per cent; and 44i per cent., being 24^ per cent., or, in round numbers,
25 per cent., was levied on the. consumerfoof home-niade bagging, as a
bounty to-the manufacturer. Nearly every article used in m;anufacturirig
is either free of duty or lightly taxed. Cotton bagging, is a necessary
article in the production of cotton. To be plkced.on a footing with the
manufabturer, .bagging should,- be free of dut}', or among tne lightly
taxed articles, or there should be ah allowance equal, to the duty on hU
bagging exported with cotton, in analogy to salt used in the fisheries.
, Osnaburgs, coarse cotton goods, plains, coarse woolens and flannels,
• are extensively used in the South in the clothing of slaves, and by other
laborers. These articles are' among the most protected, and are subject
to duties varying from 40 to 200 per cent., as will be seen by , reference
to tables B,. C, and D. Among, the most onerous of these duties, are
ma-y be said that the decline in the price of cotton is to b'e-attributed to an increase of pro-
duction beyond the wants of consumption, but this is -an erroi\ The cotton crop of the United
States of 1844 was 2,400,000 bales — the largest ever made ; .-notwithstanding, the- stocks in the
American ports, on the’ 30th August, the end of the cotton year, were less than they were on
■ ‘^the 30ch. August, 1844, by * ^ ^ . • i65',676 bales.
By the last dates from HavTe, the stocks of Americeui cotton were less than last .
year, at the same tirrie .^........,....19,500 “
' . , ' , 85,146 . “ ‘
In Liverpool, they were more than, at same time last year,. . ; .64,300 “
Making a deficiency in stoek of. .. . ,20,846 “
as compared with'the'same periods of 1844, 'notwithstanding a crop of 2j400i000 bales.
The storks in the Other continental ports cannot be stated, but- they are not large., The stocks
- in spinners’ hands in France.are moderate. In England they are |arge, but much smaller, com-
pared with the extent of their trade, than it: Was their practice to hold SOrne few years since. ' .
It is not unreasonable to assume, therefore, that had not the 'corfsumption been curtailed in the
United States by the excessive duties on-impoHs., and more especially those on the - coarser kinds
of cotton goods, the consumption of cotton at this time would "not only, have been larger, but
quite sufficient to have kept pace with the production, without the disproportionate decline in
price that has taken place between it and the-articles manufactured front' it.
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M — ^Continued.
- -
those on cOarse notton goods,. which, in some instances, are equal to 200
per cent.; consequently, there have been none imported since the tariff
of 1842, the duties being prohibitory. Thus the cotton, plan ter,, five-sixths
of whose crop is taken by the foreign rtianufacturer, is prevented from
taking, in return, the very articles produced from the raw material which
he grows, and' he is therebij forced, by a tariff .lessening competition and dimin-
'ishing ConsUrnptian, to -aid in 'depressing the value of the very' article produced
by the sweat ff' his oibh brow. • • . '
Cotton gpods are manufaetured as cheaply in England as in the United
States, and, under a fair re^mnue duty, they would be imported to some
extent. Tables B, C,’ and D, furnish a list of rnaify articles so circum-
stanced, nearly or entirely prohibited by the tariff, and yielding no revenue.
A decline in the price of cotton goods abroad depresses the price of the
raw material at horhe. Most generally, where prices of articles of manu-
facture decline, especially article's of necessity, the cost of production
is relativeljr' dirninished. It is not so with the cotton planter,, for, he
cannot reduce his expenses by importing the cheaperarticle from abroad —
made, too, from his own cotton; for no matter what the decline in price,
the duty is prohibitory ; and the loxver the price, the more onerous it
becomes. For instance, a yard of cotton goods, costing 10 cents, pays-
a .specific duty of six cents, -equal, to 60 per cent; the price declines to
, five cents, and it still pays six Cents duty, equal to 120 per cent. ,
The duties on sugar and molasses are also particularly onerous. The
. Spanish islands are among the best customers for the; rice of Carolina.
The duties on sugar and 'molasSes are extravagantly 'high, and their
tendency is to curtail the consumption of riCe,- by lessening the means to
pay for it. The duty on Muscovadd Sugar is 100 to 143 per cent.; on
malasses,- 60 to 100 per cent. Table J wiU show the result of an import
tation of twenty-five hogsheads of sugar, netting to the W est India planter
98 cents the loo pounds. Similar, results ai’e common. High duties
enhance the price of manufactures and the cost of living to the agricul-
turist, (and all other consumers,) and depress the prices of produce.^ By
reference to table I, it will been seCn that the average yearly export of
cotton from 1833 to 1841 Was .lbs. 472,037,779
From' 1842 to 1844 ......lbs. 680,215,859
The average value Of cOttOn exported from 1833 to 1841, was $38,458,031
And from 1842, after the new tariff went into operation, to . •
1844 ...... ......... ... ..'.... $50,292,257
Making the increase of quantity. .’. .lbs. 208,178,080
While the decline in value was i . . . .$8,165,774
It is also a fact thaf the years of large imports are those in. which the
. agriculturists have obtained the best prices for their produce. V
The average value of the imports (refeiTing to table I), from 1833 to
■ I84f, was 1 .. . . . . .. ...... .$136,264,252!
And from 1842, after the new tariff, to 1844, was $91,116,973
M%ile the average value of the exports from 1833 to 1841,
was $116,189,575
And from 1842 to 1844 , $100,079,353
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384 REPORTS OF THE * [1845.
M — Continued.
Showing a falling off in the imports, of $45,149,901
And in the exports, of. .. . .. . . ....... .$16,110,228
By reference to the same table, it will be seen, also, that the average
price of Gotton from 1833 to 1841 was $12 33 and from 1842 to_ 1844,
$7 33J. The same table gives the average value of cotton goods
imported from 1833 to 1841 to have been .$11,329,908
And from 1842 to 1844 . . . . . .-. 8,706,263
Showing a falling off in the valhe of cotton goods '
imported, of ... ... ... .$2,623,645 per year.
The average value of the import of woolen goods from 1833 to 1841,
was $13,635,357
And from 1842 to 1844. r5, 978,261
Showing a falling off of. ... .... .$7,657,096 per year.
Thus it is plainly shown, that under, a system of low duties, there is
always an increase of imports and exports, with a corresponding
increase in the capacity to consume, jvhich is sensibly felt in the plant-
ing States ; and that .high duties have the reverse effect.
Minimum and specific duties are unjust and - iniquitous, because of
the heavy exactions they impose on the many for the benefit of the few,
and because they impose a higher percentage of duty on the coarser
articles, which are consumed exglusively, or nearly so, bj^ the laboring
and poorer classes, than is levied on the finer articles, which are con-
sumed by the more wealthy. They are especially onerous to the Souths
because,, being without manufactures, or nearly so, there is no class to
benefit by them, and the tax therefore becomes sectional ; whereas, in '
the Northern and Eastern States, although the consumers there pay the
tax also, yet they have more than an offset, and as. a section are positive
gainers, by the enhanced prices obtained for their goods by virtue of the
protection they receive.
All other branehes of industry are injuriously affected by the present
high duties. The mechanic .and artisan have tO pay higher for their
clothing. All expensed of living enter into the cost of production; the
implements which they use, and the materials which are necessary to
their business, are heavily taxed. By reference, to table D, it wiU be
Seen that iron spikes,- iron wh’e, wood-screws, cross-cut saws, &c., pay
a dut}’' of 80 to 100 per cent., English bar iron, which is converted into
hooks, hinges, and various kinds of bolts, pays a. duty of 80 per centi,
while these articles of foreign manufacture are a.dmitted at duties of 32
to 36 per cent. .- - - ‘ , . . .
The mechanic is a consumer of the products of the soil, as well as of
manufactures. : The high duties on the articles necessary te his trade
are restrictions upon his industry-— they lessen his profits, curtail his
employment, and tiirniinish his means as a consunier. The South being
without manufactures, the effect, of .a protective tariff is tO compel every
man, whether he be a, cultivator of the land or an artisan, tO contribute,
to the extent of .the protection, to the support of others, on all protected
articles that he consumes. ‘ '
' The effect of the present system of duties upon articles extensively'
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M — Continued.
consumed, but manufactured only to a limited extent in the United
States, is of course to enhance the value of .both the foreign and domes-
tic article excessively, and is injurious to the intei'ests of all the other
industrial classes, by increasing their outlay and expenses artificially
and unnaturally.
The growers of rice, cotton,’ and tobacco, in the la.st twenty-three
years, have furnished 67 peroent. of the entire export of the country,
(see table E,) and they are heavily taxed on all the articles used in their
production.
■ The manufacturers in the same time have furnished' one-tenth only of
the value of the entire export, and every article used in their particular
branch of industry is either duty free, or lightly taxed. ;
The comparative operation of the present tariff upon the rnanufacturers
and other classes of citizens is clearly very partial to the former. , There
is scarcely an article used in the process of- manufacturing that is not
free,;or nearly, so, ■ Witness the words of the tariff: drysalteries, dye-
woods of all kinds, palm oil, berries, nuts, and vegetables used princi-
pally in dyeing and composing dyes, crude and refined sulphur, cochi-
neal,. gums, India rubber, kelp, lac dye, madder and madder root,
sumac, saltpetre, palm leaf, platina, ivory, reeds, moth'er-of-peail, &c.,
comprising most articles used in manufacturing processes, whilst others
pay a low rate of duty, varying, fronj 5 to 20 per cent., all which
» should enable the manufacturer to produce everything at the cheapest
rate, and to meet foreign competition on the easiest terms, whilst its
operation on the other classes is directly the reverse. Everything
required for an economical living, arid a cheap production by planters,
as well as by all the other great mechanical arts of the country, is
burdened with an excessive tax, enhancing the value nearly 50 per cent,
before it, reaches the consumer. Witness iron and all its coarser man-
ufactures, Jand cotton stuffs, running up to 100 per cent. ; cotton bag-
ging, 40 to 50 per cent. ; carpets, 50 to 60 per cent. ; flannels, 14 cents
the square yard, without jeference to its quality ; ready-made clothing,
50 per cent. ; cotton thread, 18f cts. per lb., or ,50 to 80 per cent.; all
•the low-priced fabrics of cotton and linen, and. cotton and wool, for the
use of the poorer consumers, 40 to 60 per cent. : yirtufoly prohibiting
many other articles altogether, and forcing the farmer and all other
classes. of citizens to pay an excessiye(^ice for all imported articles, or
to take the domestic article at a hfgh artificial value sustained by the
tariff. ,Tt is evident these classes cannot, without submitting to a great
deprivation of comfort, raise their produce and bring it -into competition'
with more favored producers, who are supplied- with necessaries at a
natural or reasonable rate.
The, effect of the high protective duties on the cultivator of the; soil is
to depress the price of everything he produces, and to raise the price of
everything that he consumes. The consequences are obvious: the
profits from manufacturing, since the tariff of 1842, have been from 15-
to 50 per cent.; from' agriculture in South Carolina", 3 to 4 per cent..
The present high duties do not benefit; in any respect, those engaged
VoL. V. — ^25.
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386 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
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. in growing' the stapjes of riee*, co'tton, and tobacco, but the very reverse.;
and the.y cannot be modified in any way to benefit these interests, but
by reducing them. The State has not prospered under the protective
tariff system, and it has been shown in what manner it has been affected
by it.
Tea and Coffee are legitimate objects for a revenue tariff, because they
are consumed by all classes throughout the Union, and a moderate duty
would not bear heavily on any one class, nor would it check consump-
tion. A moderate duty on the articles now free, with a 20 percent, duty
on tea and coffee, and on all articles now paying a duty above that rate,
would' greatly increase the revenue, and at the same time equalize the
burdens of the Government; 20 percent, duty on the free articles would
furnish near $5,000,000 of revenue.
High duties diininish imports. Or wholly prevent them.^ If the articles
now excluded by excessive duties, or the import of which is diminished
from the same Cause, were permitted to come in under a fair revenue
duty, an impulse would be given to every branch of industry, and the
public revenue would be greatly increased, without imposing any partial
or onerous burdens on any class or section of the country.
Hunt’s Magazine, speaking of Great Britain, says: “The collateral
‘ effect of the removal of the duties upon necessary articles appears to
‘ have piromoted the consumption of all others, in a manner to gain 30 per
‘ cent, more revenue than was estimated by the minister.” , Nor would-
^a reduction .pf duties to a strictly revenue standard injure the manufac-
turer, for the greater prosperity of the consumers (or, in- other words, his
customers) under such a system; would more than compensate him against .
the competition from abroad. ■
The reduction of duties on live animals, butter, and cheese, imported
into Great Britain, this year, shows that the graziers and farrhers are,
less dependent on a monopoly than on a prosperous condition of their
consumers. There were imported into Great Britain in the
Oien. Cows. Calves. Sheep lambs. Swine,.
First 9 months of 1846, 6,863, 3,754 656‘' ' 5,791 495
And in all. .'....1844, 1,422 533 40 359 486 .
In all. .....1843, 556 ’ 270 -32 16^ ' 242
There were imported into GreaLBritain from January 5, to September 5^ —
. - .1843. . 1844. 4845.
Of butter. -.... .,.-.103, 482 cwt. ■ 123,575 cwt. ' 163^355 cwt.'
Ofcheese ....... 97,894 “ , 129,587. 163, 305 . “
Notwithstanding this great increase in the import of live animals, the
London Economist states, “ that the demand. for live cattle in all -parts
‘ of the kingdom was never so great as at this time, nor have better prices
‘ for years been obtained. The same remarks,” says the London
Economist,“ apply to butter and cheese. The import of foreign butter
‘ and cheese Continues from month to month on a rapidly increasing
‘ scale; but every month the demand for the home produce becomes
■‘ greater.” , . ■ ■
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Fcdoral Rosorvo Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 387
M— Continued.
The export of British produce and manufactures from the United
Kingdom, for the eight months ending the 5th of September, 1845, is
nearly as possible the same in value as in the same eight months of 1844,
and much less in quantity; yet so great is the prosperity of the home
trade, or, in other words so much improved is the condition of the con-
sumer, arising from the greater abundance of food , and the greater
freedom tq industry under the late tariff, that all articles of tnanufacture
are higher than they have been for several years, v
The foregoing statements show that the prosperous condition of the
masses is far more important to the inanufactui er in the United States,
than any monopoly that could, be established;
Wool is grown in South Carolina to some extent; itjs entirely coii-
sumed within the State; the product is increasing.
The iron mines are extensive, and some small workings by bloomeries
have been made. , These are of no consequence. There are three
establishments for the working of iron mines, by blast furnaces, roUing
mills, &c. They are located respectively in York, Union, and Spartan-
burg districts. To each estabjishipem are attached considerable mines
of iron ores. ,, There are eight blast furnaces, three rolhng mill^, three
foundries, and" two nail factories, in the three estabhshments.
They are wcrked chiefly by slave labor ; their product varies ffom
3,500 to 4,000 tons of pigs to half that quantity. This is worked into
castings, bars, nails, &c. Prices, have varied considerably, being influ-
enced more by the ability of consumers than other causes. The con-
sumption is local, among the planting interest ; and whatever depresses
that,* and diminishes its ability to consume, lessens demand and prices;
Since 1843, the price of iron has been reduced from this cause some 30
per cent., until latterly it bears a better rate. This again is to be
attributed to the fact that a drought of nearly two years has rendered
the supply of water for the works often inadequate, and the production
has been very considerably reduced. The price of iron in the markets
that are supplied by these works, although affected, is not yet controlled
by the tariff. Their location is so far in the interior as to constitute a
protection against foreign competitors, and the cheapness -of provisions
and slave labor, with competent skill and management, will always
render them independent of Government protection, ■
'Commerce,,— The proportion that the capital in the State invested in
commerce bears to the value of its’ staple products, cannot be correctly
stated in figures. It is quite ample, however. The interest on .money
has been moderate and steady for many years, and capital can always
be had at the legal rate of interest for mlleglrimate purposes of busi-
ness. 'The commercial interests of the State have been much depressed
for many years. The draining influence of the tariff has no doubt been
a leading cause. The products of the soil are sold at low cash prices,
and all articles of consumption are bought at high monopoly prices. The
effect in a series of years must be increased poverty, a deprivation of
comforts, and a crippled > trade. Table A will show that the principal
Staple of the State, cotton, rates lower in price than it has ever done.
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pJoeral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.388
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
I
M— Continued.
while in Europe and America all manufactures, especially of cotton, are
higher than they have been for years.
The effect of the tariff has been to transfer, or to convert, the direct
foreign import trade into a domestic or coastwise one, and to compel the
planting States to receive all necessary supplies at enhanced home prices,
in lieu of the cheaper foreign article. The transfer has cost the South
, the diflererice between the prices of the article abroad and the prices of
the article of home manufacture, besides lessening the demand for the
products of the South, and diminishing their prices or value.— (See
tables.)
Table G will show that the average yearly amount of duties collected
in South Carolina, from the year' 180^0 to 1828, the year of the first, very
extravagant protective tariff, was $928,951, and frorn 1828 to 1844
$467,993, exhibiting a falling off in the import of one-half; and in the
last statement is included $160,000 duty on railroad - iron imported in
1844. ; .
The same results Vvill be found in the exports, by reference to table
E. They increase with a low duty, and fall off with a high duty, and
prices of produce are affected accordingly, as has been exhibited in the
tables annexed. . '
It is undeniable, that all regulations which convert a trade of baiter
into a commerce where specie forms an important payment in the settle-
ment of commerciaf balances, or which force the; foreign trade into
indirect or circuitous channels, must affect, sooner or later, the value of
, the exports of the country. . ,
The amount of imported merchandise in the year 1844, subject to
duty,, was w $83,668,154
Of merchandise free of duty 24,766,881
• ' , ! •_
Total import in 1844 . .$108,435,035
The amount of duty collected was $29,137,061, equal to (in round
numbers) 35 per pent. A duty of 27 per cent, on the whole amount
imported would have produced the same amount of revenue ; showing
a tax paid by the consumers, and which the manufacturers received, as
a bonus, of $7,000,000^ or of 8 per cent, on $83,668,154.. In addition
to this bonus , of $7,000,000, besides a protection 6f 27 per cent,-,
assuming that to have been the duty on the whole: amount of import,
the manufacturers received also an additional bohus of 8 per cent, (the
difference between 27 :and 35 per cent.) on the whole amount of pro-
tected goods manufactured by them— say on' $200,000,000— equal to
$16,000,000; and this protection is given to an interest whose nurnbers
and capital do pot exceed the nunubers and capital of South Carolina.
Such a system 'mUst be 'injunous to the entire foreign trade of the
country, but more especially to that portion of it whose staple products
are consumed principally abroad. -
Warehou, sing.— In the absence of a system of warehousing, aU articles
in original pa,ckages should be entitled to drawback on being reexported,
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
389
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M— Continued.
except wines and spirits not in custom-house stores. The establisTiment
of a proper system of warehousing would j however, fender drawbacks
unnecessary, and, if properly regulated, would greatly benefit all the
great interests of the country. Agriculture, commerce, manufactures
and navigation would all share in its benefits. '
The bill introduced at" the last session would be very obnoxious.
The goods should at aU times be deemed sufficient security for the
duties, and duties should be paid on the weight or measure of goods at
the ,time of delivery for consumption, or export. The duties not being
payable until delivery of the goods, or until they be taken out of bond
at the expiration of the time allowed for warehousing, no interest should
be. charged thereon. . The storage shOuld be by opeii competition, and
the merchant should be permitted to find the warehouse, the Govern-
ment being satisfied with the safety and the security of the budding.
Goods intended for consumption might also be permitted to be shipped
from one port of entry to another, the duties to be paid at the port where
they are entered for consumption.
In case of drawbacks, it is equally unjust that the duties allowed
should be on the weight or measure at the time of landing. Table K
will show its operation.
A drawback On fish from the British Provinces, and elsewhere,
would be highly beneficial to the southern States. If a drawback were
allowed, fish Would be imported to some extent for the purpose of
export, and assist greatly in making up ■ assorted cargoes with our own
staples, without iiljury to the American fisheries.
Charleston was. at one time engaged in ship-building
to some extent, and many ships W'ere owned by its citizens. There are
now very few ships o\vned by them, and the vessels built annually are
very few, and generally of the smallest class. The high duties on iron,
chains, cables, and other icLiticles of outfit, render them . costly in pro-
portion to the cost of British vessels ; and the competition from these,
and the small direct import trade from Europe, render it unprofitable
to own them. American tonnage has not increased in the same pro-
portion as British tonnage, in the last ten or fifteen years. Even in the
ports of the United States there has been a great increase of foreign
vessels in the last few years.
According to the statement from, the Treasury Department, (table H,)
the value of the exports of 1841 was $111,200,046; of this amount there
was exported in American vessels $78,450,529, and in foreigri vessels'
$32,749,517. In the same year ^,6l0,924 tons American ships cleared,
and 906,814 tons foreign.
The amount of foreign tonnage employed in the trade of Charleston
and other southern ports is more remai'kable. By the same table it will
be, seen that the foreign export of South Carolina in 1844 was $7,429,585.
Of this amount there was exported in American vessels $3,202,386, and
in foreign vessels $4,227,199. There Were 238 American vessels
entered the port in the same year, or 49,801 tons, and 159 foreign
vessels, 48,926 tons.
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sderal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
390
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued. ■
It is unprofitable under these circum stances to own vessels, and there
is no other way of accounting for the depressed state of the shipping
interest than that the tariffi in the first instance, enhances the cost of
vessels, and then cuts, off their employment by prohibitory duties, which
diminish imports and cripple commerce; while our great rival and
competitor proclaims to the ship-builder, “ Take' free of duty all that
you require' for your outfit.’*
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M — Continued.
TABLE A. — Prices of Cotton, frotni 1832,
■ '
1832.
1833.
1834.
M
1836.
1837.
1838.
1839.
1840.
1841.
1842.
1843.
1844.
January.
-
10 ® li
10 @11^
141® 17
13J@16i
15'i@18
11 @14
ll @ 151
71® 104
9i@ll
54® 91
44® 85
8 @10.
February.
9i®103
10 @111
15 @171
13 ®164
lS'i@17|
134® 17
7-@ 85
91® 114
6 @10
41® 81
81® 104
March
9»®lli
10 @12
15 @17
14i@174
8 @103
14 @17
6 @ 81
9 @114
5 @ 91
43® 7
7 @ 94
April. . . .
10 ®11J
101® 13
16 @184
16 @21
9 @13
9 @11
13 @17
51® 91
9 @115
5 @ 9.1
44® 7
6 ® 84
May. .
104® 123
121® 13|
16 @20
16 @20
93® 111
15 @181
5 @ :94
94® 1114
44® 10
5-i@ 7
54® '75
11
11 ®12i
111® 13,1
16 @20
15 @20|
6 ®.n
75®, 12
141®, 15
Rl® TO!
84® 11
' 5 ® 7
' >
July.....^.....
)
8 @10i
11 @13
12J@14
18 @20
164@20
6 @11
84® 13
134® 15
6 @10
7i@104
6 @10
45® ,7
5 @ 75
August
8|@10ji
15. @17
13 @15
17 @19-
15 @20
6 @104
84® 13
6 @10
74® 11
54®, 9
6 @ 8
5 @ 74
September
81® 101
16 @17^
14 @151
17 @181
18 @20
9 @11
9 @124
7 @104
7i@10i
5 @ 94
6 @ 8
43® 7
October
10 @11
16J@ 171
13 ®14i
151® 17
18 @20
10 @121
9 @131
12 @13
7 @10
7 @ 94
5 @ 9
6 @ 84
5.® 64
November..
111® 12
14.1® 154
15|@17
15 @ 161
18 @19
10 @12
7 @ ,94
64® 94
5 @ 8
' 61® 84
5 @ 64
December
10 ®\Vi
12 @ 121
15 @17
13 ® 15
16 @18
10 @12
101® 13J
8 @101
8 @104
64® 91
5 ® 84
74@ 91
41® 6
M
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
Table A continued. — Prices of Rice, from- 1832.
1832.
1833.
1834.
1835.
1836.
1837.
1838.
1839.
1840.
1841.
" 1842.
1843.
1844.
-
25® 35.
21® 2|
24® 31
2|® 31
3 @ 34
31® 35
35® 41
25® 31
21® 35
24® 3 ■
,15® 24
1-1® 25
21® 3
2-1® 25
. 21® 35
25® 31
3 ® 34
31® 4
41® 4|
25® 35
25® 3-1-
2|® 35
2 ® 3
2 ® 25
- •
21® 25
25® 25
25® 3|
25® 31
31® 35
31® 4
41® 41
2|@'25
25® 31.
25® 3'
15® 24
2 @ 25
2i@ 25
21® 2J
. 25® 3|
3i®'35
3 ® 3|
34® 41
44® 4|
24® 35
24® 35
2 @ 21
2 ® 25
2i® 21
21® 31;
2-1® 3
25® 25
3 ® 3i
3 ® 31
25® 25
41® 44
45® 45
25® 34
25® 35
'24® 3-
14® 24
24® 3
3 @
25® 2J
2|@3
35® 4J
3 ® 34
21® 24
4|® 44
45® 44
21® 3|
3 ® 34
24® 25
2 ®'24
3 ® 35
3 @3^
3 ® 31
25® 31
35® 4|
3|® 34
31® 34
44® .5
45® 45
3 ® 34
35® 35
25® 24
21® 24
25® 31
3 @3^
2J@ 31
3 ® 35
35® 4|
34® 35
4 @ 44
44® 5 ,
4 @4i
35® 34
3-1® 4 .
2 @.2-1
25® 2-1
2-1® 31
3i@3i
3 @31
25@ 3|
35® 4
34® 35
4 @ 44
41® 45
4 @ 44
35® 34
35® 35
24® 21
25® 24
25® 3
.^[ (® 3 =
3 @31
21® 3
25@ 31
25® 3|
31® 4
3 @ 34
34® 35
35® 34
41® 45
31® 35
31® 4
34® 4
'35® 35
25® 35
3|® 34
24® 24
24® 25
2 ® 24
25® 35
3 @33!
2-1® 3f
35® 34
31® 3|
21® 24
21® 3
25® 3|
21® 25
25® 31
3 @31
3 ® 35
25® 34
'3-4® 4|
24® 35
25® 35
25® 31
15® 24
14® 21
25® 35
392 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
393
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
TABLE B.
There are a. vast number of articles of foreign manufacture, the duties
on which are a prohibition. We confine our remai'ks to oiir own business.
Low-priced white cambrics, ,38 to 39 inches wide, cost 4s. 6d. for 12
yards, or 8^ cents per yard. The duty, apparently, per tariff, is 30 per
cent., or 2J cents per yard ; but' under the- oppressive system of mini-
mums, which is not understood by the great body, of the people, it is
valued to cost 20 cents the square yard, making the piece of 12 yards
by 39 inches into 13 square yards, and pays 30 per cent, on that arbi-
trary valuation— within a fraction of seven cents cash per yard, or 85
per cent. The cost of import is 17 J cents, including interest on the duty,
while, at 30 percent, duty on the true value, it would cost oply 13 cents.
An American article of similar , quality is sold in Boston at 16 to 17
cents. -Therefore the tariff is a prohibition of this article. . The revenue
is deprived of any duty whatever. The northern manufacturer levies
a tcix out of the pockets of consumers (chiefly the poorest) of near 100
per cent, more than it is sold for in Manchester; and befoie it reaches
: - consumers through the retailer, they pay 25 cents for what would be sold
at 18|, at a duty of 30 per cent.— one dollar in: every four.. But this
excessive duty affects chiefly the poor consumer ; the rich use a cambric,
costing 9s. per piece, or' 16| cents per yard ; the duty on it is still only
seven cents, or 42 J per cent., just half th'af paid by the poor. Again,
the richer -still consume a finer article, costing over 20 cents the square
yard, paying the tariff rate of 30 per cent, on the value; that is, 80 to
90 per cent, for the poor, and 30 per cent. , for the rich consumers.
These remarks apply to jaconet muslins; book, Swiss, andmull muslins;
checked and fancy cambrics; all kinds , of white and colored muslin-
handkerchiefs, which enter largely into the consumption . of sojuthern
climates, but are not so much used in the North. ...
Colored cotton goods are worse. All prints, low-priced ginghams,'
negro handkerchiefs, colbred counterpanes, all the low-.|iriced fabrics of
cotton and wool, cotton and worsted, or cotton and linen, are prohibited
by the tariff,' because they all pay the duty of cotton fabrics. Gn prints
of fair quality, for consumption of the -mass,.costing 8s. 6d. to. 9s. per .
piece, 24 inches -wide, or to 7 cents the yard, the duty is apparendy
30 per cent., or 2 cents per yard; but, under the system of minimums,
are valued to cost 30 cents the square yard', and the. duty thereon, , at 30 ,
per cent., is 9 cents per square yard, or 6 cents cashier- running yard,
in placing of 2 cents; that is, on the true cost, lOO per. cent.
On fine prints, for the rich consumer, costing 18s. or 19s., the duty is
stiU the same^6 cents per running yard, or only ,40 per cent.
On negro head-handkerchiefs, printed or checked,, costing 4s. 6d. per
dozen, 36 inches square, the duty is 9 cents each; or 108 cents per dozen,
or 108 per cent. This is prohibition, and is practically visible ; for whilst
the manufacturer can obtain sudh a bounty- as 108 per cent, from consu-
mers of coa,rse articles, he will never make a fine one, where. the protec-
tion is only 30 per cent. These facts- apply ■ to ginghams, checks, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
394
REPORTS OF THE
— C ontinued .
[1845.
all the colored fabrics mentioned above; also to low-priced flannels,
cai'petSj^and many other articles.
There is an immense quantity of goods in cotton , flax, wool, and iron
consumed in this State, which a!re very greatly enhanced in pricej and
many excluded, or nearly so. We confine ourselves to dry goods. Every
description of cottOn goods and woolens, especially low ones, are much
enhanced- Hats and ready-made clothing are almost entirely excluded.
The following, amongstian immense mass that are scarcely known here,
are nearly excluded : . ' • .
(
Cost of import, with all
expenses except duty.
Prices actually paid
by consumers.
Low-priced cambrics, 39 to 40 inches.
cost 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d. per piece, or
6^ to cerits per yard.
8 j to 11 cents.
18f to 20
Fine cambripS) 39 to 40 inches, cost
6s. to 8s., or 11 to 15 cents
14 to 19 .
25 to ,30
Jaconet muslins, checked cambrics,
&c. ...
■ same
'same
White furniture dimity, 24 to 27 in-
ches, cost id. to 5id, per yard, or
15 to 22 .
7J to 10 cents ^
to 13
Colored counterpanes, coarse to me-'
dium, 10s. id,, llsi id., and l2s.
-
id.', cost 28 to 78, 35 to $1, 56 to
|1 56^ 1...
35 cents to $2
$1 to ,,$4
White counterpanes, medium quality,
10s. id., 11s. id,, and 12s. id.', 112,
133, 175 cents
) $1 35, $1 62i,
4 and $2 12|
^ ^2 to
Common and gOod calicoes, two and
three colors, fast colors ; cost 7«- to
1 Os. per piece,' or 'fl’ to i^d.
Hi to 10 cents.
'9 to 16
Low-priced cassimere,.all wool, cost
Is. id. to 2s
37^ to 56 ■
50 to 90
Blue pilot cloth, for coarse Overcoats,
ls.'4d. to Is. 6d, . .'. . .. ... ...
■ V '
35 to 40 ‘t
50 to 65 ,
Low-priced flannels, prohibited, cost
7^. to Rd. , ...
16 J to 18f “
2,0 to 25
Colored ginghams, stripes and checks.
cost 4Jd. to 6d..
Hi to 14
16 to 20
Blue and white checks, 1,000 reed,
- . ■ • . ■ '
cost 3fd.' to 3|d., or 6| to 7 cents
8, to 9 “
10. to 12J
Negro plains, white Welsh, 14 to IBd.
31 to 40 “
40 to 55
Negro plains. Union cotton and wool.
7-8, 8d. to,10d.......
20 to 25 »
30 to 35
Cotton thread, not on spools, cost Is.
to ,1s. 6d... 1. . . .
27 to43 “
40 to 75 '
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Federal Re.servp R;^nk nf .qt I nuk^
395:
1S45,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
These are wholesale prices and values,- respectively. The list might
be swelled out almost endlessly. The great mass of cotton goods, costing
6 to 8 cents, being valued at 30 cents, and paying thereon 30 per cent,
duty, is a picture of the whole systeni of protection — the consumer
pays the above difference of price, or else takes a^substitute at an equally
artificial value. : ' ■
The duty on glass is also excessive. The duties are specific, and, in
some instances, are equal to 300 per cent. A large dealer in Charleston
states, “articles under the compromise act, which were imported and
‘ sold at 35 and 40 cents per dozen, are now subject tO'g duty of 35 cents
‘ per dozen. We find, on making a calculation on articles which were
‘ imported previous to the present tariff, that the duty to which they are .
‘now subject varies from 90 to:' 300 per cent; the consequence is, none
‘ are now imported.”
396
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
TABLE C.
Articles.
Inches.
Years.
English cost.
Minimum duty.
Ad val. duty .
Unbleached cotton goods..
24
29
3s. Id.
6
160 p. ct.
Bleached coltoii goods. . . .
30
'■ 18"
3 6.
: 6 ■
120
Printed cotton goods. . . ..
• 22
28
4 6
9
162 “
Stouts, or domestics.
24
65 '
0 li'@2| -
6
100@133
Cotton checks.
24 @26
.- .
l|@2id.p.yd.
9 .
190@130
Flannel. .
27
.' 46
20$. Od.p.pce.
14cts.p.sq.yd.
100 “
Colored cotton handker-
chiefs.
27
2 0 p.doz.
-
170 “
Colored cotton shawls. . . .
50
- .
5 0 p.doz.
-
105 “
Moleskins, beaverteens'
buttalo cloths or velvetr
eens, used entirely for
laborers ;
27
, -
0 5 p.yd.
lOjC.pr. sq.yd.
CO
TABLE D.
IRON.
Prices in 1845.
English cost. .
Specific duty.
Ad val. duty.
Anv|ls 1
Spikes used in building coasting vessels, and
17$. 9d.
2|. cts.perlb.
74 per cent.
' not generally made in the United States
Iron wire, No. 16,’ and upwards. . . . . .. . .
Sad, or smoothing irons ;
14 0
3 “
97
(C
0 3
8 »
130
((
.
8 6
n
125
((
Wood-screws.of all sizes, take 2 inches. .
1 7
12 “
122
C(
Cast butt hinges, 4 inches ^ * . .. .
•- •
21
45-
Wrought clout nails.
.
0 2jpr.lb.
4 “
95
a
Cross-cut saws, common, 4 feet i .
.
3 9|
$1 00 each
120.
Muskets for plantation use
8 2
1 50 “
English bar iron.
.
£1 10 Opr. ton
25 00
82
it
Round or square do., ten-sixteenths
Cost .£1 l5s., or $37 58
•
78
Charges 4 78
42 36,
Half inch square and round—
Cost per ton .i£10, or $48 50
. $42 36
56 00 per ton.
■
150
it.
Chai;ges to United States — 5 00
53 50
Sheet iron , assorted numbers— !
Cost per ton iCll, or $50 35
53 50
56 00 “
115
li
Charges. ^ 5 00
55 35
55 35
56, 00 “
112
{(
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TABLE E. — Statement exhibiting the value of Cotton, Tobacco, arid! Rice,’ exported annually, from 1S21 to 184A:, inclusive,
-compared zoith the aggregate value of domestic produce and manufact'ure exported during- the same period.
Years.
VALUE EXPORTED OF - a
Total.
' Aggregate value of
exports.
Cotton.
Tobacco manufact’d.
Rice.
1821
- $20,157,484
$5,648,962
$149,083
$1,494,307
$27,449,836
$43,671,894
1822
24,035,058
6,222,838
157,182-.
1,553,482
. 31,968,560 '
•49,874,079
1823
20,445,520
6,282,672
154,955
1,820,985
28,704,132
47,155,408
1824
21,947,401
4,855,566
203,879
• .1,882,982
- 28,889,738
50,649,500
1825
36,846,649
6,115,623
172,353
- " 1,925,245
45,059,870
66,944,745
1826
25,025,214
■ 5,347,208 .
210,134
1,917,445
32,500,001
53,055,710
1827
29,359,545
6,577,123
239,024
2,343,908
38,519,600
58,921,691
1828
22,487,229
5,269,960
210,747
2,620,496
: 30,588,632
^ 50,669,669
1829
26,575,311
■ 4,982,974
202,396
2,514,370
: • 34,275,051
55,700,193
1830 ■
29,674,883
5,586,365
346,747
1,986,824
• 37,494,819
59,462,029
1831
25,289,492
4,892,388
- 292,475
2,016,267
32,490,622
61,277,057
1832
31,724,682
5,999,769
295,771
, 2,152,631
; 30,172,853
63,137,470
1833
36,191,105
5,755,968
288,973,
- 2,744,'418
44,980,464
70,317,698
1834
49,448,402
6,595,305
328,409
2,122,272
58,494,388
81,024,162
1835
64,961,302
8,250,577
357,611
2,210,331
75,779,821
• 101,189,082
1836
71,284,925
10,058,640
435,464
2,548,750
84,327,779
■ 106,916,480
1837
63,240,102
5,795,647
427,836
2,309,279
: 71,772,864
'95,544,414
1838'
61,556,611
7,392,029
577,420
1,721,819
:7li247,879
96,033,821
1839 :
61,238,982
9,832,943 ■
616,212
2,460,198
74,148,335
103,533,891
1840
63,870,307
9,883,957
813,671
1,942,074
76;510,011
113,895,634
1841
54,330,341
12,576,903;
873,877
2,010,107
69,791,028
; 106,382,722
1842
47,593,464
9,540,755 .
525,490
1,907,387
59,567,096 ■
92,969,996'
1843
49,119,806
4,650,979
278,319
1,625,726
55,674,830
77,793,783,
1844
54,063,501
8,397,255
536,600
2,182,468
65,179,824
99,715,179
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 397
398
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
TABLE F.
Value of Cotton in England, from 1835 Jo i845, both inclusive.
Amount of Bagging imported, and amount used.
Amount of bagging required for the crop of 1844 (say, bales of cotton
produced 2,400,000, six yards to a bale) .14,400,000 yards.
The amount imported in 1844 was. 1,825,152 “
To be taken from home manufacture .12,574,848
1,695,868' yards pay duty at 4 cents per yaxd, and 44.31 per cent.
129,284 do. at 5 do. do.
1,825,152
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Federai Reserve Bank of St I oiiis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 399
M — Continued.
TABLE G.
i'
Comparative statement of Duties on Imports into South Carolina.
1804..
1805..
1806..
1807..
1808..
1809..
1810..
1811..
1812 '. .
1813..
1814. . .
1815;.
1816.-.
1817..
1818..
1819..
1820..
$2,203,812
'2,257,100
1,206,349
867,125
1,061,806
1,303,841
1,334,517
1,352,778
452,278
' 537,042
697,254
386,355
457,288
272,705
149,352'.
1,400,886
1,474,474
1,145,677
1,308,104
813,829
613,697
1821
595,317
1822...,.,..
794,004
1823....
765,899
1824
732,076
1825....
f 661,327
1826.,..
, 573,707
1827
592,025
28 years, 26,010j:624
$450,967
490,750
497,397
505,050
523,031
401,634
, 459,935
453,391
682,383
469,058
590,422
653,188
368,127
449,535
305,607
158,405
*497,000
17 years 7,955,880
28 “ '26,010,624
Total for 45 years, 33,966,504
1831'. . .
1832.. .
1833.. ..
1834.. .
1835.. .
1836.. .
1837.. .
1838.. .
1839.. .
1840.. .
1841 . . .
1842.. .
1843.. .
1844.. .
Total amount for 28 years (1800 and 1827 inclusive) ...$26,010,624
Average of above 28 years, for ea,ch year . . v. $928,951
Total last 17 years (1828 and 1844 inclusive) ... $7,955,880
Average of above 17 years, for each year $467,993
*$150,000 on railroad iron.
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400
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
TABLE H.
Ship-building and Navigation.
Exports, 1844... 1: ,, $111,200,046
Of which were of domesic $99,715,179
And of foreign .... 11,484,867
: ; — — 111,200,046
Of the domestic articles exported in American
vessels... .'... 69,706,375
Of the foreie;n aiticles by American vessels . . 8,744,154
\ " ' $78,450,529
And of the domestic in foreign vessels.- 30,008,804 -
And of foreign articles in foreign vessels. 2,740,713
■ r-' ^ 32,749,517
$111,200,046
For the year 1844 — 2,010,924 tons of Arnerican shipping cleared.
906,814 tons of foreign shipping cleared.
By this statement, 30 per cent, of the whole of our exports was
carried by foreign vessels, and the tonnage 45 per cent.
In South Carolina.
Our exports for 1844 — ^^$3,202,386 exported in American vessels.
4,227,199 exported in foreign vessels.
Two hundred and thirty-eight American vessels entered, '49,801 tons.
One hundred and fifty-nine foreign vessels entered, 48,926 tons.
Fifty-seven per cent, of our export was carried by foreign vessels, and
tonnage forty-nine per cent. -
In 1844, there were built in our State 4 schooners, 1 sloop, and 2
steamboats — 583 tons.
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Fodoml Wouorvo Bunti' oF&t.'Louii
TABLE I,
Showing the quantities exported and average price of Cotton from 1833 to 1844, the'imports of Cotton and Woolen Goods in each
-< yeavi and the impoiis and exports at the seme time. .
P ^ - ■ ■ . ; ' \ .
<
i
^ Years.
COTTON. i
/ '
WOOL.
Exports.
Pounds.
Value.
Avereige
• price.
Imports
manufactured.
1833......
324,698,604
$36,191,105
1 1 cts.
$7,660,449
$13,262,509
; $108,118,311
$90,140,433
1834
384,717,907
49,448,402 ,
: 12 »
10,145,181
11,879,328
: : 126,521,332
. 104,336,973
1835......
387,358,992
64,961,302 '
:i6 “
15,367,585
17,834,424
: 149,895,742
' 121,693,577
1836.
. 423,631,302
71,284,925
• 16 “
17,876,087
21,080,003
' 189;980,035
128,663,040
1837......
444,211,537
63-,240,102
14 “
11,150,841
8,500,292
140i989,217
117,419,376
1838 ;.
595,952,297
61,556,811
10 “
6,599,330
11,512,590
113^17,404
108,486,616
1839...... ■
413,624,212
61,238,982
14 “
14,908,181
18,575,945
■ 162,092,132
121,028,416
743,941,061
63,870,307
8 »
6,504,484
9,071,184
107,141,519
132,085,946
1841 .:
530,204,100
54,330,341
10 “
11,757,036
11,001,939
127,946,177
121,851,803
1842
584,717,017
47,593,464
8 “
9,518,515
8,375,725
100,162,087
104,691,534
1843......
792,297,106
49,119,806
6 “
2,958,796
2,472,155
64,753,799
84,346,480
■ 1844......'
663,633,455
54,063,501
8 “
13,641,478
7,086,903
108,435,035
111,200,046
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1845.1 SECRETARY GF THE TREASURY. 401
402 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — ^Continued.
TABLE J.
Invoice of Sugar shipped on hoard the American schooner Columbia, Corbett
master, for Charleston.
T.— 25 hhds. Muscovado sugar, weighing, net 31,879 lbs., at If $557 7
CHARGES.
11 hhds., at $5 $55
14 “ > at $4 25 59 4
Repairing 8 hhds'., 3 rs. : 3
Export duty, $2 50
Weighing, $4 5; laborers, $1 ^ 5 5
173 1
731
Commissions on ^731, at 2^ per cent. 18 2
$749 2
E. E. =
CiENFUGOS, February 9, 1843.
Sales of 25 hhds. Sugar, received per schooner Columbia.
Sold 25 hhds. sugar, weighing 30,726 lbs., at 4|. $1,497 89
Permit 20c.; duty (cash) $768 12 $768 32
Other charges in Charleston 224 08
992 40
Net proceeds $505 49
E. E. . =
Charleston, S. C., March 29, 1843.
: TABLE K.
In April, 1844, there were'imported into Charleston 86 hhds. Musco-
vado sugar, weighed on landing 114,341 lbs., and duty paid 2^c. per
lb. — $2,857 77. These sugars were exported in February, 1845, ten
months after ; the collector required them to be reweighed, and duty
calculated at the reweight for the drawback.
They weighed 104,299 lbs.
Falling short, from purging and draining 10,042 “
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1845.], SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 403
M — Continued.
The drawback received was on 104,209 lb's., at 2jc. . ^ .82,607 47
Less 2J per cent, retained by the Government. 65 19
$2,542 28
The importer paid, in April, 1844, $2,857 77, thereby losing $315 49,
and the Government keeping his $2,857 77 for te-ffi months, and this
amount of $315 49 was paid to the Government for that which never
went into consumption, So it is and would be with liquors, in leakage
and evaporation.
GEORGIA.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.
William Schley, President Richmond Factory, near Augusta,
1. Georgia, 10 miles south of Augusta.
2. Cotton and wool factory, for the manufacture of negro clothing
and other coarse fabrics. Spin no yarns finer than No. 12. Watef
power.
3, October, 1833. An incorporated joint-stock company.
4, 5. Whole investment, $28,000.
6, 25. Nineteen per cent, clear profits per annum averaged for the
whole time up to January, 1844. , Since then an average profit of 25
per cent, per annum.
7. More or less vigilance, industry, and economy.
8. Money at interest will yield 8 per cent. The planting interest
does not yield more than 5 to 6 per cent.
9, 10.* Cannot answer.
10. * Four hundred tmd fifty bales cotton and about 10,000 pounds
wool, all grown in Georgia. No foreign articles used.
11. Not answered.
12. Fifty men, women, and children; very few men^mostly women
and children. Wages ranging from 10 to 50 cents per day, except the
overseers of rooms, who receive $1 per day, and the principal manager,
who receives $3 20 per day.
13. The whole year, averaging 12 hours per day.
14. Can answer only for Georgia. Wages 'of men do not exceed 50
cents per day for agricultural purposes ; the boys, during the ploughing
season, would not receive more than $4 per month and board. Women
and children could not be employed at all.
15. Four mules, employed in hauling goods to Augusta, &c.,
16. Mostly at home. When a surplus, sent to other parts of Geoigia,
to New York, and New Orleans.
* So in his answer. The first is a mistake, as the answer refers only to 9.
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<5
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M— Continued.
, : 17. They. do. not, because the weight of our coarse goods, together
with the expenses of .transporting the raw material and importing the
manufactured goods, are a sufficient protection against Europe, or
the northern and eastern States. We get the raw material at the first
cost from the planter.
■ 18. Mostly in this State and in the vicinity of the factory.
19. None, except a few to New York and New Orleans.
20. Usually sold on 6 months’ credit; 5 per cent, off for cash.
21. Prices of labor' about the same. The rise and fall of manufac-
tured goods have been governed by the prices of the raw material.
22. All sorts of prices. Heavj'- cotton osnaburgs, one-half pound to
the yard, we now sell at 8 cents ; 6 ounces, at 7^ cents ; striped goods,
from 11 to 13 cents, according to quality and cost of the dyestuffs, &c.
23. None at all.
.24. Do not know.
25. No answer.
26. Raw material, oil, leather, repairs, and other incidental expenses,
about 50 per cent. ; labor 25 per cent., and profits 25 per cent.
27. 28. Not prepared to answer. , ■
29, 31. Want no protection. If all duties on such goods as we man-
ufacture were, abolished, we should still continue our business, as much
more profitable than any other investment we could make in Georgia. '
32 to 34. Know nothing of these matters.
35. About 100 per cent. The duty under the minimum valua-
tion, on all the cotton goods we make, is 6 cents per yard. . If the
minimum were abolished, and the goods we make cost say 6 to 7 cents
per yard, (which is probably what they would be valued at,) then the
duty, to be equal to the present one, would have to be from 75 to 100
percent, ad valorem.
36 to 40. Know nothing of these matters.
Muscogee County. From John Fontaiw, a stockholder and agent cf the
Columbus Factory.
1. Georgia, near Columbus, Muscogee county.
2. Cotton and wool. Waterpower.
3. In 1834. Joint-stock company.
4. Capital originally $25,000 ; at present $50,000.
5. Price of materials has varied every year; the price of labor but
little since the factory went into operation.
'6. The first four years no profits; since then about 20 per cent. It
was a cash capital, consequently no interest was paid. It did not pay
the first, four years, as w'e had neither skill nor experience.
7. As soon as our hands acquired skill, and the manager ascertained
from experience when and how to purchase the raw material, and when
and where to dispose of the goods, the establishment, became profitable.
8. The planting interest here, when properly managed, has averaged
8 per cent, profit.
9,. The establishrnent has been gradually enlarged, and an increased
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Fatlftwl Rasswft Dawlr ef Ot. Leuia —
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 405
M— Continued. ^
quantity made every yeaa-. At this time we spin about 300,000 lbs. of
clean cotton annually, about half of which is sold in yarn ; the balance
is made into heavy cotton osnaburgs. The yarn is sold at 15 cents per
pound ; the osnaburgs at 8 to 10 cents per yard. There is also about
25,000 lbs. of wool spun and woven, which is made into heavy negro
Vloth, and is sold for 30 to 33 cents per yard.
10. We use the cotton made in the neighborhood. We use some for-
eign, but mostly domestic wool.
11. No such goods as we make ai-e imported. They cannot be brought
from any country, and sold at the prices we sell for. If there was no
duty, (as we malce a very heavy article, and the price of the raw mate-
rial,is so much lower here,) we should fear no foreign competition. The
home competition is all we have to fear in these goods.
12. About 70 hands, mostly women and children. Average price of
labor about $9 per month. They board and clothe themselves ; we fur-
nish houses. ’
. 13. Ten to twelve hours per clay, and every day in the year- except
Sundays.
14. The price of labor in other oceupations varies, but none pay better
than manufacturing. In other countries cheaper.
15. None.
16. Some sold at the factory, but mostly by agents in the adjoining
States.
17. No foreign goods of the same sort are imported into the United
States. ’ ■
18. In Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
19. None exported to foreign countries.
20. Part for cash, and the remainder on credit.
21. Cost of the goods has lessened by an increase of experience, and
the cost of the raw material is less. The price of labor has varied but
little.
22; At the commencement the price of cotton was 8 cents. We then
obtained 25 cents per lb. for the yarn, and 14 cents for osnaburgs. The
price of cotton now is 6 cents, and we get 15 cents per lb. for yarn, and
from 8 to 10 cents per yard for cotton osnaburgs. A fair profit is now
made, owing to improvements in machinery, and experience and skiU
in labor.
23. No protection is necessary, for reasons already given, for goods
such as we manufacture ; but for fine goods, which require great skill, a
tariff is necessary; but not having experience in such matters, leave it
to others to say to what extent.*
. 24. Does not answer the question.
25. For the last three years have divided about 20 per cent. ; previous
to that time no dividend — retaining the profits as a contingent fund.
26. A stock of the raw material sufficient for six months is kept on
. hand. Labor is paid every month.
27. Have already stated the amount of cotton and wool consumed by
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406
REPORTS OF THE
M — Conljnued-
[1845.
this factory. About 200 persons reside at the factory, who consume
considerable provisions from the country.
28. Not prepared to say how much of the same goods is used in the
United States- About 10,000 bales, of cotton manufactured in this State
of the same character.
29. Already answered. - '
30. If manufacturing were abandoned, would go to planting.
31. Have made 20 per cent by manufacturing for the last seven years,
and have been planting during the same time at about 8 per cent.; but
consider the planting operation safest and best, as manufactories are
hable to greater dangers, and have frequently to be maintained at a loss.
When not in operation the machinery soon injures. There are many
articles on which the duty should be more than 12 J per cent. ; hut how
much more I cannot say.
32. Does not answer.
33. Very little capital borrowed in the United States, by factories.
34. Legislation cannot equalize the value of/capital or labor, it is so
much under the influence of foreign capital and local competition. All
we want is to be let alone ; equal laws to protect person and property,
and let us use our labor as we may think best. Some will make 20
per cent., others become ruined, by the same business. The cotton
spinners throughout the Union require no protection. We must have a
revenue tariff, and for these factories there is no good reason lor discrim-
ination.
35 to 40. Not answered.
O
Cobb County. From W. B. Bulloch, Collector at Savannah, in relation to
Roswell Factory.
1. Georgia, Cobb county.
2, 3. Cotton goods, and cotton and wool. [Joint-stock company;
water power. Some little uncertainty whether this last answer is cor-
rect, as the statement is that “Roswell factory,” as well as several
others which are enumerated, manufacture, as above stated, “and are
mostly joint-stock companies,” &c. The remark is supposed to apply
to the first named equally with any other.] Established in 1839.
4. Capital, $70,000,
5. About $5,000 ; $4,000 ; $9,000 to $10,000.
6. Twenty per cent. None borrowed. Portion of profits applied to
increase the capital.
7. Fluctuations in price of raw material, repairs of machinery and
buildings, cause an increase or decrease of profit.
8. F our to eight per cent,
,9, From $35,000 to $40,000.
10. No foreign, and from $16,000 to $18,000 domestic products.
11. Cannot answer.
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1845.]
' SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 407
M — Continued.
12. One hundred and twelve men, women, and children; average
wages, $1 50 per week.
13. Twelve hours per day all the yean
14. About the same wages in this country.
15. Seventeen horses and mules, to take off goods.
16. At the factory, and orders are received from a distance of 300 miles.
17. No foreign competition in articles similar.
18. Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
19. None from this factory.
20. Cash and four months’ credit, and bartered for feathers, wax, tal-
low, and iron,
21. Cost of the manufactured article has fluctuated but little ; cost of
material more or less.
22. Seven to niife cents per yard' for cotton, and 25 to 30 cents on
cotton and wool. ■
23. None required, nor ask for any but revenue duty.
24. None.
25. Twenty-two per cent, paid out at every semi-annual dividend ; a'
portion of profits, besides, left for contingent and other objects; leaves
a sui-plus of from $10,000 to $12,000.
26. Not answered.
27. About $600 corn and wheat, and $2,600 other domestic pro-
ductions.
28. Do not know.
29. Would continue.
30. Would not abandon.
31. None.
32. No salt manufactured in the State. The iron works at least 100
miles beyond foreign competition.
33. Seventy thousand dollars; none borrowed ; portions of profits left
to increase;
34. Require no duties for protection, and would' continue. Increase
of factories would of course reduce prices by competition, when more
is produced than is consumed. We have never supplied the demand”
from the commencement.
35 to- 40. Not answered directly.
Note. — The letter of W. B, Bulloch, Collector at Savannah, Georgia,'
dated the 23d September, 1846, furnishes to the Department the fol-
lowing particulars in addition to those given above: “ Manufactories in
‘ Georgia: — Roswell factory, Cobb county, (given above ;) Athens manu-
‘facturing company, Clark county; Georgia company, Clark county;
‘ Columbus company, Muscogee county ; Elbert company, Elbert county ;
‘Scull Shoal company, Green county; Eatonton factory, Putnam county;
‘Upson company, Upson county; McCalpin factory, Upson county;
‘ Schley’s factory, Richmond county ; Rock Mills factory, Hancock coun-
‘ty; Dearaetre’s wool-carding factory, Baldwin county; Thomaston
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408
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
‘manufacturing company, Upson county ; Waynman’s manufacturing
‘ company, Upson county.” He also states that “ associations have been
‘formed in Columbus, in Muscogee county, and in Augusta, Richmond
‘county, which promise manufacturing establishments upon an extensive
‘scale that the capital of the “Athens manufacturing company (estab-
lished in 1836) is $94,000 and that the answers given in the case of
the “Roswell factory to the questions propounded will, in agreatmeas-
‘ure, elucidate the affairs of all the others;” that “the Athens company
‘last year divided 24 per cent., with as good a prospect for the present.
‘Increase of profits arises frorti an increasing demand in the States of
‘North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana. One thou-
‘ sand bales, or 350,000 lbs., cotton, at 5 cents, is the annual consump-
‘tion, amounting to $17,500. Wool consumed, $2,000. No goods of
‘jhke character imported from abroad.” [The latter remark is general,
and applies to cotton and woolen manufactures of Georgia.] “ Average.
‘ number of men, women, and children, 75 to 80, all white ; largest pro-
‘ portion women. Cost of the manufactured article to the manufacturer
‘has undergone an annual decrease in the value of the materials. Labor
‘stationary; average labor, 12 hours. Manufactures sold for cash. Sup-
‘ posed profits on capital otherwise employed in the county and State,
‘ about 12 per cent. The Georgia manufactures require no protection.
‘Similar manufactories exist in North Carolinaj South Carolina, Alabama,
‘and Tennessee, but to what extent is not known. No manufactories of
‘salt in Georgia, but several of iron in the counties of the Cherokee
‘country, beyond the reach of foreign competition, and commanding a
‘ ready market in the neighborhood. Decatur, in De Kalb county, manu-
‘factures to some extent; cannot \tell whether they have been influenced
‘by the tariff of 1842.” Mr. Bulloch also states that “ a correspondent,
‘ and one lai’gely interested in one of our manufacturing establishments,
‘States that ‘no manufacturer will abandon if his profits yield 10 to 12
‘ per cent.,’ and that one of the shrewdest northern manufacturers, (Mr.
‘ Merrill, of New York,) who has a factory near Athens, and is now
‘concerned in building an extensive one on the Oconee, river, in Green
‘courity, told me the present rate of duties was a large protection, and
‘ he expected to retire with a fortune before competition could bring it
‘down to 12 per cent, profit; that our factories in the interior increase
‘ their profits by having a store from which the operatives are supplied,
‘ and also the resale of articles received in barter ; that any number of
‘operatives can be had in Georgia, whose average wages will not exceed
‘ $1 50, and no reduction of duties will now stop the increase of manu-
‘ facturing establishments ; and a war with Europe would not deprive
‘ us of the necessai'ies of life, and materials for the . Army and Navy. The
‘aggregate capital invested in manufacturing establishments in Georgia
‘must amount to a million of dollars, and is rapidly increasing. The
‘profits upon such investments, are considered greater than on that of any
‘ other species of property. Duties beyond a revenue standard seem not
‘to be required, even by those engaged in” manufactures.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Loui.s
409
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Savannah. From Jos. Cnmming.
I. Cotton and rice are the, articles of product and exportation.
2., No answer.
3. The products above named support all the business of the State.
4. Not inore than 5 percent. The production of cotton has been
unfavorable for some }'^eajs, compared with previous results. Pubhc
opinion has varied considerably as to the. cost of producing cotton —
some five, some six, Some seven cents per pound; but this depends on
lands, location, &c. At 10 cents at the shipping ports, a fair profit
reaches the planter, leaving 7^ to 8 cents on the plantation. That price
has been uncommon since the tariff of 1842. In 1844— ’45 cotton did
not average more than six cents at the ports, gross, 1 J cent off for
i expenses. The tariff has, no doubt, had its effect upon this article, but
the extent is not easily determined, as the article is one of constant specu-
lation. The foi'eign consumer paid a considerable, and in some cases
a large profit, to the shipper from hence in 1844-’45 ; showing that prices
were below the mere exchange or barter rate. The British consumer
made a large profit, and increased his consumption, while he could not,
under our tariff, compete . with us in many manufactures of cotton. It
is fair reasoning that he could have afforded higher prices under a freer
trade with us.
5. Not more than 7 per cent., as lands and slaves are estimated by
the prices of cotton in 1844-’45. It might be 3 to 3§ per cent., under
the full operation of the tariff. Nothing more uncertain than the a.verage
of cotton planting under any circumstances; but the grower may be
benefited or injured by various causes, &c.
6. The income per hand, or slave, has not exceeded $35 since the
tariff of 1842, 1844— ’45 being assumed as its demonstrated operation—
$50 to $60 usually.
7. Cannot say definitely, as consumption had overtaken growth ; but
since 1842, there has been a falling off of two to three cents per pound;
but the crop of 1844, on which the tariff acted most decidedly, was
very large, and appeared to be beyond contemplation.
8. It does not, .except that low prices reduce- the ability to purchase.
Incidentally, therefore, the tariff must affect them.
9. I should not think so, in any absolute sense, but there must be
dependence. In this quarter the ownership of vessels and manufactures
is a small interest.. Low ^ prices of cotton axe favorable to- navigation
interests, as freight to mar'ket makes such an item of charges against
sales.
10. Temporarily some protected articles have this season declined in
price; but after very low prices for cotton — part or whole of their sub-
stance. The effects of the tariff Of 1842 cannot be seen extensively in
so short a time ; although, in many instances, they are not to be mistaken.
II. It does not in any material, quantity.
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REPORTS OF THE
1845.]
M — Continued.
12. Cotton and rice are consumed abroad principally. Prices are
governed by foreign demand ; F ranee, England, and the Continent for
cotton. The home demand is a very effective auxiliary, but too feeble
to operate extensively oh either rice or cotton; both are increasing for
' two or three years past. The island of Cuba is a large consumer of
rice, but that crop is very much distributed. Great Britain takes nearly
two-thirds of the cotton product of the United States. Prices are
governed by that market. Competition is found there from various
sources, and the high rates of the present tariff lessen our ability to meet
that competition, as British manufactures are excluded in no inconsider-
able degree. If American cotton were not an indispensable, it would
be still lower. As an article for use, no cotton can successfully compete
with ours, and the low prices continued must eventually give us the trade
exclusively. We should hasten that by reducing the tariff.
13. Any country importing and consuming more than she exports,
cannot grow rich; there must be sale or exchange. Free trade can
alone mark the true levels.
14. There are some small establishments for manufacturing cotton and
wool. They are said to pay 15 to 25 per cent.; they are generally
prosperous ; cannot state the amount of capital employed. Several of
them have said they do not care about the tariff; but they must be
benefited by it. Prices rose in 1844, but declined in 1845. A duty of
20 to 30 per cent, would place the manufacturers in a better position
than the agriculturist.
15. No. The tonnage owned partially or totally in this State does
not exceed 7,000 tons. The low prices of articles for shipment must,
in general, operate favorably to navigation interests. /
16. The capital in this State employed in trade is not to be compared
with the agricultural.
17. It would, as our merchants could operate here, and not be pre-
vented from want of capital, although New York would supply the State
very largely ; still the system would be advantageous to us.
18. 19. No answers. _
20. Many; iron, cheap English and woolen goods, &c.
21. The minimum system is one of deception; cash duties, in places
of small capital, are prohibitory in their effect.
22. There are many ; I name tea and coffee ; cannot say.
23. Cannot enter into particulars; the tariff was made under the in-
struction of manufacturers.
24. The effect is to exclude foreign competition ; and the industrial
classes must pay tariff prices, such as cupidity may fix, with reference-
to a prohibition and monopoly, which is maintained under the specious
name of “ the American system.”
25. There are many such ; I cannot name the articles in order, but
consider, iron, sugar, and salt, as three very important, for which there,
are no substitutes; and many woolen goods, for which we pay a larger
price in consequence of the tariff; and it is presumed that the price
thereon is raised, as the foreign are excluded ; cannot say as to the
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SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
411
, 1845.]
M— Continued.
amount of duty now paid, or that might be paid, under a graduation of
the tariff, on the articles alluded to.
26. They do not ; they can be modified only by reduction, so as to
benefit our agriculture ; the State has not prospered under these duties ;
we are not interested in these duties ; we want free trade and free com-
petition; the tariff depresses greatly our great staple, cotton, and when
that is done, we are vitally injured.
27. The quantity is very small ; prices are low usually ; is not aware
that the tariff has affected it.
28. Gold is found in various parts of the State, and worked to some:
advantage ; iron mines are coming into use, on a moderate scale ; the
latter will increase under the present tariff, and not be discontinued
under any probable tariff.
Savannah. From Robert Habersham.
1. Cotton and rice, principally; with corn, potatoes, wheat, &c.
2. Probably at least three-fourths.
3. These interests are all, to a very great extent, connected with,
and dependent upon, agriculture.
4. Average annual profit on capital so employed has been from six
to eight per cent., after all expenses of preparation and sale. -
6. No answer.
6. The price of cotton during the ten years preceding 1842 has ^
been about 13 cents; since 1842, about 6^ cents; rice has not varied
much — say, for the period first named, $3 per 100 pounds ; and for the
last three years, $2 75.
7. Prices have been affected, to some extent, by the tariff, but cotton
more by the over-production of that staple.
8. Does not raise a sufficient supply of horses, mules, hogs, cattle,
and provisions; amount imported is very great; prices were higher
during the ten years preceding 1842 than for the last three years.
9. These interests are immediately connected with, and dependent
on; agriculture, and the profits increase or diminish in the same propor-
tion with it.
10. The average prices of what are called the protected articles have
been lower in the last three years than during the ten preceding; but
not as low in proportion to the average price of the raw materials during
these periods, respectively ; which may, in part, be ascribed to the tariff,
but still more to, the over-production of the raw materials, as applied to
cotton.
11. Does not export any other article of its products, except the staples
named.
12. About four-fifths of the articles made for export are consumed
abroad, the prices being governed • by the foreign -demand; principally
shipped to England, France, Germany, and the West Indies; the East
India rice comes in competition with that grown by us; the high duties
imposed by the tariff lessen- our ability to meet that competition success-
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[1845.
M — Continued.
fully, by inviting high duties in- return on our staples, in the countries
which consume them.
13. There is such a connection; and a country cannot, for any length
of time, import a greater amount than it exports, estimating fairly the
value of each, and vice ve?'sa; the present duties must, by reducing the
amount of imports, diminish the value of our exports very materially ;
but to what extent, cannot say.
14. We have twenty or thirty manufacturing establishments in the
State; they manufacture cotton goods; capital employed over $1,000,000.
Profits for the last three years considerable, say 20 per cent, per annum.
The duties increase their profits, but are not necessary to keep them
in operation at a fair profit, a moderate duty would make them as
producdve as those growing the great staples.
15. The State has not been engaged in ship-building, except to a
Umited extent.
16. The capital engaged in commerce bears a very small proportion
to that invested in agriculture; probably not one-twentieth. The com-
mercial interests have to a limited extent, been affected by the tariff ; to
what extent, cannot say.
17. A warehouse system would be of some advantage to the State.
. 18, 19. No answers.
20. Osnaburgs and cotton bagging are articles of foreign manufacture
which come into competition with the domestic manufacture of the .same
articles, and on which the duty amounts nearly to a prohibition.
21. The several great interests of the State are affected by the mini-
mums of the present tariff, and the rule requiring duties to be paid in
cash, without the establishment of a warehouse system, or admitting
goods in entrepot, by creating obstacles to importation.
22. Coffee and tea are articles on which a moderate duty might be
laid ; but cannot say to what extent, or what revenue Would be derived.
23. No answer.
24. The effect of the present system of duties, especially upon articles
extensively consumed which are manufactured only to a limited extent
in the United States, must be to raise the price of such articles, and in
that way operate injuriously to the other industi'ial classes of the
country. , . ,
25. No answer,
26. The present duties do not in any way benefit those engaged in
the agricultural products and staples referred to ; nor do I see how they
could be modified in any other way than by reducing them so as to
benefit the growers.
27. 28. No answers.
Savannah, W. B. Bulloch, Collector, encloses answers from,' I. Cohen.
1. Cotton and rice.
2. Three-fourths at least.
3. Almost entirely. >
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
413
M — Continued.
8. It does not. It draws its supplies of some from different parts of
the United States; principally, however, from Kentucky, Ohio, Ten-
nessee, and Maryland. The article of bacon for the last three years has
averaged about 7 cents per pound, and the ten preceding about 10 cents
per pound ; the prices of hogs have differed in about the same propor-
tion, This difference is owing to increased importations, also the
increased quantity raised by the planters ; the low prices of our staples
for the last few 3'-ears having caused them to turn their attention to the
same.
9. They ajre.
11. It does oflumber, the prices of which, for the last three years, have
been, on an average, 25 per cent, below those of the ten preceding years.
12. Three-fourths ; and their prices are regulated by the foreign
demand. They are principally shipped to Liverpool, Havre, north of
Europe, and Cuba; though East India cotton and rice we meet compe-
tition from in' England and- the north of Europe, and the East India rice
We rneet competition from in the British West India Islands.
15. But to a very hmited extent, and that little has not been either
favorably or unfavorably affected by the tariff laws. .
16. A very small proportion.
17. It would materially.
20. Osnaburgs, hemp bagging, coai'se cottons and woolens, hats, shoes,
cutlery, nails, and hoes.
22. Coffee and tea.
Savannah. From I. George, Inejjector of Customs.
Statement of the. Cotton crop of Georgia, for the year ending August 31, 1845.
Exported front Savannah; To foreign ports. Upland .175,965
Sealsland.. , 6,108
Coastwise, Upland, 120,570
Sealsland,,..... 1,901
304,544
Burnt in Savannah , ............ 1,900
Stock in Savannah, September 1, 1845 2,736
Stock in Augusta and Hamburgh, September 1, 1845. ....... 5,919
315,099
Deduct stock in Savannah and Augusta, Sept. 1, 1844 19,659
Total bales ". 295,440
II
Statement of Rice expottedfrom Savannah,for the year ending August 31, 1845^
To Great- Britain ^ 1,175
To France and other continental ports. 728
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REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
To West Indies .10,499
Coastwise 1-5,830
Total casks 28,232
Value of the foregoing exports, estimated at the average price of each
product during the aforesaid period :
296,535 bales Upland cotton, at $21 $6,227,235
8,009 “ Sea Island cotton, at $70 560,630
28,232 casks of rice, at $20 564,640
Total value $7,352,605
the last season, as follows:
182,073 bales shipped to foreign ports, at Jd. sterling, ' and ex-
change : $642,568
122,471 bales shipped coastwise, at $1 25. 153,089
1,903 casks rice shipped to European ports, at $5 25. 9,991
10,499 casks rice shipped to the West Indies, at $2 50 26,243
15,830 casks rice shipped coastwise, at 75 cents 11,873
Total amount of freight $843,764
Statement showing the annual average, price of Cotton and Rice at Savannah',
Georgia, for the following years;
UPLAND COTTON.
1832
101 cents. 1
18-37
m
cents.
1833
m
18-38
n
1834 . .
15
1839
12
ic
1835
.. .. 16
1840 -
8
((
1836. . . ......
15f
(4
1841
8i
U
SEA ISLAND COTTON.
1832
2Qi
cents.
1837 :...
40|
cents.
1833
15
1838 ;
3l|
a
1834 ....
22i
18-39
40
((
1835 ...
37^
(<
1840
24
((
1836
43^
U
1841
23f
44
RICE.
1832
$2
75
1837... ...
$3
75
1833..
2
59
1838 .
4
22
1834
2
81
1839
3
72
1835
3
18
1840
,3
43
1-836
2
93
1841
3
18
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
415
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.'
M — Continued.
In addition to the foregoing tables, Mr. George furnishes a list of the
manufacturing establishments in the State, and states that they manu-
facture cotton goods and cotton and wool; that they are mostly joint-
stock companies, and water the motive power ; capital estimated at
$1,000,000; annual profits for tlie last three years 18 per cent.; duties
beyond a revenue standard are not required by the proprietors to keep
them in successful operation ; citizens have not been engaged for many
years in ship-building ; a ship of 500 tons is being built at Brunswick,
Glynn county; the amount of register and enrolled tonnage of the port
of Savannah is 1,496 tons.
The duties imposed by the present tariff enhance materially the cost
of the principal materials used in the construction and equipment of ships ;
were they reduced to a more equitable standard, there is but little doubt
that a State contributing, as this does, over $840,000 annually in the
freight of her products to the navigation of the country, would desire to
share a portion of it, and thus increase her business capital.
Accompanying the foregoing returns and tables, received through W.
B. Bulloch, Collector, Savannah, Georgia, is also a letter from A. A
Smetz, in relation to the lumber business in that place. Mr. S. states
that the value of lumber exported now is ten-fold what it was 25 years
ago, although not near what it wiU be. Value of exports for the year
ending the 1st of September last, as follows:
Steam-sawed lumber $155,000
River lumber and shingles 19,000
Ranging timber 42,000
$216,000
Exclusive of this, the amount of the same ar ticles for home consumption
was near $100,000. Number of hands employed is as great as would
bfe necessary to produce at least 65,000 bales of cotton. This business
renders lands valuable which are unfit for the cultivation of cotton ; this
business is also beneficial to the navigation interest; this branch is
steadily increasing; the forests afford supplies, which are inexhaustible.
A sudden impulse has been given also to another branch in consequence
of the article being admitted, fry a recent act of Parhament, free of
duty into British ports, viz : oaA staves. This article, almost unknown
amongst our exports, will hereafter figure as an important item. The
quality, of the oak is said to answer better in the Enghsh market than
the northern oak.
In the English market, Georgia pine enjoys an undisputed preeminence
over all other American pines. See., &c.
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[1845. '
416 REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
ALABAMA.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.
. Mobile. From C. W. Gazzam.
1. Alabama; Mobile city and county.
2. Iron and brass foundry and engine manufactory. Steam power.
3. In 1835. Joint stock. ,
4. $10,000 machinery. ^ "
5. $5,000. ■
6. Twenty-five per cent, profit net, after allowing for bad debts.
7. Not fluctuating.
8. About 25 per cent.
9. $8,000 castings; $7,000 repairs of steamboats. '
10. $2,000 Scotch pig iron; remainder American materiaL
11. No foreign competition.
12. Ten white men at $2 50 per day; five negroes at $1 per day.
13. Suni'ise to sunset the year round.
14. Not known.
15. Two horses.
16. Home sales for Alabama and Mississippi.
17. No foreign competition.
18. On steamboats and plantations.-
19. None'. .
20. Cash sales generally ; in some cases six months’ credit.
21. Material diminished in cost 25 per cent, since 1835; labor 25 per
cent. less.
22. Castings, iron, 10 cents per pound in 1835; 8 cents in 1838; 6
cents in 1839; 5 cents in 1843.
23. Not known.
24. Not kiiown.
25. Not answered.
26. Previously answered.
27. 28. The first not answered; the second not known.
29. Change of duty would not affect us.
30. It would not; if it did, spin cotton.
31. Spinning cotton.
32. Plenty of ore, but none worked in this State.
33. No borrowed capital.
34. Change of duty would not affect.
'35. Amount of duty not known.
36. No answer. '
37. All the productions used are made at home.
38 to 40. No answers.
Note. — The foregoing return was received by the Department in a
letter from C. H. Minge, Collector, Mobile, Alabama, dated September
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louie
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 417
M — Continued.
22, 1845, in which he states that “he had received and distributed the
‘Questions,’ but that only one individual had furnished an answer.”
Montgom^. From N. E. Benson.
Mr. Benson, in reply to Circular No. 1, states, that there are three
cotton factories in the State ; one in Bibb county, a joint-stock' concern,
established in 1835; two in Tallapoosa count}^ (one owned byBai'rett
& Marks,) established in. June, 1845 ; capital $30,000, no portion of it
borrowed; 15 per cent, profit on capital; employ 30 hands, one-half
being their own slaves; The other owned by two individuals; estab-
hshed about one year. In Autauga county is an extensive manufactory :
of cotton gins, which turns out about 500 annually. All these employ
water power. In Benton and Talladega counties there are several
furnaces and forges ; water power. A furnace at or near the city of
Mobile; steam power. Cannot state the amount of business. The
profits on agi'iculture do not exceed 3 per cent., exclusive of the increase
of slaves, &c.,.&c. ■ . .
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Chamlers C. H. From John A. Frazer, Postmaster,'
1. Cotton is the principal staple raised in Alabama.
2. Unable to say, though it is considerable.
3. Very materially.
4. In this section of the State, as he learns from a number of farmers,
from 1 to 3 per cent. ; sometimes a mere support.
5. The profits, from 1833 to 1840, to the cotton planter, were fair
and satisfactory. '
6. Refers to the “ Democratic Review.”
7. In his opinion at least 25 per cent.
8. This State has not raised a sufficiency of horses, &c., but has
bought from Tennessee and Kentucky.
10. The protected articles have been much higher than the same
articles were in 1836, when the price of the raw material in 1836 and
1844 is considered ; for instance, three-quai-ter shirtings, in Montgomery,
Alabama, in 1836, cost 12 to 14 cents: cotton, 16 cents ; in 1844, three-
quarter shirtings, 7 to 10: cotton, 3J to 5 cents.
13. Answers rio; and in his opinion the present tariff affects the
exports of the State at least 25 per cent.
14. He is not prepared to state the number. Is of the opinion that
they could do as well as the planter without a tariff.
15. No ship-building is carried on in Alabama.
16. Is not prepared to answer as to the amount of capital, or explain
VoL,.v.— 27.
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[1845.
418 REPORTS OF TfiE
M — Continued.
fully the effect of the tariff", further than diminishing the value of the
exports.
17. Is of the opinion it would. ’
18. Not prepared to answer.
20. They do not benefit, but materially injure the agricultural interests
generally in this State, by diminishing the value of the exports and
increasing the value of imports; and the home-manufactured articles
thereby requiring more labor from the citizens of the State for the same
articles’ than they would give under a revenue tariff".
27. Not answered.
28. Gold mines are worked in Randolph and Tallapoosa counties ; iron
ore in Talladega county. Amount or value not known to him.
Barryton, Washington County. From S. S. Houston.
1. Cotton, corn, wheat, and a little tobacco.
2. Much the largest.
3. E very other interest dependent on the staple, cotton.
4. Net proceeds have been less since 1842 than for years before —
showing conclusively the effect of the tariff".
5. 6. There has been a fair reward to industrial pursuits. The
prices of cotton have averaged seven. cents.
8. Does not raise a sufficient supply of horses, mules, hogs, and
cattle, meat and provisions. Kentucky and Tennessee supply horses
and mules: the West generally, provisions.
10. The prices of cotton goods are higher than they would be without
the tariff"; particularly the higher-priced and better-made articles.
11. Decidedly agricultural, and exports little else; some lumber,
staves, &c.
17. The warehouse system will be of vast importance to the South,
and will facilitate a direct trade with Europe; saving to our people the
profits of the northern jobbers, and exchange. A direct trade is of the
greatest importance to the South. The establishment of this system
would increase the comrnerce of the State, and give a new impulse to
business of every kind.
20. Negro clothing.
22. Coffee. The duty may be high, as it is a luxury, and all luxuries
may be taxed as high as they can be.
26. The tariff" affords no benefit to the tiUer of the soil. The great
staples of the country, above the influence of the law, need no protection,
and ask none ; but by the operation of the tariff" all his furniture, clothing,
and necessaries, beyond his own resources, must be higher with than
without a tariff". The great object of the Government should be to secure
to the grower of large staple productions an unembarrassed foreign
market.
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419>
1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
FLORIDA.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.
Pensacola. From Robert Mitchell, Collector,
1 to 1. No manufactories in Florida, except for salt and cigars.
8. About 5 per cent. ,
9 to 15. Do not know. ^
16. Shipped all over the United States and to foreign countries.
17. They do not.
18. 19. Shipped and consumed wherever the United States flag goes.
20 to 22. Do not know.
23. Will compete with foreign articles if all dutie^s are repealed.
24. Change or no change, frauds will be attempted.
25 to 28. Do not know.
29. WiU continue if the duty should be reduced to 12| per cent, on
the foreign article.
30. Cannot be employed in any better way.
31. No, not even if the duties were entirely repealed.
32. 33. Do not know.
34. Will yield six per cent, if all duties were repealed, except sugar
manufactures.
35. The change would make little or no differencej as the duty on the
difference between the foreign cost and the home valuation would be
nearly equal to the minimum ; still the minimums ought to be repealed,
and the home valuation would be attended with great difficulties, as it
would be impossible to establish uniformity of valuation at the different
ports.
36. Frauds will be attempted, change or no change.
37. The productions already exceed the domestic consumption.
38. Do not know.
39. About five per cent.
40. About 80 cents per day.
Note. — .Accompanying the above return,, Mr. Mitchell says, in alerter
dated September 10th, 1845, “the cash system of duties is the most
‘salutary that can be devised for the security of the revenue; while it
‘ regulates the importations and limits them to the wants of the country,
‘it prevents excessive, importations and the ruinous reactions which
‘ invariably follow all such excesses, by creating a foreign balance
‘against us, and, the consequent drain of the precious metalsi The
‘ former mode of securing duties by bonds ought never to be restored. If
‘theAome valuation cftw be established, and the cash duties continued, these
‘ two features combined would prove a security against foreign deception
‘and frauds, admit of a permanent ad valorem duty of twenty per cent.,
‘without the minimum, and "without any material diminution of the
‘ revenue, affording, at the. same time, solid data for annual estimates.
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REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
'M — Continued.
‘ The finer fabrics of F ranee and England have little or no competition
‘ in other foreign countries, or our own ; and whether the duties are high
‘or low, a surplus will always be found in our markets, not so much
‘ from a spirit of adventure as the necessity of paying for our staple
‘ articles, which they prefer meeting in this way to the payment of specie.
‘Frauds are frequently perpetrated in the way of smuggling, also, by
‘venders, who are generally agents of the manufacturers, while their
‘deceptions are unknown to the honest importer, or to. our revenue
‘officers.” ^
W
Key West. From A. Gordon, Collector.
Says, “salt is the only article manufactured in this district. The
‘manufactory on this island was commenced in 1834. Present capital,
‘ exclusive of real estate, $24,500. A joint-stock concern. . Annual rate
‘of profit eight per cent, on the cash capital, after deducting expenses.
‘Thirty^ thousand bushels manufactured last year. Average twenty- ,
‘three cents per bushel. Quality greatly superior to the imported, i
‘being purer and heavier, weighing eighty-six pounds to the measured *
‘bushel, while that from Turk’s Island and.Exuma weighs but seventy-
‘two. Seven persons employed; negroes $15, whites $25, per month.
‘Sales for cash, and the principal markets New Orleans and other places
‘ along the Gulf stream. ' Foreign articles of an inferior quffiity do enter
‘ into .competition in other places, but not here. Price has decreased J
‘ from 37^ to 23 cents, in consequence, in part, of the decreased duty on /
‘the foreign article. Dividends 8 per cent. If the duty were reduced to
‘12J per cent, it would be injurious, but cannot say whether it would be
‘^abandoned. The manufacture of salt, at every point, must be affected
‘ by a reduction of the rate of duty, until the amount manufactured at
‘home shall be sufficient for home consumption. Frauds are not prac-
•‘tised,. to any considerable extent, in the introduction of salt, as the duty
‘ is specific. If it were ad valorem, there might be. There is ten times
‘more fraud on ad valorem articles, by undervaluation, than on articles
•‘paying specific duties.”
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No 2.
Key West. From S. R. Mallory, Collector.
1. Florida produces cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, and sugar-cane.
2. Impossible, in this position, to ascertain.
3. Does not know.
4. Cannot ascertain; profits believed to be small.
5. Does not know.
6. No answer. .
7. No answer.
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SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
421
M — Continued,
8. Raises, it is believed, a sufficient supply of the articles named,
and provisions generally.
9. Commercial interests of the State are mainly dependent on its
agriculture — as yet, but little interested in mechanical or manufaefuring
business.
10. In this district the prices are dependent upon causes separate
from the t^iff.
11. The section of country on the coast south of Jupiter Inlet, and
east of Cape Sable, produces a native arrowroot, commonly called
“ coontee,” which is manufactured by the settlers to some extent, not to
exceed 20,000 pounds per annum. This commanded in northern
markets, in 1835 and 1840, eight cents per pound ; and is now, in the
same markets, worth- five Cents.
12. 13. No answers. ; .
14. The manufacture of salt is carried on here, in the southern district
of Florida. Capital invested, $21,000; an incorporated c'ompany,; pays
an interest of eight per cent, per annum. The present duty on salt, if
entirely repealed, would not affect its production or profit here.
15. No vessels ar//built, although ship timber is excellent and abun-
dant. , . 1/ '
■ 16. No answfer.
17; The warehouse system would increase the foreign tirade of this
Stfite; and this port would soon become a favorite depot for goods
intended for the West India market.
18, No answer.
19, Foreign salt used in-the cure of fish in South Florida, for the
Cuba market, (when exported.)
20, 21. No anStvers.
22, Tea, coffee, fruit.
23 to 27, No answers.
28. No mines of any kind.
Appalachicola. From Samuel W. Spencer, Collector.
r
1. Cotton, toba,cco, Indian corn, and sugar,
2. Nearly four-fifths of the capital of the State is engaged in the pro-
duction of cotton for export, and corn for home consumption. Several
of the counties on the river contiguous to this, to wit: Jackson, Gadsden,
and Leon, have occasionally produced some sugar, to the amount per-
haps of 100,000 lbs. ; tobacco is quite a large crop in the above coun-
ties, and wiU amount this year to 800,000 lbs., all of which will be
shipped from this port to St.. Mark’s. -
3. The commercial and navigation interests are solely dependent on
the above-named productions.
4. The average profit on the production of cotton is estimated at
from 5 to 6 per cent, on investment.
The production of tobacco (Spanish) has been greater, say from 8 to
! 9 per cent, owing chiefly to its value for cigar m^ng.
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J[184S.
REPORTS OF THE
M-^Cpntinued.
5. The annual profit for ten years preceding 1842 is variously esti-
mated at from 10 to 12 per cent.; but from 1837 to ’42 the currency
was greatly depreciated) and raised or depreciated prices . accordingly
as it fluctuated.
6. The average price of cotton has been ; the average income
pe'r hand was, from 1832 to ’35, say $100; fi-om 1835 to ’37, $120.; and
from 1838 to ’42, $75.'
7. It is believed by a majority of the most intelligent citizens here
that both prices and profits of the agriculturist in this part of the State
were enhanced by the infl.ation of the currency from 1834 to’ 37 inclu-
sive ; but that, since the tariff of 18.42, they have been depreciated from
] 0 to 6 per cent.
8. The State does not raise a supply of horses, mules, or hogs ; the
horses and mules are mostly brought from Tennessee and North Caro-
lina; a large quantity of hogs were' driven from Tennessee and the
northern part of Georgia to supply the counties on the river. There is
also a large quantity of western bacon received at this place from New
Orleans for the interior of Florida, say 20,000 lbs.
9. The commercial, navigation, and mechanical interests are depend-
ent on the production and profits of the agricultural. There are no
manufactories, everything used and consumed being brought from the
northern States, except the meats and breadstuffs.
10. The average prices of protected articles (sugar and salt excepted)
have been much higher in . the last three than in the preceding ten years,
and it is believed to be greatly injurious to the interests of the State.
11. The State does not export any articles but those of her own
growth, except cotton and lumber.
, 12. Most of the cotton and tobagco made here is exported to a foreign
market, the prices of which depend entirely on the foreign denaand.
13. The foreign importations here are but small, most of the supplies
coming from the northern States.
14. There are no manufactories in this portion of the State.
15. The business of ship-building has never been pursued to any
extent ; most of the carrying trade is done by northern vessels, except
steamboats on the river, which are gi'eafly increased, in price by the
.tariff' on iron. . ^
16. The amount of capital invested in commerce is very small in
proportion to that of agriculture ; perhaps one-ninth.
' The commercial interest is not so flourishing now as under the- low
duties ; the agriculturists buy less of manufactured goods, the product
of the State being at a lower price and the manufactured articles dearer.
17. The establishment of a warehouse system, it is believed, would
f)romote the commerce of this place. Merchants then, who have a
imited capital, might import sMt, iron, sugar, &c., direct, instead of
buying from the North. ' ,
18. The aboHtion of drawbacks would have but little effect in this
Slate.
19. Cuba tobacco reexported in cigars.
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
423
20. No articles manufactured in this State except the coarsest cottons
and linsey-woolsey. "
21. The great agricultural interest, the cotton growers and laborers,
four-fifths of the whole population, are injuriously affected by the tariff
of 1842. ■ .
23. The operation of the present tariff, it is believed, depresses the
price of the principal products of the State, while it enhances the cost
of nearly all the articles which they have to purchase Or consume^ to
wit : coarse cloths, cotton and woolen, hardware, cutlery, agricultufal
implements of iron and steel, rope and bagging, porcelain, earthenware,
China, &c.
24. In this State the system of duties on gt>ods extensively used oper-
ates injuriously, as all classes have to buy from abroad at an increased
price.
25. Answered in 23.
26. The present duties do not benefit any engaged in the production of
agricultural staples, except the growers of tobacco. The State has not
prospered for the last three years under the operation of the tariff.; the
principal article of export (cotton) has been greatly depressed, and all
the necessary articles of clothing, &c., much dearer.
27. There is but a small quantity of wool raised in this State ; hot
enough even to bring into market. ' ^
28. There are no mines worked.
Appalachicola. From Robert My ere, United States Marshal.
1. Cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, oats, sugar, oranges, potatoes^ and
some other tropical products.
2. Should judge that fifteen-sixteenths of the capital of , the State is
engaged in agriculture.'
3. The nianufacturing interest of Florida is very limited; it is princi^
pally confined to cigars and sawing lumber, and therefore is not depend-
ent on agriculture. The commercial interest is wholly' dependent upon
the agricultural, the navigating upon the commercial, and the mechanical
upon both; which shows a reciprocal dependence upon each other.
4. In the culture of cotton, which is the principal product, should think
four to five per cent, would be a liberal allowance for the average profit
of producing since the tariff of 1842 ; rice is only produced for consump-
tion; tobacco, being a new production, has varied much in its yield; irt
some cases proving almost a total lOss — in others yielding 25 to 30
per cent. , -
5. Twelve to fifteen per cent, would be the average profit on cOtton;
the other products were not cultivated in this State from 1832 to ’42
sufficiently to judge.
6. The annual average price of cotton in 1832 was 10, cents; 1833;,
11 cents; 1834, 13 cents; 1835, 16 J cents; 1836, 15^ cents; 1837, 15|
cents; 1838, lOJ cents; 1839, 14 cents; 1840, 9^ cents; 1841, 6|^' cents ;
1842, 7^ cents. The annual average ihcome per hand, after deductiiig
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:424 , REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
expenseis, and making no allowance for interest on capital invested, from
1832 to 1842, was about $165; and from 1842 to 1845 it was about $30;
in the one case he has supposed the capital invested in negroes and land
to be $1,000, which, after deducting expenses, would yield from 12, to
15 per cent.; and, in the other, he has valued the negroes and land at
$600, . which gives about 5 per cent. He has based his estimates upon
an average crop in both, cases of four bales to the hand.
7. Withthe reduction of duties the agricultural prod nets have increased
in value, the nominal price has-been greater, and the jjrqfit still more
increased ; the reduction of duties has given us a more liberal mai'ket
abroad, and, by enabhng the foreign manufacturer to find a market here
for his gopds, operates precisely as though he Avere bartering for the
cotton, instead of paying always and never receiving a return. The
currency has operated against the agricultural and mechanical interests
by its inflations, fluctuations, and uncertainty, when measured by the
standard of specie.
8. The State does not raise a sufficient supply of horses, mules, and
many kinds of provisions. It draws its supplies from Louisiana, Ten-
nessee, Kentucky, and Ohio. Prices have been higher in the 10 years
preceding 1842, than they have been in the 3 years since. Attributes
the difference to the inability of the agriculturists, &c., to consume so,
much, owing to the depressed prices of his products.
9. The commercial, mechanical, and navigating interests are so closelj
connected with, and dependent on, the agricultural interest, that their
profits increase or diminish in very nearly the.sanie ratio; but with a
protective tariff, as the manufacturing interest increases the others de-
crease; without it, there would be a mutual dependence and favorable
connection between them all.
10. The average prices of the protected articles have not been as low in
proportion to the average prices of the staples for the last 3 years as in the
preceding 10— making allowance for the average price of the raw material.
He attributes it to the monopoly engendered by the tariff of 1842, whereby
competition, is crushed, the great regulator of prices — supply and de-
mand— -is destroyed. Its effects upon expenses are no less ruinous;
as for instance a planter makes a crop of $3,000 ; consumes, say $2,000 ;
has left $1,000. By the present course his receipts of $3,000 are reduced
to perhaps $1,500; and, instead of a similar reduction in his expendi-
tures, which would be the case in a natural state of things, they are
enough still to consume the whole crop.
11. It does not.
12. Nearly the whole agricultural product of cotton and tobacco is
exported and consumed abroad; the prices are governed by the foreign
demand. England, France, and Germany, are the principal places of
shipment. Meet with competition to some extent. The high duties
prevent successful competition in tobacco and cotton. Now that Texas
is annexed, has no fear of _/orejg»' competition. ,
13. The present duties affect the value of the, products of the country
to their whole extent. So much as is necessary for the support of the
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425
.1845.] SECRETARY OF THE .TREASURY.
^ M — Continued.
Government may be regarded as a necessary tax on the cost of produc*
tion, and should not be included. . .
14. The only manufactories of the State are for cigars, and sa wing
boards, &c., which require no protection; the profits are ample, but
cannot say what;' capital about $600,000.
15. No ship-building carried on in tlie State.
16. Proportion of capital invested in' commerce is about 1 to 30 of the
capital in agriculturci The proportion of capital invested in commerce
to the value of the products of agriculture is about 3 to 5.
17. It would.
18. It would not materially, if at aU, affect the State.
19. Cuba tobacco. . ,
20. Wool flannels; low-priced unbleached cotton; bleached cotton,
say 10 to 20 cents, and under; colored and uncolored twist ; cables
and cordage; blankets costing less than 75 cents; .iron manufactured
almost prcmibitory ; iron and steel wire; many articles of glass ware;
white and red lead; putty; hempseed oil.
21. The population of the State .is very seiiously affected by the
minimums, as it consumes largely of the coarse fabrics of foreign man-
ufacture. The State at present is nOt much affected by the cash duties
(.without the warehouse system, as it imports but little direct, receiving
its articles of consumption via New York, Boston,^ and New Orleans.
The establishment of a warehouse system and a revenue tariff’ would
increase materially the direct trade. • .
22. Most of the dyestuffs and articles used for manufacturing, which
are now imported duty free, might bear a moderate duty.
23. Not satisfactorily answered.
25. All low-priced cotton and woolen goods, sugar, molasses, and
farming utensils of every description. The remainder, cannot answer.
26. A reduction of the duties to a revenue standard is the^ly remedy.
This State is not prosperous under the influence of a protective tariff.
27. Scarcely any.
28. None.
MISSISSIPPI.
ANS-WERS TO CIRCULAR. No. 1.
• Adams County. From Samuel S, McAlister.
1. Mississippi, AdamSi county.
2. Steam.
3. January 1,1844. Private property.
4. In the former, $5,000;.. in the latter, $18,000.
5. Two ^thousand five hundred . dollars per month; $2,500
month ; also, for planters furnishing their materials, $2,500.
6. Being a new establishment, expenses equal to the profits.
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REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
— Continued.
7, 8- No answers. ■ ' ' ' •
9. ijinseys, $2,600; bagging, $2,500; sacking, $2,600; Lowells,
$2,600. . '
10. American cotton, $3,500; and wool, $3,500.
11. Cannot answer. The American articles have the preference, and
are superior.
12. Black men, 20; women, 6 ; children, 4-— per month, $8; and 4
white [men, supposed to mean] at $50 per month; and clerk and over-
seer, $1,960.
13. Eight hours, and 300 days. '
14. Cannot answer.
15. Two horses.
16. Find a market at home.
17; None of a similar fabric imported.
18. Mississippi and Louisiana.
19. Not within my knowledge.
20. By the manufacturer, for cash ; cotton and wool.
21. Decrease in price of articles; wages the same.
22. Thirty-Bve cents paid for 4-4 linsey; bagging 44 inches. If, price
16 cents; cotton sacking 44 inches, measuring 1^,20 cents; Lowells, 36
inches, 12 cents per yard. ■
23. The same as at present.
24. None that I, know of.
25. Previously answered.
26. No answer.
27. $7,500 and $2,500.
28. Does not recollect.
29. Could not afford to manufacturer
30. Do not know.
31. No.
32 to 36. Cannot answer.
37. About one-third.
38. About one-third.
39. About 5 per cent. '
40. Does not know.
. Note.— -The above, return was received by the Department in a letter
from John D. Elliott, Collector at Natchez, Mississippi, dated August 30,
1846, who states that he had “enclosed the questions to the superintend-
ents of the penitentiaries at Jackson, Mississippi, and at Baton Rouge,
Louisiana,” and promises to forward their answers when received. He
knows of no other cotton manufactories in Louisiana or Mississippi. .
ANSWERS TO CIRCITLAR No. 2.
Jackson. From H. Hobbs, PoUmaster.
1. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, and nearly all the, grains and
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 427
M — Continued.
grasses, and the'various kinds of stock produced in other States. Cot-
ton, rice, and tobacco all succeed well.
2. Not known. A large proportion in the production of cotton.
3. Almost entirely dependent on the production of cotton.
4. Perhaps not 5 per cent.
5. 6, 7. No answers. ;
8. It does riot ; they come from the West. Amount not known.
Prices Very fluctuating.
9. Dependent to a great extent; but the| profits of the merchant
and the prices of goods seerri to be altogether disproportionate to the
prices of cotton. ' j
10. No answer. |
11. Exports little else.
12. Three-fourths to four-fifths. By the
Havre. Yes.
13. No answer.
14. Very few.
15. Has not been, and is not now, engaged
gation to any considerable extent.
16 to 28. No answers.
preign.
Liverpool and
in ship-building or navi-
LOUISIANA. j
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.
New Orleans. From Leeds Foundry."
1. Louisiana; New Orleans. i
2. Iron and brass foundry, for the manufacture of all kinds of heavy
machinery. Steam power.
3. In 1823. Owned by private individuals.
4. Invested in grounds, buildings, arid machineiy, about $250,000.
5. Average amount invested in materials, and cash for the purchase
of materials and payrrieht of wages, is about ^100,000.
6. Annual profit on capital is 10 per cent.
7. 8. No answer.
9. Value of articles manufactured annually, about ^125,000, con-
sisting mostly of sugar mills, sriw-mills, cotton presses, and steam-
engines, and the repairs of the same.
10. Product of the United States, consisting of pig, bar, and plate
iron, coal, &c., about ^70,000; bar and pig iron from England, about
$15,000.
1 1. Cost of similar articles from England, after the payment of duties,
would probably be a little more.
12. One hundred and thirty men employed. Mechanics’ \vages,
$2 50; laborers’, ^1 50.
13. Twelve hours per day in summer ; 10 in winter.
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428 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
14, 15. No answer.
16. At the manufactory. -
17. No articles of a similar chai'acter have been imported, to any ex-
tent, for years.- '
18. Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi.
19. Not to any amount. In a few instances have received orders
from Mexico, Texas, and Cuba. Used in the manufacture of cotton
and sugar.
20. Principally for cash ; for heavy contracts, at 12 months.
21 to 40. No answers.
-New Orleans City and County. From G. Comsto7'te, Superinterident New
Orleans Sugar Refinery.
1. Louisiana; Orleans city and county.
2. Sugar refinery. Steam.
3. In 1838.
4. Capital employed, $60,000.
5. No answer.
6. Profit variable, according to price of raw material.
7. No answer.
8. Rate of interest, from 8 to 12 per cent.
9. No answer. - '
10. Two million five hundred thousand pounds of raw sugar of do-
mestic growth'.
11. No answer.
12. Thirty-five hands employed; average wages, $35 per month;
board $4 per week. -•
13. Twelve hours; from 1st October to 1st July.
14. Able men, of same description, can earn $12 and $14 per month,
and found, in other portions of the State.
15. Three to five horses.
16. Mostly at New Orleans. -
17. No answer.
18. Mostly in the States bordering on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
19. None exported. . '
20,21. No a.nswers.
22. In 1838 at an average price of 16 cents, which price has gradu-
ally receded to 10 cents. :
23 to 28. No answer.
29. The danger from foreign competition would not afiect the manu-
facturer, but would operate upon the planter. .
30 to 39. Answers irrelevant.
40. From $12 per month, and found, to $50; say 1st class, $50; 2d
class, $35; 3d class, $20; 4th class, $10 tO'$15.
New Orleans. From A. Sp J. Dennestoim Ip Co., Importers.
1 to 34. Not answered ; communication replies to —
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1845,1 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
• 35. Assessing duty upon the value in the American port is the very
worst that could be adopted, as it conflicts with that clause of the Con-
stitution which requires that a umfm-m duty shall be levied throughout the
United States. How can this uniformity exist if the market value in the
port of importation fixes the duty, when every man conversant with dry
goods knows that in the large northern ports many articles are decidedly
y lower in price than thejr are here? In New York many articles of large
imgort are decidedly lower than in this market ; and hence, as a matter
of course, the importer here would have to pay a higher duty than is
collected there. In the new State of Texas every article of import is
materially higher than even here, and still worse when compared with
the North. During the year 1842, when the 20 per cent, duty was col-
lected on the value in the American port, many instances came under
our observation which showed conclusively the difference in price be-
tween the North and the South, and the utter impossibility of doing
justice to all in charging duty on local valuations. In all cases where
an ad valorem duty is charged, no ' plan is more simple, uniform, and-
just, than charging it on the cost in the place of production.
Afec Orleans. From C. W. D%ihy, Measurer,
1 to 31. No answers ; replies only to —
32. The manufacture of salt at Kanawha, and other places in the
western States, is competed with in all the principal towns where salt
is used, particularly in the salting of pork, beef, and butter. About 300
bushels of home-made salt are annually used b)" the slaughterers of
hogs in the new States ; but that is only a fifth or sixth part of the whole
amount used. The home-made salt, although about equal to the coaxse.
Liverpool, (when the object is to preserve meat for any great length of
time,) is held to be far inferior to the rock or lurnp salt imported from
Turk’s Island and other places in the West Indies. Great Britain
admits American provisions to compete with those of Ireland, and the
American packer will pay more attention to his mode of preparing meat
for abroad, and the best salt for packing will be Sought ; a more exten-
sive demand will arise for West India or rock salt. The importation of
this kind of salt has doubled at this port within the last year. The
quantity of coarse Liverpool is, however, double that of the West
India article ; but this excess is controlled by circumstances having no
connection with the relative qualities of the tAvo salts. Hundreds of
ships caiTying cotton from this port to Liverpool, although the freight
on this article will pay expenses of the voyage both ways, are unwilling
to come back empty when they can purchase salt in Liverpool ^t 30
cents per bag, and sell it here at 90 cents. The West India salt sells at
about the same price, and costs the importer about the same per bushel
as the Liverpool. There is, then, this difference : the Liverpool trader
has made handsomely by his freight on' cotton, while the West India
trader has probably had to encounter a limited and fluctuating market
for his outward cargo of provisions or lumber. The western packers of
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REPORTS OF THE
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M— Continued.
salted provisions cannot be supplied with salt from their own provision ;
and the importation of foreign salt has increased, and must continue to
increase with the rapidly increasing population of the western States.
Shall the General Government absttun from aU interference, and allow
the provision dealers to follow their own interests as they may under-
stand them? or will it so discriminate and modify the duty on salt for
the packers and consumers of salted provisions?
Importation of Salt at New Orleans luring the last two years.
From 1st July, 1843, to 1st July, 1844 —
Liverpool coarse (bushels) 1,033,695
Do. fine do. S28,723
West India or rock, do. .312,475
1,674,793
4
From 1st July, 1844, to 1st July, 1845 —
Liverpool coarse (bushels) ' 1,240', 030
Do. fine do 398,005
West India or rock, do 609,870
2,247,905
New Orleans, From P. M. Ozanne, Second Import Clerk.
— . Frauds on the customs may be classed as follows: 1st. An under-
valuation of the invoiced price of goods subject to ad valorem duty. 2d.
Falsely invoiced yardage, quantity, &c. 3d. Goods clandestinely intro-
duced. 4th. Goods of small bulk, paying a high duty, introduced in
large packages clandestinely. Frauds under the 2d, 3d, and 4th heads
not practised to any great extent. Under the 1st they are very numerous ;
as, unless the prices are extravagantly reduced, it is almost impossible
to detect them, as they admit of almost every shade and degree, and if
detected are-difficult of conviction, except in flagrant cases: because,
1st, of the leniency of jurors; 2d, the accused party, (especially with
French goods,) can bring witnesses to prove almost anything; 3d,
because the hope is indulged (founded on what has occurred) that, if
convicted, a plausible petition will secure the remission of the fine froth
the higher authorides.
Scarcely a French importing house in this city does not practise this
species of fraud, either from a desire of profit or from self-defence. The
practice is universal; and while some are averse to it, they say that they
are compelled to adopt it in .self-defence or give up their business, as
others will practise it. I was also informed by another mercantile house
that they were undersold by the “ pacotUleurs" (small retail dealers) in
their own goods, though these small dealers had to undergo the expense of
a voyage, to F ranee each jmar, and pay, besides, some advance to their
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1845.J SECRETARY; OF THE TREASURY. 431
M — Continued.
manufactory; whereas they themselves (the agents) received their goods
at cost prices. The same house informed me , that, in their judgment,
nothing would more effectually cure this evil than the entire abolition of
ad valorem duties on invoice prices.
Note. — ^The above returns and communications received from Thomas
Barrett, Collector, New Orleans, who • states, that “all the questions
received from the Department had been distributed,” &c., &c., &c.
^ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
New Orleans. From North Sf Brothers.
11, 18, 19, 20, 22. Would be but slightly favorable to our commerce.
We should anticipate but little increased of demand for export goods.
Neither should we expect increased importations for domestic consump-
tion, in consequence of the facilities furnished by Government ware-
houses. 19. Salt provisions, cables, iron, playing cards, fish oil.
The dry goods imported are mostly in the hands of foreigners, and are
probably about one-fourth of the amount of domestic goods sold.
Of the dry goods imported ***** large proportion of finer quahties and
tastes than the domestic manufacturer produces.
The cheapest, or low-priced manufactured articles, are those which
are mostly prohibited by the present tariff. .
The importation of goods being so largely in the hands of foreigners,
who are not Americans in feeling towards the Government, and custom-
house particularly, great precautions are necessary on the part of the
Government in arranging a tariff.
Destreham_Place. From F. A. Rost.
1. Sugar and cotton axe the main agricultural products; rice and
tobacco are raised to a hmited extent; large quantities of hay, corn, and
potatoes are also raised for the use of the plantations ; these are con-
sumed in producing the crops of sugar' and cotton.
2. The capital engaged in the cultivation of sugar is increasing
rapidly, and may now be stated at $75,000,000, about $12,000,000 of
which consist of buildings arid machinery exclusively applicable to the
manufacture of sugar. The capital engaged in the cultivation of cotton
is about $90,000,000; that engaged in the cultivation of rice and tobacco
does not exceed $1,000,000.
3. More than half of the" sugar and molasses raised is exported by
sea to the other States, and shipments are beginning to be made to Eng-
land. All the remainder, except the consumption of New Orleans, is
carried by steamboats to the markets of the Mississippi valley. It must
have required, this year, shipping to the extent of 100,000 tons to take
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away the sugar and molasses that went to the markets of the Atlantic
coast. The amount of inland tonnage employed to carry the crop to
New Orleans, and the portion taken by the West to the inland markets,
is still greater. The extent of shipping required to take away the cotton
crop of this State is 100,000 tons, and an equal quantity of inland ton-
nage is employed in carrying it from the plantations to the New Orleans
market. ' ■
The New Orleans merchants receive a -commission of two and a half
per cent, upon the gross amount of the sales -of our products ; and the
price is generally paid with the proceeds of bills which the bankers of
that city discount at the current rates of exchange. .This shows the vast
extent to which the commercial and navigation interests are dependent-
upon our products. The mechanical and manufacturing interests are
equalfy so. The increase in the cultivation of sugar is so great that
there has been all this season a scarcity of sugar-house machinery. The
supply is not equal to the derhand. A single iron foundry in Tennessee
has sold, this season, $50,000 worth of sugar kettles, and would have
sold more if it could have supplied them. Planters procure their pro-
visions, corn, and coal from the West-^theif clothing a,nd machinery'
from the North and West. The machinery used for griiiding, clarifying,
boiling, granulating, and refining sugar,: is all domestic, and is superior
to the machinery made abroad for the same purposes. New York and
Philadelphia furnish us with vacuum pans which London and Paris
cannot match. The cotton planters require less machinery, and are
turning their attention to the manufacture of their people’s clothing. The
' bale rope and bagging which they require has brought into existence tire:
extensive manufactories of those articles which now exist; the building
of sugar houses, and the putting up of machinery, employ a great number
of mechanics, and their wages ate gradually rising.
4. I own a sugar plantation on the Mississippi river, upon which I
reside. Twenty-odd years ago I established a cotton plantation on
Red river, and I am still interested in its products. The land of both
is fertile, the climate favorable to the products raised,- arrd the cultiva-
tion equal to the average cultivation of Louisiana. Out of the three \
years last past, two have been very favorable for cane, and one has
been unfavorable; The average clear profit of the three years on the,
sugar plantation has been seven per cent, upon the capital invested.
Upon the cotton plantation the crop of 1842 was fair, and yielded a net
profit of six and a half per cent., notwithstanding .the low prices. The
two following crops were half destroyed by the overflows and the army-
wmrm. The total income of the two years was hardly seven per cent.
The present season has been seasonable, and free from accidents. The
crop, if it can be picked, will amount to at least 150,000 pounds clean
cotton, which, at an average price of sevemcents, will produce $10,500.
The expenses of cultivation, baling, transportation, and sale, "vyill not
exceed three thousand dollars, leaving $7,500 profit upon a capital of
$75,000; that is 10 per cent. Many pertons, discouraged at the
repeated appearance of the army-wonn, are leaving cotton, to cultivate
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the sugar-cane. Cotton at from six to seven cents a pound, is a more
profitable crop than sugar ever can be.
5.1 did not own the sugaj plantation during the ten previous years ; I
lea,rn that the average profits during that time were about the same, the
only difference being in the value of the currency during the two.
periods. On the cotton plantation the average profits of the ten years,
' should have been over ten per cent, in the currency of the times. The
place was badly conducted, however, and raised bad cotton part of the
time; hence the small profits.
6. The average aunual income per hand on the sugar plantation,
from 1842 to 1845, has been $175; and must have been the same in
■ the ten previous years. On the cotton plantation, since 1842, the worm
and overflows have caused in two years the loss of a whole crop;
counting those, two years for one, the average would be $145 per hand;
and if the crop now on hand were included in the estimate, the average
would be neair $160 per hand. In comparing the profits of the two
cultivations, it should be remembered that the fixed capital on a sugar
plantation working a given number of hands, is much greater than that
employed on a cotton plantation having an equal number ; and that the
difference consists principally in buildings and machinery, subject to
great- wear and tear. So that the income per hand, in the cultivation
of sugar, may be greater, while the profit on the whole capital is less.
7. The inflated state of the currency from 1835 to 1840 makes it
veiy difficult. to ascertain th'e effect which the compromise act had upon
prices, and profits during the period of its existence ; and the difficulty
is increased by the fact that a similar expansion took place at the same
time in the currency of England. The expansion, beginning here in
1835, gave an impulse to speculation and raised prices; that caused in
England, in 1886, by the West India loan, and the subsequent forlnar
tion of innumerable joint-stock banks, kept up prices, and gradually
raised cotton and manufactured goods to nearly double their intrinsic
value. The enoi'mous loans made at that time by English capitalists
to some of the States, were nearly all remitted to this country in railroad
ii'on, and goods purchased at these high valuations. • The receipts of the
customs were immense; but their increase should no more be attributed
to the compromise act, tiran the large receipts of 1830 and 1831 to the
tariff of 1828. The average price of sugar during that period was
higher than it has been since, notwithstanding the compromise act ; but
the expenses of every description had so much increased, that the
profits of the planter were less than they are now. The price of cotton
had nearly doubled, but planters had become extravagant. They had
put all their . lands in cotton, raised no provisions, bought their corn and
hay at high prices, and had them brought from New Orleans to all parts
of the State, at an expense often greater than their cost ; and, taking into
consideration their mode of living at the two periods, their savings were
less than they are now. .' They were then increasing their indebtedness ;
during the last three years they have been reducing it. Such a state of
things could not last. After the Bank of England closed the American
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credits, and, by contracting its operations, wound up "the joint-stock
banks, our currency gradually returned to, a sound state. The currency
of England was sound after 1838; and if, as some men think, the mar-
kets of that country regulate the price of cotton, that price could not
after thcit time ha,ve been seriously affected by the contractions of our
own currency. If the compromise act had any material influence in the
previous rise of that staple, that influence must have continued to be
felt after 1838, when that^ act was in full operation, and had fair play
so far as cotton was concerned. It was not felt ; cotton continued to go
down;> the compromise act, aided by the reckless contrivances of the
United States Bank of Pennsylvania, and the proceedings of the Macon
Convention, could not even bre'ak its fall. Up to the day of the repeal
of that act, the tendency of the price of cotton was downwards. When
the operation of the tariff of 1842 began to be felt, that tendency
changed, and in two years cotton has risen 25 or 30 per cent, above its
lowest price. The present manufacturing population of the United
States, by taking, at a fair price, the surplus of the crops of the grain-
growing States, which nobody else will have, create throughout those
States an immense power to purchase; and as, when people have food
and money, they will have cotton goods and also tobacco, that purchasing
power is exceedingly beneficial to the growers of those staples. With-
out manufactures it would not exist, and those States could not import
from England one-half of the cotton goods they now purcha.se.
In 1825 I travelled in different parts of Ohio. The 'first question
asked me, when I stopped at a tavern, was, whether I had any objec-
tion to .having my horse fed on wheat. The stage contractors preferred
oats. Corn was better for fattening cattle and hogs, arid their only
market for wheat was to feed it, in this way, to chance travellers^
Corn was. then retailing at 12J cents a bushel; wheat could not be sold
at any price. . SinceThat time, canals have been opened through some
of those districts. Large manufactories have been, put into Operation;
arid both canals and manufactures'have had the same effect; they have
given to the farmer a regular market for his wheat at fair prices.' For-
merly, the farmer who had 200 bushels of wheat to sell did not get
120 for it ; now he receives from $100 to $120, and purchases cotton
goods to a larger amount than his whole, crop formerly amounted to.
The vast increase in the consumption of cotton goods cannot be other-
wise explained. •
It is said that if, under a different course of policy, the grain-growing
States consumed less cotton goods, the southern States would consume
more. This is an error.- The consumption of the sla ve States increases
only as cultivation increases ; they differ in that respect from the, others.
The consumption, of the plantati'ons is not a.ffected by the prices ; whether
these be higb or low, it is very nearly the same. If the price of- cotton
and woolen goods should fall orie-ha.lf, I would not purchase a yard
more of either than I now do. If they were to i ise much higher, I would
make them at home. Under that policy there would be no material
increase of consumption in the sla^e States to compensate its decrease
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. in others ; and the. loss of that great market would inevitably bring down
the price of the raw material. The' amount contributed by the cotton
and tobacco planting interests, under the existing laws for the protection
of national industry, is more than conapensated by the encouragement
which those laws give to the development bf that industry, and the
adcelerated increase 'of new products; a large portion of which is ex-
' changed for cotton goods and tobacco.
8. This State does not raise a sufficient supply of horses, mules,
cattle, hogs,, salt provisions, corn, and coal. Mules are supplied by
Kentucky and Missouri, coal by Pennsylvania and Kentucky, the other
products by all the western States ; cannot state the average value of
the supply each year,— it amounts, however, to several millions of
dollars. During the expansion of the currency, the prices of all these
products had been greatly increased ; and, when the reaction took place,
they felTbelow their intrinsic value. Under the operation of the tariff
of 1842, the price of all has gradually improved ; provisions and mules
are now too high for the present prices of sugar and cotton.
9. No answer.
10,. The quality of the protected articles has been very much Improved
,, in the last three years. The average price of some of them — of blankets,
shoes, and hats, for instance— has been lower since that time than it was
in the preceding ten years, or at any time before. The same may be
said of bale-rppe and bagging. The competition of American blankets
has brought down the price of French blankets, which I generally give
to my people, from 14 50 to $3 25 a pair.
I am not prepared to say that the average price of cotton and woolen
goods, during the last three years, has been higher than the average- price
of the ten previous years, in proportion to the price of cotton, and wool
during those two periods; and, if it should have been, the difference is
far too inconsiderable to affect injuriously the productions of those staples,
or the general expense of hving of the great mass of the people. --The
increased consumption of those staples is an ample indemnity to the
producers for any difference that may exist. The Secretary ; of the
Treasury knows what protected articles are consumed on cotton planta-
tions, and israware that nearly all^planters manufacture the greater part
of the clothing they use. Those who do not, and choose to buy, have
no right to complain of the tariff. Shoes and hats are cheaper than they
can be imported . from Europe duty free ; blankets are cheaper now
than they were under4he' 20 per cent, duty ’of the compromise act. I
have purchased cotton goods this year for less than the amfmntof the
duty that protects them. The average Louisiana . price of sugar, last
year, was not over 3 J cents, and a considerable quantity was sold at 2J,
and even 2| cents, notwithstandingyhe duty of 2 J cents per lb. on foreign
sugars, &c. ' ' ^
11. No answer.
12. ' Cannot rstate the amount of the products of the State consumed
abroad. Very little sugar has, as yet, been shipped to England, and the
Louisiana cotton is mixed up, in -New Orleans, -with that of other States.,
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and sent partly to the North and partly to Ehrope. ’ I do hot believe that
the foi'eign or home demand regulates exclusively the price of those
staples. If a month hence news were received of a great rise in the
price of sugar in England, and 20,000'or 30,000 hogsheads were pur-
chased here at advanced prices for that country, it could not be said
that the price of that sugar was governed by the home demand; and as
the quantity shipped would npcessai'ily increase the price of the remainder,
that price itself would not be regulated' by the home demand exclusively .
The cotton of Louisiana is principally shipped to England and France.
In the English markets we are met by the competition of the cottons
g;rown in India. The duties imposed by the present tariff do not per-
cepdbly lessen our ability to meet that competition successfully, and they
gradually create a market for us, which will be more and more neces-
sary as that competition increases.
Adverts to a statement published m the Uniov, that “all attempts to
cultivate ' cotton in India have signaUy failed,” and declares it to be a
pernicious error, &c., &c. Argues the question at len^h.
13. The present duties will, in the course of time, affect the value of
the exports of the country, as duties much higher have, affected the value
of the exports of England. If our policy be otherwise right, it appears
to me we are not called upon to provide for its distant and barely possi-
ble consequences, &c., &c.
14 to 49. No answers,:
20. The foreign products that occur to me, upon which the duty
amounts to a^ prohibition, are grain and cotton. , * * *
The duties on gi-ain and cotton have all the worst vices of protective
duties. They are prohibitory, and thereby diminish the revenue ; while,
at the same time, they enhance the price of the food and raiment of the
people.
21 to 25. No answers.
26. They do, unless it be the' glowers of rice, and of that I am not
sure. When freights are low and the price of rice is high, it might
probably be imported ; and the time has been When protection was all
important to that staple.
The growers of tobacco receive direct protection from the tariff. The
coffee planters on the north side of Cuba are removing their coffee trees,
and are going into the cultivation of tobacco as fast as possible. , In the
districtpf St. Mark’s it is now almost the only crop raised. The increase
of that staple in Cuba will, in a few years, be immense; and, but for
the tariff, that island' could throw into our market any quantity of a
superior product, at such. a price as would greatly diminish the consump-
tion’of our own.
The State has prospered under those duties and wishes no change, at
least for a time. A change might be for- the worse, and could not be
much for the better.
A duty of 20 per cent, upon sugar, tea, and coffee, would bear harder
on the consumer than the duly he now pays on the single article of
sugar.
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A tariff law cannot be framed that will satisfy everybody. . The pernia-
hencyof measures of this kind is far niore important than the perfection
of their details. ;Our revenue is not too high, and a, reduction of duties
will diminish it. * ■ * * * * - Adverts to the condition
of the Navy, want of warlike supplies, destitution of proper defences,
' &c., &c.
New Orleans, . From A. ^ J. Dennistoun Sf Co^, English Importing House.
17* A warehouse system would . promote thq trade, and increase the
commerce of this State.
,18. The abolition of drawbacks, in connection with a. warehouse
system, would be, rather an injury. Most of those who imporf have
their own large warehouses constructed on purpose for the receipt of
goods, and if the drawback should not be allowed, they would neces-
sarily be compelled to store in the public warehouse, and their own
would remain unoccupied ; besides, there are many export goods that
are not accompanied by samples; and that cannot well be, as they are
sold by the piece. In such cases, to make sales at all, the packages would
have to be taken out of bond, and would thus lose their right of draw-
back,, to the great injury of the importer. It would be greatly more satisr
factory to the majority of importers here to let the present system be
continued than make such a change.
20. The principal articles the duty on which now amounts to a pro-
hibition, but which could, with a reasonable duty, be imported to com-
pete with domestic manufacture, are ready-made clothing, carpeting,
common printed cottons, woolen : cloth, flannels, &c.
New Orleans. From B. Brower ^ Co.
20.. Glass ware — -plain, moulded,^ and cut — is virtually prohibited by
the present ta, riff, which levies, a specific duty equal to an ad valorem
duty of about 200 per cent, average On such articles as were imported
extensively under the late t.arifF. On a great variety of articles, the
lowest ad valorem rate is on very rich cut decanters, which pay 72 per
cent., on tlie cost.on shipboard at Havre. The highest rate is on a cut
tumbler,, (of which we formerly imported large, quantities,) which pays
400 per cent on the whole original cost and charges. The largest item
of importation (in their business) under the late tariff was a cut ,tumbler
from France, which, is now taxed 320 per ceiit. ad valorem. The cor-
rectness of these statements can be sustained by very simple proofs., A
specific duty on this article cannot he made to operate with any degree
of regularity, and a combination of the specific and ad valorem duty is
most suitable both for the purposes of revenue and protection. It might
be. Say, for plain and moulded glass, puntied, ground or stopped, 1^ ceiit
per; pound,, and 25 per cent, ad valorem; and on all cut glass 2J cents
*This paper embraces answers only to the.l7th', 18th, and 20th questions.
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per pound, and 25 per cent, ad valorem. These rates would amount to
an- average of about 36 per cent, ad valorem, which would yield con-
siderable revenue, (there being, now none derived from this source,) arid,
would also afford reasonable protection to domestic manufactures.-
New Orleans. From North ^ Brothe>'s,
Are importers of dry goods,, and suffer^ as well as the Government^
by the present mode of charging duties, in corisequence of a very general
system pursued by French importing houses— entering goods at reduced
prices and quantities.
It is impossible to prevent frauds on the customs when goods pay an
ad valorem duty; and frequent. deception is practised also when goods
pay square-yard duty even. Many articles of dry goods possess no
permarient value, and it is impossible for any appraiser to know whether
, they are truly charged or not. We see no other way to check frauds so
thorough as to charge the, duty on dry goods hy weight, as is done on
rriany other articlesj &c., &c.
State of Louisiana, Parish of Su Mary. Letter of R. W. Harris anil
others, in reference to the production of sugar in the State of Louisiana. '
We, the .undersigned, have had. the pleasure to peruse a circular,
issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, asking information in regard
to the different productions and manufactures of the United States.
In reply to a few questions respecting sugar, we are fully convinced,^
froiri many years’ experience in the production of that article, that, should
Congress be so unwise as to reduce the duty to 12^ per cent., even
with a corresponding reduction on all other imports, the consequence
would be that, .in a very fe>v years, the cultivation of that indispensable
necessary.would be abandoned in Louisiana, not only to the entire ruin
of that portion of the State adapted to that culture, but also to the loSs
of both the western farmer and the northern manufacturer. It is well
known to every agriculturist in the State, that the lands best adapted to
mature the sugar-cane are of a nature not calculated to mature any other
plant equal to that of cane, which, of itself, is a forced culture. But
admit, for a moment, that sugar lands are ada pted to the growth of cotton,,
rice, tobacco, &c., is there not a greater quantity of those articles pro-
duced in other States, and in different parts of the world, than sufficient
for the consumption of the whole globe, and which is the true cause of
the reduced and ruinous prices of some of those articles ? Should the
tariff be reduced to the rate proposed — making it Httle more than nom-
inal-domestic sugar would immediately decline to about four cents for
choice quality, and to three, two, and one and a half for fair, common,
and inferior qualities^ — prices at once depriving the producer from pur-
chasing either western produce or northern manufactures; which, most
uridoubtedly, is injurious to aU.
To prove what \ve have already stated, long experience has taught us
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that it requires at least two and a half cents on every pound of sugar
produced, to meet the necessary expenses of conducting a sugar plant-
ation, principally owing to the perishable nature of materials in this
climate. Annexed you have a statement showing the annual necessary
expenses pertaining, to a plantation whereon is produced, one year with
another, one, ..hundred hogsheads of sugar, '
Staternent.
Household and family expenses... ^ . .$1,000 00
Overseer’s salary 400 00
Food and clothing for 15 working bands, at $30 450 00
Food and clothing for 15 old negroes, and children, at $15. . . 225 00
li per cent, on capital invested (which is about $40,000) to
keep it in repair 600 00
. ' $2,675 00
50 hhds. sugar, at 4 cents per lb. (net proceeds) $2,000 00 ,
25 do^ at 3 do. do. do.. ... 750 00
■25 do. at 2 do. do. do., — 500 00
4,000 gallons of molasses, at 10 cents . ; 400 00
$3,650 00
$976 00
Equal to about two and a half per cent, interest on capital, should the
tariff be reduced to the rate proposed.
But if permitted to remain at 2 J cents, as it now is, an. interest of six
per cent, on capital can, one year with another, by stfict economy, be
realized.
Let the production of sugar be abandoned in this State, and the con-
sumption of the ■whole United States, or nearly so, becomes dependent
on a foreign supply, and principally from a country whose Go-^ernment
is absolute— having the power, at any moment, to prohibit the export of
the article to the United States. Be that as it may, we are confident
that foreign sugar would cost the Aiherican consumer at least twelve and
ahalfcents per pound-r— depriving milhons from using an article that
has become a necessary. ’
.We are also fully aware that, should the tariff be reduced to the rate
proposed, at least one-half of the sugar planters in Louisiana' would
become bankrupt ; their property- fall into other hand s at a very low rate,
thereby reducing capital at least one hundred per cent. We presume it
is . not generally known that many of the sugar planters are deeply in
debt — debts contracted for the purchase of sugar estates at a high rate,
■not anticipating the present tariff would be molested.
It is also not generally known that the cultivation of sugar requires
, more indefatigable labor, than any. other production ; from January till
December not a moment must be lost; requiring, also, about seventy
days’ labor, of eighteen hours- each,, during the boiling season ; together
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with many other casualties the sugax-cane is subject to, such as frost, &c.,
which render the culture a very precarious one.
We regret that we are not sufficiently acquainted with any other
branch of agriculture or manufacture to form a connect opinion.
R. W. HARRIS,
HENRY FOOTE,
BENJAMIN LACY,
E. CARLIN,
. And 44 others.
Statement of Edmund J. Forstall, of New Orleam. ■
Edna. J. Forstall, of New Orleans, merchant, to the questions of the
honorable the Secretary of the Treasury answers as follows:
Question 1. What, agricultural products are raised in your State, and
which, if any, of the. staples of cotton, rice, or tobacco ?
Answer. The agricultural products of the State of Louisiana consist
chiefly of two articles, to wit: sugar and cotton. Corn, rice, hay, pota-
toes, &c., ai'e cultivated upon the same estates, but with a view alto-
gether to their own supplies, the quantity varying according to the value
of the great staple articles; that is .to say, when prices of cotton and
sugar are remunerating, the planter directs the whole productive power
of his estate to them, a.hd trusts to the western country for his corn and
other provisions; and when it is otherwise, he raisesffiis own corn and
other provisions.
Question 2. What portion of its capital is engaged in their production ?
Answer. It is next to impossible to arrive, even by approximation, at
anything like a correct estimate of the capital invested in spgar estates,
because of the great mutations that have taken place in their ownership
during the operation of the compromise bill, and the instability produced
by the tampering with our revenue laws. Those of our planters who
have been able to retain their estates value them at their cost to them,
whilst hundreds of estates previous’ to the tariff of 1842 had been forced
upon the market at one-half and even one-third of their original cost, and
in no few cases turned into pasture grounds ; the slaves thereto attached
being sold to a more favored industry. . In order, however, to give an
idea, sufficient for all practical purposes, of our agricultural interest, the
following statistics are submitted, taken front ..the census of the United
States of 1840:
Sugar crop of 1839— ’40. .
i
Parish of Orlearts ........ 1 ... ......... . 10,000 pounds.
Parish of Plaquemines. ...... 10,329,000 do.
Parish of St. Bernard. ........ 4,308,000' do.
Parish of St. Charles. .... 10,000,000 do.
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Parish of: St. John Baptist. .
Parish of St. J ames
Parish of Ascension ....
Parish of Assumption,
Parish of Lafourche Interior
Parish of Terrebonne..
Parish of Iberville.
Parish of West Baton Rouge
.Parish of East Baton Rouge
Parish at St. Tammany.
Parish of Pointe Coupee...,. .
Parish of Jefferson. ..... ., ., .
Parish of Livingston. . ^
Parish of Calcasieu. ......
Parish of Lafayette.
Parish of St. Landry
Parish of St. Martin
Parish of St. Mary. . r. . :
11,000,000 pounds.
15,157,000
do.
14,568,000
do.
6,520,000
do.
9,945,000
do.
6,875,600
do.
3,728,000
do.
1,947,400
do.
2,466,000
do.
360,,000
do.
411,000
do.
. .5,134,500
do.
520
do.
6,000
do.
1,016,000
do.
400,000
do.
2,474,700
do.
13,291,000
do.
119,947,720 pounds.
Or, in round nunibers, 119,947 hhds. and 6,000,000 gallons molasses.
Cotton Crop of 1839-’40.
Parishes.
Pounds.
,
Bales.
St. James
. 1,032,950 or bales of
450 lbs. each 2,295
Ascension
. 1,028,050
do.
do.
2,284
Assumption
. 2,106,700
do.
do.
• 4,682
Lafourche Interior
. 1,690,000
do.
do.
. 3,755
Terrebonne
. 1,003,850
do.
do.
2,231
Iberville
. 3,552,000
do.
do.
7,893
West Baton Rouge. . . . . . . .
. 3,180,875
do.
do.
7,069
East Baton Rouge.
. 4,016,183
do.
do.
. 8,925
Washington
. 375,200
do.
do.
834
Madison : . .
. 5,378,610
do.
do.'
11,952
CaiToll.
. 8,476,800
do.
do.
. 18,842
St. Tammany
. 140,000
do.
do..
311
Concordia
.19,490,600
do.
do.
42,312
Pointe Coupee
. 6,294,726
do.
do.
13,988
West Feliciana. . ;
.16,247,797
do.
do.
36,106
East Feliciana. ... -.
. 8,442,000
do.
, do.
18,760
St. Helena.
. .925,176
do.
do.
2,056
Livingston .1
. 250,445
do.
do.
557
152,545,368
338,989
Add Caldwell and Claiborne
; for which return has
been
made.
and which worked nearly
3,000 slaves,
at least. .
12,000
350,989
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[1845.
442 REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
Number of slaves attached to the sugar estates, including all ages •
and servants , ' - .50,670
Number of slaves attached to the cotton estates, including all ages
and servants 93,220
Total of slaves attached to both. 143,890
It is well to remark here, that in 1840 the sugar
parishes produced cotton, to the extent of. .. . .52,762 bales.
By the preceding returns, it appears- that the aver^
age product of each hand, all ages included, was 2,367 Ibsl sugar.
And about. . . . . . 1 . . . 1 ■ 100 gallons molasses.
And.the average product of each hand, as above,
on the cotton estate, was 1,636 lbs. of cotton. :
The expenses on, a well-conducted sugar estate are
estimated per slave, of all ages, at . .......... $75 per annum.
And on a cotton estate at. ....... .$30 do.
The crop of sug^ir of 1840-’41
was, in round
numbers. .
.120,000 hhds.
Do.
1841-’42
do.
do
.125,000 do.
Do.
1842-’43
do.
do
.140,316 do.
' Do.
1813-’44
do.
do
.100,346 do.
Do. .
1844-’45
do.
do.
.204,913 do.
There are no data to show the corresponding crops of cotton during
the above four years. • ■
Question 3. To what extent is its. commercial, mechanical, manufac-
turing, and navigation interests immediately connected' with or depend-
ent upon them? ■
Answer. To the same extent that agricultural products are- connected
with or dependent upon the commercial, mechanical, manufacturing, and ship-
ping interests, and, it may be added, the daily laborer; because.
The planter cannot dispense with the merchant, who, directly or indi-
rectly, is the interposed agent between the consumer and producer;
With the mechanic, for the erectioiTof his sugar works; ■
With the manufacturer, for engines to grind his canes, or to gin his
@ cotton; for instruments of husbandry to till his lands ; for clothing for
his people ; for sugar pans and steam apparatus of all kinds, &c., &c.;
With steamers, vessels, and crafts of all kinds, to distribute his pro-
ducts to their cotisumers throughout the world;
With carmen and daily laborers, to discharge ■ such /products frona
steamers and other vessels, when reaching their respective destinations,
until they are finally consumed, &c.,. &c. ;
Without a combination of all those interests, not one of which can be
touched without rea;cting upon the others, commerce and agriculture
Would soon return to their prinritive condition. •
Question 4. What has been the annual average profit on capital em-
ployed in their production, on well-conducted farms, or plantations, for
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Federal Re.servp'Rank of .St I mils , '
443
1845,]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
the last three years, since the passage of the tariff of 1842,, including
the crop of that year, and deducting all expenses incident to the pro-
duction of the articles, their preparation for rharket, the transportation to
the place of sale, and the sales themselves ?’
Answer. The same difficulty presents itself in this question as in the
second ; the absence of fixed data to establish the real capital invested
precludes the possibility of ascertaining the net annual profits thereupon.
The following facts may, however, enable the Treasury to approxi-
mate the information it is seeking:
In 1828, the sugar estates of Louisiana numbered. .-308 .
Of which were worked by horse power. 226
And by steam 82
The slaves of £l11 ages attached to the above estates num-
bered about 21,000.
These estates, at that epoch, were valued at. $34,000,000
Fi'om 1828 to 1830, there were established 383 new sugar
estates, making the number of estates then. .691
The . slaves attached to the above estates then numbered
about 36,000.
These addhional estates were then supposed to have re- >
quired'an additional outlay of. 16,000,000
Making, at that epoch, the capital invested in the sugar in-
dustry. — .$50,000,000
In 1841-’42, the sugar estates actually working, or pre-
paring to do so, numbered 1.. 668
Steam power, i ..,.361
Horsepower........... 1 307
Slaves then attached to said industry, as per census of '
the Federal Government, 50,670. ■
Being a decrease in the number of sugar estates, com-
pared tO' 1830, of 23; an increase in steam power of
_ 279 engines and mills, and of slaves, 14,670.
By the document hereto appended (No. 1) it wiU be seen
^that fqr the year 1844-’ 45 the number of sugar estates
has reached , ,....; .762
Steam power. : 408
Horse power 354
There, not being any data as to the increase of slaves
during the last three years, let it be supposed that the
number (although it is known to have greatly aug-
mented) is the same as when ascertained in 1840—
■ say 50,670.
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444
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued.
This gives, over the estimates of 1830, 71 new estates, 321
engines and mills, and 14,670 slaves, which, at a low esti-
rnate, represent at least. 10,000,000
This would give for the whole capital at present invested in
the sugar industry .$60,000,000
Should this amount, which is considered a low approximation of the
original investments, be considered as the capital, .then the net profits of
the sugar planters,, taken collectively, may be ai'rived at a.s follows:
Crop of 1841— ’42, as before shown, 120,000,000 lbs. — -atl cts.
(the average price in March) on plantations $4,800,000
' 6,000,000 gallons molasses, at 13 cents ' 780,000
5,580,000
Deduct expenses, say $75 per each slave attached to said
estates, as before explained — say on 50,670. ^ 3,800,250
Net profit .$1,779,750
or about 2 95-100 per cent., on a capital of $60,000,000, to cover interr
est, casualties by death of slaves, who form part of the capital, &c., &c,
Crop of 1842-43, 140,316,000 lbs., at 3^, (the average as
above) .............. . $5,437,245
7,015,800 gallons molasses, at 12 cents.. 841,896
. 6,279^41
Deduct expenses as above, which are always running, be the
the crop what it may. , 3,800,250
Net profit : 2,478,891
or 4 13-100 per cent., to cover as above, &c.
Crop of 1843-44, 100,346,000 lbs. sugar, at an average, on
plantations, of 6 cents 6,020,760.
5,000,000 gallons molasses, at 20 cents ... ... .1 . I,0b0,006
■ 7,020,760
Deduct expenses, as above. : .■ 3,800,250
Net profit. ......" 3,220,516
or a small fraction over 5^ per cent., to cover as above, &c.
Crop of 1844-’45, 204,913,000 lbs. sugar, at 4 cents . , 8,196, 5g0
9,000,000 gallons molasses, at 12 cents. .'. ....... 1,080,000
9,276,520
Deduct expenses, as above. ......... 3,800,250
Net profit... ..' ...... ....... 5,476,270
or a small fraction over 9 per cent., as above, to cover interest, &c.
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1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
445
M — Continued.
Remarks. working expenses of -a sugar estate being represented
by $75 per slave of all ages, and this sum in the aggregate representing
a very large amount, reference is requested to the annexed pro forma
estimate, (No. 2,) giving the details of such expenses. The honorable
the present Secretary of the Treasury, having been once a sugar planter,
can appreciate their'correctness.
The average prices of sugars are taken froin the “New Orleans prices
current,” in March of each 5mar. The crop of 1844- 45 did not aver-
age more than four cents for the planter, although after March prices
advanced gradually to six and seven cents. Speculators, chiefly from
New York, on ascertaining the enormous deficiency in the Cuba crop,
had swept the market of the balance of the crop or very nearly so.
C.OTTON.
There are no data whereby to establish, even by approximation, the
capital invested in the cultivation of cotton ; but knowing the-number of
hands attached thereto, and the yield per hand in 1840, and being in
possession of the same information regarding sugar, the following com-
parative statenrent may be sufficient for all practical purposes in view.
The answer to the second question shows :
1st. The number of slaves of all ages attached to the sugar indus-
try, per census of the Federal Government, to have been in
1840'.,.. - 50,670
And the numbei* attached to the cotton industry to have been. . 93,220
2d. That the crop of sugar for 1840 amounted to
119,947,720 lbs., and about 6,000,000 gdlons
molasses, being per hand of all ages. . . — .... .2,367 lbs. sugar. ■
Arid about • 120 gallons molasses.
And that the crop of cotton for 1840 amounted to
152,545,368 lbs., being per hand, as above., .,l,-636 lbs. cotton.
Which leads, to the following result :
2,367 lbs. sugar, at an averageof 4 cents $94 68
120 gallons molasses, at an average of 15 cents. ^ ...... . IS 00
■ ' $112 68
Deduct expenses, as before. stated. : 75 00
Net product per hgnd. ; ... .. . .. : 37 68
1,636 lbs. cotton, supposing an average of 6 cents. ...... ... $98 16
Deduct working expenses k 30 00
Net product per hand J 68 16
Which gives for the product, per hand, of cotton, at 6 cents, nearly
80 per cent, more than sugar’.
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ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
446 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
Crop df 1844-45, yield 204,000,000 lbs. sugar, being per
harid 4,026 lbs. at 4 cents $161 04
molasses, 180 gallons at 12 cents 21 60
, ■ 182 64
Deduct expenses as before 1 75 00
Product per hand 107 64
1,636 lbs. cotton, at.the average now current, say 8 cents. $130 88
Duduct expenses i 30 00
Product per hand 100 88
Tn all these calculations interest on capital is not included.
But the cotton crop of 1840, which is the basis of the foregoing calcu-
ations, was a full average one, whilst that of sugar' for 1844-’ 45 was
, unusually large ; taking, therefore, the average of the last 4 years, say
1842-45, the comparative result will be found to be as follows:
Average crop 1842-45, 145,143,000 lbs. sugar, or per hand
2,864 lbs. at 4J cents, the average
on plantations $128 86
143 gallons molasses, at 15 cents. . . 21 45
150 31
Deduct working expenses, as above. 1 . . 75 00
, Product per slave, as above 75 31
1,636 lbs. cotton, supposina: an average of 64 cents for the last
' 4 years. ... . ...... $106 34
Deduct working expenses ^ 30 00
76 34
From which if would appear, that when sugars average 4^ cents and
cotton 6^ cents, and both crops are equally good, the result per slave
attached to each industry has been nearly the same these last four
years; with the very great difference, however, as to the capital invested,
that the buildings and gin required for a large cotton establishment
seldom- exceed a cost of $5,000, whilst the buildings and machinery
required for a large sugar estate involve a cost of $20,000 and upwards.
Remarks. — To arrive at the effective hands.- on a Sugar estate,, a
deduction of at least one-third should be made from the gang attached
to it for children under 10 or 12 years of a.ge, and hands rendered use-
less b\" old age. The sla.ves attached to the sugar industry, as before
shown, numbering 50,670, represent 33,780 efficient hands. No notice
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: 447
M— Continued.
is taken of the lands, the value of which, for all practical purposes, may
be considered, the same whether cultivated in sugar-cane or cotton.
In comparing the result of the sugar with that of the cotton industry,
it has been supposed that both have been working to their full power;
which is far from being the case, as will be explained in the answer to '
the , next interrogatory.
It may be said that cotton has arrived at its clima.x for production, and
that ever since 1840, lands, clearing and draining, and working power
- have been made to harmonize ; the aggregate result per slave, therefore,
represents a sufficiently correct account of individual management for
all practical deductions. The reverse is the case with the sugar interest,
which can only be considered as issuing out of its torpor, although its
strides have been gigantic these last three years. 1st. There have been
established, these last three years, 94 estates; the change' from one
culture to another is gradual ; it takes at least three years before cane
plants can be obtained in sufficient quantity to work with advantage ; in
the mean time the planter cultivates both cotton and the sugar-cane. 2d,
More than one-half of the sugar estates still existing in 1842 had been
gradually sinking into -insignificance, from the want of means or, credit,
on. the part of their owners, to work them. These can hardly be said
to have even now attained anything like a full average yield ; hence,,
although the production per slave is strictly correct as applied to the
sugar industiy in the aggregate, stiU it does not convey anything like a
correct idea of the true position of that industry, when applied to an'
estate working to its full power, with a skillful manager at its head.
Where the grinding and boiling power, and the cutting and trans- ■
porting of the canes to the mill, are made to harmonize, so as to insure'
rqpidity and constant working during the process of boiling and granu-
lation, no crop- in the United States is safea^llpn that of sugar. It can
be secured against all injury by ice, eight. y,ears out of ten. Many
estates now average 15 hhcls. per day, cohifif^neing oh the 10th October ;
which, for sixty days, gives 900 hhds. The grinding on such estates, if
required by the state of the weather, can be completed by iOth December,
until which time there is little or no danger of injury by' ice. Ten hhds.
per day, on smaller estatesj conducted in the same manner, is an ordinary
day’s work, which gives, within the sarrie time, 600 hhds. As, how-
ever, the cane, in this climate, continues maturing until it is killed by
.the ice, the experienced planter is guided in his bperatinns by the
appearance of the weather,, and pushes or retards his grinding accord-
ingly as the season is advancing; thereby combining safety with as great,
a yield of saccharine matter 'as possible. .
On such estates, during the past -year, the yield per slave has been 7
hhdsi sugar and 350 gallons molasses.
In the island of Cuba the largest, yield of MuscoVado (the same. kind
as Louisiana) per slave, on the best-conducted estates., is stated at 5,000
pounds, or 5 hhds, , ■ ■ - .
A' reference to the State papers of the House of Commons for 180.8,
(page 261,) will show the yield per slave,, at that epoch, to have been,
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448
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
on the best and most favored plantations, 1 hhd. of 14 cwt., or about
, 1,568 pounds; and the working expenses on such estates to have been
per slave, all ages, $79 60; and the cost of production of sugar to have
been, (page 261,) ^1 Os. lOd. per cwt. *
Last year’s yield, however, was an extraordinary one, as before
observed; the cane having matured up to the last joint, which does not
happen once in ten years. , '
The average yield of estates working to their full power may be
assumed to be, per slave, 5 hhds., and 250 gals, molasses — which would
give the following result :
5,000 pounds of sugar, at 4 cents . . .$200 00
250 gallons of molasses, at 15 cents 37 50
237 50
Deduct expenses, as before 75 ,00
Product per slave .$162 50
Which , shows, that on a well-conducted sugar estate, with means on
the part of its owner to work it to advantage, 4 cents for sugar is as good
a return per slave as 10 cents for cotton; and hence the assertion, so
often made, tha t sugar is the only branch of industry in the South which
can reheve cotton from the morbid influence of extra-production.
The consumption of sugar in the United States is estima,ted at about
350,000,000 pounds, and must be continually increasing with the popu-
lation; whilst Louisiana’s largest crop has, as yet, only reached 204,-
000,000 pounds. And she has sugar lands not only to supply our home
consumption, but also that of a large portion of Europe.
Question 5. What has b'i^&Afthe profit of the capit^ so employed per
annum, for the ten yea,fsV pYlgieding 1842, under the reduction of the
duties by the act of 1832|?Wtd the compromise act of the next year,
estimated in the same way? ‘ '
Answe?-: By fax the. largest portion of the capital invested in the sugar
industry during the ten years preceding 1842 not only gave no return,
biit worked as a sinking fluid in an inverse ratio, and carried distress and
expropriation to those of our planters who, shortly before that calamitous
period, had borrowed money on their estates, for purposes of improve-
ments and extension in their working power.
That the position of the sugar industry- in 1832-’33 may be well under-
stood, it becomes necessary to taken cursory view of that eventful period,
when so many of our oldest and most respectable families were gradu-
ally tortured into absolute poverty.
As stated in the answer to the 3d question, the number of sugar estates
in 1827-’28 numbered 308; manual power, 21,000 slaves; steam power,
82 ; horse power, 226; the capital thus invested was then estimated at
$54,000,000.
Up to this period the sugar interest had sustained itself in the most
flourishing condition. The large crop of 1827-28, say 87,965 hogs-
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449
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M-^Gntinued.
heads, had brought it to its climax. The cane then became the favorite
culture; and sugar lands and negroes , attained most exorbitant prices,
($1,000 for field hands.)
From 1827 to 1830, 383 new sugar estates were ' established ; steam
power replaced that of horse on more than 200 estates, at a cost of at
least $6,000 for each engine and mill ; die number of laborers was
increased about 15,000, all which required a furtiier outlay of $16,000,000 ;
arid to achieve all this; and in so short a time, capital had to be borrowed;
and at that epoch it was easily done, for sugar planters were then enjoying
the highest credit in the^ State.
As before said, to change the culture of cotton into that of sugar is
^ the work of at least three years,; and at that epoch, when our planters
were less skillful, it was only in the fifth year that good sugars could be
obtained from new cleared lands. .
With ail this. ivast outlay of capital, the crop of 1828-’29 did not
exceed- 48,238 hogsheads, and the average for the three succeeding
years did not exceed 75,000 hogsheads.
This great deficit of the crop, compared to the yield of 1827-’28i with
the above additional outlay of $16,000,000, soon made it hecessaiy to
resort to foreign capital; and to this cause may be attributed the char-
tering of the Union Baiik of Louisiana,.' which has been the means of
saving many and many of our planters from expropriation.
It was at this critical period that the comprorriise bill, with its biennial'
reductions, became a law, and that the duty on molasses, which, from
5 cents per gallon, had been advanced) in 1828, to 10 cents, to check
the fraudulent importation of sugars in disguise, (see documents annexed,)
was again reduced to 5 cents. ,
The effect of such legislation on the sugar interest was fatal ; it at once
destroyed the credit of all those interested in it as effectually as if 'war
and pestilence had been raging over the whole of the sugar pEU'ishes.
Money-lenders then believed that great interest, involving a capital of
$50,000,000, doomed to complete annihilation as effectually as if the
horizontal plan, so rriuch dreaded, had been put in operation on the very
day the bill was passed; and it was thus that the sugai: planters found
themselves suddenly thrown upon their own resources, or at the mercy
of their creditors. ' '
A very large number of them: were soon compelled to return to the
culture of cotton, leaving their expensive sugar works a dead weight to
thenl. ' More than dne-half of the remaining estates were obliged to turn
a portion of their cane fields into corn fields, in order to raise provisions
they had no longer the means to buy.- More than two-thirds of them
were deficient in grinding power, or in -hands to clear and drain their
lands; and but for the charter of the Citizens’ Bank, in 1836, a sweeping
mutation would have taken place in the ownership of sugar estates. The
sugar planters, in this last bank, represent 40,000 shares, which enabled
them to obtain a loan at fifty years of $2,000,000, (on the reimbursement.
per annum of 2 per cent., a.nd the payment of 6J per cent, interest ;) but
for this aid few, if any of them, would have been able to withstand the
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — CoRtinued.
revulsion of 1837, which only terminated in 1842, and then found them,
from want of means or credit to work :properly their estates, verging
towards absolute ruin. The tariff of 1842 was 'their salvation ; it at once
restored confidence in that kind of property, enabled the planter to in>-
prove his sugar works, to clear and drain his lands, and to procure the
necessary supplies for the working of his estate. Thousands of Irishmen
were soon seen digging canals in all directions ; engineers putting up
new engines, or repairing old ones; masons setting sugar kettles on im-
proved plans. All kinds of improvements are now going on to hasten the
growth and to accelerate the maturity of the cane, and its boiling into
sugar. Many estates, these last three years, have more than doubled
their usual yield. It is now demonstrated that, with the, late improve-
ments in the cultivation of the cane and the mode of boiling it, sugars
can be made to yield a fair return at 4. cents. Estates have advanced
in value, this last year, 50 per cent. A steam apparatus, for the purpose
of boiling in vacuo and producing white sugar direct from the cane, was
put up last year on one of the large estates below town ; it was built
in Philadelphia, and cost $20,000; its success was such as to induce
another planter to order one from the same foundry, and it will be in
operation in a few days. The senior partner of the Novelty Works, of
New York, is now supervising the erection of Des Rone’s celebrated
boiling apparatus on one of the estates above town ; it has been built at
his foundry at the cost of about $25,000 ; it vyill be in operation in a few
days. Not less than five large estates will be working, this year, ion the
white-sugar system; and, as it has already been shown, our last year’s
crop has exceeded by 78,000 hogsheads the largest crop produced before
1842. .
, The cotton planter did not a.ppear to fare much better than the sugar
planter, during the operation of the compromise act.
, The answer to the 4th interrogatory meets the question propounded
' as to profit on capital employed.
Remarks. — The cotton crop of Louisiana, in 1832, was about 160,000
to 160,000 bales. On the passage of the compromise bill the sugar interest
being considered, as doomed to destruction, cotton became at once the
great leading article for cultivation, and soon attained the enormous
quantity of 350,000 bales as proved by the census of the Federal Gov-
ernment; the sugar paiishes alone producing upwards of 52,000 bales.
It is really believed that but for the effect of the compromise act, this
State would have never exceeded 250,000 bales, if so inuch. Who can'
say iwhat would have been the effect on the price of cotton of a difference
of 100,000 bales per annum, during the last ten years? — a difference
which, supposing consumption to have been the' same, would have left
both hemispheres without a bale of cotton on hand, on the termination
of this last commercial year.
Question &. What has been the annual, average price of these agricul-
tural products and staples during the same periods respectively? and
what the annual average income per hand, or laborer, deducting all
expenses, during the same periods respectively? , '
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Fpripral Rank nf qt I nnk ... ■
451-
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
Prices of sugars on plantations, from 1832-’33 to 1841-’42,
have been as follows, during the month of March of each year:
Years.
Sugars.
Molasses.
Crops.
1832-’33..
5J ® 6f cts.
19 cts:
■' 70,000
1833-’34 : .
: 6 @ 7 “
,20 @ 21 “■
75,000
1834-’35
5f @ 6 “
18 @19 “
110,000
1835-’36
10 @ 11 “
33 ® 34 “
36,000
1836-’37 . . .'
6 “
•23- “
75,000
1837-’38
5J @6 “
22 “
No return.
1838-’39
5 @ 6 “
23 @ 24 “
No return. ■
1839-’40...
3i @ . 4
15 @ 16 “
119,947
1840-’41 ... ....
5J @ 5f “
16 “
1841-’42...
3i@ 4^ “
13 @ 13
, 125’000
Mwd>o^l842-’45.
1842-’43
3f @
4 cts.
11 @ llj cts.
140,316
1843-’44
5J @
H “■
20 “
100,346
1844-’45.... •
3f@
4f “
14 @ 15J “
204,913
The preceding comparative statements of crops and prices show the
practical operation of supply and demand, and the influence of the one
upon the other.
Remarks.— The above prices are taken from the New Orleans Prices
Current. March is the month of the year when the bulk of the sugar
crop is sold, it being then sufficiently drained for exportation.
The product per slave will be found in answer to questions 4 and 6.
Prices and crops of Cotton, from 1832-’33 to 1841— ’42.
Months.
1832-’33,
1833-’34.
1834-’35.
l835-’36.
1836- ’37.
1837-’38.
1838- ’39
September..
October, . . .
November..
December. .
January. . ..
February . .
March. . . . .
17 @ 181
13 @ 14'i
II @ 13
9 @ 11
10 @11
91.® 12.1
101 @ 13
11 . @ 131
Hi @ 13i
III @ 131
17 @ 18
131 @ 16
Hi @ 141
10 @12
91 @ Hi
91 @ 12i
101 @ 13
11 @ 13i
11 @ 131
H @ 131
Hi @ 131
Ill @ 131
13 @ 15'
131 @ 16:
141 @ 16
14" @ 17
14 @ 171
15 @171
16 @19
16 @20
18 @20
16 @20
18 @20
15 @ 17i
15 @ 17
141 @ 17
14i @ 17
141 @ 18
16 @ 18i
151 @ 20
15 @ 181
141 @ 18
14i @ 18
141 @ 18
161 @19
151 @ 19
l4| @ 17
14. @ 171
12i @ 151
121 @ i5i
8 @12
81 @ 12
8 @ 10
7 @ 10
7 @Hi
,8 @111
91 @ 12
' 81 @ 11
81 @ 11
9 @ 11
8 @ 10|
8 @ 10|
8i @ lOj
■8i @ 11
8i @ 11
8| @ lOi
8i @ HI
8 @10
10 @ 123
101 @ 13
11 @ 13 i
11 @ 131
13 @ 16
13 @ 151
131 @ 16
14 @ 16
Hi @ 143.
12 @ 14|
10 @111.
June. ... ...
July
August.
Crops of the
U. States.
1,670,438
1,205,394
1,254,328
1,360,725
0
1,422,930
1,801,497
1,360,532
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al Reserve Bank of St. Louis
452 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
Months. .
1839-’40.
1840-’41.
1841-’42.
1842-’43:
1843-’44.
1844-’45.
September
8 @ lOJ
8 @ 10
101
6
5l@ 8
6 @71
October.
10 @ 12
9 @ 10
81 @ 9a
7 @ 81
53 @71
November
8 @ 10
8 @ 91
. 8i @ 101
5^ @ 7|
6= @ 8
5i@ 61
December
@ 9
81 @ 91
. 81 @ 10
5i @'Ti
71 @ 8|
43 @ 61
January
Ti@ 9
81 @ 9J
8 @ 91
■ 51 @ 71
8i @ lOi
4| @ 61
February
7 @9
91 @ 105
7i@ 10
5^ @ 7|.
83 @ 10
4 @61
March.
6 ® 7i
91 @ lOi
61 ® 10
' 41 @7'
8i.@ 93
5 @61
April
61 @ 8^
91 @ lOJ
71 @ 10
41 @ .7 5
7^@ 91
55;@7y
May
■6.1 @ 9.,
101 @111,
61 @ 10
51 @ 7|
65 @ 83
51 @71
June.
71 @ . 91
91 @ 10
61 @10
5| @ 8 .
7 '@'■83'
5J- @ 71
July...
71 @ 9i
9 @ 111
6i@ 10
51 @ 8
■6i-@ 81
6i@,7i
August
71 @ 10
9 @ ni
61
51 @ 8.
61 @ -8
61 @ 71
Crops of the U. States .
2,177,835
1,634,945
1,683,574
2,378,875
2,030,409
2,394,500
Note. — The prices quoted are for middling to fair, leaving out- extreme qualities, average
qualities being from middling; to fair.
Question 7. How far have prices ahd profits during the periods referred
to been affected the operation of the tariff laws, and how far by the
state of the currency ?
Answer. To that extent that the Federal Government itself was, upon
the verge’ of bankruptcj'’' on the termination of the compromise bill; that
it sent a commissioner to Europe to negotiate a pitifuTloan of four to five
millions of dollars, who had to return without finding a single taker ;
that the derangement in our currency and the fiscal concerns of the Fed-
eral Government destroyed confidence .between man and man ; and for
.the time being, carried perturbation and ruin to almost every branch of
our industry throughout the land; but that such of our products as am
chiefly sold for export, as cotton and tobacco, being alwayk paid for in
sterling, francs, or dollarsj did not suffer anything hke the depreciation
sustained by all interests strictly local. •
Remai'ks.- — High prices are not the consequence of a tariff, when judi-
ciously laid, but the reverse. In our revenue arrangements, the effect of
taxing the foreign article competing vath our home labor has been
invariably to make prices considerably cheaper.
This proposition is fuUy proved by our commercial history.
Niles’s' Register, vol. 44:
1793, iron, duty $15 00 pr ton : home current prices $90 to $95 pr ton.
1816, do. do.
9
00 do. do.
110 to 120 do.
1824, do. do.
18
00 do. do.
90 do.
1832, do, do..
22
40 do,. do.
SO , do.
New York Shipping List, chapter 4, p. 212,
(Congress library :)
1816, sugar’,, duty 3 cents ; home current prices m May, 14J to 16^- cents.
1817, do.
do.
do.
11^ to 14 do
1818, do.
do.
do.
lOJto 15| do. ,
1820, do.
do.
do.
: 8^ to 12^ do.
1823, do.
do.
• do.
6JtolO do.
1825, do.
do.
do.
7j to 10. do.
1829, do.
'do.
do.
6fto 8^ do.
1831, do.
do.
do.
5 to 7 do.
Digitized for FRASER'
0
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Fodorul Rooorve-Bonli; of St. -fcouts-
453
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
The doctrine of the disciples of free trade, as expressed by Mr. McDuf-
fie,'their great leader, in his late manifesto, “ that a tax, upon a foreign
article produced or ihanufactured in this country advances the price of
the home article the whole extent of the tax,” is an absurdity, and its
apphcation to sugar and low cottons will show it at once. .
The duty on foreign brown sugars is cents. :
The crops.of sugars of 1842- 43 and 1844-45 averaged, as seOn before,
3 J cents.
Let 2^ cents be deducted therefromj and there will remain 1| cent,
which, but for the tariff. Would have been, according to Mr. McDuffie’s
doctrine, the legitimate and current value, of Louisiana sugars. at those
epochs. ' ,
Low plain cottons (foreign) pay a . minimum duty of about 7 J cents per
square yard; according to Mr. McDuffie’s doctrine, the home article of
the same kind is thereby enhanced cents. Such goods from our own
manufactures are seUing tliroughout the Union at' cents. Supposing
the tariff reirioved, by what rule of political economy could 7 J cents be
deducted from 6^ cents? Prices must ever be' ruled by supply and
demand, as exchanges by gold and silver. . ,
The excess of production of any commodity whatever over the wants
of consumption carries with ifa depreciation far beyond that excess.
Whilst one per cent, less than the quantity; of commodities required
for the consumption of the world may produce an advance of 20, 30, and
even 50 per cent, on the cost of production, 1 per cent, more than- the'
quantity wanted may produce debasement in tne same ratio.
Examples. — Niles’s Register, vol. 1, 544: ■
.1
1811, coffee, duty 5 cents;
cun-ent prices in the United States,
16 cents.
1813, do.
do.
do.
do. ,
22 do.'
1820-’22, coffee
, do.
do.
do.
27 do.
18.29-’30, do..
do.
do.
do.
12i do.
1831, do.
2
■ ' do.
do.
12^ do.
1832, do.
1
do.
. do.
13 do.
1833, do.
free
do.
do;
13 do.
Which shows that coffee under a duty of 5 cents declihed gradually
from 27 cents to 12 J cents ; that the duty was reduced 3 cents, and prices
, advanced to 13 cents ; that it was reduced 4 cents, and still prices con-
tinued at 13 cents; that it was made free, and that prices sustained them-
selves at 13 cents. A reference to the annexed paper, (No. 3,) page 493,
will show that the crop of sugar in this State failed in 1835-’36i and that
trifling as it is compared to the amount produced in , the world, prices
advanced in the United States to 11 cents, and in Cuba to 6^^ to 7 cents —
nearly lOO.per cent, over their real value. Our itnports from Cuba that
year amounted to, $12,514,718, .or $5,708,093 more than any previous
year. The following year our crop was an average one, and prices both
here and in Cuba receded to foriher rates. '
Last year our crop exceeded by'70,000 hhds. the largest crop ever
produced in Louisiana; our market opened at three to four cents ,; yet in
April last, the extent of the injury done to the Cuba' crop by a hurricane
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;l Reserve Bank of St. Louis *
454
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
and drought having been ascertained, speculation seized upon the balance
of our crop, and prices advanced to six and seven cents, or nearly 100
per cent, and sugars advanced considerably all over the world. A refer-
ence to a report to the House of Commons of 5th May, 1841, (Congress
1 • 1 \ . • 1 1 1
library,) will show — i '
That an over supply of sugars in 1834, compared to 1833, of • : s. d.
215,140 cwt., produced a decline of. M ..... 3 4
That a short supply in 1835, compared to 1834, of 317,810
cwt. produced an advance of. . i . . . .■ .! 7 11 J
That an over supply in 1836, compared to 1835, of 167,864
cwt., produced a decline of. .....:. 1 8^
That a short supply in 1837, compared to 1836, of 100,171
cwt., produced an advance of. .......... ■ 5 lOJ
That an over supply in 1838, compared to. 1837, of 415,081
cwt., produced a decline of. : ^ i . . J 12 2J
That a short supply in 1839, compared to 1838, of 599,517
cwt., produced an advance of. ' . . . . . .'. . ... ll Oj
That a short supply in 1840, compared to 1839, of 72,476
cwt.,- produced an advance of. 18!! I ,
or, of 100 per cent, on the average prices of 1838.
And during the whole of that period the British tariff remained
untouched for sugars, save the admission, in 1836, of Bengals, for home
consumption. , " .
In 1833 the people of Great Britain received, for their own consump-
tion, from their own possessions, 4,184,964 cwt. of sugars, for which
they paid ,£6,850,566 sterling.
In 1840 the emancipation of the West India slaves reduced the
annual supply 954,286 cwt., and the people had to pay, for 3,210,678
cwt., ,£9,385,115 sterling.
The history of our cotton industry from 1814 to 1840, presents the
same fluctuations; (see document No. 3.)
There was a high tariff when,, in 1817, two years after the peace.
Uplands were selling in Liverpool at 23Jd.
No material change had taken place in our revenue laws in 1822,
when cotton declined to 5f @
In 1824, when it advanced to 9 @ lO^d;
In 1825, when it reached 16f @ lOjd;
And when, in 1826, it receded to 6 @8fdf
And in 1827, to 4S @ 7fd. ' y •
These are facts worthy the attention of our legislators, and in political
economy facts are to theory what foundation is to. its superstructure.
Qtiestion 8. Does the State raise a sufficient supply of horses, mules,
hogs, and of cattle, meats, and other provisions? If not, from what
places does it draw its supplies? and what has been the average annual
amount, and what the prices for the last three years, and also for the
ten precedirlg? If there has been a difference between them, to what
do you attribute it?
Answer. Louisiana is inferior to iio State in the Union for the raising
Digitized for FRASER
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Fpjrlp|-;.ll RpgfJr-\/P Rank nf .Clt I nnk
455
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
of mules, horses, hogs, cattle, and' provisions of all kinds; but up to the
passage of the compromise act our sugar planters directed nearly their
whole power to the culture and manufacture of the cane, and relied upon
the western States. for their supplies. During the operation of said act,
confidence being lost in the sugar industry, and, as, a consequence, in
those interested in it, a very large portion of our planters were compelled
gradually to reduce the cultivation of the Carie, in order to raise their
own stock and provisions. Since the return of confidence, by the pas-
sage of the tariff of 1842, our sugar planters have been again gradually
returning to their chief .culture, £^d to their former supply ers of the
West for mules, horses, cattle, and provisions of all kinds, hoops, bar-
rels, &c., &c.
For the worldng of the sugar estates now in operation, abont 20,000
mules arid horses and 40,000 head of cattle axe required, which, to keep
up, requires a yearly supply of at least 3,000 mules and horses, and 6,000
head of cattle, and, in .a very severe winter, a much larger number.
The consumption of pork is about 125 barrels per day, or about
45,625 barrels per annum, or an equal quantity of meat in bulk.
The consumption of corn oh said estates is- estimated at 2,000,000
barrels, in the ear, per annum.
From 250,000 to, 300,000 barrels are required annually for molasses,
and 1,000,000 hoop poles, &c., &c.
It may not be out of place here to state that the sugar estates . now in
operation still require 354 steam-engines and mills to replace their horse
power, and that such engines and mills cost $5,500 to $6,000 each.
The comparative prices of mules, horses, &c., required, are to be
found in the New Orleans Prices Current, in the library of Congress.
And the undersigned, having thus answered all the questions more
directly connected with the interests of the State of Louisiana, begs to
state that the questions of the honorable the Secretary of'.the Treasury
having only been placed in his bands on the 16th instant, with a request
that they should be answered by the 20th — that is, within four days — ^it
has not been in his power to answer the whole of the questions in the
order required. He begs, therefore, respectfully to refer the honorable
' the Secretary of the Treasury to the documents hereto annexed, to wit:
1. Pamphlet entitled “Louisiana and the Tariff,” written by him
pending the discussions of the tariff of 1842. This pamphlet answers
nearly the whole of the questions propounded, and all authorities quoted
are from State papers of our own Government . or that of Great Britain.
2. A series of articles, which, under the name of “A Looker-on,”
he (the undersigned) published at the same epoch, and on the same
subject, in the National Intelligencer, and all which apply to the interrog-
atories now propounded.
3. A memorial addressed by the sugar planters of Louisiana to the
Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, conveying
valuable statistical information on the subject in question.
EDM. F. FORSTALL.
New Orleans, October 28, 1845.^
<r •
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al Reserve Bank of St. Louis
456
REPORTS OF THE . [1845.
M— Continued.
. I DOCUMENTS APPENDED.
1. Champomier’s Statement of the crop of 1844-’ 45.
2. Pro forma estimate of expenses on a well-conducted sugar estate,
3. Pamphlet, “ Louisiana and the Tariff.’’
4. Series of articles signed “A Looker-on,” on the subject of the
tariff of 1842, an,d calhng the attention of Governndent to the introduction
of sugars in disguise, through the mt^sses duty. . ’
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Federai Reserve. Bank of St. Louis
1845*] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
457
No. 1.— Statement, of Sugar made in Louisiana in 1844.r-^R^ P. A. Cham-
pomier...
Names of Planters and Parishes.
POINTE COUPEE.
Charles Morgan
A. Ferrief, next year.
W. Taylor. . . .. . . . .
Augustin Leblanc ^ ^
Antoine Decuir, False river. . . * ....
: Some ten new planters in the- next two
years.
WEST BATON ROUGE.
T. W. Chinn;
Wm. Robertson. ...
John Nolland. ,.
Villenueve Leblanc.
James McCalop. ......
V; Dubroca & Bernard.'. ....'.
Alexander Barrow, next year. . . ; -. .
J. V. Durald & Co. do. . . . •. . i. . * .
S; Hiriart. .... ........ 1 .
J. C, Patrick ... *
Ursin Soniat & Co. . . , :
Noland Stewart. . . .... ....
Zephirin Blanchard. . . . i.. .'
Jacques Molaison. :
Joseph Landry & Co., next year.
Valentine Hebert & Co.,\' do.
Lfeveque et Landry., .. . . . .
Ely Landry. .....
Daniel Hickey & Co. i
Twenty -four new.plan’ters in the next-
two years. ^ :
EAST BATON ROUGE. , .
John Klempeter . . . . . ....... .Highland
J. P. Klempeter, do.": .
Perkins Brothers....:. ... do... .
General Bernard, next year. ... ... ...
Mrs. Combs, do.
Mrs. Duplahtier & Stevens, river. . ... ...
Stephen Henderson L ...
Dr. Willianis:; ^
Colonel P. Hickey. ...... ... ...... .
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il Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Distance '
from the
city.’ .
Actual
; hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs,, net.
Miles.
. 177
200
210
171 .
. 166
325
325
, 48
- 163.
. , 43
- . T
320
. 300
: ^ 888.
■ 883
141
; 328.
425
140
180
210
•140
430
516
136
355
465
•134 . ,
■. 475
- 475
133 .
145
178
132 -
132
: 132
270
320
130
400
420
129
• ■ - 302
360
129
438
500
127
- 254
• 254
126
108
108
123 -
165
170
123
157
160
122:
240
' 250
4,247
: 4,811-
118
56
59
. 128 ..
. 254 .
275
. 128
- 128: .
615
' . 750
.. 128. .
. 96
105
127
: .■248-.
300
126
. 335
390
- 125
318
: 350
124 .
167
175
458 REPORTS OF THE [1845,
' M— Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.
EAST- BATON ROUGE— Continued. '
: Miles.
Caldwell & Hickey. .
....
133
106
112
F.D.C
121
315'^
330
General Bernard & Co.
120
.72
75
Estate J. Martinez. . . .: .
120
65
65
Abraham Bird.
118
406
445
Sosthene Allain . . .
. .117
, 420
' 485
Mrs. F. Duplantier ...
116
455'
490-
Josiah Barker ...... i
116
364
435
Devenport & Cavelier . ^ . .
115
182
185
.
4,474
5,026
' IBERVILLE— side.
Camille Landry & Co. .
115
212
240
^ Rims, next year.
Balthazar Dupuy
114
250
■ 295
Ths. Mille & Co
113
241
270
Louis Desobry
113,
240
240
Paul Dupuy ^ . . . i ...
112
174
190
Joseph Schelatre ^ . .
112:
271
285
Michel Schelatre. . . l : . .
9 • *
111
'344
420
William Dodd .... .Bayou Jacquot
111
' 293
340
Mrs. L. Robertson. do.
111
198
226
Klempeter & Roth . . Bg,you Plaquemines
110
,86.
, 95
Dupuy & Mille. . . , , do.
ilO
230
255
J. A, Dardenne .... do.
110
.. ■ 228
250
Nerault Rosseau & Duptiy, do.
110
90
89
Materne & Co .Bayou G. Tete
100
, ilO
Greaud & Degre. .• do.
-
. 252
'290
E state E . SI ake •. . do.
-
130;
145
Edward & Whitall ^
River
110
307
340
Rills Brusle & Co. i ....'.
do.
110
270
295
Hynes & Craighead ..........
do.
109
960
.1,000
Dr. Stone ..............
do.
108
425
465
Paul Dupuy. :
do. .
10.8.
. . 395
430
R. Johns. ....... .• ■
do.
107 ,
. ,,'248.
300
Dr.' Clement & Dutton
do. :
. . 106 .
178
200
V alery Hebert
. .do..
. 105
344
. .352
Honore Degre ■
do..^
. 104
95
100
Rene Bougere ...J....
•do.
.102
303
, 325
E. G. W.Butler...
, do.
101.
. 333
' 333
Mrs. P. 'M. Lambremorlt.
do.
100
124
142'
Janvier Allain.
do..
.101
125
140
Digitized for FRASER
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Fpripi-al PMKanm Rgnl^ rif Qt I ni na
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 459
i M — Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
No. of 1000
lbs. netl
IBERVILLE — Right side— Continued.
Miles.
Paul Hebert. Bayou Goula
98
352
355
R. Lambremont do.
133
145
Wilson do.
-
109
109
Sewell & Hudson do.
294
336
John Garlick do.
-
186
186
A. Fisk. ..... . River
98
406
446
Dr. Doyle do.
^ ■
168
190
Jos. A. Hebert ..... do.
-
65
70
'S.'C. Pollard & Go do.
■ 97
352
380
George Deslhonde. .... do. •
• 136
145
Mrs. Vaughan & Hebert do.
, 608
660
N. Cropper, late Heath T ; do.
86
90
Mrs. Cyprien Ricard . . 1 do.
96
325
370
Christophef Adams. do.
96
340
360
Norbert Cropper, back concession.
95
•368
420
Samuel Harrison & Co., ditto, next year
John Andrews .... . . . . .
94
■760
830
Mrs. E. Lauve
• 93
■ 578 ■
■650
Achilles Sigur. ■
.92 •
410
465
Thompson & Montgomery. . . .... . .
91
. 688
730
Some 3 or 4 new planters in Grosse Tete .
000
000
; .13,810
15,118
Left side, •
E. W. G- Brown, next year ...
115 ■
J. B. Christain, do.
' 113
Dupuy & Barker
112
60
60
D. chambers & Co.
■ 108-
177
230
■ Andre Leblanc & Co. ...
107
118
130
Dr. Stewart . . . . . ... . . .. : . . .’
...
92
100
Wm. H. Avery ... .' .
106
350
350
E. Moore. t
106
■ 250
240
Antoine Dupuy
105
, 120
135
Simon Leblanc ^ :
105
125
140
Dr. J. Prichard ^ .....
: 208
235
Simon Leblanc & Go. ....... ......
■ 104
• 155
172
Ursain Joly, next year. . ■'
AUain & Babin' ......
102
94
. 105
R. Arnous. i ......
99 .
245
275
R. P. Gaillai-d.^.
98
120
132
J ohn Hagan
97 .
150
165
ed for FRASER
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\ Reserve Bank of St. Louis
460 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued,
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.
iBEKviLLE — Left side — -Continued,
Mi^es.
R* D. r/amp .
93
300
310
Wm. Gorham & Co.
• 90
. ■ ■ 89
92
2,653
2,861
ASCENSION—
-Right si(le.
Johnson & Keyes
: ■ - ■
89 '
335
370
N. Melan<;on
89
84
■ '84
fSiphrin Babin
89
79
79
Ed, Duffel, junior. . .
88
.85
85
W. H. Gilbert & Co.
88
167
167
W„ C. Vantress
282
310
Judge Ed. Duffel
. ■ 87
255
255
Joseph Leblanc
■ . .
, 87. ■
' 85
85-
J. B, Gaudin
86
292,
892
Mrs. Victor Landry.
85 ' ■
84
84
V alentine Landry . . .
.
106 ■
106
Narcisse Landry. . . ,
84
772
772
Trasimond Landry .
-
,• . 835'
920 .
Joseph Blanchard . . .
83
288
288
Richard McCall
-
282 '
295
Henry McCall
, 82.
1,019
1,075
Valery Landry ,
-
464
464
J. B. Letorey
.Bayou Lafourche
3
455
475
Pierre Airaux ......
do.
4
77
77
D. A. Randall ...
. , do.
3
82’
88
T. B. Scott . . ......
. ^ do.
n
96
96
R. R. Barrow.
do.
1
245
265
Vallery Landiy
River
80
. 188
188
Ed. Gaudin . ...
. J do.
-
290
290
Eloy Melanrjon . . . . . .
79
43
43-
Trosimond Landry..
.1 do.
-
332
365
Mrs. J. Connand
do.
78 '
350
350
Mrs. Louise Mollere .
. , do.
■ _
' 321
321
J. P. Viala...
' 77 .
119
: 135
E ugene Lacroix
— do.
77.
. 120
138
Col. Preston
....... — do.
■ 75
358.
375
Mrs. Pedesclaux . . . .
..'... ' do.
: 74
.337
384-
. 1
■ ■ •
■8,927
9,321
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federal Re.serve Rank nf .St I nife
1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
461
M — Continued.
Names of Planters arid Parishes.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
ASCENSION — Left side. •
Miles.
S. & R. Tillottson i . . . .
91
350
350
Wm. J. Minor : .....
■ ■ 90
812'
900
Henry Doyle :
■ 90
1,539
1,750
T.P. Minor ......
■■ m
■ 683
785
D. F. Kenner i
88
1,156
1,200
H. B. Triste :
87-
566
566
Mrs. Allain Gautreau
85
36
36
Mrs. Demon Leblanc. . i . . . .
83
60
60
J. W aters & Zacharie
■go
185
185'
Dr. Prevost ..............
' ■ '79
103
130
M. D. Bringier . . . .
'78 '
505
505
Louis Colomb.
■■ 78
500
520
J. B. Marchand '. . 1 . . .
■78 '
■ \ ■ 80
■88,
Col. Preston .>.
' " 77
1,966
2,100
Laurent Millaudon. 1 . . . ... . .'
' ' 76 ■
■■ '585.
630
M. D. Bringier & Son
■ 76
1,170
1,170
ST. JAMES — Right side.'
10,296
10,975
Mrs.' Joseph: Melan^on . —
73 .
' 155
155
Onzieme Leblanc ...... ....
, 72 .
87
95
Mrs. Joseph Gautreau & Co.
71.
268
268
Nicholas & Bell .- . ..
, 71
555
620
Evariste Mire, next year. . . .'l
71
Evariste Blouin .... ..... i
70
. ■ 185
212
B. Winchester . . ..... .. — ; . . ..'. ,
70.
766
790
Valery Gaudeti
7.0
365
375
Michel Bergeron ....... '
. 69
•' 265
265
Francois Garthier & Cov
69
... 297
■ 297
Poirier Brothers. ...../
, 6.7 . .
.. ,158,
165
P. M. Lapice ;. . ..
65 .
666,
740
E. J. Forstall,.ex Pdefarre.
. . 64
654
732
M. B. Cantrelle
63.
.350
375
Estate Mrs. Webre.
63
514
514
J. X. Cantrelle ...... 1
62
;228
234
A. B. Roman . ..... ..... ... ..... .
62 .
505
' 525
Choppin & Roma,n. .............
,61 ,
450
485
David & Robin.
i 60
616
636
Mrs. V. Roman & Co. .1 . . —
. ,59
434
445
T. S. Roman. ...
, 58 , .
516
545
Valcour Aime, refinery ..... t
57
1,152
1,200
J. B. Armant — ......
. . 56
. , 718
840
Duparc & Lecoul
55
■727-
765
ed for FRASER
Mser.stlonisfed.org/
il Reserve Bank of St. Louis
462
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — ^Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
ST. JAMES — Right side — Continued.
Miles.
Sosthene Roman ' '
54.
570,
660
L. Simon & Co
53
84
^ 86
J. S. A.rmant. ' ....
, 53
380
425
Evariste Champagne.
52
52
52
Left side.
> 11,817
12,501
Mrs. Tureaud & Co. .
71
640.
660
Mrs. James Conway
71
295
305
Aristide Landry :.
70
144
160
Mrs. '.Donat Landry & Co ...
69
142
142
J. B. Penny & Co.
68-
406
500
Mrs. Alexander MMan^on '
140
140
Jean Chardon. . '. ..... ^
67
36
36
Joseph Hebert i
' 76
76
PJoel Jourdan et Gaudin
66
380
365
jEd. Jacob & Co.
530
570
P. & 0. Colomb
-
156'
150
Adolphe Malarche . . . 1: ■
: 65
27
27
Vasseur Webre '. . ,
.
90
90
A. Bourgeois .-
-
,88
, 88
Mrs. Melarche & Son ... .......
, 64
252
280
Francois Duhon
. , -
112
112
J. B. Boucry & Co. •
63
2,42
242
Samuel Fa,got & Co. i ...... .
725
804
Arnaud Lebourgeois
61
144
144
W. Whelam, late Chapduc
27
27
Donat Guedry. .' .'
59
16
16
Pierre Theriot.
58
500
505
J. B.Caillonet
.. '
35
35
WheLam & Godberry
57-
508
508
Mrs. Lebourgeois.
550
535
Mrs. Mathers & Co.
56 .
553
530
A. Ferrjr & Co
55 -. -
327.
380
Eugene Bourgeois ...
. 54 .
• :1S
-, 18'
C. & D. Bourgeois.
-
16
16
Edouard Bourgeois . .'
224
,224
J. L. Delate
53
149
149
J. B. Parent & Co. . . .i
154
154
Divin Bourgeois '& Co. ... .•
265
265
Jean Leche. . . . . ■
. 52
89
89
Dr. A. Hemphreys
256
256
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
FaHoral Poc.-o,-';o P.onL nf Qt I ,-.nk-
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 463
M — Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Dist^ce
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
ST. JAMES — ^Continued,
Miles.,
Francois Reine ^ .....
_
134
134
Gervais Gaiennie '.
• 51
- 228
228
Moses Shepherd
50
808
888
Armant Duplantier
49
326
350
ST. JOHN BAPTIST— Right side.
9,802.
10,198
Sylvestre Webre, vacherie
53
114
114
Mrs. Marcelin Haydel ■
49
326
356
P. C. Becknel & Co.
-
190
203
Antoine Haydel
-
49
49
B. M. Haydel......
. 48
558
558
P. A. Becknell & Co..- ^ .
-
362
407
■Dr. Weindahle .'4 ^ .
- .
408
■428 ■
J. J. Haydel
47
406
426
Victorin Haydel & Co.
138
138
George Roussel
46
76
76
Armant Gravois
-
178
190
P. A. St, Martin
45
299
299
Louis Roussel & Co, A. ..... .
44-
198
198
P, B. Mannillon ...
■ - •
68
68 .
V. B. Marmillon
43
788
^ 788
Ursin Haydel & Co ,
42
262
262
Francois Webre & Co
-
256
256
•Mrs. Zephirin Barry & Co
41
227
227
Cyprien Songis
-
142
142
Thos. May '
-
318
364
Julien Bossier & Co.
39
209
209
Hubert Darengsbourg
38
l26
126
Norbert Ransom .- ...
-
,,372
372 .
- Left side.
6,070
6,256
C. & E. Fortin .... ■
49'
253
, 280
Mrs. George Roussel •
48
420
420
Pierre Landreaux
47
380
400
Adams & Behan ....
46
305
305
J. B. & P. Pieoux
45
103
103
E. B. Marmillon .-
45 ■
505
525
Zenoh Montz •
45
90
90
St. Fort Dusseau & Co..
44
T85
180
Ludger Vickner & Co...
82
82
ed for FRASER
raser.stlouisfed.org/
,il Reserve Bank of St. Louis
464
REPORTS OF THE
M— rtContinued.
[1845.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.'
No. of 1000 I
lbs. net.
ST. JOHN BAPTIST — Side— Continued.
Guyol and Deislhonde
Louis Treffre. .... i . .'
Andry & Boudousquie
Louis & and C. Made re .
Andre Madere i : ...
Gabriel Vickner & Co . ...
Auguste Madere -----
Honpre Lagroue ..... .'. ...
Andre Deslhonde ...i....
Similien Labranche . , ........
Etienne Trepagnier -
Jacques et Adam Leche . ., ........
Jacques Clement ...........
Antoine Vickner
Marie Louise Panis ... r - • • -
Marin Reyne
Franqois Loriot j .............
Andre Mpntz.
Hollingsworth & Co. ,
Norbeit Louque ........... .. . . .
Octave Elfer .’ . ... ...... /.
George Vanprain .
Mrs. Arnauld'& Son, .I'pss by crevasse , ,
ST. CHARLES — Right side.
Garcia & Sorapuru..
Mrs. Deneufbburg
Mrs. Zeiion Ranson. .
Charles Perret & Co..; '
Joseph Bourgeois ^
Mrs. Charles Perret, fils.
Chauvin & Levois ...........
J. B. Troxler ........ 1 . . .
Francois Troxler & Co : . . . .
Mrs. A. Brou & Son . .
Mrs. Delery & Bry. . . r
Ed. Fortier
Charles Rixner & Co..
Joseph Girod
Mrs. J. B. Labranche.
Francois MejHonne i.
Miles.’
43
.'A2
41..
41
’40
39
38
.38
37.
36
35.
.37 .
.36.
35
34.
33
33
32
31
30
30
,29
28.
27
25
, 172
: 182
. 515
46
■84
. SO
84
102
573
.475
. 320
.46
o 128
205
.660
380
74
. 152
540
305
51
'8
0
7,505
1,015
3180
485
305
. 87 ,
535
400
. . 120
, 162
, 287
224.'
-532
132
.335
500
305
172
182
530
46
84
80
84
102
540
520
320
' 46
128
205
620.
390
■ '74
162
540
305
51
.-8
0
.7,564
1,015
. 312
485'
315
87
535
400
, 128
. 162
325
234
540.
. 132
365
500
295
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
465
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes;
ST . CH ARLE s — Right side— Continued.
George Rixner
Chas. A. Jacobs.....
Mrs. Massicot ^ . . . . . . . .. ........
St. Martin Mechin
Onesiphor St. Amant .....
J. B. St. Amant
P. Lanaux & L. Charbonnet
■Left side,
Hondre Lahdreaux. ....
Mrs. Delhomere. i....
P. A. Rost. - - - - - -
Charles Oxley . : ...
Mrs. F. Trepagnier
Hermopene Labrahcbe , . . .
Mrs. Drauzin Labranche
Mrs. McCutcheon :
P. A. Rost
Pierre Soniat. :
O. & A. Labranche.
Mrs. Louis Labranche. ^ .
F. Pizeros . 1
Ed. Fortier, fils & Co.
JEFFERSON — Right Side.
Joseph- Dusseau
Edouard Fortier & Co. ..............
Eugene F order
Mrs. Waggaman —
Ludien Labranche 1
Camille Zeringue, next year... .
Harang F azende & Co
Laurent Millaudon
Laurent Millaudon ^
Verloin, Degruys & Fazende ...
Osborn Brothers, Baxataria .... '. . . .•
Delery & Villard, - do. .. —
Andrew Hodge, jr., do. .... ...... .
John Davis, do..
VoL. V. — 30.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds. ,
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
Miles.
24-
. 284
303
-■
• 607
607
- 23
278
295
20
20
22
350
350
-
. 72
72
21
370
370
7,723
7,847
34
.. 52
58'
32
326
326
32
■ 188
205
32
31
30
29
. 26
25
, 178
195
338
338
510
500
385
385
595
690
575
630
23
■ 22 .
: 65
70
L 170
■ 185
21
21
18 '
.648
. 670
339
339
440
440
' 4,809
5,031
17
505
550
15
■ ' 186
205
-■
• 304
334
18
496
510
10 ■
‘ 8
1,016
1,100
6
500
500
5
600
600
805
805,
4
■ 490
490
-
430
430
-
■- 448
460
505
505
'400
. 440
, ed for FRASER
fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
466
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M-^Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from the
city.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
JEFFEHSON — Right side — Continued.
Miles.
Drouet freres, Barataria
„ .
575,
560
Forstall freres, Grande :Terre^
-
333
333
Colmenero & Ribas
' -
431
510
: 8,024
8,332
Left 'side.
Butler Kenner.
17
675
735
Minor Kenner.
16
756
870
Rene Trudeau
15
.235
245
Pierre Sauvet
15
590
615
J. Soniaf Dufbssat
12
455
455
Lacestiere & P. Labarfe
8
268
290
Arnoult freres L
7
215
215 .
3,194'
3,425
ST. BERNARD— side.
■ p
Pierre Hoa ,
4
306
. 306
Cazimir Lacoste
5
355
355
J. B. Lepretre.
7
330
345
Dussuau Delacroix.
9
218
218
Caliste Villere. .'
11
342
405
■ ■
1,551
1,629
Left side.
Gabriel Villere
7
372
352
C. Cbiapella
9
262
290
J. Hewett
9
116
126
Mrs. A. Philippon i
10
202
202
L. D. Beauregard. i
11
136
136
M. & A. Ducros ,
12
215
240
B. Po3rdras
-
786
786
Marine & F agot, Terre au Boeuf.
-■
65
65
Laurent Millaudon .
-
232
232
Estate of Jorda.
-
305
335
Bienvenu Brothers
-
285,
295
Estate of Jorda
-
298
325
Jacques Toutant ^ :
-
400
400
Pierre Reaud
-
142
142
Mrs. G. Olivier '. .
-
415
435
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Fodoral Itooorvo Dtinli of Ot. Louio
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, 467
M- — Coiitmued.i
Nam«s of Planters and Parishes.
Distawce
^ from the
city.'
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
ST. BERNARD — Left Side— GoFftinued,
Miles. ■.
Mrs, A. Regio :
....
■ 565
565
Proctor brothers
570
570
A, Michoud, Chef Menteur
■
24
24
5,390
5,520
PLAQUEMINES — Right Side.
J ules Villere
13
315
' 354
Felix Villere.
14
226
250
A. & J. Denistoiin & Co ,
16
515
• 540
A. Oordon ...
- .
383
383
Estate David Urquhart
17
390
410
Anatole Villere
18
387
426
Estate M. Regio ...........
■385
385
Rapp et Deblanc
19
222
244
Bernard Marigny
. , -
385
455
B. Bahie . . :
26
102
112
P'. J. Fleytas ... ...
168
172
B; Bahie .....
222
245
W. Erskins
,29
312
. 340
A. Dunford
31
' 304
304
Samuel Packwood
32'
836
1,000
R. Mont^mery & Co. ... ...
34
500
550
Maunsel White
36
610
■ 690
R. Wilkinson
37
308
340
J. B. Wilkinson. ..... ....
38.
525
■ 575
George Johnson
'42
530
' 530
Isaac Osgood.
45
• 658
726
8,283
9,031
Left side.
Wm. H. Morgan.
12
625
685
J. A. Morgan i
13
635
695
Arnaud Lanaux '
15
441
476
A. Lesseps
16
500
550
Joseph Saul
17
.584
610
M. Ribas
19
336
350
F. Delery •.
21
215
228
Charles Regio.
22
222
240
Bufford & Gordon
26
448 ■■
448
Lizardi Brothers
27
897
1,085
A. LeSseps. . .,
31
800
880
P. C. Wederstrand
35
■ 286
310
CJ
[ igitized for FRASER
f tp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ ^
F 3deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
468
M — Continued .
Names of Persons and Pairishes.
Distance
from the •
city. '
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
PLAQUEMINES — Left Side — Continued.
. Miles.
Estate J. H. Cornin
.36
179
200 .
Brulard Brothers. . . : . 1
' ^ .
158
170
Colonati & Adams ..... i
■ 37 .
, 152
165
6,478
7,092
ASSUMPTION BAYOU LAFOUKCHE
■ Distance,
Right side.
from Don-
aldsonville.
Joseph Gravois i
5
41
41
Simon Leblanc
52
52
J. Simonot.
6
119
119
Carville Verret .'
7
94
94
St. Julien Tournillon
8
399
476
Dr. Jos. Martin
540
560
J. B. Landry.
9
250
240
B. J. Davenport
-
350
350
Henry Landiy ' :
10
143
155 .
Hippoiite Landry, Bruslee ;
H^ert Brothers “
12 ,
36
42
36
42
Molere Loguet “
41
41
Andre Leblanc 1“
82
82
Alexis Blanchard “ i .
. 82
90
Col. A. Pugh ;
12
707
'
780
E. & E. Commeau .
6 13
128
128
Wm. H. Sparks .'
15
460
:540
E. E. Kitridge
» 16
580
695
P. Landreaux ;
17
432
480
Philip & Rhea. .....;
20
346
330'
P. L. Cox
22
483
525
Jos. Gautreau
23
46
46
J. L. Labadie
-
96
120
Auguste Tete
Some eight to twelve new planters in the
24
430
450
next two years. '
■ Canal and Belle riviere.
Bissley & Barrow
_
228
250
Florentin Michel & Co.
-
, 58
63
Hippohte Porche
-
16,
16
A. Rousseau & Co.
: 35
40
Hue and Berthwick .^....
26
28
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Fpr'artil Kayarve Bank of St. Louii-
469
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M— Continued.
Names of Planters and' Parishes.
Distance
from Don-
aldsonville.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs,, net.
CANAL AND BELLE RIVIERE — Continued.
Miles.
Green & Roberts, Bayou Boeuf.
16
17
Robert Love, ;
18
20
B. E. Penisson,* “
-
, 78
85
Daniel Morrison; . “ ........
-
214
235
Louis Bourgeois & Co., .........
- ■
28
30
George Shewing & Co., “ •
, 149
165
BAYOU LAFOURCHE — Left side.
6,845
7,421
F. M. Leveque ^ . .
. 4
337
375
Comte de GaalonI
'5
327
-410
Gravier Plaisance, Brulee
-
36
36
Miles Taylor
6
• 206
206
Manuel Fernandez ...
; 7
210
210
J. B. Vinsou. . . ■
8
91
100
A. A. Truxillo & Co. . . . .-
. .
, 265
250
Antonio Vela ..... ;
10
263
263
Francois Bougere
11
50
50
J. B. Guillbt. —
12
. 72
72
Louis Guillot ^ .
■
66
66
Gustave Jumonville
13
88
97
A. W. Pichot & Co. .
15
76
, ■ 85 .
Sjiarks Brothers '.
16
79
. 79
Templet Brothers
66
66
135
135
Estate F. Bourg . —
17
100
.100
Dr. Monnot ...... :
-
102
112
Thomas Pugh
,756
835
Mrs. J; L'allande .-. '.
154
165
Estate of D. Boatner
19
276
300
W. W. Pugh.........
356
356
Etienne Landry
20
222
, 222
Mrs. F. Barillot
-
152
170
R. C. Martin
21
318
. 345
Estate N. Girod, Dr. J. Martin,.
22
20.0
210
Amedee Tete
. 25 '
142
142 '
4 dr 6 new planters in the next.lwo years.
5,145
5,457
LAFOURCHE INTERIOR- — Right side.
,N. Haydel .... .... ....
27
,65
65
E. D. White, (45 burnt)
-
.112
18
digitized for FRASER
iltp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/-
rederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
470
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued,.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
J-AFOURCHE IFTERIOR — -Right dde-r-GoVL-
tinned. •
Jean Webre. i
M. Bernard .
Allen & Robertson
Bishop Polk. .....
Pugh & Dardenne ......... t .
J. B. Bernard & Son ..... . . .'
G. S. Guyon .... . , j
P. M. Lapice.
Michael Bourgeois . . :
Edouard Bergeron
Leftside.
Aillot & Troxclair
J. P. Boudreau & Co. ....
Baptiste Blaise & Go
Leon'ai-d & Perilloux ..........
F. Haymel & Lasseigne - - -
J. J. Rousseau t ^
J. B. Moreau & Co. ....... ...
James Bellew & Co.
Henry Ledey ’ ......... . i .. .
B. Gross,. ,, Brulee. ,^.
J. B. Callouet, “
Thos. Bibb, C. .
William N. Fields .....
Thos. Bibb, J. .......
A. Collins. .....................
Mrs. Gaudet et Toups.
j, Tuker & Co. ....'. ....
Jos. C. Williams
Maturin Pitre. :
Thos. Bibb, W.
Mrs. C. Aubert ^ . . .. . ^ . . .. . . .
Wabishpack & Co. .■.
Mrs. E, Champagne
Mrs. Charles Falgout ......
Bouehe Guesnon et Lepine-.-
Leonce Falgout et Gaudet
R. R. Barrow
Aubert Brothers
Evariste Lepine.
Distance
firbm Dpn-
•aldsonville.
Actual
hhds.
Miles..
.
^ . .
28
173
185,
-
.70
: 75
29
465.
515
31
775
, 850
• ,
342
370
-
144
150
32
361
390
33
414
414
36
66
66
. 38
46
• 46
3,033
3,244
27
155
155
109
109
,28
164
164
-
- 143
143
29
117
117'
-
- 106
106
•30
557
■ 557
31
■ 184 .
184
160'
160
' 32
316
335
> -
102
102
33
' 358
358
-
170
170
34
. 928
1,010
35
' 471.
500
-
156
156
36
730’
770'
37
138
145
108
118
,38
'428.,
468
-
■ 275:
, i 276
40
, 91
91
86
86 ’
- 42
52',
52
44
42
. ,-42
153
153
45
625
650
. 46
335
340
47
iOl
110
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Pp:>qoi-\/o Ranh rrf Qt I rtiii'-.;
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M— Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from Don-
aldsonvilie.
No. of lOOOj
lbs. net.
LAFOURCHE INTERIOR— side — Con-
tinued.
Pierre Lefebvre ^ ^
Estate A. Robertson & Co
Mrs. Otard & Birdsal. : . . : .
Jacques F alse .
Herbigny & Lebreton, (Back) .....
Cob a: Pugh. ....
Mrs. Mathews :
'Hohore Carlin. ....
TERREBONNE.
Pierce Butler, . ....
Mrs. L, Tahner.
H. M. Thibodeaux . . .
Mrs. H. S. Thibodeaux, .
Leufrpy Barras
Evariste Porehe
R. G. Ellis.......,:....
R. 0,EUis..:.
F,L. Meads...................
Thibodeah & Betty .......... . . .
W. D. Donning
S. C. Lawless ........ . . . .
L. Clifton. 1 .
Tobias Gibson
JNoah Hampton
R. R. Barrow i . .
Dr. Banks . . i ...... .....
Shields & Temple . . . .■ .
Mrs. E. Fanguy
Estate H. M. Bellanger
Mrs. Dr. Pierce.' ...... ..... •.
Bissland & Watson.
Jean Bourg
McDonald & Barrow, Bayou Black
Js. J. Hanna
Wm. A. Shafer 1...
W right & Barrow ... ..............
Minor & Winder.
Bond & Barrow . . . . j . .. . . . . .
•Knight. & Brillant. ....
Conly & Kitridge
48
798
860
49
760
800
103
103
154
154
- 500
500
52
. 556
610
56
895
935
66
46
46
‘
11,172
11,634
.
415
470
-
708
770,,
- ,
256
290
-
'608
620
-
384
384
-
145
145
igitized for FRASER
ttp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
472 REPORTS OF THE [1845,
M — Continued.
Names.of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
: from
Franklin.
Actual
hhds.
..No. of 1000
lbs. net.
TERREBONNE — Continued.
Miles.
Hatch & Grinna,ge ^ . . .
76
80
Boudoup & Clifton.
, 61
64
C, C. Wallis;
•81’
' .88 ■
Jeremiah Mumson ..................
144
.158
Knight & Baker ....
217
235
James Carll.
-
64
64
James Cage, Grand Caillou ...
- ■
965
1,060
Barrow & Baker .1 i
' 193
210 ,
Ths. Butler ................. .
-
: 408
.450
Capt. Quittman l .... ... ...
295
320
John Pelton :
-
■ 750
■ 820
ST- M AT?Vj ATT AK AP AS ARClVP PP ATVTTTT.TAi,
12,661
. .13,801
John C. Marsh, Island ....
32
409
435
Hays & Rose, Petite Anse. , i
- .
336
368
Dr. Peebles & Co., Prairie
25
380
420
J. W. Wilkins & Co. . . .-. ........... .
320
365
Charles Deblanc, BayOu Teche. . . .
-
122
135
Major C. Olivier, do, ' ,
24
268
320’
F. 0. Darby, . do. ....
23
342
440
Ths. H. Thompson, do. . ....
Olivier. & Richardson, do. ....
2
132
148
21
173,
173
Nicholas Loisel,. do. .
20
224
255
R. McCarty, do. ....
20
48
52
F. D. Richardson, do. ....
- -
150
150
Mrs. Leblanc, do.
49
54
L. & E. Provost, do.
19
24-
28
Philemon Provost, do.
18 ■
45
• 53
Godfrey Provost, do.
■17
95
. 110
H. fSinnetiere et L. Verret, do. ....
-
.42
50
Ursin Provost & Co.i do. . . ..;
. 16
92
110
Estate D. Weeks, Island ....
-
758
800
Daniel Rowls, Prairie .'.
19
144
170 .
Leufroy Bpnvillain, do. .'
' -
71
80
Octave Delahoussaye, do.
■ . -IS
.235
258
Dr. KiUgore, do.
-
142
17,0
Charles Grevenberg, Bayou Teche
15
745
920
Theodore Faye, 118 Burnt, do.
14-
134
150
Martial Sorrel,. doi
' 13
. 786
840
Charles Pecot, ' do.
-
91
108
G. L. Fuselier, do.’
-
373
490
Gregoire Bodin, Prairie .. .-
16
. 68
78
Digitized for FRASER
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. -Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 473,
M— Continued.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from
Franklin.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
ST. MARY, ATTAKjiPAS— Frank-
Milesi
lin — Continued., ,
Simon Bbdin, Prairie i . ... . .
. *■
46
. \ ' 52
Edouard Sigur, ^ do.
'i. 17
134
' 165
Laurent Sigur, - do.
18,.
32
36
J. & iSi. Sigur, ! do;
. -
166
195
Mrs. Deian, .do.
66
74
J. A. & A. Frere, 84 Burnt, Bayou Teche
10
455
555
Mrs. Armeling.:& Son, ■
do.
'7
.93
.. 102
Bernard et Fuselier,
^ do.
. .
109
120.
Estate John Dehart,
do. -
134
150
Henry Foot,
do.
132
165.
Fuseher & Co.,
do. - .
- . 6 :
212
222
Mrs. Fuseher, fils, , -
do. -
189
210
Winthrop S. Har'd ing.
do. ' •
4
65
■86
M. R. Freizier,
do.
, 7
103
112
Stephen Duncan,
do.
232
255
J^s. Porter,
do- ' —
6
333
396,
Heram Henderson,
do.
• 7
99
. 118'
Jas. Campbell, .
do, -
5 '
48
50-
Ur sin Perret,
do.
4-.
102
. 130
Mrs. Tarkingfon,
do.
3
32
35 •
David Bell,.
do.
16
17
George Elliot,
do. •
2
29
31
Mrs; W. Sterling,
do. -
-
96
105
Watson McKerall,
do.
1
69
75
J. B. Murphy, Prairie
106
116
John Parkinson, do.
66
72
Estate M. Bowles, Teche, below Franklin
■-
5l’
55 '
Estate J. E. Bowles,
do.
. i
55
60
Theodule Carlin,
do.'
I
55
60
Euphrasie Carlin,
do.
1
69
64
Honore Carlin,
do.
. 73
, 80
Col.LI. M. Bayliss,
do. ^
56
, 60
Bedell & Hayes, ~
do.
107.
. 130
John Moore & Co.,
' do.
2
80
88
Adelard Demaret,
do.
29
32
Martin Demaret,
do.
3
66
72
Dr. Harris, :
do.
116
128
H. Crawford,
do.
■ 4
46
51
Ulger Seinnett,
do.
'5
35
35
Mrs. C. Ferguson, Bayou Salee.
40
42
Mrs. Rogers,
do. ...
.■ -
' 76
84
Mrs. INeckhson,
do.
19
' 20
)igitized for FRASER
ftp ://f rase r. stio u i sfed . org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
474
REPORTS OF THE
M-^Gontinued.
[1845.
Names of Planters and Parishes.
Distance
from
Franklin.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1,000
lbs. net.
ST. MARY, attakapas-t- aiow Frank-
Miles.
Un — Continued.
J. E. Lacy, Bayou Salee
37-
M
Desire Carlin
d o.» • • • s' »
90
98
Adelard Carlin,
do. . , . - .
• ..
128
140,
Placide Carlin,
do. ......
45
44
Mrs. Huggins,
do.
- '
72
80
96
105
John Merriman,
do
55
60
Mrs. E. Kemper,
do.
20
■22
Leon Verdun,
do- -i...
18
. 22 ■■
John J. Gartett,
do.
•
100
100
Wm. S. Gordy,
do. - -
-
28
32
C. M. Vinson,
do. .
-
122
140
John Rice,
do - - ,
--
220
300
Ben. Hudson, '
do. ...i
-
253.
275
' ^
121
132
Grimble & Callahan, do. . i
162
178
Michael Gordy,
do. . .■
-
131
144
Allen & Garrett,
do".' ... i..
■ - ■
27
30'
Wm. Sharp,
do. ..........
-85
: 93
Wm. Pumphrey, Bayou Teche ....
126
138
Romeo Verdun,
do. ;
7
67
80
George Sennett,
do.
-
72'
86
Erancis.Uancy,
do. . . . .■ —
8
252
276
-JJ. P. Sparks,
do. ■
-
.202
235
Joshua Baker,
do. ... — .
9
303
345
W. J. Palfrey & Co.,
do. ...
152
170
Below Franldin.
10
P. C. Bethel!, Bayou Teche,. '
214
•254
John Smith,
do.
11
208
236
O. & N. Corney,
do,
12
210
268
Estate N. Gerbeau,
do.
13
126
145
C . M._ Charpentier,
do, ...
14
109
128
Mathew Rogers,
do,
15
111
120
J. W. Bowles,
do.
-
121
135
Richard Linch, Atchafalaya.
17
124
138f
W. J. Nash,
do .
18
115
128
J.. M. Muggah,
do. .....
19
50
53
Estate Muggah,
do.
20
45
47-
A. M. Stanley,
do. . . .
-
46
; ■ 44 ■
M. Hartman,. .
do.. ... '
40
43
David Robbins,
do. . . . . .
■ -
81
90
George Haydel
do. ...
-
34-
35
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
476
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
Names. of Planters and Parishes.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
lbs. net.
ST* MARTIN, ATTAKAPAS- —
Continued.
Elov Derouan, Prairie.
-
15
.17
Duplessis & Metayer, .B* Teche. .......
100
115
Maximilien'D&uir & Sons, B
. Teche. . . .
130
130
Armand Broussard,
do. . . : .
25
27
Jonas F. Marsh,
do*. . - - .
-
120
130
Mrs. E. Broussard & Co.,'
do.
-
78
. 88
Joseph Gonsoulin,
do. - . . . .
- - -
9
9
Aurelien Dugast,
do. - - .
41
. 51
Joseph Lauro,
do. . . , .
-
91
100
Camille Broussard,
do. ....
-■
146
180
Neuville Declouet,
do.
- -
, 365
350
Drausin Broussard,
do. '
23
25
Mrs. Dubuclet,
do. ....
-
295
365
Despanet Deblanc,
do.
-
83
, 95
Mann Lenormand,
do. ....
-
333
396
Ursin Lenormand,
do.
132
145
Joseph Landrjr,
do.
■ 83
102
F. D. Chretien,
do. ....
192
245
Declouet,
do. ....
-
344
400
Estate John’Palfrey,
do. ... .
,
173
195
Dr., Thomas,
do.
-
127
150
Devalcour Landry & Co.,
do.
86
90
Charles Durand,
. do.
' 205
235
E. & D. Dugast,
do.
-
112
125
Terence .Bienvenu,
do,
-
40
45
Valery Martin,
do
45
50
Norbert Leblanc,
do. , — :
-
. 51
55
Charles Lastrape,
do. . . . '.
_
^ ,178
205
John Begnot,
do. . —
20
20
John Micheltre, Bayou Pigeon
- ,
22
25
Godelroy Carlin, Bayou Chene
40 .
40
Ur sin Carlin, do.
-
38
38
LAFAYETTE, ATTAKAPAS.
Andre Martin * -
4,419
5,031
164
180
Jean Bernard &-Brother
-
80
88
Valery Veillon
■-
90
100
H. Broussard ^ .
- ■
38
40
372
408
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Ro^on/O Rank of St I nnir;
1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
477
M — Continued.
\
' Names of Planters and Parishes.
Actual
hhds.
No. of 1000
' lb. net.
VERMILLION ATTAKAPAS.
Arveillon Broussard. .1
29
32
Robert Cade •:
-
202
235
Sal. R. Rice
133.
140
JVotley Young ... ...
■ .. .
. .. 52
57
McCaskell & Hemaret
■ 88.
92
Mrs. W. B. Brasher 1 —
- 46
54
Ths. Caldwell. . . .-
- - ■
52
■ 58
— — Campbell ..... i
-
. 30
30
John Shaw .
-
10
,10
Lloyd Wilcoxson .....
80
80
J.B. TheaU. .
56
56
Stansbury & Stevens
-
46 -
50
Robert Perry..
38
. 40
ST. LANDRY OPELOUSAS.
,
862
934
S. W. WickofF..
500
,550
Ths. Quirck
-
132
145
Capt. E. LitteU. —
, -
106
115
Wm. F. Hardy '. ....
-
187
. 210
N. & W. OfFutt....
r ■
- 106
125
B. R. Rogers
-■ ■
- 84.
90
John Hudson. ;.
-
.44
44
Robert Barry. ^
20
22
^ ' 1179
1301
Kiitized for FRASER
ij://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
478
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
RECAPITULATION.
Names of Parishes.
No. sugar estates
in each parish.
No. by steam
power.
No. by horse
power.
No. of actual
hhds by each
one.
No. of 1000 lbs.
by each one.
Pointe Coupee ...........
5
5
. 888
883
West Baton Rouge.
19
14
5
4,247 ■
4,811
East Baton Rouge
, 18
14
4
^ 4,474
5,026
Iberville ....
89
47
22.
. 16,463
17,979
Ascension i . . . . .
.48
31
17
19,223-
20,296
St. James
67
44
23
21,519
22,699
S,t. John the Baptist. ...
55
-26
29
13,575
13,820
St. Charles
37
32
5
12,532
12,878
Jefferson
24
23
1
11,218
11,757
St. Bernard...
. . 23
18
5
6,941
.7,149
Plaquemines
.36
. 32
4
14,761
16,123
Assumption, Bay. Laifourche.
62
84
. 38
11,990
12,878
Lafourche Interior, do.
49
23
26
14,205
14,878
Terrebonne, do.
42
32
10
12,661
13,801
St. Mary, Attakapas
147
31
116
18,795
21,261
St. Martin, doi .......
36
9
27
4,419
372
: 5,031
408
Lafayette, ‘ do. ....
4
4
Vermillion, do. .......
13
-
13
862
934
St. Landry, Opelousas
Divers small parcels made
8
3
5
1,179
1,301
'
in different sugar-houses .
.
-
1,000.
1,000
Total...
762
408
354
191,324
204,913
Note.— It is to. be remarked that the cistern. bottoms resulting from
this crop have not been reboiled by the planters as heretofore has been
the case; they have been bought up by the refiners at higher rates than
the planters could realize by working them over. This item is estimated
to be equivalent to 5 per cent, addition to the number of hhds. sugar, and
would swell the crop to full 200,000 hhds.
A large quantity of cane has been, sold in the field to make plants for
. new plantatioris ; a considerable quantity was lost by overflow in the
summer, and some for want of fuel to work it.
There has not been the usual quantity -of molasses made in proportion
to that of sugar, owing probably :to the cane having acquired a higher
degree of maturity ; and it is supposed the average yield has not exceeded
45 gallons per 1,000 lbs. sugar, or, in round numbers, about 9,000,000
gallons. • '
Digitized for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] secretary OF THE TREASURY. 479
M— Continued.
It will be observed, from 'the foregoing statement, that there are in
operation in this State 762 sugar mills, of which 408 are worked by
steam-engines'"; and 354 by horse- power; the number of planters about
900; some of the smaller estates joining their neighbors in one sugar-
house. \ • ■
There will be a large increase of sugar plantations in this Sta;te within
the next two years. Preparations are making for full 60 or 70, the low
prices of cotton haying induced mfoiy growers of this staple in the
parishes of Pointe Coupee, West Baton Rouge, Iberville, St. Landry,
Opelousas, &c., to turn their attention, to sugar. .
P. A. CHAMPOMIER.
New Ohleans, 1845.
No.. 2.. ■ . ■
Fra forma expenses of a Sugar Estate working a gang of one' hundred slaves,
and producing. per an/num, four to five hundred hogsheads sugar.
Ovbrseer ... ^1,500
Doctor $3 per slave, of all , ages. .,. . . . . — 300
Yearly repairs to engine, copper-work, resetting of sugar kettles,
&c., at least. .... ... .... . V 900
Engineer during grinding season. 200
Pork, 50 lbs. per day— ^say per annum 90 hogsheads,.at $12. . . . 1,080
Hoops,... ............................. .......
Clothing, 2 full suits per annum — shoes, caps, hats, and 100
blankets— at least $15 per slave ......... 1,500
Mules or horses, and cattle to replace, at least ........... 500
Implements of husbandry, iron, nails, lime, &c,, at least. . , 1,000
Factor’s commission, 2J per. cent. — , 500
$7,560
Corn. — 4,000 barrels per annum here supposed to be produced on the
estate, although it is known that for the last three years large quantities
have been bought by the planters.
No. 3.
LOUISIANA AND THE TARIFF— BY A, NATIVE OF LOUISIANA.
The Tariff.
This subject has ever been,, and must continue to be, pne of extreme
difficulty. The National Government, since its Creation, has chiefly de-
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.ieral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4S0
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M — Continued.
pended upon the duties on imports for the means to carry into effect its
constitutional powers. The country now finds itself unfortunately divided
upon this mode of raising a revenue, considered, until lately, as almost
inherent to our form of govenimeht. The question with our legislators
should be, Are the people of these United States ready for a direct tax,'
with all its expensive, mid vexatious accompaniments, or not? If not,
indirect taxes, or, in other words, duties on foreign merchandise, must be
continued to an amount adequate to the wants of the Federal Government.
If so, where is, the justice, in remodelling the' tmlff, not to protect the
labor of our own people against debasement by foreign labor? Has
not Benjamin Franklin said “that it was the duty of Government to
‘encourage and protect industry in all shapes, in all instances, and by aU
‘means, and to root out indolence by every possible method?” Yet
Franklin, if I am hot mistaken, was a disciple of the free trade school.
So was Adaln Smith, if not its very father. Let us hear him, (page 8 :)
“ Whatever tends to lessen the number of artificers and manufacturers,
‘tends to diminish the home market, the best of all markets for the rude
.‘produce of the Imid, and still further to discourage agriculture.”
This- is sound doctrine; and, in effect, what would become of England,
if, now that by the loss of ten days’ food perturbation is seen throughout
her social order, she were by a free importation of grain to debase her
agriculture fifty per cent.? Why, she would, be transferring the povrer
of feeding her oWn people to the Crimea, to^ the United States, or any
other large grain country. .
The freedom of a people depends upon the proportion of the neces-
saries of hfe they possess within themselves — the larger the proportion,
the greater the freedom. Complete freedom is where a people can live
without their neighbor, when that iteighbor shows himself unfrieridl}^
Our Union is free because we possess within it every necessary of life,
and that, to pres.erve such necessaries, We have only to guard them
against foreign labor, by sustaining, at the cost of production, our
agriculture and industry.
France is said to have twelve milhons of operatives and laborers.
Suppose that, allured by that popular word “free trade,” she were to
debase her agriculture and manufactures so as to compel the masters to
reduce the wages of their servants five centimes ; it would be a reduction
of the capital actually required for subsistence to the extent, of six him-'
dred thousand francs per day, which, multiplied by three hundred working
days, would make for the- year one hundred and eighty millions of francs.
Let any one acquainted with the condition of the working class of that
country say how long such a state of things could last. The same rule
applies to England and to every kingdom in Europe. Can we, then,
expect from Europe free trade in exchange for our free, trade?
Indeed, if F ranee were placed in this condition, that she had to sacrifice
all her Parisian bankers, or debase her manual labor five centimes, I
would say, without hesitation, sacrifice your bankers ; because, on the
part of the bankers, it would only be- a loss of wealth, whilst on the part
of the operatives it would be a loss of subsistence, Societ)" can live
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without wealth, whilst it cannot sustain itself wifhout food; thh one is a
matter of vanity, the other a matter of Hfe.
If the United States were to be reduced to the same alternative towards
■ ' England, and she had to. part with her 'IVavy^ or with hey working power
• " by^ the effect of debasement— -a mode of destruction as rapid as any other,
’ ” not more so^I would say again, give up''our Navy, however proud
. * we rriay be of it°; ^^because, without ojar'. working power, it would be a
» . Aseless expensp., beyond , our meahs^^tb bear, And. because we would have
.2.- iiothing Aydrth.’keeping-, our ,]i^erty_b&i’ng gone ;■ 'whilst, by ietaining Our
. 1 , working power, we would sodn be able to mild another navy. >
• The theoiy of free tra‘de,?by; Adafn Smith, is a. completO Refutation of
his own doctrine, before . quoteti. . In penning th,e bhq,!he \yas the econ-
_ , omist of Great Britain; in pehhlingthe other, he was the economist of the
. .world. ; Let us now heat England, through her McCulloch, (page 419 :)
. “Our estabhshments - for spinning, yvedving, printing,' bleaching, &c.,
• ‘are infinitely more complete and p.ei'fect' than any that exist elsewhere;
‘ the division of labor in them-is carried to an'incomparably greater extent ;
‘ the workmen af e trained from infancy to .industrious habits, and have
‘attained that peculiar dexterity and sleight of hand in the performance
‘ of their severaf tasks that can only be attaine.d by long and unremitted
‘application to the. same em.plqyment. Why, then, ..having, all these
- ) ‘ advantages on our side, should we not keep the Start we havp gained ?
‘ Every Other people that attempt to set up manufactures must obviously
, '' ‘ labor . under the greatest difficulties,, as Compared with us. Their estab-
‘ lishments cannot, at first, be sufficiently laige to enable the division of
‘ employments to be carried to, any considerable extent; at the same time
‘ that expertness • in manipulation, and- in the ,. details of the various pro-
‘ cesses, can only be attained b)’' .slow degrees. It appears, therefore,
‘ reasonable to conclude tha t such new beginners, having to withstand the
‘competition of .those vffio. have ah^eady arrNed': at a. very high degree of
. ‘ perfection in the art, must .be immediately driven ont of every market
- ' ‘ equally accessible to ’both parties; and. that nothing ha the aid derived
‘ from<restrictive regulations and ‘prohibitims will be effectiud to prevent the totaL
' * d^striiction of their establishments y Sfc.'': . , . , ' ■
Thus it is .self-evident that the free trade .Contemplated by England
and. her econonrists was the- monopoly for her own operatives of the
working power for the clothing of the huuran family— a monopoly tO be
achieved by the debasemerrt of all foreign industry attempting competi-
tion. The plan was gigantic, and worthy of Great Britain.
Russia was the first to be seduced by thqpopular and. misapplied phrase
“ coirrfnefcial freedom,” arid she entered the arena full of hopes. Let her
own Minister of Commerce explain the result, after a few years’ experi-
ments:. ■ . ■ . ■ ’ . . ' . ■ .
■’ “It offers a continual encpuragement to the .manufactures , of other
‘ countries, and its own manufactories perish, in the struggle which they
' ' ‘ are as yet unable to maintain.,' It is with the most, lively feelings of regret
‘we acknowledge it is our own proper, experience which enables us to
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‘ trace this picture. The evils which it details have been realized in
‘ Russia and Poland, since the conclusion of the act of the-7th and 19th
‘ December, 1818. Agriculture without a market, industry without pro-
‘ tection, languish and decline. Specie is exported, . and the most solid
‘houses are shaken. The public prosperity would^soon feel the wound
‘inflicted on private fortunes, if now regulations did not promptly change,
‘ the actual State of affairs.'.^-’ The Emperor, however, would, not yield to‘
‘representations; he desiredA,Q.b'y.“ihe nesy, experiment’ during a longer
‘ period ; but he was particularly and .aboj'^: all things desirous that the
‘ reproach of leaving his, engo,gemenYs unfulfilled should not attach to him ;
‘ moreover, he still" flattered himself that IfeSs disastrous jmars might com-
‘ pensate for the losses Qur trade had experienced at the first moment of
‘ the crisis ; and it is only after losses have reached their height that events
‘have proved that oiir agriculture and our commerce, as well as our
‘ manufacturing industry, are not only paralyzed, but brought to the brink
'‘of ruin, that his ijnperial Majesty formed the resolution,” See. &c."
The remedy applied by the Emperor of Russia was exactly that
pointed out foy McCulloch, to wit: r_estrictive regulatimis, and p-ohibitions,
with which the present Russian tariff abounds. And, indeed, that is
the true meaning, of free trade : home trade, judiciously guarded against-
dtehasement by foreign competition, whereby the labor of 'the opercitive is
protected, his wages depending upon the value of his labor. . And this is in
strict accordance with Adam Smith’s doctrine, for he"- says that" the
‘ home market is the most important of all markets;' and that whatever
‘tends to diminish- the number of artificers and rhanufacturers tends to
‘ diminish the home market.” ' ■
McCulloch (page 443) estimates the ..quantity of cotton consumed in
Great Britain at 240,000,000 lbs';, which; when manufactured, he values
at 34,000,000 ‘pounds sterling. .
This amount he distributes as, follows : ..
Raw material, 240,000,000 lbs., at 7d.. ........... : ^7,000,000
Wages of 800,000 weavers, spinners, blea,chers. See.. ... 18,000,000
Wages of 100,000 engineers, machine makers, smiths, join-
ers, &c. - - 3,000,000
Profits of the manufacturers,', wages of superintendents, sums
to purchase coals, &c 6',000,000
-34,00.0,P00
From which it is seen that of the above 34,000,000 pounds sterling of
manufactured cottons, the producers of that commodity receive 7-34
The operatives thereupon.'... . . /. . . . . .21-34
Whilst the masters, for the interest on their capital,, the expenses of
superintendence, of coals, .&c., onR receive:- . . 6-34
The same proportions are applicable to .-the United States,, not only
for cotton, but also for all other manufactures. ' Is it not; then, self-
evident that by far the largest interest involved in the tariff question is
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M— Continued. '
thctt of our laborers and operatives, who, for political or other purposes,
are used by the designing tb' throw , odium upon the masters, the ruin of
whom would immediately carry ruin to these vety laborers and opera-
tives? ; ' ^ \ ■
' The protection' of home' labor by a judicious tariff do&s not produce . .
high prices, but the very reverse, as is fully evidenced by bur commer-
cial history. . " '• ■
A few examples becbine here necessary; .but, first of all, it is well
that the modus operandi of the -British manufacturer should be well
understood. Home trade, is. the best; so says Adam Smith:; and this
truth is equally applicable to the American and British manufacturers;
To the home market, therefore,- the manufacturer looks for his profits,
and to foreign markets for his surplus production. . This surplus, be the
loss what it rnay, must be forced into consumption, for accumulation is
death to production ; to force consumption at home is to debase produC-
. tion in' its best market; to debase production is to debase the labor of
the operatives, labor being an essential component of production, inva-
riably moving with it in adverse or favorable circumstances, and sharing ...
all its fluctuations as an indivisible whole'. ' Thus it is that the British .
Gbv'ernment, as the natural guardian of the people-— , •
1. Protect the wages bf their operatives and laborers against debase-
ment from foreign labor, by all cleans in their power. Hence the origin .
of their corn laws, - which may serve as their definition of the free-tr^de
doctriffe, as applied to themselves'. • ■ '
2. Use every exertionto open new markets' by inculcating throughout
the- world their principles of free trade, as applied to foreign-countries;-
tha.t their operatives, by debasement of foreign tabor> niay nionopolize' ■
such labor, in order to secure their surplus ■ production against losses
Which would otherwise rerider such surplus a dead, weight. ‘And so if .
,is that Great Britain, not being able to compete with foreign agriculture .
for corn, prohibits, foreign corn, that the products of her agriculture rnay^ ^
be free from debasement by foreign labor; and, that, as nothing but the
aid derived from restrictive regulations and prohibitions (see McOulloch)
will be effectual “to prevent the destruction of foreign manufactures by-
British operatives in-all maa kets equally accessible . to both parties,’-’ the*
. free trade contemplated by her, as before said, free in
all markets of her manufactures, mhereby her operatives, by their superiority iit
the art, will be able to efect the total destrrtctidrt of all competition.
. The British manufacturer, feeling safe at home against debasement
• by ,, foreign labor, .protects himself against over-production and its
sequence, debasement, by resorting . to foreign markets for the disposal
of his surplus, which surplus es there sold .without any reference tO its
cost of production, as- evidenced by the New York vendue sales'
throughout every year. , 'f • ' ■
The operation of tliis surplusds the same;as that of gold used by the
besieger, to debase the besieged into a surrender not otherwise obtainable;
Let the surrender take place, and then the gold is naade to be returned
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with compound interest. .Our manufactures have not to compete with
British manufactures at cost of production, but with the sui-plus of those
manufactures at,, debased prices. . The free trade advocated by Great
Britain is the gold- of the besiegers. '
. And now for the proposition that high prices are not a forc.ed conse-
quence of a tariff when judiciously laid, but the reverse.
Examples. -^{Wles^s Register^ vol. 44 — “United States:”) .
1793— Iron, duty or protection to -Current value in the
home operatives, $15 00 per ton. . ' home market, $90 @ 95 per. ton.
1816 — do. do. reduced to .9 00 “ do; do. ..,do. ^ 110 @ 120 “
1824— do. do. increased to 1§ bo “ do. do. do. A go “
1832 — do. do. do. to 22 40 “ . do. do. do. 80 ■ ■ , “
• From which it is seen, that as.home operatives have been , protected
against the debasement of their labor,' home prices have ruled low; that
,as that protection has been decreased,, home prices have ruled high.
And the reason of this obvious.
Our great competitor is England. >She enters foreign markets with
her surplus production or labor, whilst at home we have to meet her
with our full labor.. She fights for' conquest, vve fight.for. freedom; if
she fail, she only suflers in her surplus, her home laboi; 'remaining uiir
touched by foreign labor. , On the conti;ary, if she' succeed, our home
labor, is prostra.ted or destroyed, and her operatives talce the place of our
operatives, Then she.dictates he;r terms, and then the consumers’ ai-e
made to pay the expenses of the wUr with a vengeance, and their folly
for swallowing the bait presente4 by the magic word “free trade.” The
w'hole of this worfung is sirnple : suppose the cost of production of iron
to be, both in England and the United States, seventy-five dollars per
ton, and the .quantity required annually, for our home consumption, one
hundred and fifty tho'usaiid tops, all supplied by our own mines and
workshops; suppose,’ also, the duty to be taken offer reduced to a trifles
England, with ten to twenty thousand toils at most, coiild debase piice,
twenty-five dollars, which would carry ruin to Our workshops, and turn
adrift our own operatives, whilst opening a large field Tor her own.
What is true regardingfoon is equally true when apphed to any-other.
manufactured article in the United States. Supply and demand must
ever be the governing rqle of prices ; increase or. diminish the supply
one per cent., and prices may fall or advance 50 per cent, below or above
the cost of production; which,.tbe moment the equilibrium is deranged,
ceases to influence prices, which are then, ruled by speculation.. , .
Niles’s Register, page '7, vol. 42': ' , ' '
1818 — Plain cottons, made of yarn No. 14, '’^weighing 1 lb. per 3 yards, 28 cts. per yard..
1841 Do, dp- . do. do. . 10| cts. do.
For the last ten years our southern planters have riot been paying, for
I the very same goods which form the great bulk of cotton .manufactures
required by the people, more than lOJ to 11 cents, and they cannot be
produced cheaper and of better quality in England, for she cart hardly
compete with Us in Mexico and South America, whose markets we enter
upon a footing of equality .
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So it is with' all kinds of iron works.. Qur engines and locomotives
not only take the lead in the West Indies, .hut also find favorable mar-
kets in Russia, for which we now.hold large orders. Let the inquiry b.^
applied to. any other article of Aiherican man'ufacture'mr produce, and.
> the same result will be arrived at. ' , ■
Mr. McDuffie, of South Carohna, in a , speech to Congi'ess in 1830, has
maintained “ that a tax on imports eventually falls on the producer .of the
exports, and is consequeutly equivalent to a tax ori these exports.”
This proposition has been adopted by a large portion of the South as
an incontrovertible truth — hence the war which has ever since been
"waged against the tariff, to which it has. become so popular to attribute
all the distress of the agricultural interests; yet, constituted as our Gov- •
ernment is, a-little reflection would have shown how much alcin 'is that -
war to that so beautifully told of the “limbs against the stomach;” and,
unfortunately for us, we have arrived at that period of our dempcracy^
when we riiay deduce' from our own histoiy the moral lesson contained
in that allegory. Tacitus has said:
“ Pauci prudentia. honesta ab deterioribus, utilia ab noxiis discernunt.’’ .
Hpw applicable these words of the great. Uatin historian to our present
would-be statesrnen! The doctrine of Mr. McDuffiei, to be true, would
" have .required a correla.tive, to wit : that. the producers of cotton, tobaceo,
&c.; &c,, should have been the only consumers of the merchandise re-
ceived in exchange therefor. ■ Is it so? , “ Yet,” said the Southern Review
for November, 1831, ^speaking of the position assumed by Mr, McDuffie,
“we have never seen eyen a plausible attempt to answer it.” Why,
Mr. Reviewer? Because it required' no answer— the proposition was
false ; it carried with it its' own condemnation. It is hardly necessary
to say that the cotton planters, selling $30,000 of cotton arid consunting
only $3,000 of foreign commodities-r-and this’ is a very large. allowance-
pay only duties on $3,000, whilst the other consumers of the Union pay
upon $27,000. This is, ■ ho'wever, assuming that high prices are a forced
consequence of the' tariff, to which I by no means agree.
Let us, now inquire how far duties .on foreign importations influenee
prices, at honie. This is. the text of most of the violent appeals to the
passions of the people by. our stump orators, and by many and many
. of our greatipoliticians. in Congress; indeed, -we have come to that; that
it may be said, as in the time.of Aristophanes, “ dp not- touch that stump
— an oratoj will jump out of it.” The people are appealed to, to put
down the infamous duties upon those comffiodities. emphatically called
“necessaries- of life”^those taxes upon the labor of the poor; knd.the
feelings of the Ignorant are worked upon in exactly the, same manner as
are those of the famished populace, of . old Europe by d_esigning politi-
cians. Have we a populace? ,1s there riot food here in abundance for
every man that will work for it? Are we not a people possessing equal
rights, equal privileges? Is there one profession, one pubhc office, closed
against the son of the humblest citizen? ., Are, we not free? How is it,
then, that the good people of these United States suffer themselves to
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be lowered down and , assimilated to the starving populace of Europe,
by their stump demagogues and Congress speech spinners? ' ,
Unfortunately, when party feelings predominate in a country, princi-,
pies are soon made to make room for men;, real patriots discarded,
and the ignorant become the tool of the designing; action, through rules
.■ deduced ’from experience, is replaced by a, gitatiCn and idle theories ; the
most palpable truths are denied, and honesty, talent, .and patriotism are
4riven out of every public office by calumny and detraction. The de-^
moralization in the Government carries demoralization among the people,
•until the whole becomes . a nSass of coif uption;
But to return to the tariff and its influence upon prices in our home
market. It has a.lready been shown that the very same Cotton goods for
which our cotton planters had to pay 28 cents in 1818, have been current
these last ten years at and under 11 cents. Coarse woolens have, been
declining in the satoe proportion. Had it not been for the fostering action
of the taiiff, our cotton planters would have had to pay for the engines
they use for ginning their cotton 50 per 'cent, more than they now pay
for. the very same article' to our own manufacturers. It must be yet in
the recollection of our sugar planters that the first engines and mills
uspd.by them were imported from^.England, and that their cost was nine
to ten thousand dollars ; whilst' for machinery equally good and equally
powerful they have now Only to pay from four thousand to four thousand ■
five hundred dollars; and all this' has been brought about by that so,-
much-abused “and so-little-understood tariff. Let any -honest cotton
planter, -with Mr. MeDuffiefs doctrine 'before him, talm a, full account of
foreign manufactures used hy him for his negroes and plantation, uten-
sils, and my word for it he -will find the amount under $1,000, even
with a, gang of one hundred hands; and, supposing the value of these
foreign goods to be enhanced, 30 p6r centi by the tariff, he will see that
his contribution towards the expenses of the ;Federal Government is a
mere trifle-:,-and it is for this thatthe'country must be agitated, that the
harmony of Our Union must be jeoparded ; nay, that our Union itself is
threatened to perish ! : ■
Let us now see the operations of the tariff upon necessaries of life, or
rather articles agreed to be so considered by habit; for J contend that
! (thanks to that nipnster, the very naming of which drives certain dema-
gogues, into hysterics) we could now live within ourselves, in the middle
of abundance, if if became necessary so to do ; and that is the only
rational meaning of “ freedom.” , ,
Niles’s' Register, vols. 1, 5, and 44:
1811, Coffee : duty 5 cts.; current prices in the United States, 16 cts.
ISlSi “■ “ “ “ - 22 “
1820-’22, » , “ “ 27 »
1829-30, “ “ “ , » “ . 12^“
1831, ‘‘ “ 2 cts. c ■ y- «
1832, • “ let. ■ “■ “ 13=“,
1833, “ “ free, ■ “ r , 13 “
1833-’41, “ / «=•- . ..« iy 11@;125|“
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M— Continued. ' '
, These are not theories, but facts! You anti-tariff men, of all parties,
answer this plain, question ; Did. the free admission of coffee in theTni-
ted States enhance its value in Cuba, or diminish the cost of it to that
good people to whom you devote all the power of your lungs ? Had
you given less freedom to your tongues- and more time to your heads,
.you would have discovered that the low prices of coffee, compaxed to
the. current value of sugars in 1811, had induced the planters of Cuba;
to give the preference to the latter, over the. former culture; the natural. :
consequence wa,s a decrease of production and increase of price,; which
gradually attained the enormous rate of 27 cents, per pound. In the '
mean time, however, coffee haying become -the golden article, planters
returned to it; and its cultivation was increased to such air extent, that
. prices suddenly gave way, as here shown, and have not since recovered,
notwithstanding its admission duty free in the United States — and as. to
our would-be. populace, they are paying as much for it as inol830., when
the Government' was collecting 5 cents per pound. '
The excess of production of any commodity whatever over the wants
of -consumption .carries with it a depreciation fa.r beyond that excess. ^
Prices must ever be ruled by supply and demand, as exchanges by gold
and silver and whenever otherwise, take care of the squall — it may-
soon become a tprnado.
Despair is blind. South Carolina, in its agricultural distress, assailed ^
its best friendv “the tariff ’’—that friend ■which freed our beloved Union
-from foreign dependence. Its real enemies were the rich lands of Alay .
bama, of Mississippi and Louisiana. This is the proper place for a brief
- account of the worldngs of cotton :
From Niles’s Register, ,vol. 44, and Holt’s Liverpool-Prices Ourrent of
1st January, 1841: - .■ ‘
Crops of the United States* ' • ' Value of Uplands in the Liverpool market.
1814— 17,816,479 lbs. f .23 # 37 d. :
1815— 82,948,747
1816— 81,747,116
' 1817— 85,-649,328
1818— 92,471,178
1819— 87,997,045
1820— 127,860,152
1821— 124,893,405
1822— 144,675,095
1823— 173,723,270 '
1824— 142,369,663 -
1826—176,449,^07 '
1826— 204,535,415
1827— 294,310,115
1828— 210:,590,463
1829— 264,837,186
1830— 298,459,102 -
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‘f. ....'. .....18 '@.25i
“ ......... . . .17 @ 21i
“ ....... .lC..; ..20 @ 23|
; : .X.... . 19^.@ 22
“ , ......... ... 12^ @ 19|
“ orabout319,655bales. . .11 13f
“ A... A.;. ,-.'...10 @ 11 J
“ .....r.:..,. 5f@- 84
“ 6i'@. 84— .84 « lOf
“ - . .1. 7: @ 8i -9- @104.
“ , 6 @ 94 16| @ 194 '
“ :.. . .. A .-'I-. 54 @ -6| 6 @ 8|
“ ....... 4.4® 6S , 6S@ 7f
n 5 m 6f 64@w7S
“ 4|@ 64 5i@ A,
“ or about 746^147 bales. 5,4® 7- 6.| @ ;7tJ ,
^ . > ' • '
488 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
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New Orleans — ^Valley of the Mississippi.- ’ ■ Value of Uplands in the Liverpool market.
1831— 428,876 bales . / 5 @ 7^— 6f @ Sd.
1832— 349,795. “ SJ'® -8 Gf @ j 9 ■
1833— 411,104 “ ^. . . . ..1 . . . .. . .V @ 9 , 9| @ 14
1834— 461,647 “ . . ..... . .-. ............. 7| @ 10 @ 12J
1835— 529,734 “ of @ 12 9i@ 14J
1836— 495,610 “ .......................... 7 @12 9J @ 14 '
1837— 601,346 “ . . . . . . . . . .• 4f @ 7 7J @ 13 ■
1838— 739,245 “ 5 ',@ 9j’ ' 6| @ 10
1839— 580,298 ■“ 6f @ 9 ' ,8 . @11-.
1840— 950,078 “ ;4J @ 8J 6, @ 9
Crops of the Mississippi Valley and Alabama.— New _ Orleans Circular, Isi
October. '
1840 — New'Orleans . . . . . , J v 962,438 bales.
Alabama. ... . . . ■. . .1-1. ... . .......... 1 446,807 “
; : 1,409,245 .bales ! n
1840— Total crop of the United States. . . .2,171j293 bales ! ! !
Imports of Great Britain. — ■Holt’s Circular, 1st January, 1841. . ■
1820 '. .......... . . . . . . . ' 458,736 bales,
1830... 793,605 '
. 1840 ........ . , . .....! J. ... . .::i -li415,341 bales! !!
A few plain questions here again naturally present themselves, for the
anti-tariff gentry. Waa, there no tariff when cotton, in 1817, two years
after the peace, was , selling in L'iyerpooTat '23Jd., for Uplands? Had
there been any material change in that tariff when cotton, in 1822, d,e-
clirted to 5f @ 8|? and when in 1824 it advanced to 9 @ lOj, and in
1825 to 16f @ 19J? and when in 1826 it receded to 6 ® 8f, and in 1827
if fell to 4^ @ 7f ? What have you gained by the compromise 'bill?— a
• bill the very nanie of which ought to put the nation to the blush— a bill
I which is a flagrant violation of the Constitution, for it cannot be put into
operation without destroying the -uniformity of duties. 'In, 1832 cottons
were selling in Liverpool at 5 1 @ 8, and 6f @ 9d.,\ and in 1840 at 4J @ 8J,
and6 @9d.!! ! ' ' ■ ■ • , .
South 'Carolina did, not study her interest ; whilst she was preparing
to resist the Federal Government, she ought to have suddenly turned her
forces against the cotton' fields oY Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi,
and destroyed some '500,000 or 600,000 bales of cotton, and' .then
Uplands would have, immediately advanced in Liverpool to 23d., and
even more! But to the point ; the hbove tables show^ — ; -
That the extraordinary increase, in 1826, of our ■ cottoii crops,
depressed prices for the five years ending m 1830 to art average of 6|.
That the crops from 1831 to 1836 having presented no extraordinary
variation,' average prices advanced to 9d. , ‘
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 489
Mr-r-^Continued.
That the large crops, of 1837 alfd 1838 again reduced prices, ;the
average' prices for these two years having only been
. That the crop of 1839 having been a comparatively small one, prices
again advanced to an average of 8f., notwithstanding the perturbation
caused in England by a short crop of grain.
That with the large crop of 1840 again came, depreciation, average
prices having receded to 7d. ■ ■
And all this is easily accounted for without touching the unfortunate
tariff. From 1815 to 1820 were the golden days of the cotton planter
and manufacturer, both using their utmost exertions to work their mines,
^ until at length debasement, inherent to 'over-supply, began to show
itself. To. meet this great destroyer of, industry, the manufacturer
applied himself most dihgently and ingeniously to improve his maGhinery
and to increase his works so as to invite consumption .by lowering prices,
quantities making up for difference of profits. In this,. his success was
' wonderful. On the other hand, the planter, to meet the depreciation in
the value of his cotton ; applied himself to increase his crops, that quan-
tity might make up for difference in prices.: Exhausted lands’ were
abandoned for more fertile soil,, and Georgia, Carolina,, Virginia, and
Maryland soon saw their working* power gradually removing to the
yu'gin forests and rich alluvial soil of Mississippi and Alabama, where it
was soon ascertained that .one hand could produce per annum six^and in
sorne places even ten bales' of cotton, \railst tw'o, and at most three.
Could hardly be obtained in the best fields on the Atlantic shore. ' This
really produced a revolution ill the culture of cotton.
The whole crop of Cotton in the United States, as ubove shown,
amounted in l8S0 to i- i. 319,655 bales.
During the ten years ending in 1830, it increased fo ,.. . 746’,147 “
Arid, during the ten; years ending in 1840 gradually
reached'. . . ..... ^ . .2,171,293 , “
The valley of the Mississippi alone, during, the last year, producing
upwards of 216,000 bales more than the whole crop of the United
States in 1830, and Mississippi and ^Alabama together producing one
million four hundred and nine thous'and three hundred and -forty-five
bales, or one million eighty-nine thousand five hundred and ninety bales
more than, the .total crop' of the United States in 1820 ! and six hundred
and sixty-three thousand and ninety eighf bales, more than^the total crop
of the United States in 1830 !! ! •. '
Unfortunately. for both manufacturer and planter, consumption could
not keep pace with such gigantic strides,; and both had gradually to
sub'mit to the inflexible rule of supply and demand, and to all the vicis-
situdes consequent to their deranged equilibriuni ! How is it that a case
so plain, so palpable, shduld have escaped sagacious Carolina?
Whatever may have been the iniquities of the tariff’, the depreciation
in the value of cotton cannot be placed' -at its door ; that depreciation'
has been the natural consequence, of excessive production. The' same
cause would have produced exactly the same- effect in any othqr
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[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M — Continued.
exchangeable commodity-^in gold itselfj as before said, whilst one per
cent, less than the quantity of commodities required for the consumption
of the world may produce an ad%'ance of twenty, thirty, or even fifty
per cent, on the cost of production, one per cent, more may produce a
debasement in exacdy the sarne ratio., On the stability of the value of
labor depend the stability and \vell-being of a^people. There can be
no stability in the value of labor, without stability in the value of pro-
duction, of which labor is a vital component. ' It , is,.; therefore, an iiriper-
ative duty with Government to protect labor and production against all
excess that may produce debasement.
Were British manufactures, freed from effective taxation, to be
poured into our rriarkets, so as to bring our own manufacturers 'to throw
their hands upon agriculture, which in its turn would feel the morbid
influence of debasement, the only effect would be to transfer the clothing
power from our workshops, to those of Europe, in lieu of the increased
consuniption, whereby the Carolina planter expected an advance in his
cotton of fifty to one hundred per cent. The value of production can
only advance in the ratio of consumption ; and surely the placing in the
hands of England of the working power of America w'ould not have
added a single consumer to the general consumption, but it. would have
produced this effect: England would-have acquired, a monopoly ; cotton
would have continued to be debased, pr to advance in the ratio of
excess or short production to consumption, and the great ' monopolist-
would have made us pay for the . $50,000,000 of cotton manufactures”
w''e now produce for' our .annual eonsumption twenty, thirty, and even
fifty per cent, more than w.e now pay to our own people. And suppose,
for ..argument’s sake, that Carolina could be benefited one, million
dollars by this transfer of power;' well,, England m,ight pay her such a
bonus, whilst she would be, thereby, securing to herself an annual
profit, which, at pleasure, she might increase to ten, 'fifteen, an'd even
twenty-five millions, of dollars. ' But what would.be just tow'ards the
Carolina planter, vrould be equally so towards every other, cultivator;
and thus gradually the debasement in our manufactures of all sorts
would throw us at the 'mercy of Europe for the . $350, 000, 000 of mer-
chandise we now manufacture for our own annual consumption. And
to pay for this enormous sum what would we have? Our cotton! We
have it now, and Europe can no more do without it than without the
coals pf its mines, Tobacco! We are almost the exclusive suppliers of
that article. Flour! England will not receive it, notwithstanding her
free trade doctrine's; and for a very g^d reason: it would debase her
agriculture,^ and rnake her dependent on others Tor food; which is
slavery in its worst, condition. ■ °
Sugar. This .artiele furnishes another striking proof of the effects of
supply and, demand; and' to it the ..attention of our Representatives in
Congress should be specially called. , ^
Report to the Hous.e of Commons, 5tb May, 1841.— Importations for -,
home consumption
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- M— Continued.
Years.
'West Indies.
Mauritius.
Bengal.
Total.
Increase.
Decrease.
Average prices
of West India
sugars in Sep-
'tember each
year.
■■
Clot. '
' Cwt.
Cwt^'
. Cwt. .
Cwt.
Cwt.
' s.
d.
■Ml
3,655,612
529,352
-
4,184,974
-
32
101
nil
3,844,244
555,860
4,400,104
215,140
- '
29
10|
■1835
3,523,948
558,237
4,082,185
■317,919
37
2
1836
3,600,517
155,229
4,250,049
167,864
35
5i .
,1837
3,305,238
537,961
296,673
4,139,878
100,171
41
4J ■
-1838
3,521,434
. 428,8S4-
4,554,959
415,081
■-
29
2
1839
2,823,931
612,586
518,925
3,955,442
--
599,517
40
' 1840
2,202,833
482,836
3,230,678
724,764
♦
■ 58 ,
2 '
Cwt.
s.
d.
Which shows thai-t an over supply in 1834, compared to 1833, of. ,
215,140
• Produced a decline of. . . .
3 .
Oi
That a
short supply in 1835, compared to 1834, of.
317,810
Produced ah advance of ,
-
■ '7 ■
11.1
That an over supply
in 1836, compared to 1835, of.....
167,864
Produced a decline of.. . .
-■
1
Si
That a short supply
n 1837, compared to 1836, of.......
100,171
-s
Produced an advance of...
5
lOi
'I’h^t an over supply
in 1838, compared to 1837, of
415,081 .
Produced -a decline of..-. .
- ,
12
2's
That a short supply in 1839,'conapared to 1838, of.. . ...
i
599,517
Produced an advance of.'.
.. ........ .
.
•
11
Oi
That a short supply in 1840, compared to 1839, ofi
.. .
: 724,764 .
Produced an advance of .
18 !
1 f
Or 100 per.'c.ent. oh the average prices of 1838. • ^
■■
And. during the whole of the above period, the British tariff remained
untouched for sugars, save the admission, in 1836, of Bengals for home .•
consumption, What have you to say to thisj anti-ta,riff advocates? »
In 1833 the people of England received for their own' consumption,
from their own possessions, 4,184,964 cwt. of sugars, for which they
paid j66, 850,566. ; . , ,
■■ In 1840, the emancipation- of the West Indies reduced the annual
■ supply of Great • Britain 954,286 cwt., and the people, had to pay for
3,210,678 cwt. about .£9,385,115 sterhng. •
• Was this the effect of the tariff, or of supplies and demand ? But
. (may say the advocates of free trade) let England admit foreign sugars,
and that commodity WilLbe as cheap as ever.' But she will do no such
thing, because— , . ■ -
,1. She would thereby complete the ruin of her West India proprietors.
2. She would be thwarting her ovyn prospects in the East. , '' ■
And even if she were to. admit foreign sugars for home consumption, it
would be under a heavier tarilfthan was ever adopted in the United States,
and the effect of such a measure Would be to advance the price of sugars
by their being made scarcer in Other parts,. The free trade advocated
by her she has always t alien, and will ever take, very good care not to
,- put in practice. She is too patriotic to act otherwise. ' This doctrine
she has launched forth to the world, that she might, by debasement of
foreign labor,' obtain the monopoly of the manufacturing' power,' (see
, McCulloch, page 419 ;) and her, emancipation of the West India , slaves
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued,
has had no other object' than the destruction Of the cotton power of the
United States that through her East India possessions she may obtain the
monopoly of that important commodity. Do you doubt this? Read'Sir
Robert PeeRs speech at Tam worth : Our possessions (says the Baronet)
‘in the East Indies offer, the naeatis of acquiring a supply of sugar to an
‘ almost indefinite extent. In this case we need not run the risk of forfeiting -
‘ the character we have already acquired at such ,an immense sacrifice, by
‘ the abolition of slayery and the dave trade,' for we have a prospect of an
‘ increased supply of sugaj' fi-om the West Indies, [doubtful,] and a new '
‘ supply.from the East Indies, produced by- free labor; These cpnsider-
. ‘ ations lead me to the conclusion that it is hot necessai y to' open the inar-
‘ kets of England to sugar,- the produce, of slave labor.”
What will be the action of the British Government the moment they
can obtain even a reasonable supply of cotton- from their East India ^ree-
men? Why, the British markets will be as effectually clo'sed against
American cottons, ;the produce of slave labor, as they are at present
against foreign sugars,. the produce of, slave labor!
And you. Abolitionists, do you -wish- tp know who are those freemen
■ of the east? ' Open McCulloch’s Dictionary, which in the imperial House
of CommonSi is considered as high authority^ and there you will find the
following lines under the head, of “ East India Company -
“Theylainis of the Cpinpttny are founded on monopoly of trade. It
‘ being necessary to maintain forts, factories, &c., under the Mphtunmedan
‘ G overnment, the great produce of the soil was divided ihto equal shares
‘ between the ryots, or cultivators, and the Government.' We regret we
‘ ai-e not able to sa,y that the British Government has fnade any material^
‘ deductions from this enormous assessinent. The cultivators throughout
‘ Hindostan are wretched — -their only object is .subsistence ; if'they. suc-
‘ ceed in this, they ai-e satisfied. Indeed, Mr. Colebrook tells us that the
‘ condition of ryots is inferior to that of a hired laborer, whp derives, the
‘ miserable pittance of two annas, or about three pence a day,, wages.
‘ The Company carries a sword in one hand and a ledger in the other.
‘ In India, a commercial resident, with a large establishment of servants
‘ under him, some of them intended for coercive purposes, is stationed in
‘ all considerable towns ; and it has been stated; and, by no less authority
‘ than the Marquis of Wellesley, that the intimation of a- wish from the
‘ Company’s resident is always received as a command by the native
‘producers and manufacturers.” > .
Now turn over to Mr. O’Connell’s speech in the House of Commons:,
of the 13th February last, and you will see “that famine desolated India
‘ in the years 176,6, 1777, 1780^1782, 1792, 1803, 1804, I819rl824,
‘ 1829, 1832,-1833, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839; and that during 1837 and
‘1838, it was necessary to employ men to shove the dead bodies into the.
‘rapid part of the Ganges; the polluted land was covered with carcasses;
‘ the average destruction was fen thousand per month ; it is doubtful if
‘ terminated at the present moment.” Thus it is evident that the trade
in. India is a. monopoly —that its free 'cultivators have to give one-half of
their yearly income to the Government to 'build forts tp keep them in
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a ■ ;
M — Continued.
awe; and that the other half remains- at the mercy of the ledger-and-
sword merchants,. wUerehy the income of the poor cultivator is .reduced
to hardly three pence, per day, (about six cents,) and famine is’ almost
his constant visitor. ■ . , . ■
. And it was to carry out these truly philanthropic views of Great Brit-
ain that the would-be philanthropists of the United States were appealed
to, and that the doctrines of free trade and abolition were placed in
their hands for circulation ! — ^that American citizens have been found to
remove to the East Indies in order to teach to the free, operatives of that
country the culture of cotton and the art of separating the f?eed from the
staple. What a strange association! John Bull to, emplo}'^ the' Ameri-
can cotton planter to destroy the American manufacturers; and to em-
ploy -the American Abolitionists . to destroy 'American cottons, and the
whole of the diabolical plan to be in successful operation ! What has
become of the American feeling \vhich in former days carried the Amerh
can farmer to the heights of Bunker Hill? Are we alread}'^ arrived at
the close of that glorious beginning? ■
Another example; and one of great interest to Loui.siana, to prove that '
supply and demand rule prices, and I have done.
Average prices of Cula Muscovado Sugars during a period of ten ijeaVs-
{Havana iPrices Current.) ■
1830.. - . . .. 6- 8 reals per afroba. . . . . 3 @4 cents per pound.
1831.. .... ‘‘
1832.. ... 6^@ -‘U .2|@3f “
18331 .. ... 4|(S! 6 » . . ,2|@3 “ ,.
•1834. 54 @ “ .. “. '• .2|,(® 3| A ' “ .'
, .1835:. . . .0. 8 @ 9| “ ' » ■ ....’■;4 (g “ h- .
1836.
. .1.12J® 14 “ ,
.64 ® 711 !■ “ ■
■ ; 45
i837:
. . .;. 5,- 8
• : ’r. 2J ® 4
1838.
. . .. 7 @ 8i “ ,
“ . ' .'. .3^ ® 44 ‘6 -'
' ((
1839.
64® 8, “
' “ .34 @4 »■ .
.Vu
Importations of Foreign Sugars in the United States during a period of tm
, years.— [Official reports to Congress.)
• 1830 -...’$4,636,342
1831. - - - . - ...... .,.M, -f. :. . . 4,910,877
.1832. '1-. . : -2,933,688
1833. . . . ..... f 1 1 . ....... 4,755,856
: 1834. .-. ,5;538,425
, 18^5....', ......: :...A.,.-..:h. 6,806,625 ..
1836 .. . L ;. 1 12,514,718 ! !
; 'l837...-,... :... 7,203,206
1838.. .. ...: 7,586,825
1839,:l,.;......:l'...^A’:.,fh:..-..-.:::..^.'......:. 6,970,240
. McCulloch estimates the total product of sugar annually to be 508,000
tons^say 1, 143, 000;000 pounds. . The average product of Louisiana is
about 70,000 hogsheads, Or 70,00,0,000 pounds, pi: a fraction under 6 1-5
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REPORTS OF THE . [1845.
M — Continued. ^
of the whole product. Yet, trifling as this appears’ to be, an early
winter at the close^ of 1835 having reduced the crop of Louisiana to
25,000 hogsheads, prices for 1836 immediately advanced from 5 to 6
cents, the usual price in New Orleans, to 11 cents; and in Cuba, where
. the crop had been a.large one, from 4 and 4f to'6j and 7 cents! ! And
, the importations of foreigri sugars into the United States that year
amounted to $12,514,718 !!— say $5,708,093 more than any previous
year, for which the people had- to pay specie, for the extra import from
the West Indies could not have created.there an extra demand for our
provisions; and provisions are very nearly the only articles taken in ex-
change for the coffee and sugar we import. The 'season from 1836 to
1837 was favorable to Louisiana; an average crop was produced, and
again prices receded to 5 to 6 , cents in New Orleans, and in Cuba to
3J to 4 cents; and our imports from foreign countries fell short of the
. ' previous year $5,311,512, the difference being supplied by our own
labor. ■ • •
Again, I repeat, what do you say to all this, anti-tariff advocates ’ ■ It
has been shown in a previous paper that, per statement in the House of
Commons, a short supply of 954,286* cwt.,. compared to the ordinary
supply of . 4,184,964 cwt. required for the consumption of Great Britain,
advanced prices nearly one hundred per cent. ; and it is now seen that
a short supply of about 45,000 hog.sheads, compared to the ordinary
crops of Louisiana, advanced prices m Havana about sixty per cent., and
in the Unifed States for Louisiana sugars about one hundred per cent. ! ! —
and that to supply this deficiency the people of the United States had to .'
export $5,311,512/ of specie to pay for the sugars required. . , .
These are not idle, theories, but facts -for the meditation of, legislators.
The planters of Louisiana, under the faith of the protection granted
, to home labor in 18l6, .and relying upon a continuation of the samej^ate
• of duties so long as it was necessary to raise a I’evenue through- imports
from foreign countries, gradually invested large arnounts in the culture' of
the sugar-cane. In 1828 the number of estates, then numbering -308j
was increased to 698, which required a further outlay of $16,000,000 — ^
malting a total outlay of upwards of $50,000,000. In 1832 the quantity
of foreign Sugars required for our home consumption was reduced to a
little lesstthan $3,000,000; a few years more and Louisiana could have
. been able to supply the Union with the whole quantity required for home
. consumption; but England, ever jealous of our prosperity, was at -work,
and the compromise bill Came upon the . poor sugar planter as a clap of
thunder. And what has been .the effecf ? One hundred and fifty-six
sugar estates have already been turned into rice, and .cotton fields, and'
the country js now paying nearly $4,000,000 more for foreign sugars' per'
annum. Let the work of destructiori contemplated by those who con-
sidered our glorious Union a secondary condition, compared to the attairi-
ment of their end, be carried into full effect, and the consumers of sugars
and the cotton and rice, planter's will be made to suffer with a vengearice
for the madness of .our theorists. The moment we become dependent
upon the West Indies for our sugars, 'we shall have to submit to the old
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1845.] ' SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M— Continued.
prices of II and 12 cents, and to export fl2,d00,000 to $15,000,000; if
not more, to pay for the.' same; and who can. predict the decline in the
price of cotton arid rice, by the transfer frOrn the culture of the sugar-
cane to that of these t\yo articles of 40,000/ hands now employed in the
sugar business? There .is; however, no accounting , for the folly of
men. A Representative of Louisiana in Congress was seen during the
last session ^to vote .foi^the free admission of foreign sugars ; and that at
■'-Phe’ v&nj riioment when, irfjthe Chamber of Deputies in. Spain, a proposal was
pending for the closhfg of the ' Cuba and Forto Rico ports against the admis-
sion of our flour, which now pays a duty in these islands of more than cent, per
cent, over ip cost of production— say .$11 66 per barrd.
It has, often been asserted that, the culture of the cane is not congeniaf
to Louisiana. . This is altogether an error. Our crops are fully as regu-
lar as in .any part of the West Iridies- If we have to contend against
early winters, the droughts so common in those islands are equally fatal
to the cane. On an average the "Cuba planter produces six hogsheads
f of sugar to each working hand. There is" hot a well-managed planta-
tion in Louisiana that does not yield, on an rivera,ge, an equal number of
hogsheads to each hand, The ‘grgar 'fCd,v,antage of the Cuba over the
Louisiana planter is not, as generally believed,- iq the climate, but in the.
difference of value of his. hand^, and of expenses'te support them. In.
Louisiaua a good field hand is worth $1,000, and is provided with twO"
meals of beef or pork per day throughout the year, besides corn, whis-
key, tobacco, and two suits of clothes per annum, the cost- of which is'
about $75 on a -well-regulated plantation.- -in Cuba, a good field, hand
only costs $400, and, requires little or no clothing, and lives- chiefly on
roots and bananas, which are of a spontaneous growth. And this is the
reason why sugar cannot be produced, in Louisiana below five cents,
.whilst four cents is said to be about the cost of production in Cuba.
Indeed, it cannot be denied that the reduction dri the duty on foreign
sugars has been a bounty to slave-traders. Let the slave trade be effec-
tually put down,, and then Louisiana' sugars , will require little or no pro--
. tection. But' until then it , is needed.; and. whether considered in a
national point qf view, or as a matter of sheer justice to Louisiana, it
^ cannot be refused without gross injustice. • , . , ,
It appears to me that if party feelings could be ma,de_ to yield to patri-'
otism ; if Representatives could open their eyes to all the evils grown out
of our feuds, to the shattered condition, of our , Constitution, to the dis-
, gra,ce attached - to the American-; riame throughout the world; if they
could see how' high 'we once stood among the nations' of the e’arth, how
low we now -stand ;' if, in fine, in prqsence of calamities so greati they
could be made to reflect that' a timst has been placed in their hands,
awful, if betrayed, partaking almost of "divinity if faithfully and nobly
fulfilled — a nation! s welfare !— they vvould soon arrive at the conviction —
1st. That to the benign influence- of the tariff" we owe our emancipa-
tion from foreign dependence, which is freedom. .
2d.„ That as a reveriue is to be raised to carry on our Government, the
general welfare of the Union requires that such revenue should be so
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M — Continued.
,f • • . . I .
arranged as to afford encouragement to our manufactufes''and, agricul-
ture, that our labor may not be debcised by foreign labor.
3d. 'That by protecting our sugars against debasement by foreign
sugars,' we not only protect that branch of industry, "but also cotton, rice,
and alt Other agricultural products that can be raised in the southern
States, by the simple reason . that, should 'the want of effectual protection
compel our sugar planters to abandon the culture of the cane, the 40,000
hands now emplo3md b3^them would carry depreciation in cotton, ricet;.
or. any other agricultural product, by excess of ‘ production, whilst ’the
Union would be placing itself again on the dependence of foreign countries
for the necessaries of life already requiring thirteen to' fourteen millions of
. dollars per annum. That effectual protection, qiJ the contraiy , Vo that 5
" percent might be reasonably depended upon for sugars,. would soon ena-
ble the planters of Imuisiana to increase the culture of the cane |o the
full annual .demand of the country — sa3^ about 250,000,000 of popnds—
which would require 60,000 hands more, at least; who; being supplied by
. tp.e produfcefs'df cotton, or. any- otiief product, would reduce the excess of
production in the latter articles, and advance their valup accordingly.
. 4th* . That,, in hire, there' is 'hot a branch of ind'ustry^ in our. country
' which, is' not directly or, indirectly benefited -by a tariff' judiciously laid ;■
^and.'by far'the greatest proportion oT. sQch 'benefit is derived b3nour own
.operatives and laborers. ' ' '' • ,
" ■ * ; Conclusion. A few queries having been put to the author of this , paper
■ on the "Workings of the tariff, and other points connected with it, he takes
this" opportunity of giving thern publicit3^, together with his answers^
which come as a conclusion of the subject he has attempted to treat : '
•• 1. “What are the advantages of specific duties?” .
'■In a moral and cohstitutional point' of view, they are incalculable.
There is not an article of traffic which cannot be brought to 'a fixed rule,
as to quality, capaciy, or value, ascertainable on every point, so, as to
work with uniformity. Duties being.made specific, fra,ud on the part of
the importerstis effectually checked,, and , uniformity in the law can be
secured. Duties ad valorem on the oath of importers are not urliform in
their operation, and. open such a door to fraud that I venture to say more
peijuries are committed in one da3' in our customs than in. all olir. courts
of justice throughout the Union in one 3maf. It must be a well-known
fact to the. Treasury that the very same goods are fentefed in different
ports at different prices. It was a common practice in Manchester; some
years ago, to invoice ad valorem goods at ;two-thirds. oT then- value for
■some of their customers, here ; an/addition of 50 per cent, indicated the
real cost to the' importer. , .New York is much more indebted to the ad
Valorem dut3" arid the focal partiality, of its revenue officers for its heavy
import trade, than to its geographical position.
“ What are the advantages of cash duties?”' ;
Cash duties will most effectually check overtrading, by putting a stop
to excessive importations, made, not. with a view to a. legitimate profit,
but for the purpose of getting rid of surplus production, which being
sold without reference to its cost,' works the debasement of our own
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 497
M — Continued-
labor, or of raising a capital out of the credit granted on the duties— a
system fraught with danger, and which must ever keep any commercial
community following it in a- feverish condition. To this cause, mairily,
may be attributed the fluctuations in our exchanges.
' Query. “ What duty should be laid on foreign sugars ?” '
Three cents on Muscovadoes, and others in proportion. And this can-
not be considered' unreasonable when it is observed that by the compro-
mise bill a duty of twenty-five, cents on a valuation of thirty-five cents
per square yard is now charged on all cotton goods, thus excluding most
completely from our markets all low goods, which form three-fourths
of our cotton manufactures. • For instance, sheetings of the value of 5d.
per square yard in Manchester ai'e equal to the same goods manufactured
in Lowell for 10 and 11 cents. On such goods the duty is Sf cents !
Our flour, in Havana, as before said, pays a duty of $11 50 per bbl.
Remarfei— By cash duties is meant duties on tire delivery of the
goods. Should the cash system be adopted, the warehousing system
should be at the same time established, and three years be granted to
the importers to dispose of theii' goods ; the trade of the country would
soon conform itself to this regulation, as in Havana, England, France,
and other places, and then duties would be paid by the consumers of
the' goods as wanted, which would gi-eatly tend to a return to legitimate
business. And as to the revenue, the falling off could only be temporary
and of short duration, when it would assume a regularity heretofore
unknown ; and all goods being brought to the public stores* and exam-
ined as delivered, a stop would be effectually put to frauds which have of
late years deprived the Government of sums that would be more than
sufficient to cover the whole of its present debt.
The people should be protected against their own folly by taxation on
all articles of luxury ; and, in remodelling the tariffi the following inqui-
ries should be made :
1st. What are articles of luxury?
2d. What are the articles competing with our home manufactures and
agriculture? '
3d. What are the rates of duty required to insure a remunerating
price to the manufacturer and agriculturist, guarding the consunier at
the same time against artificial prices?
A tariff based upon such principles, it is beheved, would soon restore
harmony and confidence in the nation.
New Orleans’, 1st December, 1841.
Np. 4.
SUGAR AND THE TARIFF. ’
To the Editor of the Louisiana Courier';
That the planters of Louisiana may understand the kind of protection’
they have been receiving from the riational Goveriiment since the pas-^
VoL. V.— 32.
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498 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
sage of the compromise bill of 1-833, and their present position, you are
requested to publish the following statements, which were placed in the
hands of Messrs. E. D. White, Moore, and Conrad, during the discus-
sion of the tariff. These statements will be followed by some extracts
from the National Intelligencer, showing that necessaries of life onhj can
hereafter be trusted as a source of national revenue ; and such comments
and observations as may be thought advisable to impress every planter
and inhabitant of Louisiana, be his industry and politics what they may,
with the necessity of requiring every one of our Representatives in Con-
gress never to suffer party feuds to interfere with the great interests of
the State.
An Ex-“ Looker-on” IN Washington.-
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M“-Coritinuedi
No. 1. Trade of the United States with the West India Islands and the Brazils.
[Extracted from the Report of the Treasury of March 3, 1841.]
. , Exports to.
Imports from.
Duty free.
Ad valorem.
Specific. .
■ Total.
Swedish West Indies..;.
$98,710.
Swedish West Indies. .
$56,452
- ■ $49 ’
$1,044
$57,545
Danish West Indies....
918,971
Danish West Indies
156,153
37,618
745,406
969,177
Dutch West Indies
259,438
Dutch West Indies. . .
255,845
411
140,523
396,479
Dutch Guiana
52,118
Dutch Guiana
.8,917
30,849
37,766
Cuba -
. 5,338,471
Cuba ..
3,557,967
220,473
6,057,037
9,835,477
Other Spanish West In-
Other Spanish.. West.
• dies
770,420
Indies ............
154,051
1,424
1,743,257
1,898,732
Brazils .
2,145 863
Brazils .... ......
4,646,185
2,381
. 278,730
• 4,927,296
$9,583,991
. $8,863,570.
$262,056
$8,996,846
$18,122,472
Exports to the West Indies, as above. > $9,583,9.91
Imports into the United States. 18,122,472
Excess of imports over our exports for 1840 ... $8,538,481
For every dollar, of which the people of the United States have had to pay specie, or sterling bills equal to specie.
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1845,] SECRETARY OF: THE TREASURY.
500
REPORTS OF THE . [1845,
M — Continued.
Our exports to the West Indies consist of flour, beef, pork, butter,,
lard, bacon, tobacco, cotton, fish; tallow, cheese, timber, lumber, naval
stores, potatoes, soap, cotton goods, horses, and mules ; and our imports
consist of coffee, sugar, fi'uit, cigars, &c.^ — (See report on Manufactures.)
The foregoing statements show that, from the island of Cuba and other:
Spanish islands alone, our imports have been as follows:
Coffee and Other free ai'ticles .$3,712,018
Fruit, &c., paying ad valoremMuties . 221,897 t
Sugar and. Other articles paying specific duties. . 7,800,294
. ^ -$11,734,20^
And that our exports of all sorts have amounted
to..'... 1....... $5,805,066
From this amount, however, should be deducted
cotton purchased in New Orleans and Mobile,
and paid for on European actount, and shipped
to Havana for transhipment on board of Spanish
vessels for Spain^ — (See Secretary’s report,
exports of cotton to Cuba) 1,314,202
4,500,864
Showing an excess of imports over our exports of. 7,233,345
For every dollai- of which we have had to pay either specie,, or sterling
bills equal to- specie. ;
Duties u^on West India Produce in the United States, ' . '
[See late report of the Secretary of State on otir relations with foreign nations.]
Sugar — At present free, according to the opinion of a majority of Con-
gress, and subject, according to the opinion: of the President-, to a duty
of 20 per cent, on a home valuation, which will make it less than 1 cent •
per lb.
Coffee — Free.
Cigars — $2 50 per 1,000, if the compromise bill be found to be still
in force.
Fruit— Nearly free. '
Reciprocity!! — Duties on American produce in Cuha-
Sugars, of all sorts, prohibited.
Cigars, and all manufactured tobacco, prohibited. t
Cotton, only admitted in transitu. ‘
Tobacco, only admitted in transitu.
Flour, per barrel, $10 10.
Beef,
35 per cent, on a
fixed- valuation of $9 per barrel, $3 15.
Pork,
35
(«
«•« _
14 “ 5 00.
Butter,
28
CC
per 25 pounds, 3 75; per pound, 5 cts.
Lard,
35
. <(
. per “ 3 00; ■“ 4 1-5 cts.
Rice,
30J
«(
‘
per 101 “ 6 00; << 1.84 ct.
Mules,
. 35
(<
$51 each mule, 17 89.
Tallow,
35
per 101 pounds, 9 00; 3] cts.
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501
1845.] SECRETARY QF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
Cheese, 28 per cent, on a fixed valuation of perlOl pounds, 11 00; per pound, 3g cts.
Sheep, 28 ■ “ i‘ . |5 each sheep 1 75.
Potatoes, 28 “ “ |12 50 per barrel, 70 cts.
Tallow candles, 35 “ ' 3 00 per 25 pounds; per pound, 4j cts.
Soap, 35 “ U 2 50, . “ “ 3|cts.
Fish, cod, .28 “ 3 50 per 101 pounds, “ 98-100 ct.
mackerel, 28 “ “ 4 50 per barrel, . |1 26
Bacon and ’hams, 28 “ “ . 10 00 per 101 pounds; per pound, 3^
Boards & planks, 28 “ i“ 20 00 per M., $4 per M.,
An enormous difference is made in the fixed valuation of any article
when imported in a Spanish vessel; ,. For instance : Spanish flour, under
a foreign flag, pays $6 50 duty, and on board of a Spanish vessel $2 50 ! !
This is the . Cuba tariff for American labor, for which our statesmen,
in return, consented in 1833 to admit, free of all duty, their cofee;
And their sugar at a rate which, with their annual importation of 40,000
or 50,000 slaves from'the African coast, has enabled the sugar planters
of that island to carry ruin and desola.tion to every sugar planter of
Louisiana— to destroy an Aniericaii industry in which $52,000,000 have
been invested, under a l evenue bill which the citizens of Louisiana, then
embarking their fortunes and future, prospects in that industiy, had every
right to expect would have remained untouched — so long, at least, as the
revenue .was required to carry on the Government.
When the States vested in the Federal Government the exclusive
power of protecting and fostering their respective industry with foreign
countrieSj was it to be a power of destruction ?
No. 2, ■ . ,
Evident fraud in the importation of Sugar under the Molasses duty.
The official report of the Intendclnt of Havana (see Hunt’s Merchants’
Magazine) shows the total exports ;of the island of Cuba to have been as
follows: ,
For 1840—804,090 boxes, (total drop). 321,636,000 pounds.
For 1841 — 812, 192 boxes, do. . .... .324,876,800 pounds.
The. exports, for 1839 ai'e not given,, but are stated to have been
upwards of four millions dollars short of those of 1840.
The official statements of the Secretary of the. Treasury show :
For 1838— That the importation of molasses from the
island of Cuba amounted to. . . q. •. .15,839,658 gallons.
For 1839— That the importation of molasses from the .
island of Cuba amounted to.,. . 15,752,308 do.
For 1840 — That the importation ofl molasses from the
islapd of Cuba airiounted to. . . .j 15,377,778 do.
In Louisiana, where a small portion only bf each cane arrives at com-
plete maturity, the largest quantity pf molasses, compared to granulated
or solid sugar, iS) in a wet season, 45 gallons per each 1,000 pounds; (on
an average, new lands producing a few gallons more — old lands less.)
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502 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
In Cuba, where the entire cane arrives at complete' maturity, and
where also the process of boiling is carried much further with a view to
claying, the quantity, of molasses is much smaller; and to put down 25
gallons, or 300 pounds, for each 1,000 pounds of solid sugar, is a very
large allowance. • ,
Taking 25 gallons as the product in Cuba, and applying it to the crop
of solid sugar in that island for 1840, we have, for its total product oh
molasses on 321,636,000 'pounds of solid sugar, of all sorts, 8, 040, 900-
gallons, or, at 12 pounds per gallon, 96,490,800 pounds of molasses.
So that our importations from Cuba for 1840, having been 15,377,778
gallons, we have reaUy imported from that island 7,336,878 gallons
more thaii the whole island can produce in one year. In other words,
supposing that Cuba has worked none of its molasses into rum, and that
we imported every gallon there produced, 7,336,878 gallons, or
96,490,800 pounds, must have been sugars in disguise. This Can have
been done in tWo ways— •
1st.. By diluting to a syrup consistency fine, strong white, pr brown
clayed sugar, and then coloring it so as to give it the appearance of
molasses. - This can be done without .the least injury to- refining. A
large quantity of such disguised sugars were seized some years ago in
New Orleans. ,
2d. By concentrating cane juice. This is done to a considerable
extent in London, where the duty is paid accordingly. A chemist is
there attached tC the customs. Dr. Ure says, (page 1203.:)
“ The concentrated cane juice imported into London contains nearly
‘ half its weight of granular sugar, along with more or less molasses, ,
‘ according to the care taken in the boiling operation. The fermentation ,
‘is prevented by the burning of a sulphur match within the cistern. before
‘changing it from the mill ; and the Sulphurous acid is expelled by the
‘ cane juice heated in the clarifier, before being used for refining.”
From what precedes, supposing the quantity of sugars in disguise
imported annually from the island of Cuba alone to be 7,336,878 gallons,
(and I have nO doubt that the quantity is much larger) the effect is as
■follows: ,
1st. To THE REvEituE.— The duty on 7,336,878 gallons,
at five cents, is. . . . . . , $366,843 ,90
One gallon of disguised sugar’s will produce at least 8 pounds
of solid sugar. Which applied to the whole quantity
gives 68, 895,024 pounds ; supposing it to be of sugars
dutiable at 2 cents, we have . .1 1,173,900 48
Amount of Which the Governinent is defrauded. ...... . . $807,066 68
And now, suppose the sugars in disguise be refined and shipped for
the benefit of drawback, they will produce at least 75 pounds, (see
])IcCulloch, Dr., 'Ore, and the French Debenture laws)— leaving the
residuum free of duty; the quantity of refined goods for exportation will
be 44,021,268 pounds, which woulff entitle the exporters (supposing the
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M — Continued.
drawback proposed by the Secretajy of the Treasury to be adopted, say
4 cents) to... ... , ....$1,760,850 72
Deduct from this amount the duty on 7,336,878. gallons of
sugar in disguise, say. ...... 366,843 90
Which shows that the Government w'ould' be paying, over —
arid above the duty returned, a bouhtyof. .. . .$1,394,015 82
2d. To Louisiana.— Until lately her sugar industry has been, appa-
rently enjoying ari incidental protection of about two cents; and what is
the real fact?, Sugars, in disguise, to an extent almost as large as the
whole Louisiana crop, have been suffered to be introduced at a duty not
averaging -more than five-eighths of a cent per pound!
And this is the way that, taking advantage of. the low duty on molas-
ses, the sugar duties, through the gross neglect of our Government and
the fraud of importers, have been gradually brought- to the molasses
standard of duties !
And this is the way also that the sugar planters of Cuba and of the
other West India, Is^nds have been carrying, debasement to the sugar
planters of Louisiana, until the products of the latter have been reduced
to forty per cent, below their cost of production, as represented in their
. late memorial to Congress, whilst the - Government, with a , bankrupt
Treasury, has been suffering itself to be plundered to a considerable
extent !
And thus it is that, although, according to the table appended to the
revenue bill of the Secretary of the Treasury, our sugar imports have
been upwards of 75,000,0.00 pounds less in 1840 than in 1839, and lo\ver
than any previous year since 1834, our markets have been flooded with
foreign sugars to an extent greater, than at any previous epoch!
Had the low Cottons of the East, which, by the compromise bill, found
themselves gu.arded against foreign debasement by a duty of 8| cents
per yard, been made to meet the competition of similar goods, introduced
in disguise or otherwise, under the standard of linen goods, which are
free, how long would such gross neglect on the part of our Governriient,
and fraud on the part of importers, have been permitted to last?
And yet for Louisiana not a voice is heard, when its chief industry—
an industry involving a capital of $52,000,000 — is threatened with anni-
hilation! Is this justice? Is this national? Is this what we have to
expect from a Government in whose sole keeping the power has been
vested by the States to protect and foster their respective industry ?
Unfortunately we have to contend against the Abolitionist. The
Abolitionist thinks that with the destruction -of the. sugar industry slavery
would be destroyed, and he is found wherever that end can be accom-
plished. , .
If it be the intention of Government to prevent fraud upon its revenvie,
whilst, giving to Louisiana the incidental protection she has a right to
expect, the following modifications to the biU under discussion should be,
introduced: - ,
1. The duty on molasses should be increased to an amount effectually
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504
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M— Continued.
to destroy the temptation now existing, in introducing sugars in disguise.
The present rate, compared to duties oii sugars, is a bounty to fraud.
The duty on spgar from the British colonies, in England, is .£1 4«. per
cwt., and on molasses 9s. per cwt., dr ,5.14.cents per pound for sugar, and
'■$2 per cwt.^bf' molasses. •
2. The duty should be charged per pound, instead of per gallon. The
more sac’charine matter in molasses or syrup, the more the weight; the
quality, and not the. capacity,, would thereby be taxed.
.3. The inspectors in each port of entry to be ihade to, take samples of
each hogshead of molasses imported, and the quality to be ascertained
by a practical sugar-boiler, appointed for that purpose. The operation
is a simple one, and can be done in a pan not costing over $50j and in
less than two' hours, be the quantity what it may.
4. All concentrated cane juiceor syrups eiitered as molasses, and proved
to be sugars in. disguise, to be-forfeited, and the boiler emplo3md to be
entitled to ten per cent; of the proceeds thereof.
5. No drawback on refined sugars to be granted on aiiy goods refined
in working-houses using, either directly or indirectly, imported molasses
in refining.
6. No entry for exportation of refined sugars to' be admitted without a
previous oath by the exporter that the sugars he so intends to export have
been rrianufactured out of bona fide imported sugars, upon which the
sugar dpty has been paid, and in a house where no. molasses atre used in
refining, either directly or indirectly.
■ . , No. 3.
Memoranda, relative to frauduhni imporUUwns of Sugar, through the Molasses
duty.
Extratts from the report of the Select Committee on the use of molasses, &c., ordered.to be
printed by the House of Commons, 21st July, 1841. - (This document is in the library of
the Capitol.) '
Minutes of Evidence.
'^Andrew Colville, Es,c\i, witness.'— 25. Does it corne within jmur
knowledge whether molasses ever have been seized in this country, by
the' customs, in consequence of their being of extra specific gravity, and
being supposed to contain a more than, ordiiiary quantity of sugar in
solution?
■“Answer. I understand that there is a considerable quantity of' mo-
lasses now under seizure in the port of London, upon such allegations,
on the part of the. custom-house officers, and that the matter is now a
subject of inquiry before the proper boards. ■
Qaery 26. Would it not appear, from:,that answer, that molasses
cannot be considered as a substance very uniform in quality?
“ I do not think it follovvs from that fact.
“ Query 27. Are you aware thaUit is possible to mix with molasses a
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 505
M — Continued. , ^
considerable quantity of sugar, and still to enter those molasses merely
as molasses, at a duty pf 9 per cwt.?
“Answer, It is physically possible, no doubt, to mix sugars with mo-
lasses; but it is not the interest of the planter- to transmit his sugar to
I this country under the name of molasses, and to sell it here at the price
of molasses. •
“ Qwery 28. -^ Do you not think that the present- regulation, by which
the duty on molasses is taken, of gauging the molasses to ascertain the
strength, is sufficient to prevent any fraud, surpposirig it even the interest
of the parties to put a large quantity of sugars into the molasses, and to
tr}'- and introduce them at a low duty ?
...“.Answer, I conceive, if the custom-house officers do their duty, a
moderate attention to the custom-house regulation, which has been long
in existence, is quite sufficient to prevent any fraud upon the revenue.,
“ Qua-y 31. Will you state what -is the present price of West India
molasses and of low-priced brown sugar, both independentiof duty?
“ Answer. The price, of West India molasses, without duty, is about
14s. 6d. per cwt.; and that of lOw brown sugar about ,£1, (or $3 48 per
cwt. ancf ,$4 80.)
“Query 3^, What are tbe two prices inclusive of duty?
“ Answer. The prices, including duty, ^£1 3s, &d: per cwt. for molasses ;
and about j£2 4s; for low brown sugars, (or $5 64 and SIO oO.)"-.,
“ Query 34. What is the weight of one gallon of molasses ? •
. “ ,4wsM)er, About 11 to 13 pounds,” (good molasses.) . '
.Mr.' John Innisy another witness. — -“ Qtieri/ 72. Have you formed any
estimate of the .quantity of molasses that may probably be brought into
consumption by this facihty ? (allowing the- use of molasses in breweries.)
“ .^Mswer. I have looked into the whole quantity of sugar that, is pro-
duced in the British colonies, and I fi.nd it a little under (on the a«verage
of late years) 200,000 tons. From that quantity of’ sugar, it might be
possible (I ain spealiing of an extreme case) to produce 16,000,000 gallons
■ of molasses-; from which take the quantity of rum used in this country,
the quantity which it is usual to give to the slave population in the West
Indies, and the quantity that is requisite for our North American posses-
sions, as well as the quantities used in the Navy, and for the shipping in
this country, which will continue to be taken to nearly the present extent,
nofwithstanding an increase of price- — I say, deduct all these, and it
would, be quite ifnpossible, under any price that could be contemplated,
to bring into this country altogether^ a quantity of molasses exceeding
, 8,000,000 gallons.”
Andrew. Ure, another witness, (page -50.) — -“ Qtiery 868. Are you
acquainted with the mode of boiling sugar for which a patent was taken
out by the late Mr. Howard ?,
“ Intimately. _ ■
“ Query 869, Are you .awai-e -thaf some sets of this appai-atus have
been sent but to the West Indies?
“Answer. Perfectly; I have seen the sugar produced by them.
“ Query 870. . Are you able to speak of the result?
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606 ■ REPORTS OF THE [1846.
M — Continued.
Answer. It is a perfect plan of evaporation.
■ “ Query 871. Are you aware that the quantity of molasses has been
diminished accordingly by this plan ? , '
Answer. It ought to be. The molasses ought in fact to disappear
from the sugar-houses in the West Indies, by the general introduction of
an improved mode of evaporating.
“ Query 872. Can you state in what proportion the yield of fine sugar
has been increased in the refineries in this country by the introduction of
Mr. Howard’s, or any similar mode of refining? .
“ Ariswer. 1 would state, from my own knowledge, that the improve-
ment has amounted to from 15 to 20 per cent, of sugar ; but every refiner
conceals his own improvements, because he does not want his prosperity
to be known; and, secondly, there is a drawback at acertain fixed rate;
and if he gets more refined sugar per cwt., perhaps he would not be
able to obtain the large drawback.”
The above evidences show — .
1. The whole annual crop of .the British West Indies to have been,
in 1830, -200, 000 tons— 448,000,000 lbs.
2. That the yield of such a crop, even by a considerable advance
in the price of molasses, could not possibly be increased beyond the
16,000,000 gallons, which is a little more than 35 gallons per each 1,000
pound smf solid sugar. ' ■
3. That, of these 16,000,000 gallons molasses, the consumption for the
Islands themselves, and the rum inanufactures, requires one-half; and
that under no circumstances could the whole of the British Indies ship
to England, per annum, more than 8,000,000 gallons. .
4. That the boiling in vacuo has increased the yield of sugar, in re-
fining, fifteen to twenty per cent, at least.
5. That one gallon good molasses weighs 11 to 13 pounds.
-'Deduction from the above premises-:
In the British West Indies, raw Sugars are not carried beyond the
process of boiling when they axe placed, asUn Louisiana, in hogsheads,
to purge themselves of their molasses.
In Cuba, on the contrary, the process of boding is carried much further,
for claying; and a large portion of molasses are thereby turned into low
sugars, ca]led Cucuraches. Hence, the raw. sugars of the British West
Indies yielding, m extreme cases, only 35 gallons per hogshead of 1,000
pounds of solid sugar, 25 gallons in Cuba, where sugars are clayed almost
exclusively, is a very large allowance.
Remarks. — In the calculation of Cuba molasses produced yearly, and
contained in a previous paper, no deduction has been made for the con-
sumption of the island, nor for the distdleries of tafia, which, as in the
British West Indies, cannot be far short of one-half of the whole, yearly
product. ,
The official statements of the Intendant of Cuba, published by order
of the Captain-General of that island, show, for 1840, the total exports
to have been as follows, (See .Punt’s Merchants’ Magazine :)
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1845.] . SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 507
- , M— Continued^
Sugars, arrobaSj 12,863,836 ; at 25, to. 321,595,900 pounds.
Rum', pipes, 10,209.
. The crop of sugar .was unusually large, and the excess of exports
over those of 1839 amounted in the aggregate to $4,459,921.
Now, applying the very extreme product of molasses in the British
West Indies, say 35 gaillons per 1,000 pounds of solid sugar, produced
in Cuba, for 1840, and we have, for 321,595;900 pounds. 11,255,825 gals.
Deduct the molasses required for the tafia and rum estab-
lishments, which not only supply, the whole island,
and shipping, in its several ports, but which add con- .
siderably to its exports; ^deduct, also, molasses used
in the country and on the plantations themselves ; and
the quantity of genuine molasses that can be annually
•exported from Cuba will he found to fall short the quan-
tity assumed in a previous paper as sugars in disguise,
entered in our ports under the naolasses duty, say.'. 7,336,878 gals.
Let no deduction be made, take no account of molasses required for
the consumption of the island, and still, with all these extreme calcula-
tions, our importations from Cuba for ' 1840 having been 16,377,778
gallons, an excess of more than 4,122,^53 gallons is shown oyer and
above the total annual production of molasses in thd> island*
This is the proper place to state that,’ some years back, the writer of
this paper being then largely interested in the refining of sugar, a Fren;ch
chemist offered to sell him a process -vvhereby the finest white Havana
sugar could be disguised into molasses, and be kept in solution without
injury to the quality. On his refusing to accept his offer, the chemist
remarked that he was, going nortlj, and that his process would soon
destroj’’ any establishment not employing it. Information of this fact
was immediately given to Martin Gordon, Esq., then 'Collector of the port
of New Orleans, who, it is believed, communicated it to the Collector of
the port of New York, and to the Secretary of the Treasury.
No, 4. .
Practical calculations {supported Inj British and .French authorities) showing
the drawhaclc to he returned to exporters of refined sugars, so that such
drawback .may really he only a return of the duty received on the importation
of the raw goods, and not a bottnty or premium, of encouragement to the
manufacturer hy the Government. ■ '
110 lbs. brown sugars, refined by the ■vacuo process, produce —
75 lbs. refined (goods, fit for exportation, and leave the follow-
ing residuum : • ' .
10 lbs, basthrds or low sugars.
10 lbs. or one gallon treacle, (sugar-house molasses.)
5 lbs.' dirt-. . , ' ■ ' ' . . ■
/ 100 lbs.
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M— Continued.
Thus, by the process of refining, the dutiable Value of 25 lbs. sugar
out of 100 lbs. brown is considerably lowered ; and equity requires' that
this difference of value should be added, in order that as much as possi-
ble the duty paid on importation should be the drawback paid on export-
ation. ■ ' .
The duty on 100 lbs. brown sugar's being ......... .$3 00
The drawback should be as follows :
On 75 lbs. refined sugars, at 3 cents. .:... .,$2 25
Add decreased value of the residuum, consumed at home :
Duty paid on 25 lbs. $0 75
Dutiable value, after refining: .
10 lbs. bastards, at 3 cents .$0 30
10 lbs. or 1 gallon molasses. ... 1 ... ... 5 , .
6 lbs. dirt . -. 0 ,
• 35 V ; ■
Difference between the duty paid and the dutiable value
of the residuum, after refining - 40
' $2- 65
Hence the drawback on 75 lbs. of refined goods should be $2 65, or
per 100 lbs. $3 53^, when the duty on brown is assessed at the rate of
3 cents, and should Vary with the variation in duty, according to the
abpve bfcisis.
The calculation of the Secretary of the Treasury, in the revenue bill
submitted, by him, appears to have been based as follows :
One hundred pounds brown sugar, paying 3 cents duty, and that
quantity being required, to produce 75 - lbs. refined, the whole duty on
the 100 lbs. of brown sugar he proposes to return, say $4 per 100 lbs.
of refined. It must be obvious that, by this mode, the residuum, or 10
lbs. of lowmugars and 10 lbs. of molasses, remains in the country for
consumption, free of duty ; or, in other, words, that a bounty or ,prerriium
of encouragement,’ to the whole extent of that residuum, is granted to
the refiner.
No. 5.
The chairman of the Committee on Manufactures had made a report
most unfavorable to Louisiana; whilst the attention of Congress was
earnestly and ingeniously called to the importance, in a national' point of
view, of admitting foreign sugars at a low rate of dut}'’, every effort was
made to sustain an increase in the drawback of refined sugars ; and in
a memorial appended to said report, signed by a large number, of sugar
refiners, and. highly recommerided by the committee, it was declared
that, to produce 52 pounds of refined goods, it required 66§ pounds of
brown sugar, and 33J pounds of white ;Vand that to return the duty, paid
on the importation of the raw material, the whole, duty pa:id on 100
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509
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
pounds, as above, should be returned on each- 52 pounds of refined
sugars exported. Statement's and memoranda-Nos. 1 and 4 were, there-
fore, placed in the hands of the Senator and Representative named iri a
previous paper, with a view to enable them — ;
1st. To correct the false impressions that might have been produced -
oh the minds of rhembers by the one-sided report of the chairman of the
Committee On Manufactures touching our- West India trade ; . which report
was made with the evident purpose of raising the refining interest of .
the East upon the ruins'of Louisiana, and at the expense of the national '
Treasury. , A- '
2d. To meet the opposition of the sugar refiners themselves, who were
using every exertion, to obtain a reduction in the duty on foreign sugars,
and an increase in the drawback thereon when exported.
3d. To show that, whilst under the compromise bill of 1833 a mini-
mum dirty of 8f cents per square yard had been adopted by Congress,
to protect the cotton manufactures of the East against debasement by ■
importations of low goods, the minimum duty upon sugars, through
molasses, was reduced to 5 cents per gallon, or about f of one cent per
pound of sugar ; at which rate importations, to an extent equal to the
Louisiana crop, have been makihgj for a good many years back,, to the
great injury not only of our planters but also of b,ur national Treasury,
which must have been made to pay.-^^for a series of years,, a'drawback
of -S cents per pound on refined goods, manufactured out of disguised
sugars importecf at the rate of five-eighths of a cent per pound.
4:th, To prove the false basis of the calculations reported, by the Com-
mittee on Manufactures, .respecting the product of refined sugars, com-
pared to the raw material, and the loss that would be sustained’ by the
national Treasury, if such basis was adopted. . ..
Too much praise cannot be given to Messrs. E. D. White and Moore
for the, use. made by them of the above statements and memoranda,
which enabled th'em, by judicious management, most effectually to pUt
down albopposition, even before it could be heard in the House. It is
also due "to these gentlemen to say that to their exertions may be attrib-
uted the power now possessed by the national Treasur}^ -of guarding
itself against the payment of bounties in lieu of drawbacks, or returns
of duty, on the exportation of refined sugars. .
, ■ No,-6. , • '
On the 23d of June,- the following paper was read to the members of
the Louisiaira. delegation ;
. .'DiLEMMA.^Whether for good or evil, this Government has been,
based Upon a revenue .derived . almost exclusively from duties on imports.
This basis, thanks to the political experiments thereupon of the last ten,
years, finds itself so reduced, that unless it be promptly and effectually
reconstructed the whole superstructure must faU .to the ground. The
compromise act of 2d March, 1833,. stipulates—
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510 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
. “Section 3. That until the 30th day of June, 1842, the duties im-
‘posed by existing la.ws, as modified by this act, shall remain and con-
tinue to be collected ; and, from and after the day last aforesaid, all
‘ duties and imports shall be collected in ready moriey, and alh credits
‘ now allowed by law in the payment of duties shall be and are hereby
‘abohshed; and such duties shall be laid for the purpose of raising such
‘revenue as may be necessary- to an economicaP administration of the
‘ Government ; and, from and after the day last aforesaid, the duties
‘required to be paid by law on goods, wares, and merchandise, shall be
‘ assessed upon the value thereof at the port where the same shall be
‘entered, under such regulations as rhay be pre^ribed by law.”
Hence, if no revenue laws be enacted, so as to operate on the 1st of
July proximo, -when the present revenue laws are to expire, the Federal
Government, with a bankrupt Treasury, will find itself deprived of all
income whatsoever. . ' ;
To rneet this awful and truly appalling state' of things, a bill . has
passed the House of Representatives extending the present revenue
laws to 1st August next; but a- proviso is thereto attached, to wit: that,
this extension shall not prevent the distribution among the States of the
proceeds derived from sales of public lands. : To this proviso the Pres-
ident and a large portion of both Houses of Congress are opposed.
Will the President veto the bill, if passed by Congress with the proviso ?
Will Congress insist upon the proviso, if vetoed by the President? are ’
questions which now absorb the mind of every reflecting man. The
stake is a nation’s welfare; nay, its honor — its, veiy existence!’ Either
alternative leads to the same result— anarchy !
Be it as it may, of what avaiPto the authors of such evils' would be
their appeals to consistency and principles?— consistency and principles
carrying destruction with them? ' ■ '
Pari passu with the above, temporary project, a revenue bill is under
discussion in the House of Representatives. This bill appears also des-
tined to carry with it the. distribution proviso, and has, besides, to nieet
the opposition of the free trade advocates, of whom the President is
supposed to be a disciple.
Why this distribution proviso, which is a matter of policy, has thus
. been incorporated in a revenue bill, which, in the present conjuncture,
is a matter of existence, is best known to the politicians in whose hands
the destinies of this once happy country now find themselves.
By this mode of action, the , difficulties to be overcome have been
doubled. The friends of free trade deem their favorite theory depend-
ent upon the repeal of the distribution act. , The friends of protective
duties attach to that distribution the permanency and welfare of our
manufactures. Between these conflicting- opinions, the country is going
• dow;n with a frightful rapidity. Both parties seem to be bent upon a
shadow, whilst they are suffering the substance to escape them ; for what
“ is their relative position? . '
Both parties- agree that a revenue adequate to the wants of the Federal
Government must be raised through- duties on imports. These wants
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 511
■ , M — Continued.
are estimated, by the Secretary, of the Treasury and the Committee of
Ways and Means, at $27,000,000. Every one must concede that duties
to an amount of $20, 000, OOO, judiciously distributed, would insure pro-
tection to aU industry requiring it.
If, then, twenty. millions of duties suffice . for the purpose of protection
and encouragement to our home manufacture, and the necessity of rais-
ing a revenue of $27,000,000 through the only mode proposed, to.wit ; ‘
duties on imports, be conceded by both parties, what can be the object of
’ agitating the constitutionality of protective duties, or. the theory of free
trade? Necessity settles the question for both parties.
Can it be alleged by one party, with the least semblance of truth, that
the distribution of the proceeds of sales derived from public lands is
necessary to the permanency of the system advocated by the friends of
protective duties, when it is in proof ffiat hardly two millions annually
can be relied upon from that source, whilst twenty-seven millions must
be raised for thu maintenance of the Union — to wit : seven millions more,,
than the amount required to insure the protection they contend for ?
• Canpt be seriously said by the other party that they have the least
hope of. seeing their favorite free trade, theory advanced by the repeal
of the distribution act, whilst, as before seen, it is in proof , that twenty-
seven millions of dollars are required by this Government to carry on
its constitutional powers— to wit: seven millions' more than the amount
necessary to an incidental protection of our home labor ?
Why, then, blend together these two questions of revenue and distri-
bution, and leave their' solution to chance, when the stake is the existence
of. a nation?
Were the friends of a protective tariff to appeal to the people, and to
say-^“ By consenting to repeal or suspend the distribution act, we can
now obtain a tariff effectually protecting opr boiue labor against foreign
labor, hfting, at the^ same time, our common country from its present
prostrate and degraded position to its former exalted and respected rank
among the nations of the earth. You of Louisiana may thereby lose
from $33,000 to> $34,000 per annum for some- years to Come; but the
tariff will guard your staple commodities against debasement by foreign
■ labor below their cost of production, and you will receive annually
$2,000,000 more, than you now receive. If we persist in our present
' position, however just we rhay think it, you are irretrievably ruined ; if
we abandon it, you are saved can any one doubt the response ? .
And were the friends of free trade to say tp their constituents —
“ This is the picture of your country, (using the language of the Fed-
eralist, at a time when the confederated. States found themselves in pre-
cisely the same situation as the present Government.) We may, in-
deed, with propriety, be said to have reached almost the last stage of
national humiliation. There is scarcely anything that can wound the
pride or degrade the character of an independent, people, which we do.
not experience. Are there engagements to the performance of which
we are held by every tie respectable among men ? . These .are subjects
of constant and unblushing violation. Do we owe debts contracted for
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512
[1845.
REPORTS OF THE
M— Continued.
the preservation of our political institutions? These remain without any .
proper or, satisfactory provision for their discharge. Have we valuable
territories in the possession of a foreign power? These are still retained,
to the prejudice of our interest, not less than bur rights. Are we in a
position to resent or iepel the aggression? We have neither troops nor
treasure nor Government, Is credit an.indisputable resource in time of
public danger ? We seem to have abandoned its cause as desperate
and irretrievablfe? Is commerce of importance , to ' national -vvealth?
Ours is at the lowest point of declension.. Is a violent and unnatural
decrease in the value of land a symptoni of national distress?- The
price of improved land, in most pai'ts of the country, is much lower than
can be accounted for by the quantity of waste land in the market, and ;
can only be fully explaine'd by the want of private and public con&lence,'
which is so alaimingly prevalent among all ranks, and which has a direct
tendency to depreciate property of every kind. Is private credit; the
• friend and patron of industry? . The most useful kind-, which relates to
borrowing a.nd lending, is reduced within the narr.owqst limits, and. this
still more from, an opinion of insecurity than from a scarcity of money.
To . shorten the enumeration nf particulars, which can a^rd neither-
pleasure nor instruction, it may, in general, be demainded what indica-
tion of national disorder, poverty, and insignificance that could befal a
community, so peculiarly blessed with natural advantages as we are,
which does; not form part of the dark catalogue bf our public niisfor-
tunes ?T-- , ■ ■ , ■ ■ ■ .
“Now, to extricate the Federal Government from its present degraded' ;
' ‘condition; to redeem our character as a nation; in fine, to save bur
■‘ Union, we have to consent to the distribution act being carried into
•‘.effect, and to create a revenue of '$27,000,000 per annum — rtowfit:
‘ $1 58 per each individual of the nation';” —
. Again, I sa.y, can any one doubt the response ? ,,
,, No. 7.
During the discussion- of the revenue bill in the House of Representa-
tives, the author of this paper, considering the governmental question
pai’amount to any other, as, without art adequate revenue to sustain the
national Government, no, protection would have been worth having, pre-
pared the following articles, w'hich were successively published in the
National Intelligencer. — (See Nos, 1 to 6,. in'the. National Intelligencer.)
, An Ex-“ Looker-on” IN Washington.
For the National JnteUigmcer i June 28, 184:2. — Noi 1.
In legislation, he. who seeks the end should provide the means. No
Government can be carried on wnthout a revenue adequate to its working
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 513
: M — Continued.
expenses. On the floor of Congress, every member seems to' feel that ^
the honor of his country demands of him to provide such a revenue.
One mode only is proposed, to wit: duties on, imports. . A report frorn.
the Secretary of the Ti-easury shows the amount required to be twenty-
seven millions. The Committee of Ways and .Means adopt the same
estimate, and no difference of opinion appears to exist among the mem-
bers upon, this point. :A pm forma statement is presented by the Secre-
tary of the Treasury, arranged so as to show the result of the proposed
duty upon every article of importation into this country. The average
receipts of former years are taken as the basis,' and the estimates
amount to J ......... .' . .$32i603,335 27
From whicli is deducted the expense of collection,, say. . 5,160,000 00
Leaving net . ... ".. ,. .$27,443,335 27
, If all these premises are correct, what can be the object of members
in opposing the duty on tea; coffee;- and sugar ? • •
These three items represent, in the estimates, of the Secretary,
$9,327,617 89, to 'wit:
Teas — ^black— 6,660,492 lbs., at 10 cents $666,049 20
green, 13,320,984 ibs., at 15 cents 1,998,147 60
. ^ — $2,664,195 80
Coffee — from Europe, 2,028,512 lbs., at 3 ^
.cents.. ' 60,855 36
Other places, 92,967,583 lbs., at
2 cents .... ........ 1,859,351 66
; • ' . , ^ — 1,920,207 02
^Sugar—brown,107,955.,033lbs.,at3cents ■3,238,655 99
white clayed, 12,984,552 lbs., at
4 cents . . . . . .' 519,382 08
Molasses, 19,703,620 gallons, at 5 cents . 985,181 00
— 4,743,214 07
■ $9,327,617 89
If these three items be struck out of the estimates, how is the differ-
ence to be filled up? Can the remaining articles bear an additional
. Weight of $9,327,617 ? Would not such an additional weight carry pro-
hibition to almost the whole of such articles? Would not, then, the
Contemplated revenue bill be a dead letter, or nearly so ? Are these the
ends proposed? , ,
Far the Natimuil InteUigmcer, July S, 1842.-r-No. 2. . :
W’here a re.venue is to be raised on imports, the. first inquiry should
be, what is the amount required? The next, what rate of duty can
each article bear, so that the object in view may hot be defeated ? This
appears to have been the course pursued by both the Secretary of the
Von. V. — 33.
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514 REPORTS OF THE [1845
M — ^Continueii.
Treasury and the Committee -of Ways and Means. Duties approach-
ing prohibition cannot be trusted; for a reveriue.
The chief custom revenues of England — het philanthropy and free
doctrines nqtwithstanding-^and Of France, are derived frorti duties bn
sugar, coffee, and tea. The advantages of these articles for taxatibn
are obvious : ■ .
Isti Because of their extensive and general coiisuinption, whereby a
sure and daily income is secured.
2d. Because of the small cost to each individual bf the nation, whilst
yielding a large income for the support of Governnient ; the contribution
bearing upon nearly the whole population^ each according to his means ;
3d. Because of their bulk, and comparatively small value,- which ren-
der smuggling nearly impossible;
. .4th. Because of the comparatively small expense a,ttending the assess-
ment and collection of duties thereupon.
To show the operation on each individual of the nation of the duty
proposed by the Secretary, a reference to his estimates becomes neces-
sary. He rates tea (black) at ten cents; and green at 15 cents; coffee
(except from Europe) at 2 cents ; raw sugars at 3 cents ; and molasses
at 5 cents.
The annual importation of tea is put down at 19,981,476 pounds., or
about 1 1-6 pound per individual.
And the annual importation of coffee is put down at 94,996, 095, pounds,
or about 5 58-100 pounds per mdividual. .
The yearly consumption Of sugars is .estimated by the Gominittee on
Manufactures at 250,000,000 pounds, or about 15 pounds per individual;
And the yearly consumption of molasses at 23,703,620 , gallons, or
about IJ gallon per individual.
Which, for each individual, gives, for the annual surplus cost of his
tea, coffee, sugar, and molassqs, (supposing the marketable price to be
increased to the extent of the duty,) the following result :
Tea, 1 1-6 pound, average duty about 13 cents 15 1-6 cents.
Coffee, 5 58-100 pounds, average duty about 2 cents .. . 11 1-6 “
, Sugar, 15 pounds, average duty about 3 cents ..... 45 “
Molasses, 1 1-3 gallon, average duty about 5 cents. .... 6 2-3 “
■Say 1 . 78 cents;
admitting, for thb sake of argument, prices not to be' regulated by the
invariable rule of Supply and demand, but by the rate of duties. In
England, coffee from her colonies pays a duty of 12 cents per pound ;
sugar, ditto, 5 cents per pound ; tea pays 5'0 cents per pound. Foreign
sugars and coffee are prohibited. In France, sugar pays a duty of 10-
cents per pound.
A reference to Sir Robert Peel’s bill, which has, obtained so much
favor in -this country from our^press, and from the advocates of free trade
in Congress, will show— ‘
J. The net revenue from customs, for ISIO, to have amounted to
£22,962;606.
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.M — Continued.
2. Thatofthis;revenue,;theduty;onrtiinber supplied . . ... . . .£1,603,194
onwines and spirits, supplied 4,573,346
-on.tea and Go&ee, do. 4,453,618
. , on tobacco, ■ do. .3,495,686
pn.sugar and molasses, do. :4,893,733
. . : ■ ^19,019,577
'Say oii tea, coffee, and sugar, $44,867,284; on tobacco, $16,779.,292;
and to the above enumerated articles may "be added cotton, which
yielded a revenue of £649,1 17, or' $3,116,761.
No material change is proposed in the duty on the above article. Sir
Robert Peel’s free trade principles notwithstanding. The duty on tea,
sugar, cotton, and tobacco, .remains precisely the same. And why'?
Because a revenue that can be depended on is needed, and no. other
article of import can supply it. ' '
: Surely those who invoke British example cannot be seriously
opposed .to the application of British principles, as by that Govern-
ment put into practical operation.
For the National Intelligencer, July 9, 1842. — -No. ;3. .
When ’Sir Robert Peel submitted bis revenue bill to the House df
Commons; and delivered his free trade speech, both were immediately
sent for circulation to this country, and aremow to be.found in every
town, in ^every city, from the frontiers .of Canada to the Territory .df
Florida. Not so, however, with a large Yolio report, of 364 pages, con-
taining the minutes of evidencelakeh before a select committee on import-
duties, preparatdry to the action of the 'House of Uommons on this
important subject. This report, which happens to be in the bands df
;the writer of this paper, would bave destroyed all the effect it was the
■intention of the British legislator to produce on our own people and our
own legislators ; would have shown Sir Robert Peel’s bill to have. been
emphatically a REVENUE bill ; and that the free trade doctiines advo-
■chted by him were intended for action — -nof in Great Britain, but in
-foreign countries.
A general account, prepared by the inspector of imports of the several
articles imported into the United Kingdom in 1838 and 1839, . Stating .in
separate columns the quantity imported, exported, and reta.ined for home
consumption, with the rates of ditty chargeable on each, shows that . 862
articles have beemdivided. into- eight schedules, as follows:
No. 1,. containing. 349 articles, produeiog less than £ 100- sterlingeach
of custom duties ; in the aggregate. ... ,■ •,£8,05:0
No. 2, 132 article^ producing from £100 to £500 each.. £31,629
No. 3, 45 do. do. 500 to 1,000 each. . 32,056
No. 4, 107 do. do. 1,000 to 5,O0Oeach.. 240,733
No. 5,. 63 ■ -do. . do. A,000.fo 1OO;O0O each. . 1,397,324
No. 6, 10 do. do. 100,000 to 500,000 each.. 1,838,630
No. 7, 9 ■db: ' .do. , 500,000 : and upwards : . .-■I8i'5;75,071
No. 8, 147 do. on whieh;noiduty bas yet:been- received.
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616 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
Now what are the articles upon which the liberal policy of the British
, statesman has been chiefly expended? They' are as follows: ..
349 articles contairied in schedule Nb.>l, only. produce t^8,050
132 articles contained in schedule No. 2, only produce ...... 31,629
147 ai'ticles Contained in . schedule No. 8, which yield no I'Cvenue,
being prohibited, or charged with a duty they cannot bear. »
t: As to. tea, sugar, molasses, tobacco, cotton, wines, spirits, &c., yield-
ing a revenue of upwards of £20,000,000, the duty remains untouched;
yet it sounded weir in a speech to be able to say, “out of 862 articles, 'a
reduction of duty is proposed on upwards of . 600.” The whole plan
has, however, succeeded wonderfully. The I'evenue of England will
be greatly incteased by the admission of articles previously prohibited, ^
or charged beyond the rates they could bear; whilst the bait intended
for the American people is in a 'fair way of being swallowed ; and it
cannot be said that' it has been for want Of warning on the part of
England herself, for her McCulloch, (page 407,) speaking of the supe-
riority of the British master manufacturei’S, engineers, and artificer.s oyer
those of any other countiy, says : ; ■ '
“It appears, therefore, reasonable m conclude that new beginners,
‘ having to withstand fhe competition of those who have already arrived
‘ at a very high degree of peidection in the art, must be' inevitably driven-
‘ out of every market equally .accessible' to both parties ; and that nothing
‘but the .aid derived from restrictive regulations- and prohibitions will be
‘ effectual to prevent the total destruction Of their, establishments in the
• ‘ countries where they are set up. . - .
“The tariff forced cotton, woolen, iron, and other manufactures,-
‘into a premature "existence in the United States; but we have little
‘ doubt that, except in the coarse fabrics, and then where it is necessary
‘ to use large quantities of the raw material, the late modifications (the
‘ compromise bill) have given the death-blow to the American manufac-
‘turing system.” , •
’ Sir Robert Peel, in his revenue plan, has shown himself not -Only a
great statesman, but a patriot ever watchful of his country’s welfare.
Experience had taught him that, provided the daily wages of the Eng-
lish artificers and laborers ai'e secured to them, they eari well afford to
pay for those comforts of lifq the duty on which is required to enable
him to carry on the Government of liis countiy; arid from that experi-
■:ence he has been drawing his rules of action ; for what is the cost of
those comforts or necessaries of life to each individual mechanic or
daborer, compared to the loss of his wages, or to their reduction, even
of .the smallest fraction.? This will be the subject'of another .paper.
. For the National IntelligeTicer, July 12, 184:2. — No; 4.'
Ithas been shown, in a previous paper, that admitting the duty on
tea, coffee,, sugar, and molasses, proposed by the Secretary of the
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 517
M — Continued.
Treasury, for the support of Government, to increase their niarketahle
value to the extent of such duty, the extra cost to each individual in the
nation would he about 78 cents. per annum.
What is this small pittance compared to the dmly wages of the working
class ? A good mechanic, in ordinary times, earns, per annum, at least
$300, and a common laborer $150. Deprive the mechanic and laborer of
their industry, by causing perturbation in the Government, or by debase-
ment from foreign labor, and you deprive them -at once of their means of
subsistence. Where is the philanthropy bf the Legislature, which, under
pretence of relieving the working class’.of a burden measuring at most
78 cents per individual, throws them out of einployrnent, or reduces
their wages 50 per cent., an at the present r 'moment? Is it not a mokt
cruel deception to say to the mechanic or laborer out of work, or whose
wages are' reduced from $150 to $75, that he is to have his tea,- &c., free
of duty?-that the Government, in itA'solicitude for the working- class, has
reh'eved him bf ah annual burden of 78 cents 1 !— ■whilst the distress of
' that mechanic or laborer proceeds from this very pretended rehef? Let
that mechanic be told 78 cents of dtity demanded upon your tea, Sfc.,
in' the shape <f'a dviy are your portion of the contribution required, that the
GovernmenZ the people have chosen for ikeir common protection and welfare :
may have the means of carrying inZo 'effect its constitutional powers,, whereby,
your wages will be guarded agctinst those s-iulden fiicpuatiom which are now
reducing you to absolute «;awt,”-^an any one doubt what would be the '
response? ■ , •
Produce and manufactures axe the result of labor combined with
capital, and form a whole no part of which can be touched without
instantaneous injuiyto the other' parts. , Its "workings are w-orthy the
attention of the legislator; and the follo'wing example is presented, as
embracing almost every brahqh 'of our industi'y ; it: is taken froiii .Mc-
Culloch, page '443 : , . ' . ’
He estimates the quantity of cotton consumed in Great Britain (for
183.3) at 240,000,000 lbs.; which, when manufactured, he values at
.£34,000,000 sterling. This ariipuht he distributes as follows :
Raw material, 240,000,000 pounds, at Id. per poundl £7,000,000
Wages of 800,000 "Weavers, spinners, bleachers; &c. ..... 18)000,000
Wages of 100,000 engineers, machine makers, smiths, join-
ers, &c. . - ’. , . ..... 3,000,000
Profits of the manufacturers, interest bn capital, wages of
. superintendents, repair of buildings, flour, coal, &c. 6,000,000
. - £34,000,000
From which it is seen, that of the above .£34,000,000 sterling of manu-
factured cottons, the producers of that. commodity receive seven thirty-
fourths, and the operatives thereupon twenty-one thirty-fourths ; whilst
the master manufacturer,, for oiL coal, flour, repairs, of building, interest
on capital laid out, superintendence, &c., Only receives six-thiriy-fourths.
The sanie proportions are applicable to the United States, not only for
cotton, but also for all other branches of industry. . '
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M— Continued. . .
Arty legislation debasing prioduetiw labor necessarily carries debase'^
lirtent in the wages of the operatives and laborers^wages representing-
niore than five-eighths' of the cost thereof. • ' .
Is it not, then, self-evident that by* far the largest interest mvolved in
the tarilF question is that of our operatives and laborers^ Who,' for politicali
Or other purposes, are used by the designing to throw odium upon the'
heads of all branches- of industry, the r-uin of -whom ' ■would carry fuiw
' to? these very laborer's and operatives.?
For the- National Infeiligencer, Mly 15,: 1’84:2:' — ^No; '5>
The levenue raised for the support of this Government has sometimes
been looked upon as an insurance, paid by the people for its. protectioni
•and so it should be viewed by the legislator. ' And Small indeed, is the;
premium, compared to the benefits; derived) when it is considered' that,,
to guard the general industry and' commerce of the people against those
heavy fluctuations resulting from ineffieient government,- and.whicboarry
ruin throughout the social order,- hardly two dollars are required of each,,
indiyidnai in the Union; . •
The Secretary of the Treasury Ostimates the ne.Cessary expenses of ■
the' Government at about twenyy-seven nfillions of dollars ;: and to obtain '
a net revenue to this amount, he proposes duties, on imports to the.
amount of about thirty-two millions of dollars. .Our population being
seventeen millions, the contribution or premium of insurance is under
tWo dollars. Now, what is this' contribution, although yielding,, in the
aggregate, twenty-seven millions of dollars, compared to; a- deprecia- .
tion of twenty to fifty per cent; in. the general industry of the Country,,
growing , out of a disorganized Government, a bankrupt Treasury, and ,
the debasement of home labor by foreign labor?
■ The census for 1840 states the industry of the Union to be as follows:
Agriculture and horticulture $697,652,000
MahufactureS, mines, ■forests, and fisheries. . 584,:389;0OQ'
. — $1,28'2v04T,000
Hence our whole annual traffic, including imports, is not
certainly over-estinaated at. . ; . . . $1,4OO,.OO0,.OOO
A depreciation' of over twenty per cent, upon such an . ' ,
. amount, produces a vacuum of...;.. $280v.dO0,00O
No country, be its wealth what it may, can resist the pressure thereby-
created. And the first to be crushed are the operatives and laborer's ;
because, as has been shown,, by far thedargest proportion of, the cost. Of
productive labor goes to them in the? shape of wages:; and their daily
Wages'are their; daily subsistence’. ,. ■
In the origin of our present Gonstifeation,. and whilst it was inthe hands
of its very framers, for practieal.operation, a truly American system was
created, which, whilst it suppli^ - the ■ Federal Government with the
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519
1845.]r SECRETARY QE THE TREASURY.
M — Continued^
rneans of carrying into effect its constitjitional powers, was laying tfie
. ,basis whereupon to erect the future, national industry of our country.
, We then possessed,, as we now do, aU the elements necessary to human
comfort; but then they were in a latent state., or nearly so; and it may,
», he said with truth,i that the yery system, which gave life to our (Govern-
ment gave birth nt the g^nig our national industry. Hence, so>.
long as, duties on foreign imports have been in the ascendant, our Union,
has been Seen growing in prosperity and virealth ; and the moment a
contrary policy was adopted, perturbation has been seen gradually
I reaching every branch of our home industry,, small or great, carrying
confusion at the. same time to the (ioyernmertt itself. And the reason of
-- this is obvious, and hardly requires demonstration. By the" first policy
the Federal Governrnent was V strengthening its original basis-^by the
latter, it was undermining it. And it required no prophet to. predict, with
Mr. McCulloch, the English economist, that “ by the compromise bill a
death-blow had been given to the American manufacturing system.”
Well might he have added, “ and to the Government itself.” For both
having been placed on the same groundwork, that groundwork failing,
► neither could, have been expected, to retain its equilibrium. Facts are
the only true basis of the science of political economy ; theories denying
' this principle, are of the.dornain of ignorance and fpily. To the departure
from .these truths, in . 1832 and. 1833, may be traced all the evils now
accumulating,, with a frightful rapidity, upon this devoted country. The
compromise bill has just completed its revolution. What were the^ hopes
of its framers ? and \vhat have been its effects? What is. the condition of
bur farmers, of our working classj of our manufactures, and of our com-
merce, throughout the Union? What is the situation of our, democratic
Govemrnent,. on this its sixty-seventh anniversary ? : '
Is there a single branch of industry*— agricultural, manufacturing, or
eommercial— throughout theUnion, which is not verging towEirds absolute
ruin?
Are,, not wages lower than they have, ever been, seen, and; are not
mechanics; artificers, and laborers, by. tens of thousands., to be metj in
all our large cities,: without. employment? .
Is not the Government itself threatened, at this moment, with dissoiu-
tipn.? -
. These are all grave questions for the consideration of our legislators.
I' c ' -For the NatimaJi InteUigencet:; — No. 6 .
On T;HE NEW Tarief Bill.— It must be a source, of deep regret to
every, true lover of his country,, that questions involving the very existence
of the Union should have ever been .used for political purposes by eithei
of the two great parties which, .for . the last twelve years, have been
disputing the ascendency. :
' Without a revenue, our. present Constitution vvould he a . dead letter.
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&20 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M-^Continued.
Without a fixed currency or measure of value, no social order can exist.
These two questions being, therefore,' questions of existence, should have
remained undisturbed., , For, be the triumphant party w’hich it may,
powerless would it be without a revenue and without , a fixed- currency.
Both should have been respected as a kind of neutral ground — as a thing
to be held as sacred as the Constitution itself; the one being, as it were,
the correlative of the other — ^the moving, power of the machinery. It is
now useless to discuss the doctrines of free trade and of home pro-
' tection. Necessity has settled the question.. No free trade can exist
■whilst a revenue is derived from, imports; and the revenue now required
to sustain this Government carries ample protection to our home indus-
,try. ; *
The bill passed by. the House of Representatives may, therefore, be
cons.idered a revenue bill, and as such we trust it will meet the approba-
tion of the Senate. ' . ' .
The amendments adopted not having materially changed the pro
forma statements submitted by the Secretary of the v.Treasury, (based
upon the supposed importation of an equal amount of the enuiherated
articles to that of 1840,) a division into 8 schedules will give 154 articles,
as follows':
Schedule 1. contains 17 articles, which will produce a
, revenue under $100, and a total revenue of. . . . ; $682 02
Schedule 2 contains 32 articles, which would produce a '
revehue of $100 to ^1,000, and a total revenue of. ; . : 11,289 99
Schedule 3 contains 17 articles* which would produce a
revenue of $1,000 to $5,000, and a total revenue of. . ; 48,289 32
Schedule 4 contains 65 articles, which Would. produce a
revenue of ^5,000 to $100,000, andatotal reve.nue of. 1,614,434 76
Schedule 5 contains 9 articles, which would produce, a
■ revenue of$100,000 to $200,000, andatotal revenue of. 1,372,544 07
Schedule 6. contains 6 articles, -vyhich would produce a
revenue of $200,000 to $1,000,000, and a total rev-
enue of. 3,002,311 85
Schedule 7 contains 8 articles, which would . produce a .
revenue of $1,000,000 and upwards, and a total reve-
nue of. „”.... 26,318,898 31
■ ' - $32,368,460 32
Schedule 8 contains free goods, embracing a great variety of articles.
All articles of the . same kind have been summed up into one.
In a previous paper it has been shown that the British tariff, arranged
also into 8 schedules, contains 862 articles, and that out of £22,962,610,
schedule 7, representing only 9 articles, amounts to £18,575,071; and
that, in the modifications proposed by Sir Robert Peel, this 7th schedule
remains untouched, his free . trade speech notwithstanding. This is the
proper place to bring into juxtaposition the articles coniposing the 7th
schedule of both countries :
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 521
JVI— C ontinued .
■ ' i .
^British Schedule. ■
:i.; Timber. . . . . .. £622,261
, 2. Wood....!. . 572,595
3. Cotton, and wool . . ....... . .;. .- . 55.7,892 -
Articles qf food ^ —
4. Coffee.. . £685,082
5. Spirits 2,795,222
. 6. Sugars and rholasses. . 4,657,610'
7. Tea. '. . ‘3,362,035^
8. Tobacco-...,..:. 3,476,317
9. Wines 1 i'. . 1,846,057
: .— 16,822,323
£18,575,071
Schedule of' the hill now before the Senate.
-1. Woolen manufactures. 1. 83, 396,675 86
2. Cotton . do. ' 1,974,894 42
3. Linens 1,153,566 50
4. Irons, and manufactures oL . . . ... ... 2,695,629 31
5. Silks.. V. . . ’ . 1 . , . 3,891,492 28 ,
6. Non-enumerated articles .... 1 ’ 1,240^535 80
6. Articles of food-r-Teas ... 82,668,340 80
, 6., Coffee....... .:.... 1,92.0,207 02 ^
7. . Sugar and molasses. .:4,743,'214 07 ^
.8. Spirits and wines. . : . 2,634,342 25 /
• . -11,966,104 14
$26,318,898 31
The above statements show conclusively tha,t so long as a revenue is
to be derived from imports, articles of food must be depended upon for a ■
fixed income^to wit: articles which, being of universal consumption,
produce a large daily income, independent of all commercial vicissitudes,
and which, although 'yielding in the aggregate a very large revenue, -bear
only lightly upon every individual of the nation.
Suppose, for argument’s sake, that the Senate should be disposed to
strike from the bill before them the $11,966;104 to beiraised on articles
of food or necessaries of life. In order to obtain the revenue required to
substitute it, they would be compelled to increase the duties ' on the
remaining articles upwards of .83 per cent. Would not such increased
duty carry effectual prohibition to every one of those articles? And then
what would become of the Governrnent, which also ought to be entitled
to some protection? Could the vacuum be filled by the articles in the
other schedules? There are only fbjur articles which, could bear an
increase — ^to wit: coals, salt, spices, and fruits,* which already represent
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522
REPORTS OF THE ' [1845.,
M— Cdntmued. '
upwards of $2,000,000 ; and besides, three ofthem, amounting to upwards
of $1,700,000, are also articles of food. • . .
Can silk be relied on for- a revenue? . The importations-in 1840 were
$ll,9l'6,612 less than in 1830-, and $463,986 le.ss' than. in 1825, when
' paying a heavy efuty. ' Can woolens? The importations of woolens in
1840 were 50 per cent.; below those of 1839. Can 11000 , goods? The
importations in 1840 were: upwards of $125,000' less than in 1834? and,
duty free,' they hardly average more than $800 jOOO a year; .
Let articles of food be struck out of the bill of the Hbuse, and protec-
tion will be obtained-— nay, more than that, .complete and effectual pro-
hibition. Blit then the Government w'ill be left without a revenue.
Much is it to be deplored , that politicians should have attempted to
render the duty on necessaries of life odious to the people ; for sooner or
later these articles will have to bear nearly the whole of the expenses of
this Government. Guf manufactures of all sorts are ’ making gigantic
strides, and as the skill of our artificers and operatives increases, foreign
manufactures must decrease, and gradually dwindle tC nothing, as in
England. Dr. Browning, the great advocate of free trade, being ques-
tioned by a committee of the House of Commons, stated it to be his
opinion that the British tariff should be limited to ten or twelve articles
would,-”: says the Doctor, “begin by considering the articles tyhich
.‘are, upop our present system, most productive,' such as sugars,' teas,
‘ spirits, tobacco, -wine, coffee, cocoa, timber,, and such articles, stopping
‘at the point where the foreign article competes with any aitiele of
‘ British production.”^(See evidence, before , the Select Committee On
‘ Imports, 1841.) . “ A Looker-on. ’’
No. 5. '
To the hoTwrdble the Senate axA House of Representatives of the United
. States in Congress assembled.
The undersigned,, planters and sugar manufacturers ; of the State of
Louisiana, beg respectfully t©: state : ‘ ' ■
That it is only after losses have reached their height:^that events have
proved that Under the practical operation of the compromise hild, of 1833, 'oMr‘
agriculture aTid our commerce, at well at our manufacturing interests, are not
only paralyzed, but brought to the very verge of absolute ruin— ^thaX. they r for
' the first time, approach - the. representatives, of the .nation, in Congresa
assembled, earnestly to pray them to come to the relief of an industry
involving an outlay of capital of $52,000,000, the destruetion of which,
besides causing a.nationaf loss to an extent '.beyond calctdation, would
lead to the expropriation, of almost every planter connected witb if
That against the theories discarding ..diserirninating duties intended to
foster home labor-— -which have brought every department of oiir G:ov-
ernment into: disrepute ; which ha've niade, with few. exceptions, every
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18l5.]; SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. ^
M — Continued.
mechanic, every manufacturer, every merchant, every farmer, every
corporation, in pur once happy Union,, a bankrupt; and which at length
after a long struggle,, are shaking bur Government itself; to the very
' foundation — the undersighed beg mostpespectfully tooppose the authority
of one of; our ablest and most honored statesmen.
• In ,l‘7-85, Thomas Jefferson was one of the most ardent and strenuous
adwocates of free tTade; his opinions in 1814 were; as follows, (Niles’s
Register, vpl. X, page.; 25-^letter to- Benjamin Austin :)
'• . “ Compare thd presentstate ofthings with that of ’85, and say whether
‘ an opinion founded in the circum.stances of that, day can be fairly
‘ applied to . those of the present. We have experienced \vhat we then
‘ did. riot believe— tha t there exists both profligacy and' power to exclude
'. . ‘ Us, frorri the field of iriterchange with other nations ; tJiM.to be independent:
'•jhr the comforts of life, we must fabricate them ourselves. . We. must novv place.
1 ‘ the manufacturer by the side' of the agriculturist. The former question is-
‘ suppressed, or rather assumes a new form. The .grand inquiry is now,
‘ shall we mahe our own comforts, or go wilhosU them, ' at the tuill of another ■
! nation ? He, therefore, who is now against doniestic manufactures, must
‘ be for reducing us fdher \o '& dependence on that nation, or be clothed in
‘ skins, and to live like wild beasts, in dens arid caverns. T am proud to
'‘'sayddmniot pTbe'of them. Experience has taught me that are '
‘now as necessary to ouf independence as to oiit comfort; and if those who
‘ qubte me as pf a different opinion -will keep pace with me in purchasing
. ‘ nothing foreign where an equivalent of domestic fabric can be obtairied,
without any regard to difference of price, 'it'w'iQ.poth^ oxxr fault if we do.
‘ not have-a supply' at home equal to our demand, arid wrest that weapoti
‘'of distress from the hand which has: so Ipng wantonly viblated. it.” ' ;
That the fallacy and suicidal tendency of thedoctrinesof ’85 — partially
: revived in 1833- — are how fully proven by their practical operation dur-
ing the last eight years, which has brought distress: unpreeedertted, ruin,
and desolation to every class of society, to eyery branch of industry,,
throughout the United States. . ,
^ That in onri of the' papers annexed to the report pf the Committee on
■ Manufactures 'of 31st March last; and: partiGularly referred to by said
Committee, it is stated^ . . , / ' .
‘‘ That there were imported into the United States,, in 1840, of raw
‘ sugar,, 121,OOQ|OO0. lbs., valued about ^5,600,000.” >
That the .great bulk of these importations were from six countries,
‘do wit: the Hanish W^s^t India islands, Dutch East Indies, Philippine
‘islands, Cuba and other. Spanish islands, and the. Brazils and that
‘our exports during the same, year, to those markets, amounted to
‘■$9,390,020;” ; . ■ ..■', ■.;•■.
. “That this trade gave employment to 13,05.6 men, 319 boys, and-
‘1,787 vessels, measuring 289,639 tons.”
The undersigned, respectfully beg. to observe, that the above exhibit ,
.gives only a one-side view of the trade in, question. That a reference to
the report of the Secretary of the Treasury will -show our imports to the:
abpve cpuntries for 18:41 tp: have- been as follows to livit :^.
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. M — Continued.
Free goods. . Ad. val. Spfeific. TptaJ.
Danish West Indies $186,153 ' $37,618. , • 745,406 $969,177 ^ ^
Dutch West Indies ...... 255,845 . Ill 140,523' 396,479
Cuba... ...•..,3,557,967' - 220,473. 6,057,037 . 9,835,477
Other Spanish islands . . ' ,154,051 4,424 • 1,743,257 • ' F,89$,732
Philippine Islands' .... . 164,873 89,403 195,975 ' 450,251
Brazil 4,646,185 2,381 278,730 4,927,296 ,
$8,965,074 $351,410 ’$9,160,928 $18,477,412
And oiir exports as follows : ■ , ■
Danish West Indies.- — ... $918,931
Dutch West Indies. .......... 259,438
Cuba ... ........ 5,331,471
Other Spcinish .West Indies! ....... ......... ... .. . -740,860
Phihppine Islands. . . ... '. . ... ...-. 90j589
Brazil ......... ... . 2,145,863
$9,487,152
From which it is evident — . . ■
1. That for the $18,477,412 of imports frorn the above countries, 'we
ha,ve to pa.y yearly in specie, or in European bills equal to' specie,
$8,990,260 ! ! ! — the balance being the amount of our exports.
2. That our imports of coffee and'othbr free articles, amounting, to
nearly the total amount of our exports, (nearly the whole amount of
sugars imported,) have to be paid for in specie, or in bills equal, .to .specie.
,'3. That our imports from Cub.a and. other Spanish islands amount to
$11,134,239, of which $3,712,018 consists of free goods; and our exports
to those islands, . including $1,276,253 of cotton in transitu, only
amounting to $6,072,331, the balance (say $5,061,906) we have annually
to provide for in specie, or bills equal to specie.
That whilst so large a proportion of our imports from Cuba and the
other, Spanish islands are admitted in, the. United States free of duty,
and whilst the compromise bill contemplates a final reduction to 20 per
cent, ad valorem oh -sugars, our flour pays^ a duty in those, islands of
$ll 50 . per barrel, or , 275 per cent, more that its cost of production ; and
it is well known that efforts are making in ..Spain to close their ports
altogether against , the introduction of that article.-
. That the 121,000,000 lbs., of raw sugars now imported from foreign
countries, if produced by Louisiana under the fostering, care of .Govern-
ment,, would employ exactly the same number of men, boys, and ship-
ping, for their transportation to the consumers throughout the Union, as
now required for the transportation and distribution of the same quantity
from foreign countries, with this difference: that the whole amount of
such traffic would remain among our own people, "whilst for this^sugar
from foreign countries we have now to pay annually $5,600,000 of specie
. or European bills. '
That the 121,000,000 lbs. of sugars- now imported .ffom foreign coun-
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 525
, _ M— Continued. .
tries, if produced by Louisiana, would require the . same quantity of
lumber, nails, hoops, engines and mills, castings, pottery, &c., as now -
needed by our foreign competitors. , > .
That the 63,0.00 lbs., of refined sugjirs now produced from foreign im-
portations, if manufactured by Louisiana, or from Louisiana sugar, would
require the same ■ quantity of fuel, paper, twine,' nails, copper works,
, castings, pottery, madhineryi &c., as are now used in' the refining, of the
same quantity of goods; and for transportaition to the consumers throughout
the Union wOuld need exactly the dame power of transportation.
That, were the labor of Louisiana effectually guarded against debase-
ment by foreign labor, the large sugar planters would soon refine such
portion of theip sugars as might be required for the consumption of the
United States.. That there is already a large estate which, for the last
' four years, has been .tUrning out about 70.0,000 lbs. annually of refined
goods, equal to any manufacture from foreign raw sugars; the boiling is
in vacuo, and the operation of refining begins under the granulating point,
whereby the yield is considerably increased, less molasses being created
than when the granulation takes place in open fire. The process has
been eminently successful, and the goods ca.h he afforded at as low prices
as -from any refineries of foreign sugars.
That nothing but the prostrated condition of our sugar planters, in
consequence of the operation of tlie act of 1833; has prevented their
, following -the example thus cited; the copper. w;orks and machinery Of
the vacuo process requiring an outlay of at least $20,000,
That the . number of sugar , estates hi 1828 amounted to 308. ,
, That from l828 to 1833 the number gimdually increased to 691.
That,, under the. tariff of 1.816, the State Of Louisiana was . already
-supplyirig one-half of the sugars required for the consumption of the.
United States, and was bidding, fair soon to , meet the entire con.s'ump-
' tion.' , ■
That before the last three hundred arid :eighty-three’ estates could be
brought into full operation, the tariff.-of 1833 was adopted; that one
hundred, arid- fifty-six estates have alread}^ been compelled to; abandon
their sugar Works under the effects of this act; that its further action
cannot fail to annihilate this important branch of national industry ;, that
there is -rip branch of. industry in our country which is not directly or
indirectly benefited by a tariff judiciously laid; :
That, at a low estimate, the five hundred aiid twenty-five estates yet
in operation expend annually $2,000,000 for rep.airs' of five hundred and
twenty-five engines and miffs, and. for- » . " ; ^
Castings,; Clothing, Caits and
Hats,. ■ Implements of husbandry, wheels, '
' . Shoes, Nails, . ^ hour,
.Beef, Pork, .; -- - ; ' t Fish, .
Tobacco, 'Whiskey,. ■ , Hoops,
Mules, . Horses and cattle,: &c.,'
and for, overseers a:nd engineers. , ■ '
Whereby it is seen that , mechanics, manufacturersr and agriculturists^ ,
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526 REPORTS DF THE [1845.
M — ‘Continued.
throughout the Union,, are directly interested to the amount of $2,000,000
per annum in the sugar industry. .
That the last crop of sugar is estimated at 80^000 hogsheads, or about
’80,000,000 pounds, and 4,000,000 gallons .of molasses ; that prices this
year are hafdly averaging three cents fer sugars and twelve cents for
molasses, which represent a gross amount of $2,800,000, of which, as
above stated, $2,000,000 are required for the working expenses during
the year, and go to Other branches of industry, whilst the proprietors
will only receive $880^000, being 1 69-100 per cent, on the capital in-
vested of $52,000,000,
Such has. been the result of the struggle brought on by the compro-
mise bill between“foreign and home labor ! A home product of a neces-
sary of life, hardly reaching fifty per cent, of the annual consumption, of
the -country, thus finds itself debased by foreign labor nearly severity
per cent, below its cost of production!! No other part of the world
offers such an anomaly. And whjat is the consequence of such a melan-
choly state of things? Complete derangement in the equilibrium between
supply and demand, and perturbation in . every branch of industry, from
the wealthiest proprietor down to the humblest mechanic and laborer.
Thus it is, that the sugar planter being, of necessity compelled to raise
the provisions he was wont to draw from the western States, those States
find themselves suddenly deprived of a market for their surplus provi-
sions, whereby, their ordinary annual supply exceeding the wants of
consumption, debasement naturally ensues, which is now exemplified in
our market to a frightful'extent. Thus it is, also, that as our sugar works
are abandoned, extra-production carries debasement to cotton, rice, and
in.fine to every article , to which is transferred' the working power of
the abandoned cane fields; for no large industry can be destroyed in a
country without producing depreciation in every other branch of industry
in the same cpuntry, and perturbation and distress throughout the nation.
'That on the subjectof protecting the. labor of our own people, Thomas
Jefferson says, in his letter to William Simpson, Esq., dated 1817, (NileS’s
Register, vol. xi, page 401 ;) •
“ I have read with great satisfaction the eloquent pamphlet you were
‘so kind as to send the, and s5TOpathize with every line of it ; I wasonCe
‘ a doubter whether the la bor of the cultivator, aided by the creative powers
‘ of the earth itself, Couldhrot produce more than that of the manufacturer
‘ alone, and unassisted by the dead subject on which he acted ; in other
‘ words, whether the more he could bring into action of the energies of our
‘ boundless territory, in additibn to the labor of our citizens, the more M'oirld
‘ not be pur gain. But the' inventipns of the later times, by labor-saving
‘machines, do now as much for the manufacturer as the earth for the
‘ cultivator. Experience, too, has proved that mine was but half the question ;
‘the other half is whether dollars and cents are to be weighed in the scale
‘a,gainst real independence; th^ question is then solved, at least so far as
‘respects our own' wants. '
'li m.uch fcar^ the effects on.our own infant establishments of the policy
‘ avowed by 'Mr. .Brouglmm, and quoted in the pamphlet. Individudl British
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merchants may lose hy the late immAe importations, but Bsitish cOirmerce arid,
ThanUfactures in. the mass xmll gain by beating 'down the competition of ours in ,
our ovun markets?' : . ■ . .
That the action of foreign sugars upon our home sugars, for the last
-three of four years,' has been precisely the same as that contemplated by
Mr. Brougham j and ahoye quoted---‘:‘ 5efflrmg doifm the competition of Our
own labor in our. own markets."
That as a revenue is to be raised to carry on our Government, the
■' general welfare requires, that such revenue should he so arranged as to
afford encouragement topnf manufactures and agriculture, that our home
labor may not he debased by foreign labor ; that, in the words of Thomas
Jefferson,' we may he ‘‘really indeperideht.'' .
That by effectually guafding our sugars against debasement by foreign
labors youf honorable bodies will not only protect that branch of indus-
try, hut also, as before said, cotton,- rice^ and all Other agricultural pro-
ducts that can he raised in the southern States, by the simple reason
•that, should the want of ;sufficient protection compel our' sugar planters
to abandon the culture of the sugar-cane, the 40,000 hands now employed
by them would carry depreciation in cotton, rice, or any other agriculturad
product to ^hich they would of necessity be applied; by excess of pro-
duction; tyhilst the Union, at the same time, would 'be again placing
itself ■ in • entire dependence On foreign countries for a , necessary of
fffe already requiring thirteen to foufteen millions dollars per annum.
That efficient protection, on the cdntrar.y, so that 5 cents at least might
be depended upon for raw sugars, would soon enable the planters of
Louisiana to increase the culture of die eane, to the full annual demand
of the country— say about 250,000,000— which would require ,6O,O0O
hands more at least, whq,-being supplied- by && cotton growers', would '
reduce the excess of production in the -latter, staple, and advance its value
to -at least its host of production. This would also baye the effect of
creafing a gradual demand for at least six hundred engines and mills,
fro in Our foundries throughout the Union, representing a sum of at least
three millions dollars; and kettles, implements of husbandry, copper
■Works, mules, horses, &e., to a much larger amount. And. all this home
labor would require as many sea and inland vessels, and giv'e employ-
meritro as many men and boys, for distribution among the consumers of
the Union, as if performed by foreign' countries, and. would in nowise
diminish our exports tO the West Indies; as we now import from those
islands, as before shown, an equal amount of coffee and. other now free
articles, or nearly so, whilst it would rid us to a considerable extent of
the present annual drain of eight- or nine millions dollars specie we ha ve
now to pay to the West Indies for our supplies therefrom; over and, 'above
our exports, -which of ‘itself Would be of immerise national importance.
/ And the undersigned, in coriclusion, beg respectfully to state their
conviction that, in-the present prostrated condition of the sugar interest,
ndthmg’shbrt-of three Cents -duty dn 'ra’w sugars, and other qualities in
proportion, can avert the calamity 'about visiting every sugar planter of
"Louisiana, and to add that; even setting-aside aH ofher considerations.
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the sugar interest having grown under the revenue tariff of 1816, and
under that tariff rnillioiis and rnillions of dollars having been permanently
invested in works which gannot be destroyed without the most ruinous
cohsequences.to the parties who have embarked their fortunes in them,
it is but sheer justice to them that the same duty of 1816 should be con-
tinued so long as a revenue is required to carry on the Government, and
it is derived from the same souree. , . '
All which is.'.respectfully submitted. •
. Edmimd J. Forstall to the Secretary of the' Treasury’.' ,
„ New Orleans, November 10, 1845.
Sir: ,I handed, on the 29th ultimo, to the Collector of this port, for
transmission to yOu, my answers to-, certain interrogatories propounded
by the Department under your charge.- To these answers are appended
several papers relative, to the introduction of foreign sugars under the
molasses duty, very much to the injury of the puklic Treasury. These
papers were drawn up pending the discussions of the tariff of 1842;-
■since then great-iniproyements have taken place in the mode of boiling
molasses, .wjiich it is my purpose to bring under your notice. ,
Sugar is-, .'and has ever been, a revenue article. So it is in England
.and .on the continent of Europe: , . '
1st. Because ■ of its extensive and -general consumption, , whereby a
sure and daily income is securedybe the vicissitudes of commerce what
they may. ‘
; - : 2d.' Because of its small, cost to-each individual of the nation, whilst
- yielding a large income for the support of Government, the contribution
bearing upon nearly the -vvhdle of. the population, each according to his
: means. ^
. .. 3d. Because of its bulk and comparatively small value, which render
smuggling nearly impossible.- - ’ ■ ,
4th. Because ,of the comparatively small expense attending the col-
' lection of duties thereupon. -
Dr. Browningi the great advocate, of free trade, being questioned by a
committee of the House of Conanions, stated it to be his opinion that . the
■ British- tai-iff should be limited to ten or twelve articles. “I would,”
says. the.-Doctor, ,“ begin by considering the articles which are, upon our
, .present system,, most productive, such as sugars,” &c., &c.
The classing molasses as an article distinct frpm sugai- for dutiable pur-
poses,- and rating them at .4^- inills per pound, whilst laying a duty of 2J
cents per pound on raw sugars," of which' they are a -component, w-as
offering a premium to ingenuity and skill too great to be resisted; and
both have been at work tbese^ last .few years with all the might of our
enterprising people, and upon a scale which must have told upon the
public revenue,' although not detected. ,
Whether through chance, or with a view to the protection of the reve-
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nue, Congress in' 1828 increased the duty on molasses 100 per cent. — i
say to 10 cents per gallon instead of 5 : and the duty on sugar remained
the same ; this was closing the door effectually to ail imppitations of
sugars under the molasses duty, it being very nearly the proportionate
value between sugar and molasses, with its granular qualities.
Jn England, where a skillful chemist is always attached to the
customs, this important subject met with a thorough investigation, |see
Minutes of evidence before a select committee, on the use of mo-
lasses, July 21, 1831, British State Papers,) and the duty was then as
follows:
On West India sugar’s, £l 4s. per cwt.— or $5 33 per cwt..
On molasses, 9s, per cwt. — or $2 per cwt.
At the same proportionate value, raw sugars, by the tariff of 1842*
having been 'rated at 2f cents per .pound, molasses should have been
taxed at ten cents per gallon. ' ’
In 1832* no doubt through the same influence that wa,s seen at work
in, 1842, the duty on molasses was again reduced 50 per cent.— say
from ten cents* the then duty, to five cents per gallon ; whilst the, reduO-
' tion on raw sugars was only one-sixth— say two and a half cents per'
pound instead of three cents. , ' " ■
When, under the comprornise bill, linens were made free, all foreign
cottons that could be made* by their dressing and finish, or. by theintro'*
duction of a small portion of linen thread, to irnitate linen goods, were
So prepared in Europe for our markets, and there is no telling the amount
of goods that were so introduced duty free.
. The effect upon bur revenue by the reduction of the duty on molasses
to 5 cents per gallon, whilst sugars were made to pay 2J- cents, was pre-
cisely the same as' above described for cottons. .
The art of boiling molasses into .sugar’ and refining the same has been
known in England and Scodand for marry years, and princely fortunes
have been realized by 'the first operators. It may , be said to have found
its way to this country, and firmly seated itself, for, since the passageof
the tariff of 1842;, establishmerits upon the most extensive scale have
been formed in New York and other places for the boiling .and refining
of molasses into sugar; nor has.it confined its location to the East, for
sorne of our sugar planters have 'been already working upon that 'System>
On the Lizardi plantation, last year, the molasses drained from 4, 085, 000
lbs. of iaw sugars were boiled into sugar, and produced 200 :hogsheads,
which were sold at five cents; the product was about 40 per cent;, with
a residuum of molasses, which were sold as such, although in special
estabhshments the process mighfebe pushed .further* Many other planters
also worked their molasses to advantage, ahd nO doubt ^that in a few
years the practice will become general throughout the State. - ■ ■
As before ohserved, molasses should. have been classed as.the .second
product of sugar* of which they ai’e a component. To .have made k a
distinct article from sytup, which has been taxed 2 j cents, and subjected
to forfeiture when entered under the desighation of molasses, was . quite
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530 REPORTS OF THE
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irrational. The object of our legislators in taxing syrup at the full sugar
duty, although containing nearly one-half of its weight in water, was
evidently to guard the revenue against the introduction of sugars under
the niolasses duty. But this was a very poor remedy, as will be here-
after shown, for an evil of their own creation, to wit: the reduction to 4J
mills per pound of the duty on molasses, whilst, for purposes of rev-
enue, sugars were taxed 2^ cents ; and this must be obvious to the least
conversant with such matters, when these liquids, with their respective
components, are brought into juxtaposition.
' Syrup is a i. solution of sugar, and water,' the quantity of solid sugar
varying according to the density of the liquid ; at 36° Beaume, 1 gallon
weighs 11 lbs. and a small fraction over, and contains of solid sugar
about 7 pounds 4 ounces. .
' Molasses^I have no data for Cuba; I therefore take our own (Loui-
siana.) One gallon, at 41)'’ Beaume, weighs 12 lbs., and. contains —
Sugar.,... .......... 8 22-lQO lbs.
Saline matters 48-100 “
Water. 3 30-100 “
- ■ ' ■ ■ ; '■ ^ 12 lbs.
•These saline matters are more or less abundant according to tbe ma-
turity of the cane, and constitute the- chief difficulty in granulation. In
Cuba, canie-juice averages 10°; in Louisiana hardly 8°; hence granu-
lation in the former is far easier than in the latter for both sugars and
their second produce, molasses or- syrup.
The above statement shows that in both liquids the chief ingredient
is sugar; and that the only difference betvveen them is the presence, in
the latter, of saline matters, which, until lately, in Louisiana molasses
rendered their granulation extremely difficult.
And now as to the effect of the molasses duty and of the late improve-
ments in boiling and .refining to meet the requirements of the tariff
of 1842. ' .
Molasses are known in commerce as the drainings of raw. sugars put
up in hogsheads.
Per statement of the T reasury Department, there were imported into
the United States during the year ending June 30, 1844, of molasses
249,428,872 lbs., or about' 22,675,352 gallons.
Of this enormous quantity, there were received from Cuba, 194,059,165
lbs., or about 17,641,742 gallons. . ■
It is vvell known that the planters of Cuba refine nearly the whole of
their crpp of sugar. I have no. data to<shoW exactly the number of hogs-
heads of raw sugars produced ; but so insignificant is the quantity that
it is not rnentioned in the annual official report of the Intendant of that
island. But even supposing’ it to be 25,0.00 hogsheads, the drainings
from such a quantity of raw sugars in Cuba, .where the saccharine mat-
ter from the cane is so rich, and so. much freer from saline matter than
here, cannot be more than about 500^000 gallons— from which it is evi-
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M — Continued.
dent that upwards of 17,000,000 gallons of the molasses imported from
the island of Cuba, as above, and designated and entered as such in our
customs, were not molasses, but syrups,, being the drainings of refined
sugars. Nor do they beai' that name in the island, where they are desig-
nated by the word “ rniel,” in contradistinction from molasses, the, drain-
ings of raw sugars. On their shiprnent to this country, however, they
assume the name of molasses, like pur cottons, which, under the com-
promise act, were returned to us from Europe as linens.
/The process of refining in Cuba is as foUpws: The saccharine matter
is boiled to the refining point, so as. to bear the process of claying. The
sugar is then carried to large moulds, and there operated' upon in pre-
cisely the same manner as in a regular refinery. Each loaf gives three
qualities, to wit; wAite, Aroiwi, (known in commerce as quebrado,) axid.
cucurtiches, which is the lowest quality. The syrups from these three
qualities a.re not separated, but aic suffered to mix together in the same
vessel. These syrups, of course, receive a large quantity of sugars in
solution from the white, and quebrado qualities, through the percolation
of water necessary to claying.
Each .mould of 75 lbs. produces about 35 lbs. of solid sugar, and
about 40 lbs. of “ miel;” which applied to the crop of 1840, (se,e state-
ment 3, appended to rny answers,) say 321,595,900 lbs. of solid sugars,
represent for the crop of “miel” that year 367,538,171 lbs.,. or about
3.3,412,561 gallons.
Supposing raw sugars in Cuba to produce 35 gallons of molasses per
1,000 lbs. of solid Sugar, which is the extreine quantity ever produced
in the British West Indies, (see, minutes of evidence in the British State
Papers, 1831,) it would have required 954,044,600 lbs. of solid , raw
sugar to have produced such a quantity of molasses; and,; as before
seen, the crop of solid sugar of all kinds in 1840 only reached one-third
of that quantity, from which it appears conclusive that the “miel” of
Cuba entered in the United States as molasses contains at least twoT
thirds of sugar in solution. But, be this as it may, it is now proved
beyond all doubt that the so-called molasses of Cuba are now woiked
into sugar to the very best advantage ; that by a first boiling they can be
made to yield at least fifty per ce.nt. of their weight of solid sugar, with
a residuuniof syrups which, if reboiled, will yield a further quantity; and
that Louisiana molasses, on a first boiling, are actually niade to yield
forty per cent, of solid sugar, with a residuuhn of molasses which, if
reboiled, would also give a larger quantity of solid sugars.
This is the place to show the effect upon the public revenue of the
branch of industry in question: ,
Cuba “ miel” and' foreign molasses imported into the United States
’ during the year 1843-’44, as before' stated .249,428,872 lbs.
Duty 4J mills. ...... ... $1,122,429 92
Supposing the above “ miel” and mO lasses boiled into sugar, the pro-
duct of solid sugar fifty per cent., and the residuum to be sold as mola,sses,
the result would be as follows :
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
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Solid sugar, 124,714,436 lbs. ; duty saved 2 J ets, per Ib., $3,117,860 00
Molasses, 112,242,993 lbs. do. 4J mills do. 505,090 00
Dirt, 12,471,443 lbs. .
249,428,872 lbs. — —
■ 3,622,950 00
Deduct duty on “ miel” arid molasses imported as above .. '1,122,429 92
Gross profits of the operators. ... ... ...... . ..;. . . . .$2,500,520 08
A yield of 40 pounds of solid . sugar on 100 lbs. “ miel”
or molasses would still make a difference in the duties
in favor of the operators, >and per fcontra against the
•publiG revenue, of: ... .... ....... .•.$1,784,195 00
And this loss to the revenue might be greatly increased b.y the oper-
ators refining for export, wfiereby they would receive a bounty of 3 J
cents per pound of refined goods.
The above calculations are based upon the supposition that the whole
of the molasses and “miel” imported are worked into sugars.
The only effectual cheek to all this is, to tax molasses at one cent per
pound when raw sugars are taxed two per cent.; which, as before
observed, is the relative value between raw sugars and molasses and
Sugars' in solution. All this Will of course be denied by the parlies
interested, and statements and calculations wiU be brought forward to
destroy all my premises ; but your Department has it in its power to
-test tlieir -truth before any action ^can be taken by Congress in this matter,
by directiiig our collector, of any Other public officer in^ this place-, to
attend personally .the working of molasses into sugar in one or more of
Our sugar estates, and to report the result. Indeed, the very fact of
-large establishments having been fonned in New York and elsewhere
for the purpose of boiling molasses into^^sugars, be the yield what it may,
should ofitself carry conviction to all but those directly interested.
As from all appearances the present tariff is ,to be again brought
Under discussion, permit me, in view of the importarice of the subject,
R'ere to State a few facts coiinectfed with its final passage, which may
■serve- to guard the important branch of revenue whiGh makes the sUbjeef-
ma'tter of this letter, against all undue action.
Pending the discussions of 1842, every effort was made to reduce the
duty on foreign sugars, and to increase the drawback on refined goods;
and in the report made by the chairman of the •Committee on Manufac-
tures, a memorial was introdueed frofn the sugar refiners. Or a large
■number of them, declaring that, “ to prodUce 52 pounds of refined sugars
‘ it required 661 pounds of brown sugar, and 33J, of white; and that, to
‘ 'return the duty paid On the importation of the raw material, the whole
‘duty paid on 100 pounds, *as above, should be fetUrned on each -52
‘pounds of refined goods exported.” This nfemorial was strongly
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M— 'Continued.
backed by the committee. The chairman of the finance committee,
had proposed a drawback of 3 J cents, to the great dissatisfaction of the
refiners, and' as the bill was going through its last reading, a . call for
information from the Treasury Department Avas made. The only
information then in the hands of that Department was a report made by Mr.
Gambreleng, in 1832, which fully eoiroborated the statements made by
the memorialists,-. The call had hardly been made, when bushels of this -
report, in print, were to be found in every, corner of the House, To
counteract this, I immediately placed (through Mr, E. D, White) in the
hands ofthe chairman of the finance committee the French aitd English
debenture laws, (to be found in the library of Congress,) proving that,
although the report of Mr. Camhreleng might have been true in 1832
for the United States, it was then utterly false— ^that a complete revolution,
had taken place in this country in the process of refining, by the intror.
duction of Howard’s plan of boiling, in rhcttft whereby every IQQ pounds’
of brown sugar, without any mixture of white, are made to produce at
least
75 lbs. refined. goods, / „
10 lbs. bastards,
10 lbs. sugar-house molasses,
5 lbs. dirt, .
This settled the question. Had the refiners succeeded in obtaining
the drawback claimed by them as a mere, return of duty on. the raw
material used, they would have, been in. the rece.ipt of i|2,000,000, and
upwards over, the duty received by Government. It was not a draw-
back they had petitioned for, but an enormous bounty. On the last day
of the discussion, it was, perceived that, by the., working of the, section
relative to sugar, brown clayed sugars had been omitted, and that the
duty, thereon, falling under the denomination of hon-enumerated articles,
would be 20 per cent, ad valorem, or about five-eighths, of a cent. This
would have been fatal" to the Treasury— quebrado sugars, which form
by far the largest portion of the Cuba crop at five-eighths of a cent duty,
and the drawback ort refined goods, at, 3i c®*^ts.'.
Both parties in. Congress had come tq the. resolution not again to. open
the discussion, but to . pass or rgect the last biU reported, as then drawn
up. The danger was imminent. I was. preparing the necessary state-
ments, to show the practical; operation of the section, when. I was
requested by the President, of the United States, through Mr. R, M.
Carter of this plaee, ao call immediately at the Treasury Department on
matters of vital importance to this State. I immediately waited upon
the Comptroller, [Mr. McCulloh,] who informed me that by legal
decisions, and in accordance with the usage of the Department, no other
construction could hc: put oh the section in question, if passed as worded.
The conference was a short one? there was. no time to be lost; the last
vote upon the tariff was being taken in the House of Representatives,
Having satisfied the Gompti-oHer that. I was fu% prepared for the
exigencies of the moment, I hastened to the House and addressed a note
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REPORTS OF THE |1845.
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to Mr. E. D. White, with a statement of the workings of the , section, if
passed as worded ; it was as follows: ' .
“ Sec. 8. First, On raw sugars (commonly called brown sugar) not
‘ advanced beyond the raw state by claying, boiling, clarifying, or other
‘ process, and on s5'rup of sugar or of sugarKiahe, cents per pound; On
‘ white sugars, (commonly called clayed sugars^) \yhen advanced beyond
‘the raw state, by claying, boiling, clarifying, or other process, and not
‘ yet refined, 4 cents per pound;”
Had this section passed as above worded, the effect upon the revenue
would have been as follows : . _
Averaged, value of clayed sugars (quebrado) in ■
Cuba...... ... ....Scents.-
Suppose 1,000 pounds, at 3 cents. ........$30
Duty 20 per cent, ad valorem. - - - or 60-100 per lb.
1,000 pounds. quebrado sugar, yield as before shown:
750 lbs, refined goods. '
lOO 'lbs.. bastard, or low sugars.
100 lbs. sugar-house molasses, or about 9 gallons.
50 lbs. dirt.
1,000 lbs. , , , .
Drawback allowed on refined sugars when exported, cents,
on 750 pounds. ...... . . ... ............ . . .... . . . .$24 37|
Which would have been a bounty on every 1,000 pounds sugar,
over the duty paid, of. ...... . . . . . . . ..... : . . ; . 18 37,j
Besides a residuum of.lOO pounds of common sugars and 9 gallons of
molasses, which would have remained duty free. ^
Supposing the introduction, under this section, of 100,000,000
pounds of' such sugars— and the quantity might have been ,
double — and . the actual drain upon the Treasury, oyer the
duty paid, would have been. ...... .$1,837,500
Add loss upon the residuum, say 10,000,000 pounds
low sugars at 2J cents ... ...i. . .... ...... $250,000
10,000,000 pounds molasses, or 900,000 gallons at
5 cents per gallon — .......... . 45,000
■ 295,000
$2,132,500
My note to Mr. White, and the above statement, were immediately
placed in the hands of the chairman of the finance committee. He. saw
through the whole matter at once-; and although then following the bill
through its last stage, he did not hesitate <,to take it up, and to propose,
without any comments, as a “ verbal . correction,” the following amend-
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 535
M — Continued.
ment, which I had prepared in view of the resolution of the House not
to open the debates, to wit: to strike put “white” and to insert “on all
other;” and this was adopted without a single observation, although
making a difference of millions of dollars,' pro or con, to the parties
interested. That part of the section then i-ead thusj “on all other
‘ sugars; (commonly called clayed sugars,) when advanced beyond the
‘.raw state, by claying, boiling, clarifying^ or other process, and not yet
‘refined, four cents;” this of course embraced brown! Havanas, which
are all clayed. The. bill was sent to tlie Senate,, where the refiners con-
fined their action to obtaining the reduction to. 2^ cents of the duty on
Havana browns, and to preventing tbe molasses duty, being increased,
notwithstanding all my efibrts !to the contrary.
I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,
EDM, J. FORSTALL.
Hon. R. J. Walker,
Secretary of the Treasury . <
, KENTUCKY. - ^ f
ANSWERS TO ClRCOLAR No. 1.
Jefferson County. -From Thomas S. Forman, Agent- Louisville Manufac-
turing Company.
1. Kentucky, county of Jefferson. .
2. Cotton ba,gging and bale rope ; steam po.whr.
3. In 1837 ; joint-stock company.
4. About $64,000 in real estate and machinery.
5. About $36,000.
6. Six per cent, on'amount of capital stock.
7. The profits of 1844 and 1845 will not more than cover bad debts
made in those years ; cause of decrease of profits is excessive domestic .,
competition.
8. Cannot say. , .
9. Have averaged about 500,000 yards of bagging and 500,000 lbs.
of rope annually; during the last three years we have averagedannuaUy
about 750,000 yards and pounds each. . ^ .
10. Consume annuEtlly about 1,100 tons of hemp, the price of which
varies materially, being in a great measure governed by the price of
bagging and rope ; in 1840 It was $180 per ton; it has steadily declined
since, as bagging and rope, have declined, until it is now about $55 per
ton throughout the State — a price at. which it will not be grown exten-
sively. Use about $5,000 worth of coal, oil, &c., annually; use no
foreign products. . , ' ’
11. None is now imported, because wC can undersell them at the
present price of the raw material, even if they had no duty to pay. It
(bagging) was formerly imported from Dundee and Calcutta chiefly ; no
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rope of eonsequence ■ has ever been imported. Whgn there has been a
general failure of the hemp crop, or any other- cause to produee a m.ate^
rial’ advance in the price of rope, Sisal’ and Manilla (“which aie foreign
product) have been brought into this country and made into bale rope.
Tarift’ or no tariff has little or no eflfeet at this time on the bagging man-
■ ufacturer, for the reason that domestic eornpetition in its manufacture
has brought it below a price at which it can be imported without the pay~
ment of duty ; and fbr the reason that the cultivation of hemp has been
greatly extended in Missouri, Tennessee, Illinois, Indiana, and in this
. State, until more is grown than is required for the bagging, bale rope,
and cordage factories ; consequently we can control its price ; and as we
are forced down in the price of our fabrics, we give the- screw ariother-
turn on the hemp grower.
12-. About eighty men, twenty women, and seventy boys and girls j
men receive from $3 to $9 per week, according to their skill, employ-
ment, &c.; women from $2 to $4, and boys and girls from f 1 to $3.
13, Twelve hours fifty weeks in the year.
14. Wages paid by us are 20 or 25 per cent, higher than the same
classes would receive at other employments in this State, because of the
disagreeableness and supposed unhealthfulness of the business; about
the same as is paid in cotton and woolen factories at the North, and we
suppose double what is paid in factories in England.
■ 15, None, ' ■
16, Chiefly sent to New Orleans for sale,
17, None is now imported,
18. In the cotton-growing district of the United States. ^ -
19. None axe exported,
20. Chiefly on a credit of six to nine months, the time of payment
being when the planter can get his cotton to mai’ket,
21, Cost of manufacturing bagging has decreased since 1837 from 10
to 5 cents per yard ; the cost of hemp in a yard of bagging has. decreased
in the same time 9 cents per yard; the two amount to a decrease of 14
cents'per yard to the consumer, which is confirmed by reference to our.
sales book, &c. 1837 to 1840 sales ranged from 24 to 28‘ cents per
yard — now 9 to 11 cents per yard. '
22’. The bagging price answered in 21 ; rope as follows : 1837, 9 cents-
per lb.; 1840, 8 cents per lb.; 1841, 10 cents per lb.; 1842, 6 cents per
lb.; 1843, 5J cents per lb,; 1844, 4J cents per lb.; 1845, 4 cents per lb,
23. We ask none, so. long as the hemp growers will continue to furnish
us hemp at $55 to $60 per tori.
24. Gunny cloths are made into bags, and as such come iri duty free,
we believe, and when bagging is, dear they are used as a substitute, and
therefore a “ shding scale” might be applied to them,
25. Answered in 6 and 7. '
26. Raw material, 5-10; labor, 4-10 ; bad debts, 1-10 ; profits or divi-
dend 0-10 !
27. At present about $70,000 worth, besides that consumed by oper-
atives, which will amount probably to $30,000 more.
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28. About |$3, 000, 000 worth annually, tbreeTfoui'ths of which are itiade
in- this State. - '
29. Twelve and a half per cent, is no protection against East India,
(Calcutta,) if bagging can be imported at 12 cents per yard, as some
Say it can be, if we would allow the farmer a living price for his hemp.
30. Loan it at 6 per cent. •
31. At present relative prices of bagging, rope, and hemp, under the
present duty, if we had our capital back in money we should prefer
loaning it at 6 per cent, in bond and inprtgage, to investing it as at
present. - '
32. Out of our Une.
33. One hundred thousand dollars ; we pay cash for our raw material
and supplies, and sell our fabrics on long eredit, and have to borrow for
four months in the spring of each year from $40,000 to $50,000,, which
we repay as soon as we make our sales, by discounting the planters’
acceptances; our profits or losses are estimated upon our own capital,
having no reference to the borrowed capital. . .
34. Answered in the general tenor of previous answers.
35. About 40 per cent.
36. We cannot answer;
37. At present the whole consumption is the production of American
manufacture. ■ .
88. Cannot say, except in regard to our own business ; has doubled
since the tariff' of 1842, :
39, About 8 per cent. ' ' , ■
404 Too general to- ans'wer-.
Jefferson County, F^rom Hewett, And^son Co,., Fropvietovs of the GouM-
ing Bagging Factory, ■
1, Kentucky, Jefferson county. '
2. Cotton bagging; steam power.
; 3. In 1842 ; not incorporated.
4. Ground and buildings, $15,000; machinery, $70,000.
5. $75,000 per annum for material; wages, $20,000.
6. Average rate of profit per annum about 3 per cent., without charge
for interest. < .
7,. Profits have gradually decreased since the establishment, in eon-
s6G[uence of the present tariff of duties, it being the means of building up
a ruinous competition at home. ;
8. Ten per cent, is considered the average rate of profit on capital
otherwise invested.
' 9. One milHon yards cotton bagging, now worth 9^ @ 10 cents.
10. One thousand one hundred tons hemp, vrorth $70 per ton,
11. Similar foreign productions cost 13 @ 16 cents’ per .yard, and are
principally imported from Scotland and India.
12. Twenty men, at $7 per week; forty wumen, at $3 ; and fifty
■ children, at $2,
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13. Twelve hours throughout the year.
14. Men, 5Q per cent, less; women, '60 per cent.; and children no
other employment. , .
15. No answer.
16. Generally sent 1,500 and 2,000 miles for a market.
17. At present prices no similar foreign production can be imported
so as to compete with ours.
18. Cotton-grow'ing States.
19. None exported.
20. At 9 and 12 months’ credit, generally.
21. Cost oh material has decreased^ — say in all 25 per eent. since the
eStabhshnient.
22. In 1842, 16 cents per yard; 1843, 14 cents'; 1844, 12 cents; and
1845, 9J and 10 cents. '
23. Prefer competing with the foreign article, free of duty, than with
the domestic production fabricated by hand-looms throughout the
State.
24. 25. No answer. ,
26. 15-20ths material; 4-20ths wages; 1-2 0th uncollected debts.,
27. No answers,
28. Eighteen millions yards in the United States; in Kentucky about
thirteen millions.
29. Under the present tariff of duties we might be compelled to aban-
don our business, but think if all duties were removed, farmers and other
small manufacturers would cease to .compete with us, as nothing but the
imaginary advantage of “ protection” induces, them to continue. With
this description of competition removed, we might occasionally profit by
the irregularities of supply consequent upon a dependence upon foreign
imports for half the quantity requisite.
30 to 36.. No answer.
37. There is now an over-production at home, being this year [1845]
18,000,000 yards, whereas 15,000,000 only are required to cover the
entire crop of cotton grown in the United States. ■ ' .
38 to 40. No answers.
Note. — The foregoing returns were received by the Department from
N. P. Porter, surveyor, of Louisville, Kentucky, who, under date of
September 21, 1845, states that “he had distributed the questions to the
several manufacturing establishments of the city, agreeably to instruc-
tions that “ he had urged them to take an interest ” in the matter, but that
only “ a few of them had complied with the request.” He also furnishes
copies of notes addressed by him to manufacturers, enclosing the ques-
tions. , '
Mr. Forman, whose return is above, after answering the several ques-
tions, states that, “under the existing affairs, a tariff or. duty on our
‘fabrics is of no moment, to the manufacturer in this country, because the
‘unprecedented competition, both in the growth of hemp andthemanu-
‘facture thereof into bagging and rope, has reduced the prices of these
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539
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — :Continued.
‘ articles below what they could be imported at, without the payment of
‘duty but should there be a great failure of the crop of hemp, or any
‘other cause by which it should be advanced materially in price, then no
‘reasonable ad valorem duty would amount to a sirlficient protection,
. ‘provided the East India bagging can be brought in at 12 to 13 cerits, as
‘ is represented. Even at the preseiit low price of hemp, it is half the cost
‘of bagging, and three-fourths the .cost of rope; the honorable Secretary
‘can, therefore, readily see what would be the effect were it suddenly to
‘ advance to two or three times its present price. We would prefer to
‘ compete with the importer of foreign fabiics than with our home manu-
‘faCtureri. Let the importer fix selling prices, and we will follow him ;
‘but we would, with ditfidenbe, suggest that it is for thednterest of the
‘ consumer to let the tariff on our fabrics, as it stands, reniain. When
‘the tariff bill of 1842 was pending, we suggested to the cliriirman of its
‘committee 3^ cents as sufficient protection, which would have been
‘cheerfully acceded tp by the southern delegation in Congress, but he
‘ showed the letter to some of the Kentuckj' delegation in Congress and
, ‘ they protested against it, and it was therefore dropped. ; Now.that a tariff
‘ has been fixed, and, under its operation, bagging and rope are far lower
‘ to. the consumer than they have ever been, we would respectfully say,
“ let weir enough alone.”’
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
G?-ass Hills, Kentucky. From Lewis Sanders.
1. Tobacco only, of the three named staples, is produced in this State;
quantity, from forty to fifty thousand hogsheads ; mostly sent to New
Orleans, thence to the eastern cities and to Europe; the remainder sent
to Pittsburg, and manufactured at home.
8. Kentucky produces for sale, besides tobacco, horses for the saddle,
harness, and plough ; cattle, mules, bogs, . sheep, poultry, beef, (mess and
prime,) pOrk, (clear, mess, and prime,) lard, oil, corn, oats, hay, potatoes,
apples and Other fruits, 'whisky, cotton bagging, bale rope, negro clothing,
and hemp.
These are the. principal. articles produced for export; and, except the
article of hemp and a portion of those of beef and pork in barrels, and
a part of the whisky, the remainder (four-fifths) is consumed by the
cotton and sugar planters' of the South ; they are our best and only custo-
mers, e;jtcept for tobacco, hemp,, and pork. Prices for our productions
are ruled mainl}^ if not entirely, by the price of cotton and sugar. When
the price of these articles is, up, planters pay us good prices ; 'our. pros-
perity depends upon them. If they are depressed by the tariff, or other
causes, we feel the depression also..
14. Manufactures cotton bagging and bale rope sufficient to supply the
entire United States, including Texas, and at a price lower than the
foreign article can be introduced.
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M — Continued.
We have numerous iron works, making the various kinds of castings,
bar, rolled, and slit iron, and nails, mostly consumed in the State; negro
clothing sold in large quantities to the cotton and sugar planters. This
article is made of cotton warp, filled, with common wool ; no foreign
article can compete with it. Some cotton factories for spinning and
weaving; productions mostly consumed in the State; a reduction of the
tariff' would hut slightly, if at all, affect this interest. ,
S'?. For an estimate, class the sheep of Kentucky at 1,000,000, mostly
in small ffoeks ; every farm has sonie. I know of hut few large flocks
in the State ; nine-tenths of the^wool is' used hy faihilies in a domesti'c
way •, prices have been so low within the last three, years that farmers
are not inchned to increase their flpcks ; the existing tariff operates greatly
against . the farmer, and greatly in favor of the manufacturer. Such in-
justice should not he sanctioned hy law ; the rich few should not he fostered
and benefited at the expense of the many. Coarse wools are now im-
ported at a nominal duty, coming into competition with the common wool
of the United States ; woolens are protected by a duty of 40 per ccwi.
Why should capital be so fostered and protected by this heavy duty,
and by the same authority of law the capitalist, the manufacturer, receive
his supplies of the raw material free of duty, or nearly so? The farmers pro-
duce common wool; they are the great consumers of goods made by the
manufacturer, who gpts his supplies of coarse wool at a very low nopninal
duty, crowding out the wool of the farmer; and the manufacturer protected
by a duty of 40 per cent.! This iniquity should no longer exist.
Harrodshurg. From i^berfB. McAfee,.
’ I
1. Corn, hemp, wheat, lye, oats, grass, horses, mules, cattle, hogs,
sheep, &c. South of Green river, tobacco is the staple. :
2. Nineteen-twentieths of the capital of the State is employed in
agriculture.
4. The annual average profit on the capital employed in farming
scarcely ever exceds 6 per cent.; and for the last three years it has not
been 3 per cent., being about the price of the corn fed to our stock, at
seventy-five cents a barrel.
7. The tariff of 1842 has not in any, measure enhanced the profits
or the sale of any article produced by the farming classes ; and facts
prove that, from 1833 to 1840, the farmer received better prices than at
$ any time since; and it is certain that, in. Kentucky, the tariff of 1842
has enhanced the price of cotton and woolen goods, growing" out of the.
duties imposed, as well as ih& minimum and Aximum principle adopted
in that act, which, although it may prevent some frauds by the importer,
yet operates injuriously on the consumer.
8. Enough for ourselves and five or six States besides. The prices;
for the last three years have been asbefore stated. Cattle have averaged
from 2 to 3J cents per poupd, and. horses and mules low in proportion.
No tariff" which has ever been passed has had any protective influence
upon our agricultural productions, except from 1833 to 1840 ; it gave, us
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M— ^Continued .
a better and more ready market in the South. Most- of the cottoir and
woolen goods have increased in price since 1842, while everything the
farmer has had to sell has fallen. Hemp and iron are the only articles
in Kehtucky which have claimed protection to any extent, and the sup-
ply has been so much greater than the demand that the first has not been
afieeted ; and, as to the latter, I Cannot say what influence the tariff has
had. . . ' •’
, The tariff of 1842 had a tendency to drive thousands of barrels of
flour from the South American markets, (by the reduction on sugar,) as
I well as ipork and bacon, as a prohibitory duty on these articles was laid
by that country by way of retaliation, &C.
Prospect Hill. From A. Beatty.
1. The staple agricultural products for exportation are tobacco, hemp,
and flour ; .to these may be added wheal, barley, live stock, bacon, salted
beef and pork, and large quantities Of corn, which is nearly all used for
bread and feeding stock.
7. Tariff laws, by , encouraging manufactures, and thus creating a
■ home market for agricultural products, in aid of the foreign market, have
undoubtedly a favorable effect upon the prices of such products. A
stable and well-regulated currency has also a favorable influence, by ,
producing steadiness and fair prices in the market. ■ '
8. This State raises a sufficient supply of horses, mules, hogs, and
cattle, and oY meats mid other, provisions of all kinds, for its own use,
and a large surplus of each of those articles for export.
■ 11. Besides the agricultural products, before mentioned, the State ex-
ports large quantities of cotton bagging, bale rope, twine, and other
cordage, jeans for negro clotliing, vvool, lard, tallow, beeswax, feathers,
and various amall articles, such as skins, furs, &c. .
12. The chief competition met from foreign countries is in the article
of cotton bagging. The duty on the foreign article has tended, veiy
powerfully, to restrain its importation and to encourage the home pro-
duct. But as dcnuiM and supply ate 'the chief ingredients which regu-
late pi’ice, and as -prodTictmi, in consequence of the duty on the foreign
article, has increased more rapidty than the demand, the tendency has
been to decrease rather than increase the price , of bagging ; and hence the
article has been considerably lower since the tariff of 1842 than before.
This reduction in price has been in part eaused by the great improve-
ment in machinery for spinning hemp and weaving cloth for cotton
bagging.' Thus, .while the consumer has been beiiefited by a great
reduction in price, the country has profited by a greatly enlarged de-
mand for one of its principal staples — ^hemp.
14. The manufacturing •esfablishments of this State are chiefly iron
foundries, forgea, slitting and rolfing mills, manufaCtoiies for steamboat
machinery, &c.-, flouring 'mills, oil mills, &c., bagging factories, factories
for jeaiis, carpeting, &c., and for spinning wool and cotton. . Has no
means of estimating the capital invested.- The existing duties are essen-
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tial to the successful operations of all these factories, except flouring and
oil mills.
26. Manufacturing establishments are beneficial to the agricultural
interest. This . State has greatly prospered- under the tariff' of 1842,
because it has given stability and firmness to cotnmercial pursuits; and
fair prices to agricultural products. Though prices have been moderate,
yet there has been a brisk demand for them ; and the confidence inspired
by that tariff has given assurance that no sudden revulsion in commer-
cial affairs could be reasonably expected. Any considerable reduction
of the present duties would have a disastrous influence upon the. inter-
ests of agriculture.
27. Has no dat>a from which to estimate the quantity of wool raised in
this State, other than the last census. Mason County, besides supplying
several small factories, exports about 10,000, pounds of fine wool annu-
ally. For several years previous to the tariff of 1842, merino -wool,
washed on the sheep, was worth 25 cents in‘ Kentucky. After the pas-
sage of that act it gradually rose to 35, for which it sold last year. Since
the agitation of the question of the repeal or reduction of the tariff of
1842, the price has again fallen to 25. 'cents per pound.
TENNESSEE. . ,
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Bolivar, Hardeman County. From Hugh Harkins^ Postmaster.
1. In this portion of the State, cotton. ^ -
2. Threerfourths, or all, except that portion engaged in making
subsistence.
. 3. Entirely so.
4. Five per cent., or about that.
5. From 5 to 7 and 8 per cent.'
e; Crop of 1832, 10 1833, lOj; 1834, 15; 1835, 15; 183'6, 12;
1837, 8J;: 1838, 13; 1839, 7; 1840, 9f; 1841, 6 — average lOf cents;
each good hand cleared $110..
7. Does not know. ' .
8. It raises its supply of everything. .
9. They do. ,
10. They are about same prices, but are higher, considering the facil-
ities for producing them by improved machinery.
11, 12, 13. Not answered.
14. There are but a few manufactories in this part of the State, and they
are cotton factories, that make yarn alone for supplying families ; the
writer only speaks as one of the county, and he asks nb protection.
Profit none. . - ■ , -
15. Do nothing in that way.
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16 to 19. Not answered.
20., Sugar, cotton, and woolen goods, and hardware generally.
22. Coffee, tea, &e.; 12 per Gent, ad valorem.
26. They do not benefit the agriculturist, but might be modified on
the articles mentioned in the 20th answer so as to benefit the farmer.
The people are prosperous, but it is from industry alone; owe nothing
to the tariff’ law of 1842 for it. .
' 27, 28. Not answered. ; '
I ■ ; , ■
Paris. From Thomas K. Porter, Postmaster.
1. The principal agricultural products are corn, cotton, and tobacco,
(these are the great staples for export;) hemp, wheat, and some of the
minor grtuns are also produced.
, 2. Three-fourthspf the capita.1 of the State is invested in agriculture.
. 3. Largely and intimately.
4, 5. Not answered. .
6. The average price of corn' has been about the same during both
periods-T-^say SI per bbl. Cotton, during the forrner period, about 9
cents; during the latter, cents. Tobacco has varied greatly during
both periods; the average price has been about 4 cents. The net in-
come of agricultura.1 labor per hand is now better than it was previous to
1842, for while the staples maintain neariy the old prices the expenses
are vastly diminished by the great reduction in price of all manufactured
gootls, and of almost every article the fartner and planter have to buy,
7. ' The prices of most articles, were greatly increased during the first
period by the inflated currency; and ' manufactured goods of all kinds
have been greatly reduced in price since 1842, by. competition produced
by the reliance on the continuance of the tariff’ act of J 842.
8. This State produces an ample supply of all the articles mentioned,
and a large surplus for the consumption of the States south of it.
9. He thinks so.
10. Yes, lower.
11. Yes, it exports, in addition to its agricultural products, iron and
spun cotton to several of the States; both articles have, fallen in price
since 1842, but the aggregate amount in v.alue haS been greatly increased
in the same period; of the first article, through the protection afforded
by the tariff’; of the latter, mainly fi'om the increased capital of the
country seeking the best modes of irivestment,
12. Most of the cotton and tobacco produced in this State goes to
foreign , countries, where of course, they compete with similar productions
of other States and of other countries. Tire balance of the question he
has not the means of answering.
,13. Is clearly' of opinion that a country cannot safely and profitably
continue to import a greater amount of goods than it exports; but, on the
contra’ y, he sees no reason \yhy it- should, not export a much greater
amount tb n it imports, (except the precious metals,) — look at Great
Britain, and China as examples. .
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M — Continued.
14. . There are several iron-works, furnaces, forges, and rolling-mills ;
also cotton-spinning factories, and a few factories at which coarse cotton
and woolen cloths are made; cannot give the numhen, or capital invested.
The present duties are considered indispensable to the profitahle prose-
cution of the iron business.
15. Steamboat building is just beginiiing to taJte root at Nashville;
16. Not answered. ..
17. In his opinion it would increase that of the whole country, and, by
consequence, of this State.
18-to 26. Not answered...
27. Cannot say what quantity.
. . 28. ■ A considerable number of iron mines are worked in the State.
Bar' iron previous to 1842 was generally about $100 to $120 per ton; it
is now $75 to $80 per ton.. ' .
Nashville. From Thomas D. Mdsely, U. S. District Attorney., S'nclosing
answers from Willuvm Williams.
1. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, peas, .potatoes, hay, hemp, cotton, and
tobacco.
2. Cannot say certainly, but supposes nine-tenths of the populatioh
to be connected in some manner with agriculture.
3. Mainly ; but receives, tts to commerce and navigation,. sOtne aid
from adjoining States. • ,
4. Not answered.
■ 5. Cannot say ; but his business was then much better — say 50 per
cent.
. 7, He supposes to the average of the import tax pn cotton cloths has
the raw material been depressed, say 50 to 60 per cent.
8. Yes; and some to spare to citizens of other States, and foreigners.'
9. Cannot say how the merchant manages his matters; but if he
does not impose on the planter, his profits should be lessened to about
the same extent. '
10. The protected articles are higher in price, compared with the raw
material, than they were before the operation of the present tariff. Can-
not say ho'w much the planter is oppressed, but believes it to be the
aiiiount of the imposts above 20 per cent.'
11. Not to his know ledge j except perhaps a little spun cotton.
T2. A vetylange proportion of the cotton and tobacco is exported;
only' about 1 to 50 of cotton is consumed at home ; perhaps not so much
as 1 to 50 of tobacco is used here. Cotton and tobacco are. governed in
price by the foreign market. .•
13. YVould say yes, unquestionably.
14. There are five or six factories to spin cottOn, and one or two
weave cottons and linseys ; several others are soon to be put in operation.
If they cannot flourish at 20 per cent, advantage over the foreign fabric,
with the raw material at home, and : no freight to pay, they .should not
be sustained. . '
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15. Some years past two or three steamboats were built at Nashville.
It is said they are now built on better terins on the Ohio. Upwards ‘of
$100,000. are sent from Nashville for steamboats; knows nothing of the .
business, but thinks bolts, &c., a.re. outrageously high in consequence of
the high imposts.
16 to 19. 'Cannot answer. '
20. Does not think that plain -cotton or coarse woolens could be
imported, except. at a ruinous loss. ■
21. The minimums he^ considers a great imposition ; the more obnox-
ious to censure because they operate on the poor and ignorant chiefly ;
they also injure the cotton growers.
22. Dye-stuffs might be taxed; if salt, sugar, and iron cannot be ex-
empted from imposts, can. see no reason why coffee and tea should be.
23. The articles freed to the manufacturer do not seem -to lessen the
price of inanufactures to the consumer.
24. Cannot answer. -
25. He thinks that plain cottons and coarse woolens, especially suited
to negro clothing and clothing for 'poor laboi'ers, cbuld not be imported
under the present tariff.
26. No; he is injured, and to the amount of the impost. But the'
planter consents to a duty of 2P'per cent, or moxe, fairly laid on impor-
tations, necessary ior the. support of the Government, rather than ut
shouldrRave to resort to direct taxation. A ,
27. None for export; a: superior quality of wool commands at home
from 20 to 25 cents,
28. Iron may be made to any extent, and of superior quality; prices
better since 4842.
OHIO.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 1.^
Hamilton County, From Antfumy Harknessi
1. Ohio; Hamilton county.
2. Engine shop and foundry ; steam power. .
3. ' In 1828. An individual concern,
4. $100,000, ,
5. $75, OOO'per annum.
6. Annual rate of profit 5 , per cent, on capital invested ; none
borrowed. ■ ■ . : • ' '
7. Prosperity or otherwise of the commercial , interest. .
8. No answer. ' ,
9. Cannot say as- to the first part of the interrogatory. Description
is, engines for steamboats, sugar mill machinery, and the common mill
machinery of the country. .
VoL. V. — ■35, '
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REPORTS OF THE
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10. About 1,000 tons of different kinds of iron ; yearly value $50,000.
No foreign oroducts.
Ox
Hi No answer. ■
12. Men 100. Average wages $6 per week.
13. Ten hours throughout the year.
14. Rate of wages for similar' classes 75 cents per day. In other
countries from 20 to 30 cents.
15. None.
16. Find a market from Mobile, Alabama, to Mairietta, Ohio.
17. No answer. - , ,
18. Principally in the Mississippi valley.
19. None. ^ :
20. On an average credit of four months by the manufacturer.
21. Cost fluctuating, general tendency downwards; materials and
labor in different years vary 10 per cent. ;
22. No answer. '
23. In 1840 sugar mills were imported into New Orleans from Eng-
• land, therefore httle was done in this concern, ' Only 40 men were
employed. Now meeting with no competition in Louisiana fropi similar,
articles from foreign countries. ■
24. No answer. -
25. Answered in 6th. , ^ .
26. About five-eighths; three-eighths for wages, including 5 per cent,
profit on capital. '
27. Four hundred persons can be maintained out of the -wages earned'
in this concern.
28. Cannot say how much is produced in the United States. About ,
$1,000,000 worth manufactured annually in Cincinnati, and about as
much more annually in the State of Ohio.
29. If reduced to 12J per cent., it would cause an abandonment of
business. .■
30. No answer. - ■
31. More profitable to purchase and cultivate land.
32. The manufactures of salt and iron in remote points are out of for-
eign competition to an extent of about 5 per cent, in their favor, in a
circle of 1,000 miles in extent. ,
33 to 36. No answers. '
37. Almost the entire. ,
38 to 40. No answers. ,
Hamilton County. From James Goodlow.
1. Ohio; Hamilton county.
2. Foundry and engine shopi
3. In 1826. Steam power.
4; Capital invested $35,000 ; in machinery $10,000..
5. Average amount in materials 'and in cash $60,000.
6. No answer. -
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18454 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 54t
M — Continued.
P '
7. General state of the country. ,
8. No answer.
9. Cannot tell the amount; the descriptions are enginesj boilersj/mill
works of va:rious kinds, sugar mills, &c., &c.
10. Value of materials, $60,000 artnuallyi No foreign products except
cast steel and fileSi The English iron is not of much account,; being
inferior. ' . - .
11. No answer. ;
,12. Men employed, sixty average. Mechanics’ wages $I 50 per day;
laborers S5 per week. ' -
13. Ten hours a, day throughout the year.
14. About the sanie rate of wages for similar classes in this county
and State. Do not know as to other States, or foreign countries.
15. None. ,
16. The manufacturers find a market principally in Cincinnati ; but
many of them find a market in the Southern (States.
, 17. No foreign competition at present.
18. Consumed in the valleys of the Ohio and MississippL
19. No exportation, except a few articles to Cuba^
20. Sold generally for one-half cash, and a credit of twelve months on
the remainder.
21. Cost fluctuating. The present ypar stock is high, the demand
being greater than usual.
22. Prices vary every year. ( Some years the price for building an engine
will be $10,000;^ at other rtimes , $14,000..
23. No foreign competition.. - - .
■24. No .answer,
25- Annual rate of profits above 5 per cent. Not a joint-stock com- ’
pany. . ' • _ , , , ' ■
26. Gok of manufactures about five-eighths stock, and. three-eighths
labor and profits.
, 27. Men are paid in cash On Saturday nights, and ■whatthey purchase
they consume.
28. Manufactures produced in Cincinnati exceed, perhaps, $1,000,000.
Cannot say what amount elsewhere.
29 to 31. No answers. - * ,
32. The western manufactures of salt and iron are greater than the
consumption. No foreign competition in either of the'se articles, except
coarse salt. ,
33. Answered in 4 and 5, No borro-wed capital,
34 to 40. No ans\vers.
Hamilton County, From Frederick Myers.
1. Ohio, Hamilton county.
'2. Edge-tool factory ; water, powers ' ®
3. In 1834. An individual Concern. '
4. Capital invested in ground, building, &c., about. $5, 000.;
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— Continued.
5. Amount in materials, cash, &Ci, $1^000.
. 6. Annual rate of profit about 25 per cent. None borrowed.
' 7. Cause of increase, general prosperity of the country, and its
reverse. ■ , .
8. No. answer. ■ '
9. Cannot state the amount. All kinds of edge-tools, ship carpenters’’
, tools, axes, coopers’ tools, &c. Value of all kinds about $5,000 annually.
10. Quantity of raw materials used annually about 7 tons of iron and
2 tons of steel. Th'eriron is domestic, the steel foreign. ,
1 1. Domestic maiiufactures about one-fourth higher thari foreign, being
superior. '
12. Eight men employed. Wages from $5 to $12 per week;
13. Not employed by the day but the piece, and employed through- '
out the year., . ■ , ' - ' ■
; 14. No answer, ' .
15. None.
16. A portion in this city, and. the remainder west and southwest.
17. Considerable foreign competition.
18. Throughout, the Mississippi valley.
19. None exported, except a few to Mexico.
20. Some for cash; the balance on a credit of 4 months-. . .
21. Cost of the manufactured articles uniform.
22. Prices 20 per cent, lower than when first established.
23. An increase- of duty on the manufactured: article— say 10 per
cent. ; and a reduction of 10 per cent. on . the raw material. ■ , ,
24. No answer.
' 25. Annual rate of profits, 20 per cent. ; not a joint-^stock company.
26. Cost ofthe-rawmaterial,:5-l0ths;; labor, 3-lOths ; profits, 2-1 Oths'.
27. No answer, ;
28. Cannot say as to the amount in the United States; about $50,000
annually in the city and county, and about as much more in the State. .
29. If the’dufy were reduced to 12 J per cent., the manufacturer would
abandon, &c,
30. Cannot say. .
31. Cannot ascertain. ' ' .
32. Does not know, ■ '
, 33. No boiTO-wed capital; ; .
34 to 40. No answers. . ,
Hamilton County.^ From Henry Fmrce.:
1. Ohio, Hamilton county.,
2. Cotton gins, cotfon-spirthing machines, portable mills, hemp or
bagging machinery, and machinery in general ; water power.
. 3. In 1838. ' . '
4, Capital in ground, building, and -water power, $15,000.
5, Average of active means, about $12,000. : .
, 6 to 11. No Emswers. . - • .
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1845.],
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
549
M— Continued. .
12. .Varies from 40, to 60 persons; average wages, $1 50 per day; „
13. Ten hours air the year.
14. No answer. ' p
15. None. , ■ o ,
16. Manufactures find a. mailcet in Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi,
Arkansas, and Eouisiana.
17. None that we know of.
' 18. Answered in 16.
19. , Nothing. . . , : ,
20 to 29. No answers.
30. Does not know.
31 to 40.. No answers. • ■
Hamilton County. From— — KendalL .
1. Ohio, Hamilton county. ■ - . -
2. Pottery.
3. In 1829, for stone ware; 1839, for yellow ware.
.4. $12,000.
5. Materials, 'from $1,600 to $1,800 per annum; wages, $3,000 per
annum. ^ >
6. Not to exceed lO per cent. ' '■
1. In one year made $9,000, but when the United States Bank
stopped payment, made but $1,500 per year.
■ , S. No answer.
9. Value of all kinds about $4,000 annually; ■
10. Raw materials for the last six years worth on an average $1,500
a year.; all domestic,.;
. 11. Cannot tell. - . .
12. Three men, seven boys ; men’s wages $1 ; boys, 33 cents per
day;' , ■ ■ . ;
,13. Ten hours a dp-y ; several weeks in the year idle.
14. No answer. '
T5. Two horses. , , / ;■
16. Air over the West; hard to find a market at that.
17. Foreign articles enter into competition about one-half.
18. In the valley of the Mississippi. ^ .
■19. None. - ; ^
, 20. For cash, or credit at 90 days.
21. Cost of the manufactured article uniform;
22. A general decline since established ; decrease in last 12 months,
in price of yellow ware one-fourth, and in stone ware one-sixth.
23. About 40 per cent. ; nothing less. , ■ , . ,
24. No answer.
25. Not more than 10 per cent.,; no dividend made.
26. Six-tenths for labor, three-tenths for materials, and one-tenth
27. No answer.
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28. One other pottery in thje pounty ; cannot say how many in the
State or United States.
29. Manufacturer would abandon his business.
30. No answer.
31. In building dwelling-hpus.e.s,
32. 33. No answers.
34. No reduction.,
35, 36. No answer.
37. About one^half yellow ware.
'38 to 40. No answers.
Note. — The above returns received by thei Department from P.
Collins, Surveyor, &c., Cincinnati, ,in a letter dated September 25th;
1845, who states’ that he . had applied to the different manufacturers,
regardless of party distinctions, for answers to the questions, but had
found a general unwillingness to furnish the desired information.
ANSWERS TO eiRCTLAR No.
Lower Sandusky. From R. Dickenson.
, 1. Wheat, corn, pork, ,Q.ats, potatoes, butter, cheese, tobacco, wool,
&c. Wheat and corn are the great staples ; the former mostly converted
into flour, the latter into pork and beef.
, 2. Capital employed in agriculture may be estimated at 1300,000,000;
in mines, commerce, and manufactures, estimated at 160,000,000 1 capU
tal employed in agriculture being thus five-sixths of the whole amount
employed. '
3. AU the interests named are connected with, and dependent on,
agriculture. The .commerce of the lakes, rivers, and canals, consists of
transporting the agricultural productions of the State. These have
created her commerce and navigation, and are almost the only productive
industry of the State that will sustain other interests.
4. Average profits on capital employed on well-conducted farms,
for the last three years, in Ohio, after deducting incidental expenses, will
not amount to 3 per cent. The’ prospects of agriculturists are extremely
discouraging. ; , ■
5. The annual profits of capital employed as above,, fiom 1832 to
1842, from 4 to 6 per cent. • , '
6. Tfie price of wheat,, from 1832 to 1842, at the lake .shore; in Ohio,
about $1 per bushel ; from 1842 to 1845, about 70 cents per bUsheh I
am not able to say what the. average annual income per hand or laborer
was during those, periods, btit it will coiTespond rriostly with the prices
fixed to wheat. . .. ■
7. During the periods referred to, the agricultural interests of Ohio
have been more affected by the short crops and an inflated and redundant
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 551
M — Continued.
pa,per eurrency than by the tariff. By these causes, during 'the years
1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, and 1840, speculators were , enabled to control '
the prices of wheat, flour, and pork, so that these articles commanded
extravagantly high prices, which, creating a spirit of speculation, resulted
in the ruin of many, and embarrassed the whole community ; this embar-
rassment is still felt. These evils may be traced to the high tariff of
1828 .and 1832, which'led to an expanded paper currency, and the em-
barrassment and ruin of large numbers of our citizens.
^ 8. Ohio raises a sufficient supply of horses, mules,’ hogs, cattle, meats,
and ether provisions.
9. They are, and do.
10. The average prices of what are called the protected articles, im-
mediately after the tariff of 1841 went into operation, advanced from
10 to 20 per cent., without any ' con'esponding rise in the price of agri-
cultural products. The consequent effect has been to diminish the amount
of purchases of protected ai ticles, and reduced the business and income
. on our public works. The ability to purchase depends upon the ability
* ' to pay,- and the ability to pay with the produce depends upon the quantity
and prices obtained. Hence, the' enhanced price of protected articles.,
without any cprresponding rise in agricultural products^ decreases the
I demand for these articles by lessening the ability to purchase. That .
such is'the present situation of the great mass of the farmers of Ohio,
none can deny. . '
■ 11. Exports pig iron to sonie extent, but the amount not known. Ex-
I ports, also, lumber, furs, peltries, pot and pearl ashes, &c. . ' '
* 12. Probably one-third ; the larger portion is consumed in the United
States. The flour, wheat, corn, and pork, shipped directly to foreign
countries, go to Canada; a,nd those which are shipped indirectly go to
Great Britain and her dependencies, Brazil, South America, Spanish
r islands, &c. In all these markets the agricultural prod nets thus exported
meet similar articles from other producing countries; and the prices of
^ the staples of Ohio are governed by the foreign, demand. The high
f duties imposed by the present tariff enhance the cpsts of production in
nearly the same proportion that it increases the cost of the protected
article ; Gonsequently it lessens the ability of the agriculturist to produce
'cheaply, and to meet and compete successfully in the market with the
producers from other grain-growing countries.
Two-thirds of the cost of production of wheat consists of labor, and
I the price of thisclabor is, to a coiisiderable extent, regulated by the price
(' of the protected article. Ten per cent, on the value of wheat, and aU
other articles of export. from Ohio, wiU not be an extravagant calculation
for the tax that -the high duties imposed by .the present tariff lessens our
abihty to meet successfully compe'tition from foreign countries.
13. The imports of no cduntry can long exceed the exports in value,
I without impoverishing the same ; nor will the laws of trade' permit it to
export, for any great length of time, an amount in value greater than its
• imports. Our high prohibitive tariff must, therefore, eventually affect and
lessen our exports. The commerce of the world is carried on by the
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552 . REPORTS OF THE [1845.
V M— Continued.
exchange of orie aiticle for another, money being only used as the measures
of value. If our: high prohibitive tariff prevents importations, it must in
the' same ratio reduce our exports. . ' . -
14. No answer. ' ■
15. Our citizens, both. on the lakes and rivers, al'e, extensively engaged
in ship-building and navigation. The capital invested is large, amount-
ihg probably to |li000,000. . These interests are affected by the tariff
laws much in the same ma,nner with the agricultural interests of the State,
but not to the same extent. The poOr farmer, like the consurner, has
the bill to pay for the high prices of iron, cordage, and labor, by means
of the enhanced. pi'ice of transportation. . .
' 16. The capital invested in Commerce^ although large, bears but a
Small proportion to that invested in agriculture. The, sarne blighting
effects of the' tariff are apparent in 'the comrnercial interests of .the State,
as are felt in agriculture. The high tariff' and taxes are operating as a
constant'dfain upon the resources of, the State, carrying off and depositing
iii those large commercial sinks on the Atlantic all that the sm^L foun-
tains of labor in the Wesp can furnish,
17 to 25. No answers. . ' ’ ’ -
26, The present duties do not benefit those engaged in growing the
agricultural products; nor can they- be modified so as to benefit the pro-
ducers, except by reducing them. The great mass of our citizens are
daily growing poorer— less able to meet their engagements.; less able to
engage in improyernents. Every one feels it. Why is this? It is the
low prides we receive for what we sell, and the high prices we .pay fdr
■what we buy. The farmer, the merchEmt, the mechanic, all feel it ; the .
State feels it. The only way to correct it is to exact and collect an ad
valorem tax upon all imports ; tax all imports alike, and reduce that tax
to a revenue standard.
27, 28, The amount of wool is rapidly increasing ; probably 6,000,000
pounds now produced annually. Average price for the last three years
thirty-three cents per pound. Cannot say what thp price per pound for
the ten years preceding 1842.
We ha’ve coal.andiron niines in abundance in Ohio. At least 20,000
tons of pig iron is produced annually in this Statp. : The price has ad-
vanced since 1.842 from 118 to $25 per ton. Further I cannot say.
Ma^sUlon, StarhCminty, Front Samuel McCavghey, Postmaster.
1. Wheat, rye, oats, corn, flaxseed,, beef, and pork; neither cotton,
rice, gor tobacco raised for export. , i
2. Nineteen-twentieths of the ca.pital invested in agriculture,
3. The commercial interests are. dependent upon the .agricultural.
4. The annual profits on the capital invested in agriculture in the;
wheat-growing regipns wiU riot exceed one per, cent, for the last three
years.,
5. The annual ptofits for the ten year's preceding 1842 will exceed -,-
— per cent. , . , ' ■ / 1
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.1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. ^ • 553
M — Continued.
,6. Average price of wheat in this market for the last three years has
been about 65 cents ; &r the nine years previous from 90 cents to' II.
7. The effect upon prices and profits, as produced by the tariff, de-
’ pends upon the effects thereof upon the foreign demand, and , a change
which took place three years since as to the introduction of American
wheat into Canada. • '
8. : This State' produces a full supply, and asurplus, of horses, mules,
hogs, cattle, and provisions.
9. All these interests are connected with, and dependent upon, agri-
. culture. , , • ■ . . . '
10 to 12. No answers. , . '
13. We caamot buy more than, we sell.
,14. Ohio has manufacturing estabhshmehts employed chiefly in the
fabrication of domestic woolens; and, if affected at all by the tariff,
*■ unfavorably, owing to the unusual activity given to the establishments of
the Atlantic States, which Crowd their Stuffs into the West in exchange
■ ' for wool,’ aided by a cash capital not 'possessed by the small operators
at, the West. , ^ ■ ;
15. ' No ship-building.
16. Cannot answer. ; i; I: ■ '
17 to 25. No answers. ^
26. Any. modification that will enlarge, the foreign 'demand for our.
Staples, will. benefit.our interests. ■ : ;
' .'27, ■ No answer.'.
28, Iron and coal mines are worked in Ohio, but. hot to an extent
I ' exceeding the consumption of the State. '
Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, on the effect of the Tariff ^1842 on
tJie agricultural: and other interests of the West, by a comrhittee Of the Demo-
■ cratic Convention of Hamilton County, Ohio.
,P. Collins, Surveyor, Cincinnati, Ohio, transmits the accompanying
printed letter, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury, “ on the
effect of the tariff of 1842.’’
The annual Democratic County Convention met at Carthage ph Sat-
urda,y, 30th August, 1845 j at Reiser’s tavern, at ten o’clock, a. m. ■
Wi M. Corry offered the following preamble and resolutions: ,
1 Whereas the LegislatUfe of the State of ; Ohio passed a law last win-
ter to create a multitude' of banks; and whereas such a measure 'was
■not demanded by the people of the State, but was in opposition to the
knowh opinions of the Deiriocratic 'partyj and was Avithout any sanc-
tion of the great body of .the Whigs: and
Whereas the law, d permitted to operate, .will cause a great revolu-
tion in 'the business, property, labor, and habits of the people, and
change many of the most important existing relations of society and
goyernihent : and
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REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M^Continued.
Whereas, on such occasions, it is the duty as well as right of the people
to assemble to deliberate on what is to be done, and to pronounce their
judgment in the most solemn and authoritative manner : therefore, have
the people, by their delegates composing this Convention, and on due 1
consultation, 1
Q. 1. Resolved, That the establishment, of banks by law, for the issue of
paper money, has the effect of creating exclusive paper currency, and «
of expelling gold and silver money fronti the State: for although paper
money may be made redeemable in coin on demand, yet, as it is the
interest of bankers to prevent it from returning to them for specie, they
always contrive to make it circulate at such a distance from the place
of issue as to put it out of the power of the greater mass to present it
for. rederpption. • ' .
. 2. Resolved, That.the experiment of substituting papier, instead of gold
and silver, for cash, is an attempt to make a very cheap material answer '
the purposes of a dear one, arid is the same experiment often tried by
tyrants when they, have undertaken to debase the currency by clipping
or adulterating the, coin. Both are expedients for robbing the people,
by depreciating property, and by confounding the relations of debtor
and creditor, labor and capital. Tbe profit of the operation was for-
merly realized by the king, now it is obtained by the banker. '
3. Resolved, That the power of coining actual money and regulating
its value, although a sovereign power of great consequence, is utterly
insignificant compared with the power of regulating the , currency by
issues of bank paper ; ,the power of making paper money not only nulli-
fies that of coining-gold and silver, but it is a power over the prices of
property and labor', a control over credit and business, which enables
the banker to confiscate the wealth of the community, and to: influence
the opinions and conduct of every man by the alnuost irresistible force
of pecuniary interest. , ' -
4. RcsoZrcd, That a banking system is therefore of itself a simple des-
potism ruling by the agency of sordid motives, and of all the passions
and appetites of which money is the slave. That such a government,
so strong and so bad, is conferred on men whose quaJifica-tion is money,
whilst the labor of the country, which produces two-thirds of its weedth, ,
is entirely disfranchised and excluded from this new form of government
to which its rights and interests are subjected.
5. Resolved, That the policy of a metallic; currency has been tested by
the experience of all the ages which have elapsed since man discovered
the necessity of money, On the contrary, all systems -of paper currency
ever yet contrived have failed, and in their inevitable overthrow have
entailed more distress and loss, and perpetrated more robbery and fraud
than would colonize a, continent with convicts arid paupers. Nor have
we seen in the Whig Legislature of last year any symptoms of a wisdom
superior to the paper-mongers who have gone before them — -but a com-
pound rather of all the shallow schemes of their predecessors.
6. Resolved, That liberty consists in .the utmost freedom of individual
will, individual action, and individual responsibility. That to securev
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555
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M-’-Continued.
this is the- proper object of government. That the genius of despotism
always airns at-the transfer of power from' man in his individual to men
in their collective capacity; hence the first object is to concentrate the
utmost power in government^the next is’ the creation of an aristoc-
racy, by letters patent or acts of incorporation, both aiming at the estab-.
lishment of a permanent order, with hereditary or corporate succession,
endowed with privileges and exemptions, and invested with a monopoly
of some great source of power and profit in tfie community. Hence all
the reforms of modern government have consisted in wresting power
from men in their collective capacity, to restore it to man in his individ-
ual capacity. - ■
7. -ResoZwed, That feudal aristocracy was founded on sounder and
nobler principles than the corporate aristocracy of the present day. The
powers and privileges of ancient baronage were' conferred in considera-
tion, avowedly, of eminent ability, virtue, or public service, and were
held on condition of rendering extraordinary aid to the -State. But
corporate privileges, and even the great pubhc trust of regulating the
currency, are now conferred on men. without any pretensions to ability,
public Service, or even any guarantee of probity, but upon the sole condi-
tion of subscribing stock : thus delegating the most fearful and irrespon-
sible power over the industry and. property of the land to those whom
accident or artifice may have giyen the sole qualification.
8. Resofoed, That the corporate privilege of concentrated means,
limited' liability, and protracted' succession beyond the casualties and
conditions of individual action, ought not to be conferred on money,
which is one of the forces of society, already too influential to be duly
restrained by mdral and intellectual -power, which can derive no advan-
tages from corporate existence.
' 9. RcsoZwd, That, before the bank law of last winter j the people of
Ohio were making rapid progress in prosperity, notwithstanding the
recent extinction of the greater part of their previous banks. The people
had discovered, by the sudden cessation of half the banks in 1842,
without reducing prices or impeding improvement, that banks were not
required for the useful purposes of trade and industry, and the remain-
ing banks might have expired, and with them all agitation of the currency
question, and consequent disturbance and uncertainty of business. But
the Whig Legislature has resolved to tinker the currency again, to renew
agitation, to reestablish instability, and to destroy confidence, by bring-
ing back all the discordant elements of fluctuation.
10. jResoZtod, That the attempt to. raise prices by the creation of banks
is- equally impracticable and disastrous. If the prices of produce in
Ohio should be advanced- by the new banks, all who buy such produce,
even if citizens of Ohio themselves, would resort to, neighboring States
to make their purchases, and Ohio produce would accumulate until it
should fall in price again or rot. If the price of labor in Ohio were
increased above that of other States, how could we sell the produce of
that labor as low as, other States? . .And if we could not sell as low as
they, we could not sell at all. - If the prices of merchandise imported
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into the State were advanced nior'e thah elsewhere, we should soon be
filled with the goods of other States and foreign countries, and all pur
hard money be taken away in' paynienti
11. Resolved, That the pdblic revenue of Ohio amounts each year to
more than two millions. To acbept bank notes in payment thereof is to
lend the banks that sum of the people’s money without interest-— priv-
ilege for which the; banker pays no equivailent, whilst he exacts interest
from every one pf the people who borrowS 'Of him, so that he makes the
people pay interest on . two rriillions of their own money. The whole
circulation of the banks, whilst in the hands, of- the people, is in fact a
loan from the holder tp the banks, amounting on an average to five or six
millions ; and on these loans the banks receive an interest of about half
a milHpn annually.; , v '
12. Resolved, That inasmuch as the paper money ;systern is not only
useless, but unprofitable, immoral, unsafe, and despotic, it becomes the
duty of the State to abstain from giving it countenance in future by
taking. paper as rnpney in the collection of State revenue. It is neither
right, nor proper, nor democratic, for a government of the people to
take for, money the promises of , a small class of the people, .and that
class the rich, and refuse the promises of the great ; rnass who live by
their labor. ■ . ■■ ■ '■ ' ■
13. Resolved, That the existence of paper mioney being thus an evil of
such magnitude, public morals and public policy require the Legislature
to prohibit courts of justice in future front sarictioning or enforcing any
contract or transaction in s.uch a currency.
14,. ' Resolved, That the repeal of .the. bank law of Dhib, the collection
of the revenue of the Statb in gold and silver, and the legislative and
judicial invalidation of all future transactions in paper money,, will free
the people pf Ohio of the curse of a pdper currency, either from - their
own or the banks of surrounding States,; and will, in oUr day, bring on
“ a golden age.” ■ ' ' ' ' ' ^
15. Resolved, .Thdt an organized, concentrated, and privileged money
power is one of deadly hostility to hberty ; that the Democracy of Ohio
has too long tolerated such an interest, from a mistaken and dangerous
spirit of compromise and expediency ; that the hour has at length arrived
to decide whether, this shall be a government of persons Or of property,
of men or money; that we therefore repudiate any further concession to
■ the enemy in any form or reform of banking, experierice haying proven
all such measures, to be unsafe or ineffectual. Democracy, therefore, calls
on all her sons to stand by the comtitutioruil cutrency; and whosoever shall
falter or betray the cause in this great crisis of its. fate j shall be henceforth and
forever am outcast and exile from Democratic confidence and honor.
And the preamble and resolutioris passed unanimously.
W. Ml Corry offered the following resolution on the tariff of 18.42:
Resolved, That we are opposed to the tariff of 1842, Or- any other pro-
tective tariff, because we helieve—-' ' • .. -
1. That Congress has ho. constitutional power to bestow the favor of
the Gpverrirnent on one branch of industry; more than another. ;
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2'. That such a policy is unwise- aiid unprofitable.^, as individual enter-
prise and sagacity are the surest guides to the profita,ble employment of
capitcil and labor. . ■ , .
' . 3.- That the tariff of 1.842 is not only an invidious and‘ unjust discrimi-
nation between different classes of labor^ but it. is a measure for the
benefit of particular sections of the Union, 'to the detriment of the South
and West especially. • . ■ ....
, Respfoed, That a conimittee of "five, be appointed to correspond with
the; Secretary of the Treasury, for the purpose ■. of corrimunicat.ing the
effect of the tariff of 1842 on the agricultural and other interests of the
' . West. j'. ■; : - ; . ‘ f,!';'’ f '.b'..' ;
Which was passed unanimously ; -and f
Thereupon the following gentlemen -were appointed: said cqinmittee
by the Gonventioh, viz: Ellwood Fisher, Wnn F. Johnson,, A.: W. An-
derson, Charles Reemelin, and John Groff. ,
On motion of W. F, Johnson, the following preamble and resolution
r were passed : :
Whereas some two years, ago the Senate and House of, Repi-esenta-
tives- of : Ohio ■ bondescended to demagogue upon the compensation of
officers, and reduced their salaries and per diem allowance to sums so
small as' either to throw a burden upon men of ordinary circunrstances
too great to be borne; or to- throw the offices- into , the, hands of nien .of
wealth :■ Therefore, . - '
^ Resolved, That the Democracy of Ohio are able to -pay their, public ■
servants a reasonable compensation. .
j To Robert J. Walker, »Secrehtfy Treasury United States of America.
. The i undersigned, a . committee appointed by the late Democratfc
Convention of this county to correspond with the Secretary of the Trea-
V sury concerning the; effect of the existing tariff on the a.gricult.ural and
other interests of the West, submit the following consideration's in per-
formance of the duty assigned them: .
The western population is engaged. iii farming,.in a far greater propor-
* tion than any other section of -the Uniohi althdu^ that is the principal
.employment of the American people. Hence the West presents, as a
section,- more prominently than any othef, the characteristics of the class
t numerically predominant in the whole countfy.; The unusual, preponder-
ance of agriculture in the. West,, proceeds not so much from its extent
and fertility as from its recent .settlement ; the superior individual enter-
prise and independence of farmers having given theiii the first and
almost exclusive possession of this great region. . These traits of rural
character, in- their immediate and remote consequences, identify the
opinions of , the farmer with the principles of our free Government as ,
' completely as are his interests with those of the community. The West,
therefore,, in, addition to its common interests, with the, rest, of the Unfon
in the political and fiscal action of the Federal Government, has a local.
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sectional, and class^ interest in restraining that part of our system within
its proper constitutional limits. The West, from its magnitude and
locality, as well as its pursuits, can expect not even its proportion of the
compensation afforded by Federal expenditure for contribution to Federal
revenue. - ■ .
The age in which we live is characterized by the unexampled develop-
ment of commerce and industry. And to whatever antecedent condition
of moral and intellectual power this may be owing, it results in im-
parting a portentous form and. pressure to all institutions of society and
modes of thought and action. Money becomes so universal an agent as
to be a contrOlhng one. The slave, if permitted to minister to a multi-
tude of wants, becomes master. ' The, taxing power of government, at
■ all times an important one, becomes, in mur present state of civilization,
essential and absorbing— a power of such force as to , render the other
functions, and even the form itself, of government almost insignificant.
,No part of political' science is invested with so much obfourity and dis-
pute as the principles of taxation. It is, therefore, with instinctive ,
sagacity that despotism selects for its designs this function of government
in modern times; it being favorable to the substitution of that fraud to
which tyranny is compelled to resort when force is no longer tolerated.
The Constitution of the United States, in conferring on Congress every
form of the taxing power, undertakes tb prevent all abuse by prescribing
uniformity in thp collection of the Revenue, and specific objects for its
disbursernent. The effect of such, a regulation one would think, would
be to secure a preference for the most simple, plain, and equal mode'of
taxation. Government, however, has chosen the most complex, obscure,
and unequal. The system of duties on imported commodities on which
the Treasury relies, taxes but a part of the property of but a part of the
people— the property and persons both fluctuating continually in number,
in amount, and in proportion. The property thus taxed is not the . equal ,
or the proportional product of the States or people- — of capital or labor.'
Nor is its consumption uniform or proportional, or even proximately so.
In thus repudiating as the basis of taxation the principles of equahtyand
uniformity. Congress must, we- are to presume, have -been actuated by
principles, real or fancied, of higher, obligation than equality and uni-
formity. But we lookCin vain among the discussions upon this policy,
at anytime since jits origin, for these higher principles. One of the;,
objects in preferring taxation on imports is convenience— a negation and
often an a.ntagonist of principle. But the . main and- avowed design was
the encouragement of domestic manufactures — a policy rather than a
principle. And thus to convenience and to policy, trivial, temporary,
and partial, has principle— the eternity and universality of convenience
and policy— beqn sacrificed : and that principle equality and uniformity
in the action of the predominant power of a free.government. The effect
of the tariff system (even for revenue merely) is to a,ggravate continually
the inequality with; which it begins. For it being the object and effect' of
the system to excite domestic competition to produce a domestic instead
of a foreign commodity, the suecess.bf the . system is attended with a' con-
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tiriua] reduction in the number of imported articles On which the taxes afe
to be levied: thus Contracting the basis of taxation, whether it operate on
those who consume the. imported article or those who produce that for
» which it is received in exchange. It is evident that, as this process goes
on, the interests connected with the several departments of foreign trade
'must Successively perish, and taxation continue to converge on the
rernaining basis of production and Consumption. Now, the commercial
intercourse of what are called old and' new countries,- such as Europe
and America, consists chiefly in the exchange of agricultural for manu-
factured products. ■ The direct action, therefore, of a revenue tariff in
America is hostile to agriculture, by destroying the comrnerce by which
a great, mass of consumers are supplied. Hence the foreign trade of the
Union has not increased fifty per cent, in forty years, although the
States ’ have . doubled, and population almost quadrupled, within that
period. And in order to maintain even the present comparatively
reduced amount oU foreign commerce, agricultural products have been
. Compelled to a reduction in prices of from forty to eighty per cent.: a’
decline almost as great as that which has occurred in manufactured
fabrics, but , not to be accounted for, like the latter, by the. intfoduStion
and wonderful improvement in' miachinery, which is not- applicable
' extensively to agricultural products. The encouragement of manufac-
tures by, Government, in taxation, is then, accomplished by a direct
discouragement of agriculture, through a gross abuse of the fiscal politicEtl
power. The evil is tolerated, from a misconception of the nature of
government, and concealed by an artful misapplication of terms. Gov-
ernment is not, as many still suppose, a', producing, but is a distributing
agent. It cannot give, therefore, unless it take. It cannot confer favor
without confiscating right. The phrase “encouragement of domestic
^ manufactures by Government” is captivating only because it discloses
the benefit and .conceals the injury that results from the policy. ' The
statement of both effects would be fatal to the measure. It would be
encouragement of domestic manufactures, by the discouragement of our
agriculture, still more domestic. That any miscalculation of interest,
or misconception of power, or imperfection of phraseology , or conjunc-
tion of circumstances, or sectional-and subtle selfishness, or all combined,
' should so beset and pervert the deliberations of our Government as to
secure- the adoptipn.of a- permanent policy to direct the fiscal action of
' our Federal system against agriculture— its very life— is the most astoU-
, , ishing and mortifying fact in our history. Nor is, the enormity of such a
policy ' mitigated materially by its professed design. Manufactures are
; not of themselves objects of desire to a. free people, or of favor for a free
I government. They involve the necessity of a crowded population,
' subject to, a very arbitrary control over their comfort by a few wealthy '
persons, and devoted to unwholesome employment. Surely such estab-
lishments do not deserve political favor wTere land- is abundant and the
^ people free. Indeed, the advocates of the manufacturing policy are con-
scious of the inaptitude of our circumstances for such establishments,
■ and insist on -their encouragement .for’ the; purpose, as they contend, of
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rendering us independent of other nations. Npw, we insist • that the
manufacturing policy has the reverse of this effect. Theprincipal agent
in manufactures is capital; and capital is cheap and abundant only in i
old countries. This is the reason why we resort to such countries for
manufactured goods, Butif we refuse to purchase their fabrics, without
possessing the principal material fhr maldng them,— capital— but must
resort to the sanae country .for that, it is clear our dependence does not
cease. Indeed, it is greatly augmented. For when we resort to Europe^
with.produce for manufactures, we go as traders; but when we apply;
there for capital,, it is as borrowers— a relation much more dependent ,
and degrading. And if, as is the fact, we are .habitually indebted to
England, in our mercantile,' corporate. State, and Federative capacities,
for ioansy is it not plain, that the effect of promoting by law a branch of
business ^yhose principal agent is capital, the very thing we do - not
possess, is to increase or prolong our dependence for .credit on foreign
States, either, by increasing the number' of loans to meet the wants of
the protected business, or, by diverting capital into it 'fioin other employ-
ments, render them ' dependent abroad, for new supplies of the continu-
ance of old odes? It is clear, that the people ampng -whom capital is
dear will remain the debtors of those: among whom it is cheap; that
to urge the former into business requiring , capital; more than anything
else, is . to extend this relation, whilst the employment of resourbes pecu-'
liar to themselves, as iri bur case, is the best policy to accumulate nadve.
Capital until it equals foreign. The nation that exchanges the, products
of agriculture for those of nianufacturing labor, is the most independent
and powerful;, for the former .are more.indispensable than the latter.
But the people dependent on another. for capital or credit are slaves to
the will Or the whims of their creditors. . /
There is another arid kindred effect, of a tariff also to be deplored.
The duties are paid to the- Government in large sums, by the importer,
. who thus performs the functions of a farmer-general of the revenue, with
this disastrous difference— the farmer-general proper is limited by law
in his demand on the tax^paj^er, but the importer charges the consuiner,
for advancing to the Government, as much as he can get, and is limited
only b}^ the competition of feUow capitalists, which is fluctuating. , The -
importer adds the duty to the original cost of the commodity, and demands
a proportional profit. . And this profit is calculated at a rate to compen-
sate the merchant riot only for the ti'me ^rid expense bestowed on the
article sold, but for- what is devoted to those also which cannot be sold, ..
to those which are .sold on credit gnd never paid for, to those which are-,
lost bjr other caus,e;s ; and, after providing for all these, to leave afesiduum
sufficient for a luxurious living. Hence, the Government, by , a tariff
sydemi even for revenue .only; creates a needless demand for capital,
the most needful of our wants,, and conseqrieritly the most influential,
and subjects the tax-payer to the arhitrary .power. of the capitalist, and our
country to a still greater dependence for capital .and credit on the vpry
country of which it is the professed object of the- manufacturing policy, to :
fender us independent.' .The friends of the tariff system insist, howe.ver.
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that pur independence .will be secured by the creatiori of a home market
for produce, in manufacturing districts.. In this case, also, the fallacy of
the argument is concealed in imperfection of phraseology. For it is
► clear, that without the existence of a single factory in the country , the •
people would eat as much, or rather more, than they would consume
under other circumstances. If a part of them resort to manufacturing,
it is certain they do not consume more than before, 'and '.consequently
there is no greater . market at home than before.' The ..only change
effected is the concentration of the consumers in manufacturing' districts,
. and '.a diminished production of agricultural commodities. The process
’ is not the creation of greater demand, but a curtailment of supply. And
. although one of the effects be the same in either case, yet the true
expression of the result- has . a very different effect on the ^public mind-
It is a mistajie, however, that we'dre made'independent of foreign Powers
by non-intercourse. • , Such, a conception of independence, although plau-
sible, is’ false. independence of other nations can in fact be maintained
^ only by power adequate to prevent pr repel their attacks ; and this power
is promoted, and even created, hy co™™?rcial intercourse. This is
peculiarly true of modern times,^hd of ourselves. We are .separated
from all powerful nations- by the sea, On that element, rather than on
> land, is the fate of modern grates decided. And success on that element
in war depehds essentiall^on extensive commercial intercourse in peace.
The independence of ndn-intereourse ■ has been completely- tested; by
i France and by China in their struggles \yith England, and failed. Neither
■ the , genius of Napoleon, at. the head 'of eiribattled continental Europe, hpr
the countless millions of Chinese men and money, could maintain inde-
pendence against the assault of that Power which delights in a depends
ence, for the elements ,of all its greatness, oh the industry of foreign
nations.' , ® ,
The policy of tariff taxation is hostile not only to agriculture, whose
products it confiscates, in seizing a large portion of the value of foreign
commodities received in exchange for them, but it. is still more specifi-
cally and directly hostile to labor. The cpnsumable commodities of a
country are,- .of .all its property, that portiqhtyhich is the most iminediate
product and possession of its labor. Cloth and hon are what eveiybpd}''
consumes, and are purchased by corn and cotton, which a,lmost every-
body produces; Now, when the Governmeot comes and demands -its
chief support out of what is the chief support of the people, leaving the
, great mass of accumulated property, houses, lands, factories, and stocks
mmost untouched, it evinces a desite to discourage labor, or oppress the'
pC'rson, that capital aiid property may, be privileged. It is. true there- is
dispute concerning the ultimate burden of all kinds of taxation : some
’ supposing it to . be borne entirely by labor, - Others that it is divided,
between labor and property. To us it is plain that the direct effect of a
tax is to impoverish the class from , which it is. exacted. If this class con-
sist Of laborers, it niay seek indemnity by asking higher wages; if prop-
erty be burdened, it . may. attempt relief by. demanding higher rents'.
But as the rates of both rent and wages are determined rather by the
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demand for property and labor than- by . the wants . of the landlord or
laborer, it is certain that permanent loss is the result of positive exac-
tion. It is true that tiitie may restore the equilibrium — ^wages may
ultimately be advanced ; but it is far more probable that time will- aggre-
gate the wrdrtgi The weakness that invited : the injury and submitted:
• to it, will derive nO' strength from protracted suffering. Nor will usurpa-
tion learn seff-denial from indulgence. And in the struggle of the
several classes for their rights, the partiality and power of Government
axe decisive, unless countervailed by. events , bey ond\ the comprehension
or control of political authority. And in the ■ oppression of labor -the
West is a sectional sufferer— labor being her great element of wealth,
and constituting a greater proportion of her resources than of any other
section. We do hot desire or delight to make frequent allusions to
. invidious distinctions , of class or locality. But , we are ..considering a
, law which delights in such distinctibns, .and aggravates them into angry
and obvious antagonism. ' ' -
Thus far all we have said is applicable to a tariff for revenue alone. .
We have seen that such a -policy fails to accomplish its. professed
object — the object for which it is, tolerated,' That it does not prornote
but prevents national .independence. That, in the prosecution of this
abortive attempt, .the great principles of .public liberty- and prosperity
are violated. That equahty is sacrificed,, stability renounced, agric-uj-
t-ure depressed', labor overburdened ,; enterprise fettered, and ■. commerce
destroyed; If . these be the tendencies, and results of a revenue tari^,
where. is the langqjme to describe the enormity, the'-atrocity, the fatuity^
of .a protective tariff, which is sirnply an -aggravation, beyond the last
limit of endurance, of the worst features, of a revenue tariff? It is the
disgrace of our nature; that' the great bope of liberty is in the excess of
oppression ; that.the great truths of life aiO learnedffrqm degrading expe-
rience, not from reason— are derived from suffering, not frorn enjoynient;
We could not question the utility of a national bank Until, it. almost
becanie ;'the Government: but the discussion, once begun, promises tO
result in dispelling the-' entire delusion of banking. So let us hope that
. the iariff of 1842,; the overdone exploit of rnonopoly, will accelerate the
extinction of all privilege in the fiscal action of our Goyernment.
We have now to explain the operation of the- existing tariff' on the
western country t— disclosing a perversity, a depravity of political
action, demon-strating but too well the futility of a free goYerriiiient like
. ours j without the - spirit for administering it. We have7 seen that the
' West has a common interest with- the other, sections of the Union, but a
deeper one in the' welfare respectively of agriculture and of labor, and
consequently, suffers with peculiar severity fi-pm tariff taxation.. In addi-
tion to .this, the West has an interest rnore exclusively; her own in our
foreign commerce, And this; interest is the greatest sufferer, and is in the
greatest danger from the'^aetion of the present, tariff. , ;
The WeStj including the States of Keiitiicky,- Ohio, Indiana,' Illinpis,
Missouri, and Michigan, and the Territories of Wisconsin. arid Ibwa, had
a population in . 1840,' according; to the census, of 4,131(370: persons.
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not quite one-fourth in' number of, the Union. In tha,t year, the exports
to foreign eountries of products of the forest, was $5,323,085; of form-
ing, $ 18, 77 l,:075^both amounting to $24,094,160. These we assume
" .went from the West, because they can be delivered in Canada, the West
Indies; and England, to which they are chiefly shipped, ■via the fakes
and the Mississippi, cheaper-than from any other part of the Union. Iii
the same year; the export of tobacco was $9,883, 957, of which one-third
was western product. If to these we add. the bale rope and bagging
which enveloped the cotton export of that year, and which was supplied
principally by Kentucky, we shall have an aggregate of more than thirty
millions of weste.rn produce out of the total domestic exports, which
amounted to $113,895,534. So that the West,,with much less than obe^
fourth of the population,' supplied more, than' one-fourth of the exports to
foreign countries direct ; besides the enormous quantity of her proyisions
consumed in- the South, which entered into the production of cotton, and
found their w.ay inihat shape to foreign ports^probably not less than ten
, .millions more. - Now; as the Other sections of the Union possess mueh
‘ more capital than the West, they must; with the same populatidn produce
'more in value;' and since their contributiqh to foreign 'Commerce is less
than ours, it is obvious that the proportion of our products dependent on
foreign commerce is much the greatest. .. Agricultural produce is the hat-
■ural want of a dense commercial and manufac.turing population like' that
■ of Europe, and the, natural product of -.such a soil ahd people as the,
> western.' . If' this trade is maintained, the West will swpfly other- secti$n$ of
■ tJw Union with' many the' proceeds of agricultural pro- .
.ducts, for by this- process' cloth is obtained by the plough chekper than
'by the loom.- It is apparent^ from the m’agni'tude of western expoi'ts
in 1840, that this operation -was actually going oh.. The ^Yest, receiving
in exchange fordts produce, manufactured goods more. tha.n it- wanted,,
exchanged them with New England and the middle States for fish ajld
such other •manufactures as could not be profitably imported frorri
abroad:. Theold-States of the Union.being assimilated to the •condition
■ of foreign -industry; and-being , undersold in foreign markets by the West,
np longer possessed a deep interest.in foreign commerce, and therefore
iUndertobk to mondpolize, , by law, the p'ieh -fruits of western' industry
and soil. The tariff of 1842 was' devised and adopted, and the; East
became the, vender of manufactured goods to the West, instead of the
purchaser. This change has acted with threCHfold; severity , on the West.
^ The freight of agricultural produce is, from'.the xmigbt and bulk of ;Such
ar;tieles:,.an important element of their price in foreign '.'markets. When
. a cargo of foreign merchandise, such as irbn, 'sugm:,:S.alt; woo,lens,.0r ;COt-
•torls, could be obtained by the vessel -that.'took out the expert, the return
freight would be so. important an element in the voyage .as to diminish
materially the cost of freight on the outWard-cargo. Now;, the freight on
■ a shipment of, produce amdunts to.-&om ten to fifty per cent, of its value
at the place of: export. A return cargo would diminish ft one-third.
Hence a policy like the tariff, restricting the importation of foreigh goods,
enhances the cost of our produce jh foreign - markets’,: -aiid diminishes its
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value at home, thus acting with two-fold povver against us-^-diminishing
consumption abroad a,nd discouraging production at home, The South,
compelled in the same manner to pay an increased price for the freight
of its staple — cotton — to submit to a diminished consumption of it, to,
relinquish the profits of the return trade, is compelled to economize, or
rather is reduced on that article to a rate of profit so low as to find it
equally profitable, or more so, to cultivate her own supplies of provis-
ions; and thus parishes the annual demand for ten - millions of western
provisions, unless they are also reduced in a corresponding degree, df
to this it be replied that the West is compensated in the formation of a
new market in the manufacturing districts for western produce, the an-
swer is,"that it fs an obvious impossibility" for the domestic manufactm'er
to take produce for ail the American consumption of his fabrics, as for-
eign nations do. The manufacturer onlj^ wants as much provisions as he
can consume, and that is 'but a part of his wages only, and but a very
small part of the value of his 'fabric, which is . the work of niachinery
chiefly, that neither eats nor cjrinks. And for the supply even of the
little consumed by the operative, the eastern, farmer possesses, frdm his
vicinity, an advantage, over the western which does not exist in ;the com-
petition for foreign trade, but is reversed. The West is .subjected to
another great, and peculiar disadvantage and d finger from the existing
tariff. The West-is compelled, in supplying its foreign customers with
products, to encounter a formidable and in many cases' triumphant rivalry
from other foreign States. In every article we experience the. competi-
tion of cbntinental Europe, particularly the countries of the Baltic and
■ Mediterr^ean. This is' an evil not so much felt by the South,. which
has but few and distant rivals in tropical productions. Here, then, iS-
the West struggling amid the difficulties and privations of recent settle-
ment, with but, little capital, its chief employment agriculture, its. princi-
pal wealth in its labor, instead of being the object of political favor,
doomed to encounter the hostility of Government, in- its trade, in, its
industry, and its property, instead of deriving aid from the public re-
sources; compelled to contribute, but of its scanty means, an . enormous
excess over its proportion, to. the public Treasuiy, and, beyond that, to
make a still vaster contribution to swell the wealth of older find richer
" sections. The- West has, one hundred and twenty millions of acres of
' uncultivated land, worth even now, from its availability,. through alLthe
persecution of Government, more than twice,that number of dollars, and
wanting but a small proportion of active capital to cultivate it, to render
, it, of comfort , and enjoyment, , the most productive investment in the
world at five times that value. Yet Government, itself ah extensive pro-
prietor, bestows enormous bounties for the attractioh. and detention of
capital to manufacturing pursuits, in which millions of men and mone}v
are already engaged in the' Old World, at starvation wages find bankrupt
profits. Every investment now made in the teeming acres and flocks of
the West, extends in .geometrical progression the circle of -cultivation
and prodsuctioh, so as to transcend the conception of aVarice. But Gov- .
ernment repels capital from such a function - as this, and plunders from
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Federal Re.serve Rank of Rt I niii.-,
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 565
— Goritinued.
these vgiy fields, in the exGesses-'.of its .burdens, an annual treasure,
which, although enormous in itself, is insignificant compared with the
immensity of w:hat would be its/ ultimate product if permitted to act
undisturbed. The ' vast expanse of western soil, with a surface almost
unbroken by rhountain or, rock, rich with the debris of ancient floods,
and the fallen- foliage. of a thousand yeaa-s, warm with a sunshine from
the most cloudless of skies, yet fresh. with the showers and dew that
exhale from the most beautiful- and ma,jestic rivers, verdant, fragrant, and
variegated with, flowers, when visited by the zephyrs of the Sduthwest,
and shedding its golden, fruits in profusion with the, first winds from
Oregon. Such is the land from which Government has undertaken to
divert the footsteps of its citizens and, the plough of the cultivator, by
taking the produce of its harvest to endow the capital of a more sterile
soil and a more forbidding clime.-, -■ . ,
■ CapitaUis said to be the accumulated proceeds of labor. A more-
philosophical definition would be, the passive elements' of human erijoy-
I ment, the faculties of rtien being the active. -Hence capital may result
from Other agencies than human, and be equally susceptible of conver-
sion to the uses of man. The West, "indeed, has slumbered for many
ages,' a silent wilderness as to the axe, the hammer, and the loom of
civilized man.;,, but Nature has-been at. work day: and night, with all the,
agents of her laboratory ; with heat and moisture, air and eleptricity;
with all the occult and mysterious prbcesses of vegetation and decay, to
* accumulate, as the result of her labors on the surface of the soil, a wealth
greater than that of “ Qrmus , and of Ind ;” .greater than all which has
glittered fropi Golconda aiid Potosi ; greater than was^plundered by Rome
from her subject provinces; grea.ter than Albion has wrung from her
toiling millions ancf won by her empire over the world-surrounding sea..
Indeed, Nature seems to have withheld this region from the dominion of
man for the purpose of making improvernents on the originaU creation,
to beconie finally the sanctuary of the most independent and intrepid of
the offspring of those who, renouncing the servitude and superstition of
the Old World, laid the foundation of liberty and religion on the Atlantic
shore of North America; and, having completed her work, ’twas from
here that,'in the language of an American poet,
^ ^ “ Great Nature trod . ' ,
Her last majestic footsteps, up to God.**
Yet this, vast accumulation of natural capital, which, requires but the
minimum of artificial capital and humah. agency to render it- productive
I of the great essential elements o,f ' comfort and wealth, has been, by the
excessive' and systematic hostility of Government, divested ' of a great
proportion of its attraction's fqr. capital and enterprise. There is not
now, there has not been since .the present tariff law was enacted, a
- single instance, within our knowledge of an investment of capital, as
such, in agricultural- pursuits for profit. Aud it is now in this country, an
estabhshed opinion, fbunded on -the well-known results of . such employ-
ment, that whoever undertakes to realize a profit ; from a considerable
investment of capital in farming would be visionary and unsuccessful.
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§66 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued. .
In support of this opinion, we heed not resort tO. elaborate or compli-
Gated reasoning. It is enough t6 adduce a few decisive facts, • The tariff
law now in force took effect m the fall of 1842. The prices of agricul-
tural produce before and ^ since, that event will iUustrate its effect otr
agricultural property and labor. : : We take from a New York Price Current
the following quotations of a few leading, articles of western produce in
o that market: < . . . ,
June, 1840. Dec., 1841.. July , 1844. Aug., 1845.
..$4 50 $6' 00 $4 00 $3 75
. .14 00 -7 50 5 00 9 00
..14 7-5 9 25 8 62 12 87
..010 006^ 0 05i 007
.. .4 50 6 25 4 37. 4 31-
. . 0 95 1 30 0 85 - 0 85
..007 007 005 0.04J
38 87 30 43^ 22 94J 30 80^'
, If we average the aggregates of' price for the two years before the
tariff, 3887-1-3043=6930, and for the two years after the tariff', 2294.-h
3080=5374, and subtract one frorh the other, there is a difference df
1556, or a fall of more- than twenty-two per cent, in the value of agri-
cultural products. This result, although obtained by averaging the price
without reference to the= quantity of the articles . enumerated, corresponds
very nearly with the change perceptible in the great staples of flour and
wheat, which predominate so niuch over all the others in western prO'-
ductiori arid in domestic arid foreign consumption, as well as in vmue,
We have Stated the price of flour as- it was quoted in August last, al
though subsequently to that period it had fallen at this place below $3 00
per barrel, and, but for the demand for England, which cornmenCed two
months ago, and has recently becoine very great, it would , in the opinion
of extensive millers here;, have fallen to $2; 50. Even now, when foreign
demand has raised the price, to nearly four dollars in this iriarket, flour
is much cheaper thari in July, 1842, before the passage of the tariff,
when it Was six dollars in New York, although all accounts then indicated
an abundant crop of wheat at home and abroad. The periods we haVe
selected, of 1840-’41,' and of 1844-’45, for data to indicate- the value
of .agricultural products before and since, the enactment of the existing
tariff', are' divided by the points of extreme financial dppression in the
year 1842. As this was near' thevperiod of the passage of the tariff, anfl
as it has been followed by better times, the improvement has-been ascribed
to the law, as was the previous embarrassment to the Want Of it.; This
is the customary argument of all quackery ; for as periods of great distress
disorder the . judgment arid multiply the chances of -improvement from
change, they are usually the seasons for quacks and charlatans to flourish
with thein systemsi • Upon this pretension of the tariff policy, however,
we are fortunate in 'facts that ar'e conclusive. For several months prior-
to the paSsage'of the tariff of- 1842, tire 'prices of the' great staples of
Articles.
Ashes, pots, per cwt. . I .'
Beef, mess, per barrel . . . ; . . . .
Pork, do. do. 1. ...',
Lard, per pound;! :.....
Flour, western canal, per barrel. .
Wheat, per bushel .............
Tobacco, Kentucky, per pound . .
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Federal Re.serve Bank of St I liiii.q
1S45.J . SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 567
— Continued.’
wheat and cotton were, higher in this country than they have been since, ’
and were also in demand atprices correspondingly high abroad, althoug|h
crops were abundant everywhbre, -so that even so early as . July, 1842,'\
exchange between fhe'United States and Great Britain was iii our favor,-
and specie flowing in— an event at such a tirne almost without a parallel,
for 'it is the ^season when pur imports are hfeavy and our exports light;
being too early for the- new cotton crop to go forward. Such was the
Condition of our foreign trade in. the last days of the compromise act^
^ . the nearest approximation to free trade we have knovm ' for thirty years.
The great staples of the West and South are working out the redemp-
. tion of the people from- the ernbaiTassments and debt created.by the
■ hank expansions of iS35-’36, that were predicated oh the enormous
amount'of public deposites that had been needlessly arid unjustly .accu-
mulated in the coffers of Government from the, action of that' protective
tariff which ■was overthrown in 1833. But whilst the West and South
were , thus beginning so auspiciously the restoration of prosperity, the
tariff of 1842 passed. The profits , Of manufacturing rose enormously ;
cotton mills made dividends oGfrom ten to fOrty per cent; iron, sugar,
•woolens adVaiiced in price from,tAventy to one hundred per cent; all
manner- of corporation stocks felt the impulse, and city property a'nd city
rents rose with the rest,' But the great western .and southern staples,
wheat and cotton, have gone down more than fwenty per cent.-, have
been-even -lower than that, and -would be. -lower now, but for the peculiat
effect'of the China trade On the one, and apaitialfailure of English crops
op the other. Let us s<;e if we can estimate the effect of the tariff on -
■ -the West, • ■ ” -
.. The principal protected articles are cotton arid woolen goods,, iron, and
sugari ' The -value of these articles manufactured in 1840:, according to
the census, would be about $100,000,000. In 1842 ft would be nearly
the same. In that year the dutieson them were raised from twenty per
Cent, to an average of at least eighty. - Although this great advance of
, duty was the dictate nf the ma-nufaCturing interest, and must have been
deemed requisite to exclude the foreign article, (for the. odium . of such
enormoris rates would not be needlessly incurred,) we will assume that,
after all the effects of subsequent domestic competition,' the tariff of 1842
now enables the 'domestic inanufacturer to obtain twenty-five per centj
more for his commodities than, by the. compromise act, The existing
difference between domestic prices and foreign, will completely Sustain
this as ari average estimate. The increased cost, then, to the consumer
of these articles is 125,000,000. The- West consumes one-fourth of them,
and pays, therefore, six and a quarter millions extra for them* She gives,
. ■ hp-wever, in exchange, ; her produce; which is reduced ih value, by the
operation of the system, tweiity-fi-ve per cent. also. . Hence the cost of
the West for the protection of these four articles only of domestic -man-
ufacture is twelve millions and .a, half,- so far as our domestic trade is
concerned. ., In the foreign J-rade, the loss of the -iWest is about the saine.
She ships thirty , millions of her products abroad, at piices reduced, as
we have seen, by the’ sy stein, one-fourth. Here is a loss of ten millions ;
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5b8 ' RE PORTS . OF THE [1845.
: , M— Continued. ,
for a fourth having been taken off to reduce' the sum to' thirty millions;
u.it would without that sum be forty millions. But the West feceives'in
exchange for her own consumption of foreign merchandise thirty millions.
According to the proportion of dutiable articles imported and the duty
paid this year, the amount of duty paid by the West is about six millions,
or three njillions • fnore than by the compromise act, mailing the total
burden to the West, on our forei^ trade, beyond the demand of a: revenue
•tariff, thirteeii millions -of dollars— showing a totar exaction 'of twenty-'
five miUiohs on our share of four articles bf domestic manufacture, arid
the aggregate of our foreign commerce. • ■ ' ;.
This conclusion must be inevitableV if it be certain that the protected
articles have advanced and western produce declined'since foe enactment
of the tariff law, and foaf these changea of - price have resulted front that
law. ■ Now, it is notorious that-, iron .and sugar have risen as is stated.
There 'is' some dispute as to the, relative state of prices in cottons and
■woolens— rthe advocates of a tariff insisting that prices are as low as; ever,
and that therefore such'duties do: not enhance prices at all. But there
is one, fact that settles the quesdbn. The. prices of cotton goods in Eng-
land are much lower 'than in this country-;^so'much so that some import-
ations are even yet made, and of coarse goods too, that may be sold in
•our markets 'so as to pay cost and foe enormous duties exacted besides.
If, then, the prices of cotton.goods have' not . literally advanced, they have
not been reduced 'here as^in Europe^and that is, for the purposes of our
argument, the same. The continual improvements in machinery, cotton
and woolen, which cause an incessant dechne in the price of those fabrics,
have, as to that effect, been countervailed by but tariff ' system, and the
^ consumers, in consequence of that, system, are compelled to pay more
than without it. It will not do to tell us that if we had ;rehea on Eng-
land for more of our supplies than we have, prices there would be higher ;
that they have fallen in cOhsequence of the loss of our custom. Such
reasoning is fatal to the favorite doctiine of the tariff men^foat manu-
facturers in this country can reduce their price's, if their market here can
be extended by the exclusion of the foreign comrhpdity--^beirig able to
produce a large' quantity at a less rate than a small one.. For if- this
proposition were true, why could not England, if allowed to supply the
'tvorld, sell cheaper still, from the stiff: greater extent of her customers ?
The same causes that have depressed . agricultural produce and en-
hanced manufactured goods, have had a corresponding effect on real
estate. The assessments of property for taxation have not in this or the
-neighboring States been made with much precision ; indeed, values have
•been so unsettled irf this region, that it has been impossible. In Ohio,
notwithstanding the great expenditures in public . works lately made, the
value of all the property in the State varies but. very little from 18'41.
Such is the case with Indiana. In Kentucky the total assessment last
year was some twelve millions belo:w_ previous years. But.in the man-
ufacturing region foe condition of foings is reversed. W e have not before
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Federal Reserve Bank of St I niii.'=:
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 569
M — Continued.; '
US a statement of the movem.ent of property- in Massachusetts at large;
hut, on referring to the returns of' taxable property in Boston, the great
emporium of the manufacturing interest, w,e find that it has advanced iii
value from $98,103,60.0 in: 1841i to $135,388,900 iml845— anlncrease
in four years , of nearly -40 per ' cent, To, prove .that this is the effect of.
protection, we need but refer, to. the neighboring city of New York,
which, although of course much connected with the manufacturing inter-
est, is nevertheless the great :'comiher'eial emporium of the, Uijion, and
inore identified \vith all its great ' interests than Boston. The taxable
property of New York, instead of advancing from 1841 to 1844, (we ■
have np returns of 1845,) has declined from $252,235,315 to $234,960,046.
As if to leave no doubt on this subject that facts could remove, it appears
that the foreign trade of Boston has in this period experienced little or
no change ; and that'chaiige, slight.asit is, confirms Qur conclusion; The
exports of' Boston' to foreign countries,, instead of inci'easing, have actu-
ally declined from 1841 to 184^(', from $9,372,612 to $8,244,729; whilst
her- imports have advariced frbm . $18,908,242 to $22,141,788, show- :
ing increased means of purchasing luxuries — ^derived not from exports,
but from the enhanced prices which the law confers upon her; It was,
, however, 'to a flourishing manufacturing region like this that the West
was taught to look for that great additional demand for produce that was.
to compensate her for tariff burdens. - Well, Boston, altjiough she has
advanced in ■wealth nearly 40 per cent, for the last four years, which is
about twice as much as for the preceding eight, buys in 1844 but 689,201
barrels of flour, instead of 573,233. in 1841, avid. ^ from the reduction in
prices, pays less now for what she' consumes than before ! and of what she does
buy only about 100,000 barrels go from New Orleans, whence the great
bulk of flour' in this valley is sent to our customers by sea. .Such is- the '
' evidence of the wholesale plunder of the West-^^a proceeding of such
enormity under,- or rather' by, a Government like ours, that nothing can
exceed the impudence with which it is perpetrated, except the attempts
of the plunderers to convince us that it is for our gopd-! The tariff of •
1842, was obtained on false pretences:- Oh the pretence that the great
body of American manufacturers were undersold in tlieirown market, by
foreigners, and that this country had already been brought to great dis-
tress by. this triumph' of the foreign oyer the.Ame.rican'Operative, and
the consequent substitution of foreign fabrics for but own. The reverse
of these .' misrepresentations was the fact. To display, the condition of
trade in which there was competition" between foreign and domestic
articles, as well as to illustrate the effect of the change which has since
taken place on the West,, we present the following table. - It contains a
statement of the prOduct ofour shops, factories, and mines, according to
the Census of 1840— ^the latest account of thein that exists. Also .^'^isw
of the article's imported frorn abroad that come in competition with them—
the reexportation of those' articles, and also the export of our own pro-
ducts—'all taken from the report of the Treasury for. 1841, the last year
of revenue tariff: . - ■ ' v .
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ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
570 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued.
Articles. ;
Men em-
ployed'.
. 'Value.
Amount im*
ported;
Rei^Xported.
■ Domestic
export: .
Iron .. .
Coal
30,497
6,811.
,■
116,034,225
. 2,071,123
$4,386,260
. ' 369,352
. 821,495
'■ '#32,907
, 76,040
,,#238,441
Sait
■ 2,365
1,029;862
23,466
. . 62,765 :
Sugar .V
-
. -7,755,540
7,605,830
120,970
. 23,837.'
Hardware, cutlery, &c.-. ... . .
5,492
6,451,967
- 3,204,311
'lS5,923
806^823
Precious metals. .......... . .
. 1,556;
4,734,960
598,121
8,156
2,45'2
24,297
Various .metals.-. . . i . . . '.
6,677
■9,779,442
362,624
■■2,395
Granite, marble, &c.‘.
'3,734
2,442,950-
: 11,653
■_ ;■
■ 33,546'
Woolens.
21,342'
20,69,6,999
10,949,499
■ 154,073
- ■ i
Cottons.
72,119
46,350,453
. 11,75.7,036
. 929,056,
-3,122,546 :
Hats, caps, bonnets, &c^. ...
10,180,847
467,013
67,090
Leather, tanneries, saddle-
■
ries, ifec.
48,7'85,332
809,864
2L413
'232,272'
Distilled and fermented liquors, .
12,223
i2;ooo,ooo
1,743,237
171,.417
. 527,577
Powder. . .. . ; .
496 •
2,000,000
4,656
- .
146,934
Drugs
1,848
4,812,726
409,790
23,362
136,469
Sugar refineries, cKocolate, &c.
1,355
4,474,565
1,198,495
730,964
1,348,974
Paper ....
4,726
6,153,092
126,567
' .
^3,403
Cordage * . •;
4,644
. 4,078,306
279,054
88,424
31,582
Carriage wagons. . . ... .. •. « .
- 10,897,887
, ' 5,008
■ 60,456
Furniture . .. . 4 , • :
,. 7,555,405
. 45,585
'2,087
310,105
■ ■ ■
320,906
1232,280,799
#45,586,406
$2,6^2,613
$7,242,311
The census returns werb. made . of the quantity, but not. the value of
iron, coal, salt, sugar, spirits, and powder. We have calculated their
' value at a hioderate price. In the leather btisiness, the number-cif iheft
employed in tanneries only is «et forth — we have supplied the residue. by'
estimate. Sugar being the . product. of slave labor chiefly, and the num-
ber of hands employ eel' not being given,- we have omitted all estimate, of
them, as, for the purpose of our argument, they axe in fact capital. . There,
is a mass of articles in .the . census returns hot specified— r-as there is also
in the Treasury, returns of our foreign trade ; these are but few, and do,
not differ :rnaterially in their proportions from those above enumerated.
We have selected the year 1841 for the condition of our foreign trade,
not Only because it was the last of free trade, but because the imports;
'were in that year quite as great as usual, exceeding $127,000,000. It
appears, then, that pur impOrtsthat, come _into competition with domestic
articles amount only to t‘kd,dS&,^0G^bul little moire than one-third of what
we buy abroad;;. - That instead of monopolizing our market, they consti-
tute only about of. o.u.r consumption of such goods— the residue
coming directly frompur own industry. - And that in addition to all this.
We re xport of the foreign commodities ;and . export of our own together
nearly One-fourth of .lhe kind's we thus;, import. , And as this' was done
in the year o.f lowest tariff, it completely crushe.s the; pretence that low
duties.were effecting, the ruin . of ;the country Or of our mahUfactures.
Indeed, no branch of them, as is manifest from the preceding table,
■ encounters any serious rivalry .except -iron, salt,'^sugar, 'w0olen and cotton
.goods. In these the.:
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Federal Rank nf .g;t I niiig
184^5.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 571
M-^Continued.
Ir.on-i
Salt.-
Woolens.-
-.-Cotton.
Sugar.
Total. .-.
Domestic supply i's . . . .
Foreign supply
$16;034,925
4,386,260
p, 029, 862
821,495
f20 ,696,999
10, 949, '499
§46,350,543
111757,036
Excess of- domestic. .
-1-1,647,965
. 208,367
34,593,417
;
ugffio
56,346,969
Showing an excess of- domestic over foreign supply, of $56,346,969.
This discloses the origin of the tariff of 1842, -and its existing strength.
It, was for these five interests that it was made,, and for them it endures.
There Was not, we see, as to any other interest, an adequate motive
even -to memorialize Congress for protection. But- the capitalists who
are engaged in the supply of these five, classes of commodities wanted to
' destroy the very moderate competition from abroad, that furnished only
about one-third of . such goods. The capital investe^ , in these five
I branches is- about ^130,000,000; the number of men employed- is pro-
pomonally less than in almost any other, being, exclusive of slaves,
only 126,323 ; whilst theinumber of owners who rnonopolize the benefit's
of the law cannot exceed 2,500 ; and yet to increase the dividends and
profits of this- insignificant portion of the country’s wealth, the 'property
and capital of all the U nion besides have been plundered and convulsed.
The labor ' of the country has been driven . and withheld by. law from
wholesome and profitable ertiployment, in order tokeep one hundred and ,
twenty-odd thousand mpn engaged at ordinary wages — in keeping up
the profits of 2,500 men abOve all others, and the people told that if this
tariff were not adopted, they - would be reduced to the condition of .for-
eign pauperism. What absurdity has not been asserted, and maintained,
too, with disgraceful success, in the support of the policy of conferring
wealth on these five interests at the expense of all the ci^untry besides.
We have been told that our -foreign trade was ruinous— k>r rather that
parficular part of it by fvhich we receive the .five 'useful and indispensable
articles of iron, salt, sugar, woolen and cotton goods. We have been
informed that these articles were draining the country of specie , although
every year the Treasury report, even when it encouraged the tariff' policy,
contained the highest evidence of the fact that, the very countries from
which we obtained these.cdrhmodities, England and the W est.Ihdies, were
above all others, the most extensive customers for our agricultural pro-
ducts; taking more Of them in value than we of their merchandise, and
paying us the balance in specie, with which to supply ourselves with
the silks,- spices, teas, coffees, liiiens, .dye-stuffs, &c., -which we buy of
countries that take little of .us, but Which the tariff men never coinplain
of, and never include in their restrictions.:,. Gur trade with, England, .frorn
which we get iron, woolens, and -''cottons, is specially deriounced and
traduced. It is-constantly ailege.d. th'at Great Britain exacts enormpusly.,
greater duties onrour products thtui; we require on hers ; wherivin fact,
, our trade with that -kingdom .and. its dependencies experiences. greater,
.liberality from. her thaii our trade, anywhere else-^much.greatertM we
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■ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis •
572
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
accord to her in return. The duties oh bacon, beef, butter, Ihrd, pork,
do not exceed an average of twenty-five per cent, ad valorem." The
duties on wheat and' flour, under the .sliding scale, do not average more.-
In the Colonies, the duties are still, less. And yet Great Britain, who
buys large quantities of these articles, although under the necesMty of
raising enormous taxes, permits them to . enter at these rates, whilst her
own merchandise is compelled, -.to pay nearly double this -ta;x^ by us.
Even the tobacco duty is so modified by her prohibition of domestic
culture, and by a duty almost equally high on her colonial, p,s to give us
a inonopoty of the supply. Nothing can inspire greater contempt for the
press, and distrust in the people, than the.multitude of gross and positive
falsehoods on the subject, which-, in contradiction to public official docu-‘
ments, haive pervaded the newspapers ; and, in Company wfth an equal
amount^ of the shallowest fallacies arid pa,radoxes, have riiystified and
rriisled a lai'ge minority of our citizens. In the five great interests that
constitute the pillars of the existing tariff system;-the West has less than
her proportion of men employed^ — thus : ' ■
■
Ken-'
tu'cky,
Ohio.
Indiana;
Illinois. .
Mis“
souri.
Michi-
gan-
Iowa.
Wiscon-
sin.
Iron.....'..
1,108
2,268
103
. - 74.
80,
99
-1 '3.
Sail • '..
291
240
19
22
'"36
Sugar.
Woolens
200
935
103
. 34
13
37
Cottons; .........
246
210
7
1,845
3,653
225
■
137
129
136
3
Only 6,128 persoris, or about' One-twentieth of the whole riumber ehi:-
■ ployed in these branches, instead of o.ne-fourth — our proportion of popu-
lation. Our share. of the capital is still less. . The iron, salq cotton,, arid
woolen interests employ 125,323 persons only, but their annual product
is in value, we have seen, over .$84,000,000 — whilst the 272,679 agri-
culturists of Ohio, with more than thrice the capital, produce,' in the
richest of soil, only half* that value ! A striking evidence, after making
due allowance for the cost of raw material, of the predominance of ma- ,
chinery qr capital over fabor, as an element of ; manufactures. Hence, if
the producers of the West were accesriblje to the manufa,eturers of these
articles, the utmost they could sell them wotdd be twelve millions, of
produce annually, for that isras much as. 126,323 operatives,' with their
families, can consume ; whilst the actual protection or bounty extended
to those establishments, say an average of forty per cent., would enable
them to obtain an advance on, the actual value of what the West would
buy, nearly equal to all the West would receive for her produce. .
But it . is riot, as: we have said, simply in an agricultural capacity
that western la,bor' is oppressed by the tariff. The great body of our
mechanics, wRo experience rio competition from foreign imports, but
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M— Continued.
many of whom are exporters theniselves/ deri'ifing no protection from the
-law, are compelled to bear, without puliation, their shares of the bur-
thens, and to meet with this disadvantage in foreign markets—- the labor
of other countries. But- there is a. class that suffers still more, and that
a veiy large class. Itds the great body of shoemakers, blacksmiths,
and tailors— perhaps the three most, numerous orders, of mechanics in
our community.- Of the necessity of protecting these men ;we have heard
riiuch from tariff advocates. We insist, that,: instead of ffeirig protected,
they are subject not only to their common share of exaction asconsu-
,mers, but to special injury as mechanics; for the duties imposed for the
protection of their work, are much Jess than they are compelled to pay on
their raw material. The duties on shoes and blacksmiths’ work are
about an average :of- thirty per cent. But the duty bn leather and iron
is about 70 per cent. The tailor pays a duty on woolens and: cottons
of from, 40 to, 160' per cent., He has a protection of 50 per cent, bn
ready-made clothing; so that, when the- raw; material of the.se trades
amounts to half of the manufactured, as it usufoly does, their business,
like the agricultural, is positively discouraged b}"- Government. ■ Th'ey
are; like the farniers., subject to a continual fiiie for caiT-ying it on. 4ia-
bbr; and not capital, is the 'predominant element of their work — work
which did not, under the free-trade sysfom, as .-was falsely asserted, ex-
perience material competition from abroad, from the fact that our imports-
of such fabrics did not amount to one-terith of the domestic supply. In
this .city, which is distinguished for the extent' and success of its me-'
chanic and manufacturing industry, there was, in 1841, a thorough exam-
ination made of its workshops, by Charles Cist, a very cai’eful and exact
collector , of statistics. The 'result of his labors was the following table :
: Manufactures.
Hands.
Product per
annum.
: l,55t
1,250
461
. 888
' 198
359
114.
301
512
1,557
■ 139
, 1,568
1,733'
$2,222,857
1,728,549'
658,040
1,068,700
366,400'
411,190
' . 458;250
238,300
669,600
.5,269,627
179,100
953,267
3,208,790
In iron, entirely or,principally.. ......;. .. . /.. ...
Other metals. .s .... /. . .
.Leathery, entirely or principally. ;
The earth. ........ ..... . t ... .......
Miscellaneous, including 4,00.0 '.women Working for clothing-tstores
10,647
17, 432, '670
Now, of all these operatives, (and the number has njuch increased since
1841,) a few only in cotton and wool (of whom, there are but a few) de-
rive benefit from the tarifir, whilst the Workers in irqn, leather, &c., expe-
rience injury. ■ ■ . ,
We have now shown, we, trust, a system of tariff taxation to be
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574 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued. .
obscure, unequal, fluctuating, 'and oppressive — hostile to agriculture, to
labor, and to Commerce, paiticularly those departments of them in which
the West is inost deeply concerned. , We have, proven the existing tarifl’
to be preeminent in the most odious features of siich a system, without
a pretext in the relations of foreign commerce ; wiithout excuse from the
• spirit of the age, which, even in tliC despotic Governments of Europe, is
giving more and morh freedom to trade. We believe that the present sys-
tem is the product of a sordid combiriatibn of capital with . unscrupulous
ambition tb'break the faith that was pledged , in the compromise act of
1833, for the purpose of plundering. the people ofi liberty and property.
We consider any effort of Government to compelj men to follow, or to
abandon innocent pursuits, by pecuniary penalty lor bounty, an infrac-
tion of that individual right which is- the , glory of our institutions and
■ a departure from the policy which, although sometimes violated, has
given -ns our •wealth.. Above all, when we, reflect that pauperism' and
. crime, and the 'accredited yiceS' of, society, where population is dense,
constitute the 'great curses of pur civilization, and ' threaten -the stability
of our institutions',, we solemnly protest against a ipolicy which, like that
of this tariflj aims to withhold- aiid withdraw our ipeople from the sunny
, sky and verdant'- landscapes of the We^t,;to toil amid, the , lurid a;nd
mephitic atmosphere .of factories and cities. ' | '■ . .. ,
The. Federal Gov:ernment imposes on agriculture not only a displp-
portionate: amount of, taxes for public' .expenditur'e, and. for the purpose,
pf enriching, privileged capitalists, but has accumulated an imm'ense
public domaih by extortion from .the same interest., ; The quantity of
public, land iioW' untoW- exceeds a thousand rnillions of -acres, and, is
worth, after - paying every dollar it has or will] cost, at least as many,
- dollars — one-flfth of the aggregate valub of all the property of the Union.
Now, 'W.hy., should Goyernment ask for this land rhorethanit cost? • Why
has itexacted of farmers and planters, for the hundred milhons already
.sold them, ten tirnes what was paid for it? Without -the intervefltion of
Government, private citizens had a natural right | to buy the land of the
aboriginal proprietqrs, and of course could have [purchased it at the rate .
paid'by Government. Now Government -was not instituted in thispountry
to , be, come a land speculator upon the agiicultural community. ■ Its
proper function was to regulate and* facihtate,- not restrain', the rights of
the people. In thik case,-jG-ovemment might purchase and- survey, so as
■ to prevent di'sputes| with the original proprietors, and .among: the ' new
settlers, as to title .and boundary, and sell for enough to reimburse the
total expenditure, incurred,. But what system of policy or rule of right
can justif}'^ it in. speculating enormously on the •agricultural settler? The
'only pretence .of reason we have ever heard assigned for this course was •
to prevent the new States from’ settling too fast!, in order that popular
tion and labor should not be drained- from manufacturing districts in the
E.ast. This, was one object. Another— not ayowed, but not the less
influential — was, to prevent the speedy accumulation of political power
on this side of the mountains. And. for -such Ur worthy and selfish pur-
poses have the functions of our 'Government been- perverted. The
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M— Continued.
consequences have been -disastrous in the extreme. It was not only the
right of the citizen to emigrate to this region, and to setde it on the best
tehns that could, be made , with the original ■ proprietor, but it was the
policy of our institutions to promote, thc: enterprise. . ■ c
Our forefathers, it is well'known, on achieving their pohtical independ-
. ence of . Great Britairi, w ere. .suH much imbued with European manners
and. 'Opinions at .variance with their new system-of government. A great
and growing tendency then and: since was manifested to adopt social
habits at wai' with political, rights. The very best antidote to such an
evil.was the. rapid precipitation of- our people upon interior -agricultural
■ life, as . is- .evident from the existing - western character— so happily
exempt from the theocratic and aristocratic features' visible, among the
Atlantic colonies.- We would thus, have acquired that individual iiir
dependence and sim.phcity- of manners so necessary and proper for a
republican natipnahty^so indispensable to resist the seductive and
perverted habits and fashions now received with so much '.fevor from
abrbadl But the West, instead of being .permitted tp take that part in
the formation of our national character which nature and circumstances
interided to assign .her, has. been the victim of political and pecuniary
ra^acity^ — has been retarded in population, and, consequently, in the
attainment.of her due political standing and power ; and has been, drained.,,
by enonrious and unjust .taxation, of her jesources for the edtication of
her childreh and for the maintenance of her private and public credit.
Hence, at this day , instead of being predominant in our public councils,
in.generalintelhgence and in public and, private wealth — instead of exert-
ing over the opinions of the world her moral and intellectual power — the
West is an object of reproach from abroad for the financial; delinquency
of some of her States, and is a petitioner to Congress for the mitigation of
her wrongs. But the day of her, power is , at hand, and her destiny will
yet be accomplished.. - ■ -
With sendmehtsfof confidence and regard, -we are, &c., ■ ,.
; ’ : , . ..ELXWOOD ■ FISHER,. Chairman- '
William y. Johnson,]
A., w.' ANDERSON,
CHARLES' REMELIN,
, V JOHN. GROFF, •
iCiNCINNATI, lltA .OT0WtA, 4t/j, .1845.
.[> Committee,
I - Cincinnati,- ' From Fatrick Collim^ SuT^eiior, eiiclosina: answers from W,
., ' ' . ■ : -M, Corrfy^, . ' " ' , ;
- 1. Wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, onions,
■ turnips, .pumpkins, grasses, hay, apples, peaches,' pears, plums, &c,.' ;
tobacco also., . . . . ,
2. About three, hundreel millibhs..of dollars. '
3. About four-fifths of theirrespective amounts. . ,
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576
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — -Continued.
4. Less than two -per cent. , . . ;
5. About six per cent. ■ ■. j . .
6. Flour in 1823, was per barrel ... ..... .1 $4 25
Do. 1824, ■ do. ' ' ...../A....i ...... 3 00
Do. 1825, . - do. . 2 75
Do. 1826, • do. .*... ..2 70
/ 'Do.; 1827;, ■ V , do. 320
Do. 1828, do.- . ... .'. ...... 3 40
Do. ' 18^9," do. ...... .0....A.:.... ....... '4 00
Do. 1830,; ' ■ do. : ..r......... ......... 2 75
Do. 183:1,. do.- . . 3 00
Do. 18.32, ' do. . 3 25
.' Do. 1843, . do.' 3'50
■ . Do. 1844, . do. 3 00
, Do. 1845, do, b..:.' . . . ..3 25
The price qf wheat of course graduates , that of flour, and may be
inferred from this table ; that of corn graduates pork, and may therefore
be had from 'that article. The average net annual lincome of each.hand,
irrespective of his profits as an owner of land, is about $50 ; of the other
^articles of produce, no statements of price have been regularly made,
, but they would be regiilated by the price of wheat. ^
■ 7. Prices have been aflfected materially by the ^tate of the currency ;
have also been seriously affected by tariff laws, which produce commeir
(iial revulsioiis,' &'c. ' ■ ' . 1 . ■ .
• 8. This State raises a sufficient- supply of hofse's,- mules, hogs, cattle,
meats, and other provisions, for her own consiimpfion ;. and' exports large
quantities. ^ . . ■
•9. Yes. . •' i' . ' ! .
■.10. -By iio means; the prices of protected articles are relatively much
higher; it is owing to the obstructions to our foreign pade Created by the
tariff; qhe relative prices of the protected articles are enhanced by the
duty on similar- .ajticles from abroad, and the confoquerit diminution of
competition in foeir supply. r ' ' . . '
11. This State exports a lai'ge quantity of live stock and provisions,
and some manufactures, whose prices have been influenced in the same
manner, and to a similar extent, with those of corn and wheat.
12. This State produbes in value, about forty! millions of dpllarS in
articles for provisions, ahd-of hqrses and mules; about qhefoalf are
exported ; and prices at- home are regulated very' much by: the prices
. abroad, where they are taken for consumption.
We encounter in England, and even in the West Indies, the competi-
tion of continental Europe in .the supply of such commodities; and, if
• disabled by the tariff, or any other cause, from receiving in exchange the
products of the country where, \ve sell, qur ships, being compelled to
return without cargoes, charge a double freight on the outward cargo;
and, as our . products are all bulky, articles, the freight on them, amounts
to from one^sixth to one-half their value, and is a controlling ;element ih
our calculations. ' ' '■ .. . .
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FpHpml Rpg;prvp Rpmk_nf_S
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 577-
: M— Continued.
■13. This State cannot even for a •single,,, year imporMnore ■ than is
received in exchange for her exports, unless she goes in debt to the mer-
charits of the East, for merchandise, or to ' Eurppean capitalists for public
'' loans. Either of these operations even finds an end, and we' cU'e com-
pelled- to, regulate the value of our imports by our exports.
14. There .are manufacturing establishments of almost every kind ;
.. and some ill gi'eat perfection. Their aggregate capital is how not less'
than thirty millions of dollars;, profits for the last three' years have been
^eat,. judging from the fact that money can be loaned at 10 percent.;
and yet it is tending strongly to these estabHshments. Not, one-fourth'
' of them are .protected by .the tariff) and they can do without it.
vl5> This State builds annually about 60 steamers, at a cost of ' about
$i,QOO,000; the greater part of which. is owned and navigated by the
y citizens of the State. ■ This, interest is now la,nguishing for want of busi-
ness. Rut for the tariff, a larger .amount of our products wSuld go in '
I these boats um thelakes. to Canada, a,nd Ohio 'and Mississippi rivers to
New Orleans, for the foreign market; and, in return, we would receive a
much greater proportion of our 'supplies of iron, salt, woolens, ^ and cottoiij
the latter rivers ; thus affording a greater amount of employment for
boats ; and yet obtaining those Commodities at a- lower rate.
’■ 16,. Not mpfelthan one-tehth off the invested , in agriculture.
The commercia,! interests’ of this State have been injured by the (dimin-
ished consumption of merchandise tobnsecjuent on . the decline in value
n of oiir 'produce, and advance <?f price, in such articles as we purchase,
/ 17. It would very much, if our foreign trade, could be unshackled.
If that canfiot. be done, we shall be more and more reduced to a depend-
ence on eastern supplies, and .experience less, necessity for Government
warehouses. . .' ,,
. 18. Rather injuriously ; it W(juld- cut us off from the Mexican trade to
a considerable extent,.
19.. Knows of none. ' .
20. The prohibition is. almost complete on iron, .brown sugar,, and
other goods ; and on a large quantity of salt— of the first necessity for
our pr(ivisi6ns. , ’
'21. Very injuriously. The coarSe woolens and cottons, which are
excludecl by the minimums, are articles of universal demand and com'-
fort in this State. The requisition of cash duties, without an extension
of the ■warehouse system to us, sulgects .this State to the payment of ®
preifit to the importer, or wholesale dealer, of ten per cent, on his advances-
of the duty, and the consumer here to a further exaction of twenty per
cent. to the retailer on the same element of cost. '
22. The articles of tea and coffee are proper subjects of revenue as
much as any other. The duty might be twenty per cent, ad valorem,
without sensibly reducing the coiisumption.
23. In this section of the country there is but little benefit experienced
by the exemption from duty, of articles used m manufacturing— the
manufactures requiring them not being numerous.
24. There is no class of manufactured articles within his' knowledgej.
\’oL. V. — 37.
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578 ■ ' REPORTS OF THE . ‘ [1845.
M — ‘Cosntinued.
on which duties are iniposed, which are not much ■ more extensively
manufactured in the United ‘States than iniported | from abroad.. Iron,
saltj sugar, cottons,; and. woolens, are thbse which manifest the greatest
competition between the foreign and domestie . supplies ; but on these,
which are of .universal Consumption, the iinport does not amount to per-
haps more than a fifth of the domestic manufacture. Before the tariff
of 1842, if was only about one-third. And .this curtailment of cpmpeti- '
tioh, which in fact is a restraintnn the people of theiState frOm supplying
themselves by sending their ' produce to a : bett‘er ; rharket . than the
domestic, operates yei-y severely on them by requiring an advance on
the average ,of/t'wentyifive per cent, in the purchase of , those commodi-
ties.-. ' ■_ ' ' j. .... ■ ■ ■
25. Partly answered above. A duty ‘of twenty per cent, on these
comniodities, - by : trebling the iinportations, would afford .nearly the
■ present revenue from: the same sources. . . , ’
26. - The duties 'On agricultural products are. of no- effect 'whatever On
our interests,. nor can they be rhade' beneficial. to us. The duty, on raw
hides may s.eem to favOr, our ffariners; b-uf when we come to consider
that hides -are brought-. by us chiefly from countries which receive our
flour in payment, this appafent.advantage vanishes. : The trade between
an agricultural country .like ours and a pastoral like Mexico and South
Amerjba, is, as prqp.er and , profitable bn one hand as would be a trade
on the other between such a country as oiirs and a mahufacturing one
. like' Europe.
. This State -has .'prospered:: iurider all systems of taxation; but .this
prosperity -results, from the -fertility and cheapness of its lands^ phe. salu-
hrity of its climate, and: its freef . access to the sea and lakes. .' These
attract .'and retain an emigration 6f industrious and enterprising cultiva-
tors inferior to Hone ih the world,' , .
27. The quantity of wool raised in this State, is about one and a half
milUons of pounds. The price since 1842 has a'veraged twenty-six
cents ; but is now, :lo:wcr than last year. The average- price is not
higher than for the ten years preceding the tariff of 1842. . .
28. The Only mines of consequence aib those of coal and iron. The
price of Coal not affected by the tariff of 1842, has fluctuated with our
conimercial -fortunes-... The: price. of iron for the, ten years preceding; the
tariff of 1842. .was::about:-.f 70 per. ton. In the latter part of the time it
fell to '.$55, and has since adyanced again to 170 per ton for roUed bar,
the kind most generally consumed.- ; .
Digitized for FRASER
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1845.].
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
579
M— Centinued.
. INDIANA. ' , ‘ :
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Fort Wayne. From J. G. D. Nelson,, Receiver.
1. Wheat, corn, rye, oats,, buckwheat, potatoes, .flax, and heirip, are
raised extensively throughout the State.-' None of the staples of cotton,
rice, or tobacco raised, except the' latter, which is cultivated quite suc-
cessfully arid to a considerable extent in the interior, southeastern, and
southwestern portions of the State. t
2. Unable to give a, satisfactory answer. -
3. Not-able to form a correct opinion. ’ '
4. .Not two per cent. ' ' • ' '
5. In .thisj the northern portion of the State, the profits of well-con-
ducted farms for the ten years preceding the last three were, very large;
should think not less than 10 percent.
,6. During most of the period' above alluded to, produce was very
high; wheat was worth from $1 to $2 per bushel; corri frorn 4s. to 12s.
■ per bushel ; other grain proportionately high. For t|he period of three
years since 1842, wheat has ranged from 50 to 66 cents; corn from Is.
to 3s. per bushel ; other grains alike low.
' T. impossible to tell. ' ■ " i '
'■ 8.; It does, and a large surplus. ,
9. AU except the rnanufacturing. , , =
■ 10. /By ho means. ; The price of .domestic goodsj especially, has
advariced 20 per cent, within the last ’three years; and produce- has
fallen, quite as much — iriakirig a difference of some 40 per cent, against
the, producer. / ,
. II. .Thinks, not, to any considerable extent. ,
' 12. Not able ta answer whaf . proportion of exported articles is con-
sumed abroad. The prices are governed, unquestionably, by the foreign
‘ demand. - Articles shipped to New York and Ne\g Orleans ; chiefly
wheat, flour, beef, and pork.
13. Commerce cannot be successfully conducted without reciprocity
of trade. A.natiori cannot always seU and never buy, &c.
14. There are several manufacturing establishments in the State;
but is '.unable to give a satisfactory answer, for want of correct informa-
tion.
15. No ship-building, strictly speaking, in this State; some steam-
boats are built on the Ohio river.
16. The principal commerce of this State is carried on upon the Ohio
river, and can give no description of it.
17 to 22. Cannot- answer. , ' -
23. No manufactories in this region.
24. Oppressively. We are an agricultural people almost exclusively,
and we regard all tariff laws as operating prejudicially fb that interest.
25. 26. Answered above. • ' - ,
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580 . REPORTS OF THE [1845.
. M — •Continued.
27. But little wool grown in tht? section of the State.
28. Some iron, and coal mines are Worked in some sectiohs^;of: this
State, but know nothing of their Operations.
. Jeffersonville. From John 'F. Read, Register,
, 1. The principal agricultural ;producta of this State, are wheat, corn,
oats, buckwheat, rye,; and btu'ley.; some tobacco ; very little Cotton, and ,
no-rice.- - , "-’y - c .'.v---'
2.' The principal part of the capital is engaged in agriculture..
7. The prices and. profits of agricultural products have’ been, for the
last thirteen years!, materially affected, by the tariff.- For the five or six
years preceding 1840, they were influenced -to, a great extent by the
state of tlie currency. : ,
8. This .State raises a sufficient supply of hprs'es, rnules, hogs,' cattle,
meats and other provisions. ' The .prices’ of the two first-mentioned arti-
cles, he is hot able to tell ; those of pork, beef, and flour, (^yhich may be
considered the principal staples of the Staffed have, for the last three
years, been as follow^:. -Pbrk, frona" $2 fb |3 ,pef ' lOp pounds ; beef; $2' to
$3; flour, $3 to $4 per barrel. For the tfen years- preceding, pork varied
from-$4 to $7;, beef, :fr6m $3 to $5; and flour,' from $4 to $8.
11. The State has a surplus of the articles mentioned, .(in 8,) and their
priefes have been very fluctuating, depending entirely on the quantity
raised and the demand fiom the sputnern markef. The; tariff of r842 '
has affected the prices of thfe products of the^ ivestfern farmer in the same
proportion it has those of the southern plainter. : , . ‘ ' I
14. There are 13 Cotton nianufactories, with, a capital of $160,000; |
tobacco, number not known, :feapital' $70,0,00; 426 tanneries, capital .j
$400,000 ; 600 saddleries, capital $270,000 ; 40 woplfen, capital^$96;dOO,’ j
27. The quantity of wool raised in this State is' about one and a. half
millions of pounds ; the price has been considerably reduced' since 1842—
varying, for the last three years, from 26 to 30 cents per pound;- and the
ten years preceding, from' 30 to 60 cents. . . ‘ .
' Crawfordsville. , From’Phili E. Engle, Reeeiver.:
' Acknowledges the receipt of the circular, and regrets that he has hot
the necessary information within his reach to enable him to answer the
interrogatories. \ .
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18'45.]
SECRETARY OF THE fREASURY
581
■Gallatin County.
M- — Continued,
ILLINOIS. . . ■ , -v .<
. ANSWERS TO CmeULAR No. 1.
Name not known. Received in-letter of B. Parrish," Shaw-
' neetbwn, lllinois, .lSth September, 1845.
i
per month*
1. Illinois; Gallatin county. : , ^
" 2. Salt; by hand. ' ■
3. in 1841 ; individual.
' '.4. $25,000. , ' :
5. $5,000. ,
6. No profit. ^
7. Low price of salt causes decrease.
8. ' Ncine in the. State of county.
!). As above, , '
10. But one I 25 cents per bushel. :
'll. No answer. ■
12. Thirteen to sixteen men;; average wages
13. Eight'hpurs the year round, f ■ , ' , < . .
1.4.. No' aiiswer, f'-'- k' ‘ '
15, Fifty head off horses and oxen. ' '
■ 16. Market at'home. ' . ■ ' • .
17^ ’None. ' ' ' " ■ ' ' ' '•
. 18. Home ahd vicinity. : f:' , .
19. Not exported. '
20.. One-twentieth in cash; balance in produce of every 'description.
21. Decreased 3 per cent, in labor, and materials. :
■ 22. 62J, 50, 37J; 25, and 25 cents. ; , .
' 23.' More than the people would bear.
2,4. ,Noine. ' ' _ ' ■ • ■ ; ■ •
' ■ 25. No profil. ■ ' - ' . ■ ' '
26.. 'Wagons and labor two-thirds. ” ■
27; $3,000 ; no other : domestic products. ' ■
: 28. Illinois $25,006. \ ; ' ■ ' ,
29. Abandoned. . i '•/
30. F arming. ' '
’. ''OL M^any^ ^ ‘ ■.
32. There are; 50:pUes. , ' . , ,, ,, , '
■ 133. None borrowed; ' " f ■
34. No reduction.
35, 36. No answer*. . ’ . ■. , ■ . ' ; ■ \ '
37. Two-thirds. : ■
38 tc) 40. No answer. ' f " ,
NoTE'.-^The above return was received in letter from Braxton Fairish,
Shawneetowiij Ilhnois, Septerhber 18, .1845, without giving the name of
'the. individual.’frorti whom feceiv^^ ,
liized for FRASER ■
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"deral Reserve Bank of St: Louis
582 R^ORTS OF THE < [1845.
M-^Continued.
William Wilson, Receiver, Palestine, Illinois, October' 18, 1845,
regrets that he cannot give that response to the circular which 'ks great
importance demands. , , ■ '
,, ......
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Chicago. From William M. JacUson. ■
1. Wheat, corn,' oats, and tobacco.
-- ■ 2. About four-fifths. ' . • ^
3. Alrhost whoUy. - ' ^ > . ■
4. About 2^ per cent.- ' ' ■ i
5. The. difference is smaU.
6. Cannot answer. ' \ •
7. Materially by the Currency, and somewhat by the tariff; - V '
8. It does ; and a surplus. ■
9. They do. ' - , ' . i
10. I think .not. To the tariff and currency. ' ; .
11. She does not,' to- any extent. . ' :
12. No answer. ' ; . ■ •
13., Cannot answer.- . ■ ' ‘ . ^ -
14. No great amount. - . . •,
15. Same answer. - ■ ; ;
16. [The answer is obscure. It looks like “ about :J,’’ but the figures
are imperfect.] ■ :
17 to 24. No answers., , • -
25. Most of the coarse cottons and- woolens. , ; ’ . -
26. They do not. Reduction of. the. duties to rLhe lo-west .point will
be best for 'us.
27. Considerable; the exact amount he cannot tell, nor the. /price; j
thinks the average price about 18 cenifs per pound. •
28. [Answ’er is^obscute. It is written thus, as near as it. can he made
out: “ None but Coll X Galena. How they have been affected caniiot
say.”] - ' ■ . ; .
Morgan County. From M. McConnd anH J. A. McDotCgall.
1. Grain, pork, beef. Rice and: cotton not raised ; tobacco only: to a
small extent. - •'
' 2, 3. No answers. ...
4. Cannot be safely estimated higher than from 2 to 4 per cent. '
5. Frorn 5 to 7 per. cent, from 1834 to 1842. , , h
6. 7. 1834 tO 1842, wheat 7.5 cents per bushel; 1842 to 1845, wheat
35 to 50 cents per bushel. All other articles have,vaxied, in the same
proportion, ' . : ■ V - ■ .. •
8, 9. This State raises an abundance for. her own supply,- and for
Digitized for FRASER
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 583
M — Continued.
.export,: 5f each of these articles., Fall of prices in the: last three years
has i'esulted: front the falling Off of the. foreign market; and manufactures
and cornmerce equally feel its effects. . ^ - ■ : ; .
10. The prices of the protected articles fell about 15 per cent,, from
1839- to 1843, while agricultural products fell from 40 to 60 per cent.
Since .1842, protected articles have risen 5 to '8 per cent.y while agi'ieul-
tural: products have not risen at all. The effect is injurious.
,•11. None. , ",
12, 13. About bne-seventh of the whole prices governed by the foreign
demand, f To Havana, Great Britain, the British, provinces, ‘&c., &c.
The.profits are.reduced by the present tariff,' by a prohibition (or high
tax) on the return cargoes. We meet with competition in-pur breadstuff^,
from, the Baltic and elsewhere ; but we' cpuld overcome all .with a good
.return cargo. We could">stand an average duty of 2Q per cent, on Our
return cargoes. \ ■/ , f ■
14. See census of 1840, and add thereto lOO per cent. increase. Profits
in proportion. : .
r5."'Np ans,wer.
16,' The commercial interests have been injured^ by destroying the
foreign market', for the 'agricultural products and staples of, the country.
We carinot sell, and, therefore, cannot buy.
17 to 19. Wpuld not affect us many .way,' .
20, 21., ni'mois'''manufactures alcohol, arid , is behefited by -the, high
duties on foreign liquors." Samevnlay be said' of lead. , ,
• 22. Coffeep tea, dyes, about 20 per eent. ad valorem— Ko wore.
23. ' No.'ansWer. . ,, ,,, '
24, See answers- to 12 arid '13. "
. 25. The duties on salt, iron, and sugary, rob the farmets and flaeat-
raisprs of this State. . ' ■/ ■
, 26. The present system, of duties does injure a great- ftiajority of the
people of this State. The remedy is to reduce them to a revenue stand-
ard. ^ -r . ' ■
27. Quantity is.fast increasirig; say, 100 per cent, sirice the census of
. 1840..;.-'’-:d/f -■/' ■ 'V-f- ,
28. Lead drily ; from 2 J to 5 cents per pound, . ^
Shavmeetoim, From B. Panish,.
,1. Wheat, coin, oatS, rye, potatoes, hay; tobacco and cotton to. a
limited extent. ' , ■ , : -p , - : •
■ ■ 2. About four-fifths. \ •
3. All these interests are dependent upon agriculture. ' :
'4. Tlie profit has not exceeded 3- per cent, since 1842. .
- 5, Ten or twelve per- cent. ^
' 6. For the' first period wheat -ranged from .76 ceritsfo $1 per bushel,
ebrn from 25 to 40 cents, pats from '20 to 30 cerits, potatoes about 50
cents ; tobaccco stationary , until, receiitly, a slight ifriprovement. During
. the latter period in ’ 1844, wheat 60 -cents per bushel ; 1845,. 40 cents.
Corn has fallen from 20 to 12^ cerits per bushel.- Labbrefs could save,
itized for FRASER , ,
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oral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
584
REPORTS OF THE
[1845.
M-^Cdritinued.
for lhe ten years preceding 1842, frpm $70 to $80:per anrium; since the,
latter period their wages will scarcely sust^n them. Within the periods
mentioned labor has fallen Troni $12' .aiid , $15 to $7> and even $5, per
month.
7. Cannot answer. , ' . . ; '
8. A large surplus has been raised. The amount of sufpilus had in-
creased to a tolerably uniform proportion before and during 1842, but
prices have decreased about 50. per cent, since 1.840 ; more, however,
. since 1842,, than, for the two preceding years, s . .: .;
9. See answer to No. -3. ■ . ■ '
10. The prices of protected articles since 1842 have hot,beeii influ-
enced by the prices of staples; they axe /much higher now, in general,
tha,n in- 1842.- This is attributable to a high tariff. The grower of agri-
cultural products has been compelled to live almost entirely within his
own resources./: Sugar ’is extensively disused so of cotton fabrics, .other
than those maiiufactured.oh. domestic looinSi Home-made woolens are
extensively used as a substitute for cottons. . _
11. Horses, cattle, mules,, live hogs, pickled beef,- poultry,- cheese,
butter, eggs, and peltries ; the ' four first named have fallen within the
period mentioned. 50 per cent, • ' -.
12. It is probable that the ag^'egafe' amount of the produhtf of the'
State for the present year will be about $60,p00,600.' Of wheat, about
$10,000,000 wiil be the exportable surplus. ; This surplus is consumed
at home and abroad * and'the prices'^re of course influenced by the foreign
demand. ' Canada is'a formidable competitor in exporting wheat ; Russia
is also to some extent. Sou th America is so' aS Vegards hides, The tariff
lessens the ability of producers to meet competition, &c.
13. It is a law of trade that the exports and imports of nations must
bear some equal proportion toi each other. The effeef of a high.fariflf,
such as that of 1842, must, prove more .fatal to the Agricultural interest,
' in enhancing the prices of many ’of 'the necessaries of life,-in3pairihg the
value of agricultural products', and elosihg the best foreign rnarkets
against us by levying such high duties: upon’ the exports that we cannot,
afford to introduce, them into the countiy. Many articles of merchandise
are higher now in this State than they were previous to 1842, ahd agri-
cultural products lower- ' • '
14. Very few in this State.
15. No. ."crV .: ■ ; -I-- "
16. ' Our commercial interests ai’e limited. to the exchange ; our surplus
is about $10,000,000 per' annum. , . /
17 to 26. No answers. ' . f ,
27. ' I. suppose near 3,000,000 pound’s/per yemr. The -amount has in-
crea,sed considerably since the, tariff of 1842. For the ten' previous
years wool was worth 50 cents per pound; tince, that time it, has fallen
to 37J and 25 cehts per pound. ' ' ■ ' ' . : V
28. Lead and.iron. Latterly the irOri establishments have been in-
creasing, but .are of too recent a date to afford a, contrast between the
prices before and since ^842.- ■ . ' ' '
Digitized for FRASER
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FoHoral Pogorwa R-jnl/ //f Qt I ni ik- _
1845.] SECRETARY QF THE TREASURY. 585
il— CGntinufed.
' Jacksonville. From D. Robb. 1 >
• i. Wheat, rye,, corn, oats, barley, herhp, flax, peas, potatoes. .No
rice ; some little cotton, and considerable tobacco. '
2. Nine-tenths of the capital -is engaged in their production, together'
with raising stock. , .
, 3. Almost ■exclusively. ' . ' ' ■
4. Twb per cent. / I' • ^
5. Four per cent. . , '
6. Before 1842, wheat, 70 cents ; corn, 20 cents ; the' others not much
attended to. Since 1842, wheat, 50; corn, 12J; oats, 10; barley, 35,;
beansi 50 ; rye, 20 ; hemp, .$2 50 ; flax seed, 60 ; potatoes, 15. InicreaLse
' pCr hand not much.
’ 7.- Prices, of all kinds of produce are lower since the tariffi .
- , 8. Raises a full supply of hogsV cattle, horses, mules, meats, and
other provisions. Prices of pork, the last three years,- 2 cents; beef, 2
cents;’ horses, $3A;' mules, $30.,; Previous to that time, horses, $60;
mules, $40 ; pork, 4 cents ; beef, 4 cents. Partly the result of the tariff,
much to the currency, aind to the Itlrge quantities raised for the last few
years, and the home market for thesC' articles.. . -
, 9. Altogether on the agricultural.
,10. The average prices of the protected articles have not been so low,
in proportion? as the staples for the last three years. This is caused by
the tairiff. . The effect has been that many of the farmers have been
, . broken, up, and others .are kept poor.
’ 11. This State, exports lead, ■whisky, flour,'pork, beef, -wool, *&c. On
such of these articles as have been exported for any considerable time,
1 prices have been reduced. Flour; whisky, and wool, have, only been
exported ■within a few years. , ■
- 12. A large -portion of pork, , beef, iflour, and lead, is exported, and
consumed abroad;, their prices are governed- dovmward when there is no
demand but the Aotwci; upward by foreign, demand. The high duties
lessen our ability to compete with the foreign trader. •’ ;
13. There is. The present duties affect the imports of all the farmer
consumes, without benefiting him, in the least, on his exports, , , ,
14. We have but few manufacturing establishmerits in our State.
Amouiit of capital' not known. ■ Profits generally good. , The present
duties not nece'ssary to keep themin operatioii, and no duty -will be re-
quired to pufthern on an equality with thqse who raise the great staples.,
15. Few of our citizens have been engaged in ship-building; a few
in navigatiom The present tariff laws cannot affect them much, except
in iron for .building, and in keeping down the prices of , our produce so
that it will not bear shipping. . ; „ . , ^
;1 6. A very small portion Of its •capitaf invested in eommerce; the'
present Condition' is sound, but. sbmewhat Contracted by the low price of
staples that will no^pay,;for shipping; .such as Corn, oats, potatoes, &c.
17, Could not affect this State much. ■
18; Could nottiffect its commerce. much.,, ' ’
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eral Reserve Bank of St. Louis . ■
5S6
L1S45.
REPORTS QF THE
M— Continued.
19. N'o answer. • ,
20. Low-pribed prints, bleached. cotton, and some others.
21. Scarcely affected by it, our agricultural interests being the greatest
of all Others, , ‘
'22. Not any. ' • r .
23.,' Not prepared to answe'r. . •
24. The effect of the present system of duties on articles of that kind
is to- keep them at very high prifces, ’thereby putting very large profits '■into
the pockets of rhanufacturers ,ai the expense of the consumers.
• 25. There are many articles, in common use-in bur State, much en-
hanced in price in consequence of the tariff. ; - - '
26. The present duties do not benefit those engaged in agricultural
, products.; I do not' believe they can- be modified in any other way thari
by reducihg;them generally, so asto benefit the growers,^ Cur State has
hot prospered. High dufieg, swindling bank paper, &c., &c., Ii'ave almost
ruined the State.',, ' , ’ , ."i ' ' ' ■ , ,
27. Wool has recently been raised in the State, is rapidly increasing,
and is. destined' to become, ohe of its first staples. . Sihce 1842, it has.
• sold at 15 to 28 cents' per pound; ',
28. Lead mines— ;the quantity ts great, but I cannot state the amount.
Since 1842 the price'has been from 2| to 3 cents— befote that tifiie 4.to
5'cents.'
Danville. From L. R. Noel, Receive, ^c. ■
', - 1, Wheat,vfye, corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, and all kinds of vege-
tables. ' Corn, wheat, and bats, are the' staples. . •
2. The largest (portion in agriculture. • ' •
3. The other interests are al Most entirely dependent upon agriculture, .
4. The average profit of capital invested prior to the year 1842 would
range from 20 to 25' per cent. Since the p’assage of the tariff of 1842,
profits have diminished— rsay oh'e-fifth,: - , . ; .
•5 to 7. No answ.ersl ,
8. The State raises a sufficient supply of horses, mules, cattle,,, and
hogs, and exports large“'quaritities of provisions. , ^ ■ -
, 01. All the interests named depend upon the agricultural products and
staples, and increase. or diminish in about t'he same ratio.
10. No answer.- '.. '— ’ ■ '
Tl, Exports nb articles except its staple products. : - , ., • , '
12. No answe'r. ^ '
13. They are intiiriately 'connected, and.- the imports cannot-.' exceed
the exports, or belquite so great, as the present dutiekrnake the price of
imports- higher than exports. , ■ • ■
14. : But few manufacturing establishments in the State. Does' not
know the capital invested, nor the profits. They , require no duties to
keep them iri Operation. ' , . 4: ' • ' ■
15. Have never.been. engaged in building, ships: •
16. The proportion- of commercial capital is small compared with the
Digitized for FRASER . ■ v ' ,
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. I'riNi,^ —
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 587
M— Continued. -
agricultural.' The present tariff laws depress ;the comrherfeial interests
of the 'State./ . ’ . , . , ^ ^ ^ ^
17.' It is difficult' to deterrnine. , , •/ . - -
18 to 25. No answers. . • . .. • i ■ , ■ ' •
g6. The present ditties do not benefit the State in any respect. .
27. .Wool is, becoming of , great, irhportance,; and exertions, are being
made, to increase its prod tiction. ,■ - ^
'^^ 28. The mines in this State are lead, iron^ copper, and . coal. The
first is produced in great abundance, and, stone coal is also found in
abundance in some parts of the .State. -
V '■•i •;■■■•/. MICHIGAiN,
,■ ‘ /ANSWERS TO GIRCULAR No. 2. '■ ' • '
Kalamazoo./ From Receiver.,. Sf'Ci , , . ,
. . 1... The only- agricultural pro'ducts expofted from, the State' to any
■’ extent are '.wheat and wool. / .' ■ - ••
2 to 6.- No cotton, rice, dr tobacco raised in; this State. ,
; 7. Prices and profits have . been ‘ more affected by the state of the
currency than by the tariff laws. , ; ,■
8. This Slate raises,, since, 183.8, a supply of, the articles enumerated.
• y ■
10.; No; Unable to state the cause; the prices and 'piofit of labor in
agriculted are diiffinished,, ' 1 '
_ 11. Very little,- except potash. / .
.12. Unable, to say- what proportion consumed, abroad ; the price is
governed: by . the foreign demand;, are shipped principally to England.;
the present duties lessen our ability to meet them successfully; because
we cannot receive their products and manufactures in exchange.
13. There is no such;immediate connection between imports and ex-
ports that one rhust’ necessarily depend On the other; a high duty must
lessen the imports, and woiild be; likely to .lessen the exports bn the
groundtof reciprocity.- ■ .
14. About ten manufactories, of wool tin this State;' none, of them
extensive ; the goods all rnade for, or sold to, the farmers;, .there are also
a large number of smaU. /furnaces for the manufacture of ploughs, mill
fixings, '&c',; two or thr-efe manufacture. steam-engines; ca,rinot say what
ambunt of capital invested; the business affords great profit,. and would
without aiiy duty whatever, /.
- 15. BUilds:,a large nu'mber of vessels for the navigation of the lakes.;
probably not' much affected by the tariff. • ■ '
. 16. Mostly agricultural, and the 'present tariff is detf imental to those
interests. • - .y -. ' ^ '
17 to 19. No answers, ■ . .
igitized for FRASER
:tp://fraser.stlouisfed.qrg/ , .
ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ■ '
588 REPORTS OF THE [1846.
M — ^Contiriued.
. 20. Coarse woolens, ' cottons, sonie kinds of iron ware, glass’, .paper,
leather, ,&e. . , . ^ '
21. The price of manufactures higher, and agricultural products lower.
22 to 24. N,o answers. ,
25. Woolens, iron, and manufactures of iron, heavy silks, linens, fine
cotton goods, with many others, would Be sold 'in . this State much lower
with a taidff solely for; revehue. , ’ ^ -
, 26.v,The present duties do riot benefit the agricultural interests of this
State ; those interests have been rilore depressed since 1842 than at any
former period, and no modification of the tariff without reduction- (except
on wool) would sustain or benefit them ; the high duties have lessened
the demand for our agricultural. products by preventing’the importation
of foreign manufactures. , . <)
27. No wool sent from this State until 1843; since that time the quan-
tity has gready increased, and is still increasing ; I cannot , state the
amount ; the price in 1844 was. 27 to 40, cents per iB.; 1845, 20 per ,cerit.
les's. ■ .. • .
28. No mines except the copper of Lake Superior, 'and knows nothing
of the quantity or value. '
Capital, employed lii any and every other interest affords a much
better profit than agriculture. .. ' * .
Note.— Frederick Hall, Receiver, Ipniaj lifichigan, 'October ’24,- 1845,
acknowledges the receipt of the questions, and states that he is unable
to give the necessary attention to the subject., Mr. Hall states that “the
productions of Michigan, for export, consist .mainly.of whea,t;’,’ .“the
commercial and nianufacturing interests are dependent'^bn agriculture ;”
“no navigation interests' except the lakes;” “ agriculture furnishes thp
best income for labor;” “the expressed opinion of the people of Michi-
‘ gan. [is] that a tariff, in any form, on articles of foreign import into the
‘ States, -operates as a tax upon .the consumer; for ..which' he receives no
‘ corresponding benefit;”' direct taxation preferable to a tariff in any
form.” v
* MISSOURI.
ANSWERS'.TO CIRCULAR No, 2.'
From Thomas T. Gantt,.U. Si District Attorney.
: 1.' Tobacco, hemp,;wheat, Indian' corn, and oats ; little , cotton, and-
nodic'e. Besides thesb immediate products of the' soil, pork and beef
are grown in great, quantities. , - . '
2. About three-fourths of its capitab • ’ .
4.. For the last three years the profits pf the best-conducted farms, '
and those most favorably situated, have . been about '5 per cent. This
is about the maximum of profit. . In many cases the profits' have been
from 2 per cent, to nothing. . ..' ; ; - ' ■
Digitized fot FRASER
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Federal Re.serve Bank of St. I oiii.s
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE; TREASURY. 589
M — Continued. .
; 5,, During the. greater portion of the time': referred to, fair profits
upon the capital, employed wdfe realized— say from 5 to 15 per cent.
6.. For the last, three years^ the average prices ha,ve been,: Tobacco,.
$2.:per cvv-t. ;. hemp, S3;. wheat, 4Q dents per bushel; . corn, 15 cents.
The prices of the same articles, for the ten, preceding years, were : .
Tobacco, $4; hernp, S5; wheat, 75 cents; coim, 20 cents.
7. The present tariff ha^ affected injuriously the. price of every pro-
duct of the State ; and much, is to be attributed also to the currency.
' ' 8. Rai,ses 'a supply of the^ articles named sufficient for home cori-
. sumption, . and, *a large surplus , for exportatiorii For the first period
riamed the , prices were, for a horse, $60; mule, $60; hog, $5, (depend- ,
ing on. the Weight of me animal ;) steer, $15. •. For the last-named pefiod
the prices have been, on, an' average: Horse, $35; mule, $40; hog, $3';
j. ; , steer,; or. ox, $9.-' . The currency has had its influence, but the tariff, by
preventing importation directly, -and exportation' indirectly^ has been ^
even more' prejudicial, by cl odng foreign markets to us, and confining ■
us to what is called a ‘‘ home .market.’’ ^ , , ‘
10. The effect of, the tariff upon.the.staples of the State, directly and
indirectly, for the last three years, has been, to reduce their prices about.
30 per cerit, annually; A continuance of such a tariff, as the present
. must hesult inbhe gradual 'decay .and ruin of the agricultural classes' in
,. this State. The presentrate of duties, benefits Jio'.branch of agricultural
industry.; The tariff^ of 1842 as regarded by my correspondents as an
incdbiis lippn .the industry and prosperity of the. State ; and .before it can
be restored' the tariff' must be repealed, or .rnatbrially altiered. .
1. .11. The State produces lead in great .quantities ; much of it. goes-,
■abroad, . ; ■ ,
12/ The’;.prices . of all the articles which the State exports,\or raises for -
exjporfation, are governed by- the foreign demand,. Our provisions.. are
'chiefly sent to the Englishsmarkets, where they encounter competition
from the GontinOnt. ' Our tobacco and hemp find a market in England;
the first, at least, on the Cohtihent also. - In lessening our ability tocon-
., tend, with bur competitors in foreign- markets, on these articles put tariff
acts chiefly indirectly. j ' ' . , :‘-
. 14. There are manufactories o'f tobacco, iron,-. 'qUeen’s w'are, sugar
, refining;^ &c. These will go on with or'without the present tariff, and
do, not rely for their, existence upon it. At Hannibal, in this State; a
cotton manufactory has been established. .
15. The busin'ess of boat-building has engaged tfle industry
and capital of the State for some three years past. It has been injuriously
affected by the tariff’, which cripples our agricultural efforts. ■ Less than
$50,000 is invested in this business. Cannot estimate the profits on the
' capital employed. ■ : , ^ ^
16. 'When agriculture is depressed, the merchant is aff’eeted'; and the
hurtful operation of the tariff on the farmer , thus injures the merchant; <
20. , Many articles of coarse totfffoocs and domestic cotton, cotton
umbrellas, and woolen cloths, are furnished to us, exclusively, from '
American manufactories-^a better,,. foreijgn article being prohibited by the
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Cderal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
590 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — Continued.
present' tariff ; and the same applies to many articles of hardware a;nd
rough cutlery. , •
21 .to 26. No, answers.' ■ ‘ • , ■ ■ ^
27. Little has been raised in. Missouri, but St. Louis' has been receiving
a good deal from lovya and northern Missouri.
28. Mines of lead have been long worked, but in an unscientifie manj-
ner ; but enlightened capitalists are now impro.vihg this interest, and the
.quantity sent to market from this State'^ is rapidly increasing. For the
last six years the price has been from $2, to $3 50 per cwt, ' .
“ • ' Jackson. From Aaron Snider, Itecmer, s':,
1. Corn, wheat, lye, oats, hemp, and tobacco, and • horses, mules,
hogs, sheep, cattle, &c. ■.
. 2. No means of ascertaining the amount of capital engaged ; . in the
, southern portion of the State .^mucb the largest portion. . . .
'3. The . commercial^: mechanical, 'manufacturing,' and- navigation
interests .(especially- of the southern portion of the State) are "dependent
on agricultural prod-uctiohs.
4. Cannot answer definitely. Ten per cem. on the amount of capital
since the tariff of 1842 would be; a high estimate. . F ew have reached
this, and many -have only cleared' expenses.; ' -
5. ‘.The annual average of profits on capital invested in . agricultural
pursuits for the ten years preceding 1842" was much greater than since.
6. The.prices of agricultural products I cannot state, hut they bore a
better price, and more , ready sale, excepting thte' article' of wheat',, which,
for the last year or two, has sold readily, and at fair . prices.. In five
stock there has been a great depreciation since 1842, horses, rnules, &c.,
not bringing much over half their prices during the -petio.d from 1832 to"
1842. The wages of labor have decreased, from .40 to 50' per cent,
within the last four or five years,, and especially since 1842. • . . ,
7. The currency has had; a' very sensible effect upon both prices arid
profits, and also on labor, during the two periods irientioned, biit the
tariff has beeri the. chief cause.' . ' . V '
'■ - 8. The State raises a sufficient supply of horses, mules, hogs, cattle,
meets, and other provisions, and, usually, has n large amount for export-
atfon. ■ ‘ . ; ' ■ v. ■ ' ' '
9. The; commercial, mechariical,- manufacturing, and navigation
. interests are principally, dependent ori; the agriculture productions.. ' ,
10 to 13. No. answers.;
14. No.,mariufactories of .goods.; ...
15. No shipbuilding.,; ^
16 to 27; No answers. ' •
28, Our mining productions are extensive,' including lead, iron, copper,
and some other metals, , ' . ' \ i:
' St. Louis. From. j. A. Jledg0y Surveyor and Impector. ’
1. Tobacco, about . 15,000 ,hhds. . per arinum;. ' ; . ' -
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Loui ^
,1845.] SECRETARY OF. THE TREASURY^^ ’ 591
M — Gontihued.
9'. They arc.
« ■ 13. , There is sueh a connection ; and if the present, high duties should
remain, they , would ultimately reduce the value, of our exports- in', foreign
niarkets, inasmuch as they would check importations to such an extent
that, we could' not take a sufficiency of goods for import to pay for. our
exports the, precious nietals would. 'then be demanded, which- will
always affect th^Trices. of Staple, articles of foreign import. i
14. But few manufacturing establishments;- none of the larger ones
-needing a higher protection than -20 to 25 per cent.
17, It would not.,. None but the foreign manufacturers and ffieir agents
de,&e this measure ; cash duties are. desirable to prevent overtrading.
18. Drawbacks will be desirablb for the Santa Fe trade, but the duties
should al.Ways be required in.cash and only to be- returned on proof of
reexportation. . , , '
- -26., Brass - battery kettles, braziers’ copper, woodrScrews,' cut nails,
tacks and brads,' copper , tacks and nails, iron ■wire, &c. ' - • . :
22. Coffee, tea; say 10 per cent, ad valorem; • / ^ ■ ,. ‘
23. Favors the rnanufacturer, without benefiting the farmer and
planter. ' * . - ■ . ; ^ o. -
. 24. Raises the price of these articles,, benefiting -the - manufacturer to
the injury of other classes. .. , , - ' ' .
26. They do not; a reduced duty on imports would benefit the
agriculturistv '
' : \ . ’ ■ . ARKANSAS.- ' ^ ^
ANSWERS TO CI-RCULAR^
Fdy.etteville. From Matthew Leeper, ' '
. Acknowledges the receipt of the “questions,” and states that “this
point is so remote from any manufactories of any extent, , he has no
information ,to communicate;”' that there is but -one manufacturing
‘ establishment in the district, which is manufacturing cotton yarns, which
‘ find ready Sale at the manufactory, at frorii ,25 ,fo 33foper cent.' advance
‘on the prices of the same article at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, arid are
sold, for cash.” ' ' ' ' ' -
„ IOWA.^: . ■A' '
ANSWERS ':to CIRCULAR No, '2^
. DiiMque. From ’ Stephen 'Longworthy, Receiver,
1. No cotton,: rice^ or' tok^-rico. ' >
2 ,tb'7. N6- answers. - - - h' ■
' j ■ . ■ •
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deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
592 , ' REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M — ^Continued. ,
8. Raises a full supply of all the articles named, and a. surplus of
wheat, flour, and pork. Very little 'chdnge in .the price of these articles
since our. agriculturists became 'enabled to furnish' a- supply .dqual to the
local demand. '
.9 to. 13. No answers. ’ ;
14:. We have no haanufacturing establishments, except a few flouring
mills, barely sufficient for home consumption ; and smelting'furnaces for
the hianufacfure oflead. > ' . -i. j. . • .
The article of salt is extensively used ; arid as the foreign article is the
most used) ihe price, is enhanced Iby the present, tariff a little more
than the duty imposed; thereby making the. consuntier pay. about 40
cents per sack, or 50 per rient. more than if imported free of duty. ’
All \voolen and cotton goods have advanced, sinch 1841 from .10 to 35
per cent,; a,nd this is attributed .to the 'fact that, the foreign competition
is prevented by the high rate of duty imposed. Pork has iricreased in
price considerably within the la-st two years, owing it is believed to the
great foreign demand. . ■. . '
28. There arO no, mines in this- Territory except lead,, which are chiefly
confined to this county, Dubuiiue. ’ These yield annually about 4,000,000
lbs. oflead, obtained by the labor of between five and six hundred men,
requiring no great capital besides. ■' .Read sold for $2. pbr IQO dfis. from
^1833 to 1835; from 1835 to, 1837, at- about $4; from 1837' to, 1842, at j
82 50; and at an average of S3 per 1 00 lbs. from 1842 to the pTes.erif 1
time. These changes have not- been owing to the operations of the tarifif 1
The high price of 1836-i37 was Ohiefly caused by an inflated’ paper I
currency;, and the present advanced price is capsed by the great demand
abroad. . ' ^ „
Although lead brings S3 per 400 ffis. at present) it is known that those
engaged in its production are not as well paid for their labor as any
other class of men in the country^ and, in proof of ffiis assertion, submits
the follovying estimate, made out by,several'of our most experiericed and
practical miners; ^ ' ". . . A
Capital invested $50,000, af 6 per cent, pel annum. ..... .... . • S3,'000
Five hundred laborers for one year, at 75 cents per day, say. . . . 112,5O0
Powder,' tools, candles, &c. ■ ^ 1 .. f ... .'. 1' . . . .. . . . 37,500
Total cost of producing- f . . . . . . '. . . . .: . . . . ... . 153,000
4, 000,000 lbs. oflead, at 3 cents "per lb. . . .... . . .1 ... 120,000
Annual loss to producers
Or, after deducting the a,ctual expense, tools, interest, &c., it will
leave a net product of $80,500 to be divided among 500 men, or $161
each per annum, out of which they pay for boarding about $78; leaving
but $83 as the' earning Of each working man for one year, or less than 28
cents per day. ' , ' ■ ■
No iteration of the tariff can affect the price of lead, as it bears a
better price in all other lead-producing countries than here.
" ■ ■ ' ’ ■ V ■ ■
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
M — Continued.
WISCONSIN.
ANSWERS TO CIRCULAR No. 2.
Mihvaukie. From John S. Rockwell, United States, Marshal.
1. Wheat, corn, oats, vegetables, a little tobacco^ but no cotton or
. rice. ,
2. About one-half. • ■ ,
3. These interests are niostly sustained b}' the money of the emi-
grant; . , ' • . ■
4. Cannot answer. Many of the crops are the first, .and the profits
an'd much more have been a,bsorbed in' the improvements.
5 to 7. No answers. , .
- , 8. It does not; obtained inostly from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
9. Not yet; but will soon be the case in this Territory.
10. The protected articles have increased iri price more than the
staples or agricultural products. It is impossible to say to what extent
the Territory is taxed for this protection; biit as it is almost exclusively
agricultural, and, consumes all its products, the increase-of prices on the
i manufactured goods corisumed (by a tkrifi) is an indirect tax upon ,the
Territory.
11,12. Export nothing but furs and peltries ; prices are governed by
home demand.' ,
13i No'answer. - x>
14. A few small woolen manufactories, but they arei not much affected
by the tariff. '
15, The same answer in regard to ship-building.
16. The commercial interestsbf the Territory have not been materially
influenced by the tariff".
■ 17, 18. I think not.
19 to 25. No answers.
26. Thinks not. The interests of the Territory will be promoted by
reducing the fariff on all manufactured goods.
27. No answer., -
28. Lead and copper. Does not know what the prices have been.
— — . No name accompanies this return,
1. Wheat, corn, and other grain; no cotton, rice, or tobacco.
2. The greater portion of its capital. -
3. The comrnercial, mechanical, and navigation interests are imme-
diately connected with and dependent upon the agricultural interests,
^ 4. Cannot answer. , ^
i 5. No exportations of agricultural productions previous to 1842.
6. No answer,
7i Neither^the tariff nor the currency could have had much effect
upon prices,' as the home market absorbed all production. :
VoL. v.^38.
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deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
594
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
M— Continued.
8. At present raises a sufficieiit supply of horses, mules, hogs,' cattle,
&c., and a small surplus of bread- stuffs, previous to 1842, some cattle
and hogs were brought bere from Indiana and Illinois.
9. Essentially agTicultural ; and commercial and other interests must
be dependent on this interest.
10. Settled so recently that prices are not established, and- the prin-
ciple not fairly tested. ■ , ° ,
11. The greater portion of the lead from the Upper Mississippi is
produced in Wisconsin. Galena and Potosi are, the principal points of
shipment of this article. Cannot state the, amounb
12. Nothing. . ' ' ,
13. None at present here, but eventually we must depend upon a
foreign market for our supplies, [of] produce to enable us to import at all.^
14. No manufactories.,
15 td 24.- No answers.
25. The following descriptions of goods are consumed extensively in
this Territory, and the present tariff has enhanced the priqe in' the east-
ern markets, through which our supplies must come :
Articles.. . . , Per cent.' under the tariff of 1,842.
Woolen manufactures. - v . * 4Q
' Ingrain carpeting. . . , . . . . 103
Moleskins, fusjdans, be^verteens, aiid velveteens 40 to 80 '
Carnbric and fine cottons. . . i , 50 to 150
Ox and log chains id ......... ,, 147:
English anvils. , 85
Brass kettles .. a ,. ..A,, i ... . . 48 ■
Butt hinges (cast iron) 68 ^
English bar iron. ... ., ..i, .10,3
Bar iron less than | in. square , . . . , , . , ,220
Tailors’, hatters’, and sadirons. ISO
Iron wire, 0 to 6- .270
Do, 7to 14. .....i.....„i,...,267
: Wrought nails, — 96
Cross-cut saws. , 70 ; ■
Screws (James’) 1 90
Bright trace chains, 132 . , '
Flint glass tumblers (ground bottoms). ....... ..168
Liverpool salt. . ... , ; . .. . ... ..1,06
Turk’s Islandi salt i. .110
Sole leather , 50 . ,
Upper leather, 8 cerits per pound.
The present duties do not, in any respect, benefit those engaged in
agricultupe in this TerritOiy, but, on the contrary, the effect , is to give
the manufacturers a monopoly of pur'markets at their own prices. The
only way in yhich this cain be so modified as to benefit this Territory
is, by reducing the duties on all to a revenue standard; Fpr instance,
salt is almost , prohibited by the enormous duty of over 1 00 per cent.
This, as an agricultural community, of course suffers. The ;St. Ubes,
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Fpflprf^l Rank rtf-g
1S45.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 595
'• M-^ContinUed.
Turk’s Island, and Lreerpool salt c,an. alone be depended upon for dairy
purposes i and even for salting proyisions the, rock salt is rnuch , superior.
The tariff compels our farrners to pay two, prices- for every bushel they
■ consume,, or to uste an inferior article manufactured in New York, with
> the risk of losing a season’s packing of beef and; pork., Qx and trace
chains are'taxed'120 to 130 per .cent. The. ad valorem duty or home
vaJuatioh is the only way to get a, tariff tax that will b,e generally under-
stood arid operate, equally, ■
The laying a. duty of 30 per cent, on cottop goods,, and then rating
them at 30 cents per square yard, amounts to 100. to 150 per cent,.| and
so it is with nearly all other mahulactures. . .By resorting to specific
duties and mi.nimurns.r the- people are deceived arid cheated.
Madison. 'From John T. Smith.* ; '■ / •
1. Wheat,, rye, oats, bailey, Indiaii corn, esculent roots, wool, horses,
beef, polls, butter, cheese ; no rice or eOtton, and but little, tobacco.
; ; 2. About tworthirds of the capital employed in agriculture.
3, Almost entirely, except in respect to the fur trade arid mining ope-
rations, which sustain from' one-fouith to one-rthird of those interests.
Reckoning a eoinfortable. subsistence for those engaged in, agricul-
' turn, the - net profit on capital so employed -will not exceed, on an aye's
rage-, on well-Conducted farms, more than 2 per cent. ; bn second rate, 1
1 percent.; on third. rate,, nothing, apd, a meagre subsistence at that.
I , , 5. Farming in Wisconsin does not date back; (so as to furnish relia-
' ble 'data) further than 1&36. From this'date to 1841, inclusive, the profit
. . ori. capital was much larger, ranging from. 5 to 25 per cent. ,
. ' 6. From 1835 to . 1839, inclusive, wheat mveraged about $;2 per
' bushel, oats and corn |i, butter 25 cents per pound, cheese l2| cents,
pork $10 per cwt. • In 1840 arid 1841. wheat -was from 75 cents to $1 ;
bats, 37 J cents ; corn, 50 cerits ; butter, 15, cents ;. cheese, 8 cents ; pork,
:$4; beef, $3- 50 arid 1 4. From 1840 to 1844, inclusive, .wheat was. 56
cerits per bushel;: oats, 18' cents; corn, 37 cerits; butter, 12| cents;
cheese, 6 cents; pork, $2; beef, $2 50— -these being the staple ppoduG„
tions. ; Income per harid from 1836 to 1839, $100; from 1840 to ;1841,
$25 ; from 1840 to, 1844, from nothing to .$10. ' ,
7. The prices froin 1836' to 1839 were affected to the extent of one-
half, at least, byithe, increased volume of the currency; the newness of
the- country,' and the rapid influx of population. ' ■ The or cash
price of these products may not have been affected at all by the tariff.
Their real price, or the quaritity of dutiable articles for which they are
exchanged, whether imported n't domestic, is, aS a general rule, lo'wered
just the amount of the tariff, whenever they are exchanged forthesepro-T
[ duets, adding to the loss, the interest and profit ■which the .merchant
charges the consumer on'this- part of his o>utlay,. '
'8, Produces a supply of meats and other provisions, and much more
. *Mr.. Smith stiites tl\at he i.s “a praCticafhouse-cai'penter; and at 'present editor of the Wis-
conf in-. Argus...” ' ' ' ■. ' ■
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ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
596
REPORTS OF THE ; [1845-’
M— Continued.
than a supply. .From, ten to fifteen’ thousand dollai's’ worth of cattle*
and horses have been brought annually, for the last seventeen years,,
from Illinois and Indiana. Prices have fallen, within the .last four years
about 40 per cent., ftom the increase of competition in the Territory, and
partly from the general depression of the farming intei'est by the opera-,
tion of the present tariff. , ,! • ’ . . \
9. In respect to the mechanical interests, I ans^wer,- yes. In respect
to the others, I answer, no. Those engaged in commerce, rnanufac-
turing,^ and, navigatiori, are getting rich, but farmers and /mechanics
- ■ are not. — / , .' ’ ■.
10. The protected articles have not been as low for the last three
years as formerly, making allowance for the diminished cost of pro-
duction. The cause of this . difference is the tariff of 1842. The effect
on the cause of agricultural products, has been betw-een 10 and 20 ■
'•■percent. .
11.. Exports nothing direct to foreign countries. A portion ofits lead ,
and copper may find its -way into foreign countries in the course of trade.
12. .IVo answer, ^ . ■ ., - , ' , . , ■ ' _
13. To the first question I ans-yver, no, There -is no such connection,
either imrnediate or remote, between imports and exports, that a country
• cannot, for' arey length of time, import a greater amount in’-yalue than it
exports. ..A country alwa3rs should import a greater amount in value .
than it exports, otherwise the «apitaPand . labor -employed in comiperce
would be entirely throw;n'away, ,, / , .' '-
.To the second branch.'of the , inquiryT answer,’ yes. There is such
an immediate and inseparable conriect.ion,betwebn imports and exports,
that a country cannot .continue to . export more in value than it is per-
mitted to import. ■'
14. "We have four or five iron foundries, as many tanneries, arid two ,
or three woolen factories, on 'a small scale. Cannot state the amount of
capital employed, or the profits. If they cannot be kept in operation
without the present duties, the sooner they stop the better for the Country.
No duty would be necessary to make their profits equal to those of,
agriculture. ' , .. ' *
15 to 19. No answers. , ! , . ' ^ ^
20. Does not kno’iv. ' ^
21. The effect oftbe fninimums is, so to increase the price of thecheap
articles on which they are levied as to destroy all reasonable proportions
between those prices and the prices of more costly articles, as compared
with their actual utility and evident cost of production; The prices of
the middling and lower . qualities of fabrics approach much nearer to
each other than do ^^eir respective qualities. The ; consequence is that -
those in moderate circumstances are compelled either to buy" poor articles
at ruinous prices, or go beyond their means to avoid badi bargains.
22. It would be better to levy a duty. on all imported articles which
are not produced at all in this country; because such duties would not’
bring an incidental tax ;upbn domestic -products of the same kind. It
would be less oppressive to the poor man to tax all such articles 100 per
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1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 597
M— i-Contiiiucd.
cent., than to tax commodities which are partly imported and partly
.produced at home 20 per cent. 'There can he no inch thing [howevpr]
as ah eqndl and jiist tariff . ' . , . , , . ’ '
23. Almost ail kinds of raw material's . for manufacturing, which are
imported, are taxCd light as coihpared with ai'ticles consumed by other
classes,, and especially by farmer's.
'Instances “of the favoritism shown to particular branches of. indus-
try” are named at’ large. . , , : - ' ' . ' ‘ '
24. ; It raises the priee;of these,articles jiist the . amount of the duty,
adding, the .interest' and profit accruing upon that -amount in passing
'-through. the several commercial stages to which if is subjected before it
' reaches the consumer, which here amounts to about 50, per cent, on the
^ original duty. ■, ; ., . ’ . ■
- 26. Almost 'all descriptions of wares and merchandise are greatly,
enhanced in price by the tarilfi A tariff graduated entirely with a view
to revenue, would produce more than does the present tariff.
26. The- present duties do n'dt benefit'-those- engaged in agriculture,
nor can they be so modified by reducing them, or otherwise, as to benefit
this class of producers, because they pro4oce commodities of export and
not of import, and tO ..exports duties do not apply. .' By reducing the
tariff, they will be injured less ; but to benefitithem by any kind of tariff,
is impossible. . ; ; ' . ; •
. The Territory , has prospered in, “ Spite” of the ; tariff, but that pros-
perity has been greatly lessened by its operation. It'has depreciated the
uUim'ate exchangeable value of ihore. than nine-tenths of the products of
the Territory at an average rate of at least JO per cent. ■
. 27. No answer'. .
' 28. Lead and cdppgr mines are worked extensively in the Territory.
Information as to quantities and prices will doubtless be furnished by
persons jn. the mining districts, ' '
REPORTS OP THE
M — Continued.
Letter from G. F. Usher,' Co'mmercial Agetit, Cape Haytien p submitted
without -abridgment.. ' •
CoMKfEfibiAL Agency, OF THE Unite^^
, Cape HaytiEn, jSe^iemjer 24', 1&45.-
Sm : While a new tariff is preparing, which- is evidently much needed^ ,
I, would beg leave to ask your attention to “ capsicum,’- hr small, green
peppers of the ' tropics,, which have become quite an article of export
from this place to ibe. United States — -several hundred barrels having
been shipped in a season.
These peppers are broiiglit in, as gathered by the country people, and
packed in barrels by .the exporter, with the addition of salt and brine,
and thus shipped, to be prepared in tbe United tStates, iri: bottles or jars,-
as pepper sauce, , •
-It appears doubtful if these pejppers, in this almost ' crude • state, are
contemplated in the present tariff as ‘‘pickled peppers.” 'In confirma-
tiori of which, a few years since, as 1 am informed, forty: cents a barrel
duty was char ged at Boston, - and now something'' like a dollar. A lot
shipped to Phdadelphia, a few months since, paid a duty of nearly two''
dollars a baiTel— -the ColleCtor. being evidently in doubt under what, rate ■
of duty to class them..' - , ■ . •
POssibly the 30, per cent, ad valorem now required on ‘'‘pickled pep-
pers,” refers to those imported in glass or other jars, &c., prepared for
immediate use. ■. ,•
FrOm these circumstances, it would seeiri that these peppefs needed
some 'parficular rate of duty in the tariff. T have, therefore:, taken the
liberty, most respectfully, to submit 'this matter to your notice,
I would also state that the collectors of the several, custom-houses
have just been directed to remeasure foreign vessels, to ascertain tortnagO
on which to exact duty, by a rule tha,t takes the whole length of the
deck; but the French foot being longer than ours, will reduce the-register
tonnage of Auierican veSsels. Thus, a vessel of one deck (the class
usually employed in this trade) of 148 tons, wilLmeasure about 137 tons,
This wiU deduct some from the high tonnage duty now exacted.
I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest consideration,, your very
obedient servant, ' - -
. ' G. F. USHER,
■ - United States Commercial Agent.
Hon. Robert J. Walker,
SecretcCryofthe'^Treasury.
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1845.]. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 599
N. ' . '
Statement of the aggregate animal amount of Imports ', and Of Foreign . Goods
■ 'reexported^ from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1845 ; showing also the
amount retained in the coiintry for consumption. .
, ■ Years. ' , '
Aggregate amount
. of imports.
Foreign _ goods re-
. exported .
■ '
•S . *3, O
■ 'Iff ■■
. . 1 n '
• 5 ■ V- c
■|5 8-
<■
im , , . ^ V. „ „ ....
' ' 123,000,000
$539,156
$22,460,844
1791v. ;
' 29,200,000
512,041
28,687,959
1792. ......U.......
• 31,500,000
' 1,753,098
29,746,902
1793;......,.........;
■ 31,100,000
2,109,572
. 28,990,428
1794..
34,600,000
6,526,233
28,073,767
1795...............;;....,........;
” 69,756,268
8,489,472
' 61,266,796
1796^;^...,.......'.;.
81,436,164
26,300,000
. 55,136,164
1797..;....,'. ....
75,379,406'
27,000,000
48,379,406 :
1798.........
68,551v700
■33,000,000
35,551,700
1799.
79,069,148
45,523,000
33,546,148
1800
91,252,768
39,130;877
52,121,891
1801. '.
111,363,511
46,642,721
64,720,790
1802.....;........;...
76,333,333
35,774,971
40,558,362
1803.
64,666,666
, 13,594,072
51,072,594
1804;...
85,000,000
36;231,597
.. 48,768,403
1805.......
, 120,600,000
53,179,019
67,420,981
1806.;........... A
129,410,000
60,283,236
69;126,764
1807..............;....
138,500,000
59,643,558
. ' 78,856,442
1808.'..................;..........
56,990,000
12,997,414
43,992,586
1809........:.
59,400,000
20,797,531
38,602,469
1810............,.........;........
85,400,000
24,391,295
61,008,705
1811.'....;.;........
53,400,000
16,022,790
.'37,377,210
1812................
• 77,030,000
8,495,127
'68,534,873
1813
22,005,000
2,847,845
19,157,155
1814...; '
12,965,000
' • 145,169
12,819,831
1815..;.
113,041,274
6,583,350
106,457,924
1'816
147,103,000
17,138,556
129,964,444
1817
99,250,000
■19,358,069.
79,891,931
1818.....;
, 121,750,000'
19,426,696
102,323,304
1819.....
87,125,000
19,165,683
67,959,317
1820...;..........
' 74,450,000
18,008,029
56,441,971
1821..... ;
62,585,724'
; 21,302,488
41,283,236
1822..
83,24'1,511-
22,286,202
60,955,309
1823...........;...'........-. .'
77,579,267
27,543,622
50,035,645
1724....;..'.... ;....
80,549,007
25,337,157
55,211,850
1825
96,340,075
32,590,643
' 63,749,432
1826. ^
.84,974,477
24,539,612
60,434,865
1827 ■
79,484,068'
23,403,136
56,080,932
18iS8
88,509,824
21,595,017
66,914,807
1829..;....
74,492,527
16,658,478
57,834,049
1830 ;.
70,876,920
14,387,479
56,489,441
1831...;
103,191,124
20,033,526
83,157,598
1832..........;.
101,029,266
24,039,473.
76,989,793
1833 ■
108,118,311
19,822,735
88,295,576
1834..:.......; ■
126,521,332
23,312,811
103,208,521
1835....
149,895,742
20,504,495
129,391,247
1836......
■ 189,980,035
21,746,360
168,233,675
1837.......
140,989,217
2i;854,962
119,134,255
1838
113,717,404
12,452,795
101,264,609
1839;.:
162,092,132
17,494,525
144,597,607
1840..,.;.....;...,...
107,141,519
18,190,312
88,951,207
igitized for FRASER
!: ://fraser.stlotiisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
600
REPORTS OF THE [1845.
N— Continued^
Years.
Aggregate amount
of imports.
Foreign goods re-
exported.
Amount retained in-,
the country for
consumption.
1841...
' #127,946,177
■ #15,499,081
. #112,447,096
1842..... ..; -.
100,162,087
11,721,538
88,440,549
1843...
64,753,799^
6,552,707
58,201,092
.1844.....
108,435,035
11,484,867
96,950,168
1845
.117,254,564
15,346,830
■ 101,907,734
■ #4,970,489,382
#1,171,311,028
#3,799,178,354
The foregoing table, from 1821 to VJune 30, 1845, has .been compiled from ,the :com.mercial
•returns made to this'office, pursuant to the laW of February 10, 1820. , For the years prior to
1821, a former estimate -made at the Treasury Department is given. -
■^Treasury Department, • ?
Register’s Office, November 10, '1845. '
R. H. GILLET.
1845.]
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
601
O.
.Statement shcyjmng the amount. of Merchandise, reexforted each year,
from 1821 to June 30, 1845, both inxlusivie, distinguishmg free curid duti-
able goods.
• - GOODS RE-
EXPORTED.
Free of duty;'
' Paying duty.
■ $10,764,757
#10',537,731
11,184,896.
i'l,lOl,306
7,696,749
.19,846,873
8,115,082
17,222,075
' 9,885,840
22,704,803
5,135,108
19,404,504
' 7,785,150
..15,617,986
8,427,678
13,167,339 ,
5,231,077
. 11,427,401
■ 2,320,31,7
12,0,67,162
.'7,599,043
12,434,483
5,590,616
18,448,857
7,410,766
12,411,969
12,433,291
.10,879,520
12,760,840
■ 7,743,655
''.'12,513,493
9,232,867
.1.2,448,919
9,’406,043-
7,986,411.
'4,466,384
12,486,827
;5-,007,698
12,384,503
' 5,805,809
' ; 11,240,900
4,228,181
" 6,837,084
•' 4,884,454
3,096,125
• 3,456,572
7,522,359
3,9.62,508
10,175,099
'5,171,731
1219^032,930
- ')
, $270,637,911
1 : ^
Years.
■Total.
1821......
1822.. ...;.............. .V...
1823;.
1824
.....v.;...
1826.. ..
1827.. .... >...
1828.. .;.... w.
182a.....;..;....
1830.. .'... .' ;....
1831 ;....
1832.. ..;....,.
m?...., .............
1834.. . ;.s...
1835.;..;..;;
1836.. .;.;.;.......'........'....
1837.;
1838.. ...'
1839.. .;
1840.;..
1841
1842.. ;..
1843.;
1844.. ..;....;.^.
1845.. ...
■$21,302,488
- 22-, 286, 202
27,543,622
25,337,157
32,590,643
24,539,612
23,403,136
21,595,017
16,658,478
.14,387,479.
20,033,526
24’,039,473
19,822,735
23,312,811
20,504,495
21,746,360
.21,854,962
12,452,795
17,494,525
, 18',190,312
15,469,081
.11,721,538
6,552,697
11,484,867
15,346,830
TreasuryDepartment,'';
Register’ S' Office, November IX, 18i5.
,R. H. GILLET.
[igitized for FRASER
;.i://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
deral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P-'
A' Uatem^nt 'exhibiting the value of Foreign Merchandise impaned, feexp&rted, (Aid consumed, anmuilly, from 1821 ito 1845,
, • ' ^ V ■ mclusiv.e. ‘ ; V ' ■
Years..
•
. FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTED.
RB-EXP.ORTED..
. CONSUMED AND ON HAND.
Free of^duty.
■ Paying duty. '
Total.; .
Free of duty.
Paying duty.
Tpta).
Free of duty.
Paying duty.
Total;
1821......
S10,082,313
*52,503,411
162,585,724
*10,764,757
#10,537,731:
; *21,302,488
See note.'
See note.
#41,283,236.
• 1822....;.
- ■.7',298,708
75,942,833
■ - 83,241,541
- 11,184,896
. 11,101,306
; 22,286,202
; .-.do.
-- - . '.dXi... r
..6();, 955,339.
1833......
9,048,288
68,530,-979
77,579,267
■ 7,696,749
19,846,813
i -27, 543, 622'
#1,351,539
■ #48,684,106
50,035,645
1824. . . ....
12,563,773
67,985,234
- 80,549i007
8,115,082;
17',222,075
25,387,157
4,448,691
- 50,763,159
•• 55,211,850
1825
10,947,510
85,392,565
96,340,075
9,8S5-,840"
^,7O4',803-
■32,590,643
1,061,670
62,687)762
63,749,432
. 1826
- 12,567,769
72,406,708
84,974.477
5,135,108
■ 19,404,504
24,539;612
7,432,661
'53;002,204
60,434,865
1827.
11,855,104
. 67,628;964
79,484,068
. 7,785,150'
15,617,986
23,403,136
. , 4,069,954
52,010,978
56,080,932:
1828..;...
12,379,176
76il30,648
88,509,824
, : 8,427,678
13,167,339
21,595,017
3,951,498:
62,963,309
66,914,807’
1829......
11,805,501
62,687,026
74,492,527
5,231,077
11,427,401
' ■ ie,658',478.
, 6,574,424
51,249,625
57,824,049
1830.
12,746,245
58,130,675
' 70,876,920
2,320,3ir
12,067,162
•.14,387,,479
10,425,928
46,063,513
56,489,441
1831.......
13,456,625.
89,734,499
103,191,124
7,599,043
12,434,483
20,033,526
5,857,582
77,300,016
■83,157,598
1832.
• 14,249;453
86,779,813
101,029,266
5,590,616'
■18,448,857
24,039:,473
8,658,837
68,330,956
• 76,989,793
1833
32,447,950
; 75,670,361
108,118,311
7,410,766
' 12,411,969
; 19,822,735
: 25,037,184”
63,258,392
88,295,576
1834
68,393,180
58,128,152
126,521,332
12,433,291
10,879,520
23,312',811
55,959,889
.47,248,632:
103,208,531.
1835......
77,940, '493
71,955,249
149,895,742
12,760,840
7,7.43,655
20,504,495
65,179,653.
64,211,594
129,391,247
1836
, 92,056,481
97,923,554
189,980,035
12,513,493
9,232,867
' 21,746,360
79,542,988
88,690)687
168,233,675
1837
69,250,031
71,739,186
140,989,217
12,448,919
9,4063)43;
21,854,962
56,801,112
62,333,143
119,134,255
1838......
60,860,005
52,857,399
113,717,404
7,986,411
4,466,384
- 12,452,795
i 52,873,594
48,391,015
101,264,609
1839
76i401,792
'85,690,340
162,092,132
■ 12,486,827
5,007,698
17,494,525
63,914,965
80,682,642.
r .144,597,607
1840.... . ..
57,196,204
49,945,315
107,141,519
12,384,503
5,805,809
18,190i312
44,811,701-
. 44,139,506
88,951,207
1841
66,019,731
61,926,446
127,946,177
11,240,900
4,228,181
15,469,081
54,778,831
57,698,265
112,477,096
1842......
30,627,486
69,534,601
100,162,087
6,837,084,
4,884,454
11,721,538
, 23,790,402
64,650,147
■88,440)549
1843 -
35,574,584
29,179,215
64,753,799
3,096,125
3,456,572
6,552,697
32,478,459
25,722,643
' 58,201,092
1844 •
- . 24,766,881
83,668,154
: i08,435,035
7,522,359
3,962,508
- 11,484,867
17,244,522
79,705,646
96,950,168
1845...;.;
22,147,840
95,106,724
117,254,564
10,175,099
5,171,731
>15,346,830
11,972,741
89,934,993
101,907,734.
rjigitized for ■ ■- ' ■ ' ' ' R- H- GILLET/fl^iiier.
602 REPORTS OF THE ' . [1845.
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
, 603
Notes to preceding page.
1821. linpOrted— Free of duty. . ...... . . .. i-. w ............ ...
dutiable, t .
Exported — free of duty 1
dutiable. . , . .'j.
Consumed arid bri hand
1822. Imported.^free of duty . . . .. . ........ ..•. .
dutiable...'....;
Exported— free of duty . .
dutiabie. ........ i. ;..i
Consumed arid bri hand. ... . .. . .
:$10,()82,313
. 52,503i41I . '
^ '162,585,724
. 10,764,757 •
10,537,731
— — Slv302,4§8
$41,283,236
, $7,298,708 ■
, 75,942,833
-- — — $83,241,541
li;i'84,896
11,101,306
_ — . 22,286i202
.$60,955>339
igitized for FRASER
ttp://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
ederal Reserve Bank of St.'Louis
604 REPORTS OF THE [1845.
■ Q. ■ ■ ■
A statement exhibiting the valiw of the. exports of Domestic P/oduce and Manu-
. facture, and of Foreign MerclUmdise, reexported, dnnvfllly, from 1821 to
■ 1845, irtcliisive. • ^ . . ■ . . . . '
VALUE OF .EXPORTS.
Years ending
Sept. 30.
Domestic pro-
. ' ■ Foreign merchandise regxported.
Total value of
. duce, &c.
Paying duty.
‘ exports.
.
Free .of duty.
, .Total. ■
1821.......
$43,671,894
$10,764,757
$10,537,731
$21,302,488
$64,974,382
1822.......
i 49,874,079
11,184,896
11,101,306
- . 22,286,202
. 72,160,281
1823
.. 47,155,408
'7,696,749
19,846,873
27,543,622
74,699,030
1824
50,649,500
8,115,082
17,222,075
25,337,157
75,986,657
182'5
, 66,944,745
9,885,840
22,704,803
• 32,590,643
■99,535,388
1826.
53,055,710
5.135,108
19,404,504
24,539,612
77,595,322
1827.
58,921,691
7,785,150
15,617,986
23,403,136,
'82;324,827
1828
50,669.669
• ■ 8,427,678
13,167,339
21,595,017
. . 72,264,686
72,358,671
1829
55,700,193
5,231;077
11,427,401
• 12,067,162
: 16,658,478
1830.......
59,462,029
2,320,317
14,387,479
, 73,849,508
1831
. •61,27.7,057
7,599,043
• 12,434,483
' , 20,033,526'
. 81,310,583
1832....;..
63,137,470
.5,590,616
18,448,857
" 24,039,473
.'87476,943
1833
70,317,698
81,024,162
7,410,766
12,411,969
19,822,735
'90,140,433
1834.......
. 12;439,291
• .10,879*520
■23,312,811
104,336,973
18.35...'....
101,189,082
12.760,840
7,743,655
. 20,50-4,495
121,693,577
128,663;040
1836...
106,916,680
12,513,493
9,232,867
21,-746,360
1837.;
■ 95,564,414
12,448,919
9,406,043
21,854,962
117;419,376
1838.
96,033,821
7,986,411
4,466,384
' 12,452,795
108,486,616
1839.......
103,533,891
12,486,827
5,007,698
-17,494,525
121,028,416
1840..
113,895,634
12,384,503
■ 4,805,809
' 18,190,312
. 132,085,946
1841
106,382,722
11,240,900.
4,228,181“
15,469,081
121,851,803
1842
,•92,969,996
' 6,837,084
•.•4-*884,454
- li,721,S38
104,691,534
1843
' 77,793,783
3,096,125
3,456,572
6,552,697
84,346,480
1844.
■ 99,715,179
7,522, .359
3,962,508
.11,484,867
111,200,046
1845.......
- 99,299,776
10,175,099
5,171,731
15,346,830
114,646,606
Treasury Department, -
Register’s' Office, November' 29,'1B^5. .
R. H. GILLET, Register.
Digitized for FRASER
h ttp ://f rase r. st lo u i sfed, org/ .
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R. — Statistical view of the Commerce of the United States; exhibiting the value of Imports and Exports, and also the»etniQunt of
■ ' ,Tonnage, employed in fordgnJxade, annually, from 1821 to 18i5 ' . . . \
Years endihg Sep
tember 30i
VALUE OF EXPORTS. - ' - -
- ' ■ , ; ' >-
Value of. imports.
- /tonnage.
Domestic pro-
duce, &c.
; Foreign iher-
.. chandise:
Total. ,,
American vessels.
■' .Foreign ves.sels., . . : <
Cleared. .
Entered.
Cleared.
Entered. -,
1821.. ■.
1822.
1823;...;.......
1824.. ..;..,....
1825.. ...
1826.
1827.. ..........
1828
1829. ;..........
1830. ;
1831.
1832
1833.
1834.. ........;.
1835.. ..' ;
1836.. ...
1837
1838.
1839.
1840.
1841
1842. . '
1843. ;
1844
1845.
Dollars.
43;671,894.
49,874,079 .
. 47,155,408.-
50,649,500
66,944,745
53,055,710
58,921,691
50,669,669
55,700,193
- 59j462,029
. 61,277,057.'
63,137,470
.70,317,698
- 81,024,162
101,189,082
106,916,680
r 95,564,414
96,033,821
103,533,891
113,'895,634 '
106,382,722
92,969,996
77,793,783
99,715,179
99,299,776 -
Dollars.
21,302,488
22i286,202
27,543,622
' 25,337,157
32,590,643
24,539,612
^ 23,403,136 .
• 21,595';0i7
16.658.478-
14.387.479-
20,033,526
24,039,473
19,822,735
23,312,811
20,504,495
21,746,360
21,854,962
■ 12,452,795
• .17,494,525
18,190,312
15,469,081
11,721,538
6,552,697.
11,484,867
15-, 346,830
Dollars.
64,974,382
72,160,281
74,699',030
75,986,657
. 99,535,388
, 77,595,322
. 82,324,827-
’ 72i264;686
72,358,671
73,849,508 ■
. 81,310,583
.87,176,943
90,140,433 '
' 104,336,973
121,693,577
128,663,040
117,419,376 -
■ 108,486,616
121,028,416,
132,085,946
121,851,803
104,691,534
84,346,480
111,200,046.
114,646,606
Dollars. ;.
^ 62,585,724
83,241,541
77,579,267
■80,549,007
■96,340,075
84,9'?4,477
79,484,068
88,509,824
74,492',527
70,876,920
103,191,124
101,029,266.
-a08, 118,311'
126,.'i21,332
149,895,742
189.980.035 ■
140,989,217
113,717,404
162,092,132
107,141,519
127,946,177
100,162,087
64,753,799
108.435.035
117,254,564.
jTons.
'804,947
813,748 •
810,761
919,278 .
960,366
953,012
980,542
. -SOI, 404
944,799 :
971,760
,972,504
' 974,865
1,142,160
1,134,020
1,400,517
1,315,523
1,266,622
- 1,408,761
■ 1,477,928
1,647,009
1,634,156
' 1,536,451
■ 1,268,083
2,010,924
2,053,9.77
Tons.
765,098 ■
787,961
775,271
850,033
’ 880,754 .
942,206
918,361
' 868,381' ,
872,949
967,227
’922,952
, ' 949,622
1,111,441'
1,074,670
1,352,653
1,255,384
1,299;720
1,302,974
1,491,279
•1,576,946.
1,631,909
1,510,111
1,143,523
, 1,977,438
■ 2,035,486
' . Tons. .
. 83,073
- , 97,490
119,740
. 102,552
95,080'
. 99,417 -
131,250
151,030
133,006 ■
133,4'36 .
'271,994
387,505
^ 497,039
.' 577,700
630,824
.674,721
756,292
604,166 •
611,839
706,486
736,849
740,497
523,949
906,814
•' 930,275
; ■ iToms.
81,526
. 100,541
■....■ 119,468
102,367:
92,927
^ 105,654
137,589,
150,223 ■
■ 130,743
131,900
281',948
■ i. 393,038.
' . .496,705
568,052
641,310
■ 680,213
765,703
592,110
624,814
' . 712,363
736,444
' 732,775
. 53~4,752
916,992
910,563
Treasdrt Department, Register’s Office, ^oi)e»)ii)er !39, 1845. ■ R. H; GILLET, fle^is/er
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 605
s.
Values of the princijyal articles imported: into, the United States.-
Y-eairs.
■ V -
'■ - ■■■ . ^
ARTICLES^
/ • . j
Cottons,'
. Woolens.
. Silks'.
Linens, and man-,
ufactures .of flax.
Manufactures of
hemp.
. '■'a. '■
Manufactures of
iron and steel.
Earthen., stone,
and China ware.
•Specie ' and
1 bullion.
Wine®. ■
i&ai
S7, 589, 714 •
47,437,737
. 44,486,924
|2,564,159
• 11,120,450.
#l,-868,539 ■
#763,883
.$8,064,890
. #1,873,464
isaa •
flO-,316,907
19,185,904
6,840,998
..4,132,747 '
• .. 1,857,328 •
3,155,575-
1,164,60.9
- 3,369,846
1,864,627
isas
8,554,877
8,268,038
'6,718,444
, '3,803,007
1,497,006
. 2,967,121
, 1,143,415
5,097,896
;i, 291, 549
1834
8,895,757 .
■■8,386;597
7,205,317 '
3,873,616.
1,780,199
:2,831,702
-888,869
8,379,835
■ 1,050,898
1835
12,509,516 .
11,392,264
I0j299,743
■ 3,887,787
- 2,134;384
3,706,416
1,086,890
6,150,765
1,826,263
1836
. 8,348,034-
'8,431,974 •
8,327,969
-2;987,026
2,062,728
3,186,485-
’ 1,337,589
. ';6,880,956
. 1,781,188
1^37
9,316,153 .
8,742,701 •
6,712,015
2,'656,786
, • 1,883,466
. 3,973,587
■ 1-,’181,047
■ 8,151,148
1,621,035
1828
10i996,2.7b
8;679,505
7,686,640
3,239,539
2,087,318 .
■ 4,180,915
1,554,010
•7,489,741 '
1,507,533
1829
8,362,017
•6,881,489
■ 7,192,698
, 2,842,431
. 1,468,485
•■3,430,908
1 1,337,744
7,403,612
1,569,562
1830 .
7,862,326
5,766,396
5,932,242
. 3,011,280
1,333,478
3i655,848
l;259,06O
.8,155,964
. 1,535,102
1831
16,090,224
12,627,229
. 11,117,646
3,790,111
■ 1,477,149..
■'4,827,833
1,624,604
7i305,945
1,673,058
1832
10,399,653
9,992,424
-9,248,907
4,073,164
Ij640,618
5,306,245
, 2,034,020
5,907,504
9.387,479
1833
7,660,449
13,262,509
9,498,366
3,132,557
.2,036,035
4,135,437
. 1,818,187
7,070,368
2,269,497
1834
10,145,181
11,879,328 .
10,998,964
5,485,389
1,679,995
. , 4,746,621
1,591,413
17,911,632
2,944,388.
1835 ,
15,367,585
17, 834., 424
16,677,547
6,472,021
2,555,847
. 5,351,616
1,697,682
13,131,447
3,750,608
1836
17,876,087.
21,080,003
22,980,212
9,307,493.
3,365,897
7,880,869 '
2,709,187
13,400,881
4,332,034
1837
11,150,841
8,500;292
14,352,823
5,544,761
1,951,626
6,526,693
1,823,400
•10,516,414
4;105,741
1838
6,599,330
11,512;920
9,871,248
31972,098 -
1,591,757
'3,613,286
. 1,385,536
17,747,116 .
■ ' 2,318,282
1839
14,908,181 - '
18,575,9.45
21,742,369
7;703,065
. 2,096,716
. 6,507,510
2,483,258
5,595,176
3,441,697
1840'
6,'504,484
9,071,184 .
9,8,35,757
4,614,466 ..
1,588,155
.3,184,900
■ 2,010,231
8,882,813
, 2,209,176
1841
11,757,036
ri,001,939'
■ 15,554,897
-6,846,807
2,566,381
.4,255,960 -
■ 1,536,'450
c 4,988,633
2,091,411
1842
■ 9,578,515
8,375,725
9,457,417
3^659,184
1,273,534
-3,572,081
1,557,961 ■
4,087,016
1;271,019
1843
: 2,958,796 .
2,472,154
. :2, 704,013-
• 1,484,921
, 526,502
1,012,086
.588,036
22,320,335
301,925
1844
13,641,478
9,475,762
. 8,463,179
4,492,826
^ 1,003,429
3,313,796
1,633,482
5,830,429
909,005
1845 ,
•
13,863,282
10,666,176
9,928,411
4,923,109
' 897,'345
■5i67'7,788
2,439,515
• 4,070,942
1,470,186
gitized for FRASER
//frafsRrstloLjisfodom
606 REPORTS OF THE [1845
c>
'i. revalues of principal articles imported into ‘the jSiates— Continued, ‘
/
. Years.
' ’.j . ' '
-V
ARTICLES
-.- ■
1; , *. .
■-. ..V ..
Spirits*'
Molasses. ;
Teas.
Gofiee.
• ' Sugar;r .
Salt.
Spices. ..
Lead .
Hemp (& cordage.
1821......:...'..........'
.$1,804,798
-$1,719,227-
$1,322,636
$4,489,970
P,553,895
$609,021
$310,281
$284,701
' $618,356
1822
2,450,261
2,398,355
. 1,860,777
5,552,649
5,03'5,063
625,932
505,340
266/441
: 1,202,085
1823.
1,79.1,419
2,634,222
2,361,245
^ 7,098,119
3,259,031
740,866
580,956-
■ 155,175
796,731
1824...:
2,149,620
2,413,643,
2,.786,252
5,437,029
5,411,617
' 613,486
655,159
128,570
. . 590,035
1825
. 2,135,210
2,547,715
3,728,935
'5,250,828
.4,232,662
■' ' 589,125
626,039
301,408
.■484,826
1826
1,587,712
. 2,838,728:
3,752,281
4,159,558
'5,311,954
677,058,
■- 594,568 ■
:265,409
1636,356
1827......
1,651,436.
■2,818,982
1,.714;882
4,464,391
. 4,577,464
535,201
. 322,730
.303,615
.698,355
1828 ..V...
2,331,656 :
■2,788,471
2,451',197
5,192,338
3,546,795
- 443,469
,432,504
305,662
T,191,441
1829.. ; . .
, 1,447,914
1,484,104
2,060,457
4,588,585
3,622,655
■ . .714,618
461,539
■52,146
, ■ ‘762,239
1830. . '. .
658,990
' ■ 995,776
2,425,018
4,227,021
4;630,922
671,9.79
.' 457,723
20,395.
. ■.279,743.
1831..... ..'
.1,037,737
2,432,488
-1,418,037
6;347,666
4,931,824
535,138:
279,095
' : 52,410
-335,572 :
1832.... ....I.
. 1,365,0-18
2,52.4,281
•2,788,353
9,099,464
2,936,619
■: 634,910-:
. 306,013
' 124,6'32
.,987',2S3
1833 ; ; . .
1,537,226
2,867,986-
5,484,603
10v567,299
4,755,856
996,418:
■ 919,493.
■.■■89,019.
624,054
1834 : .
- 1,319,245
1 2,989,020
6,217,949
8,762,657
■ 5,538,102
839,315-
493,932
.183,762
■: 669 ,307
1835.
1,632,681;
. 3,074,172
4,522,806
10,715,466
.‘6,806,425 i
■ 655,097 :
712,648
5.4,112
, 616,341
1836.
1,917,381
4,077,312
. 5,342,811
9,653;0S3
12,514,718
" 724,527:
■ .1,018,134.
:3;7,521 :
: 904-,'103
1837 ; .
1,470,802
3,444,701
5,903,054
8,657,760
7,203,806
862,617:
• .'847,617
.17,874
530,080
1838.
1,47'6,9I8'
3,865,285
3,497,156
.7,640,217
7,586,831 ■
1,028,418
438,272
-. ' ■. 8,766
:.597,565
1839
2,222,426:
4,364,234.
- 2,428,419
9,744,103
9,924,632
887,092;
• 839,241
■ -'■■ 20,756
716,999.
1840. '
1,.592,564
2,910,791
5,427,010
8,546,222
. 5,581, 128-.
1,015,426
.5.58,940
19,455
- . • 786,115 ,
1841 .A.
1,743,237
2,628,519 •
-3,466,2"45
10,444,882
8302', 742
' 821,495.
• 498,893
■ 3,702
•' 742,970
1842......-..........;...
. ,886,866;
1,942,575
4,527,108
8i938;638
6,503,563
' ..-84i:5-72:
568;636
'579
' 353,888
1843.,.,....
273,616
, . 1,134.820
3,849,862
6,399,189
2,532,618
710,489
u • 264,650.
227
.. 262,27.8
1844
: 878,977
2,833,753.
4,120,785
' 9,764,554
. 7,196,091.
911,512
364,034
. . 102.
345,531
1845
. 1,191,120'
' .3,154,782 ■
■'5„761,788
6,243;532
4,780,720
898,663
'533,055
• 517
.: .234,809 ;
, I ‘The following tables are avinexed to this t<ibh a$ explanalar'i) thereof : , ' . ” ,
Shpwing. the various articles included in the column headed “ cottons.”
The articles included, in the column headed '“.wooilens.” ' , , t
Those articles included in the column headed “linens and manufactures of flax,” and that of “ manufactures of hemp.”
Those included in the column headed “manufactures of iron andateel.” . , . , "
Stating the 'value of hemp and cordage imported from 1821 to 1845.
T, REGisTEn’s Office, 29, 1845. . - , . K. H. GILIiET, liegistef. ®
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No. ,1.'
No. 2.
No.T,
No. 4.
No. 5.
Treasury Departmen
1845.] SECRETARY OF; THE TREASURY.
o
GO
A statement exhibiting the value of Manufactures of Cott(M imported from’ to inchisive.
• Years.
MANUFACTURES OF COTTON.
Dyed, or colored.
While,, .
Hosiery, gloves,
mits^and bindings.
Twist, yarn, and
thread'.
Nankeens, from
China..
Articles npt speci-
. fied. ,
Total. ,
1821.....
1822. ...................
1823..
1824.. ...'...
1825;'....
1826..
1827.;.'....
1828................:....
1859. . ... .................
1830.
1831.. ....
1832. ;...
1833.. .... '.V..'.. ;.
1834.. .. .....V,
1835
1836.. ..................
1837V..'.
1838.' ................
1839.. '..
1840.. ...
1841.. ..............:....
1842.. .........
1843
1844
1845. . . ;
$4,366,407
■ 5,856,763'
■ 4,899,499
5,776,210
7,709,830
5,056,725 ,
5.316.546
6,133,844
4,404,0'78
. 4,356,675 .
10,046,500 ■
6,355,475 '
5,181,647
6,668,823
10,610,722
12,192:980
7,087,270
4;217,551
' 9,216,000
3,893,694
7,434,727
- ^ 6,168,544
1,739,318
. '8,894,219
8.572.546
' $2,511,405
, 2,951,627
2,636,813
2,354,540
■ 3,326,208
2,260,024
• 2.584;994
2,451,316 '
. . 2:242,805
, 2,487,804.
. 4,285,175 ■
2,258,672
; , 1,181,512
.1,766,482
2,738,493
i - 2,766,787
1,611,398
980,142'
2,154,931
917,101
1,573,505
• 1,285,89'4
393,105
■ 1,670,769
1,823,451
$198,783
. 433,309
314,606'
387;514
- 545,915
404,870
439,773
• 640,360
'586,997
387,454
■ 887,957
1,035,513
623,369'-
749(356
906,369 .
1,358,608.
‘1,267,267 ■
767,856
1,879,783 .
. - 792,078
980,639
1,027,621
307,243'
1,121,460
1,326,631
$151,138
'181,843
' 103,259,
140,069
201,549
' 175,143
263,772
'344,040.
173,120
' 172,785 ■■
, 393,414
316,122
343,059
379,793
' .544,473
555;290
404,603
222,114
.779,004
■387,095.
863,130
457,917 .
26,227 ;
637,006
565,769
" $361,978 .
- 823,365 •
• 600,700 :
188,633 '
350,243
304,980'
256,221
388,231
542,179
228,233
' 114,076
120,629
-37,001
47,337
. 9,021
28,348
■ 35,990
27,049 ■
3,772
- ' 1,102
217
53
$48,791
375,771
146,292
454,847'
1,038,479
412,838 ■
229,375
. - '863,102
313,242
' 293,861
533,390
■ - '558,507'
974,074
> 744,313 •
384,618
874,691
513,414 '
. 904,818
638,486'- >
492,903
. 1,318,024.'
1,574,885
$7,589,711 '
10,246,907
■8,554,877'
8,895,757. .
12,509,516
8,3.48,034
9,316,153
' 10',996,270
/ 8,362,017
.V 7i862,326
16(090,224 .
10,399,653
- 7,660,449
10,145,181 ^
15,367,585
‘ 17,876,087
11,150,841
6,599,3'30
. 14;908,181
6,504,484
11,757,036 ■;
9,578,515
2,953,796
13,641,478
13,863,282'
Treasury DeMrtment, Register’s Office^ Abv€m6er 29, 1845.
igitized for FRASER
R.. H. GILLETj Register.
REPORTS OF THE . “ [1845.
VoL.
« \
V.
A. statement exhibiting the value of Manufactures of Wool imported! into the United States from 1821 to inclusive. ■
r -
i ■ > Years;
CO • ■
MANUPACtURES OP WOOL.
>GlptKsy merino
sh'a^ls', '
Blankets./
.!• i
Hosiery; m its',
gloves j &c.
Worsted stuff.
Woolen and
worsted yarn.
• Carpeting.
Flannels- and
; baizesC «
Alt other maiiH;
; . factures 'of- ,
wool.
/ Total value.'
1821.;.....::,.
■ 15,038,255
8434,256
, 8198,783
81,766,443
. .'• ■:
81i437',737
-iS22. ;-. ...... . , '.
.8,491,935
. 991,147
i^HHRkKTm
2,269,513
• .
• ■ • - ■
- ■
12,185,904
1823. . . : . . V . . .
. . 5,844,068
l’,S04,469
-
8,268,038
l824i.........
,- 5,202,009
317,778
‘ 2,158,680
837,834
•
8144, 273
8,386,597
1825,...,....'.
•'5,264,562
: 891,197
369,747
, 2,277,486
. 515,391
: 81.065j609
■■W
11,392,264
1826v,t,:,i;..;
4,546,714
.527,784.
189,993
■M
5'45,148
586,823
89.2,346
,8,431,974
1827;..,...
- 4,285,413
376,927
1,382,875
511,186
587,250
-'895,573
. 8i742,701
■1828.:.....,...i.
4,315,714
, ' 624,239
365,339;
1,446,146
581.,9-46
667,722
678,399
8,679,505.
' 1829.
. . 3,335, -994
,455,467
■ 1,600,622
•
323,254
383,208-
55I;958
' 6;881,489'
' 2,854,339
Wr F Tl
, 133,453.
1,397,545
s 266,060
5,766,396
1831.............
' 6,121 ;44'2'
. 1,180,478
' 325,856;
3,392,037
V - ' .
,695,666
4.90,651
12,627,229.
1832,'p,,
,5;101,841
2,615,124
.557,775
503,193
35l’,132
. 9,992,424
1833;,,..
6', 133, 443
1,165,260
' 463,348
, 4,281,309
■ 319,592
; 286,299
510,.539
13,-262',509
1834......,.,.
V ,r4,364-,340
1,068,065
■ 383,977
5,055,121
-396,868
240,663
203,787
11, 879 ,328
. 1835.
7,d48,334 .
' 1,865,3.44
6,549,278
- 262,515
399,785
453,404
17,834,424
1836;;.;...;..
8;945,5CI9
• 2,397,822
.6,669,312-
964,655
475,712
713,757
21,080,003
1837...:......
3,015,783
'■ 959,814
3,350,266.
172,462
623,101
111,249
.90,525
8,500,292
1838
. „ 5, ,348, 928
946,546-
3;933,455
' 136,689:
315,353
159-,979:
. 315,005
-,11,512,920
1839....,
7,361,373
- 1,037,096
7,025,898
368,958
HKiEfiiiUd
291,373-
■ 522,554
- 18,575,945
1840:’ .....
■ 4,823,138 ,,
. 570,417
2,387, .338
’ .118,715'
221,885:
9,071,184
1841
5,042,045
691,895
471,877-
3,712,206
158,224
345,488
184,911
395,293
11,001,939
1842.
■ 4,180,875
566',233
375,297
2,366,122
217,611
242,309;
: 90V289
- .336,989
8,375,725
1843.,...
1,398,064
- ■ 201,454
61,073
456,051
60,961
181,810:
■ 37,449
.75,292
,2,472,154-
1844..;.
. . 5,049,474
■ 1,004,826'
662,905
1,835,875
159,020.
289,475
■78,009-
396,178
9,475,762
1845. .....
5,638,167
998,914,
'.741,242
l,938.;i09
187,975
431,914
• ■176,387
553,468
10,666,176
..05'
Treasury Department, Register’s Office, JVb®mber 29, 1845. ' R. H GILLET Register, §
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
A Statement exhihiting the' value of Manufactures- of Hemp and Fhx, imported into the V. States, from^\S21 to inclusive.
' MANUFa'cTTJRES OP JTLAX.-
• MANyPAaTURES OF HEMP.
YMre. ...
Linens. • .
^ Other., manu-
■ focture.s of. ■.
Total value;
Sail duck.
Sheet! rig, b'rOjwh
: and' white.
Ticklertb-urgs,
osnabu'rgs', and
biirlap.s; ,■
Cotton bagging.
Other manu-
' , factures of.. •
'Total ’value.*
1891..
jf2,564,159
- . ' '■
■ 12^564, 159-'
#894,276
.-• ' $226,174 :
• .$11120 ,450 ' ■
1822.. V...
, '4jl.32,T47.',-
. 4-,132,747
1,524,486 ^
■• •^332,842'"-
. -1,857,328.-
1823. ..... .■
■3,803,007 .
3,803,007
1,024,180,
■., •;..472,826:
.. . ••
■ 1,497,006,
1824....:.;.'.:
:3i8'73,616"
. . ■3,873,616
990,017
■ ; 673,735 ■
■■ $37,338 ■
■ : $18,491 ..
1,780,199
■1825,...'..;
3,675,689
■ |212,098-.
, 3,887,787 ' •
:■ 677,151.
-'33,408.
2,134,384 ■
.,;1826. ... .
■ : ■2,757,08.0 '
. 229,9'46- '.
2-;987,026 •
•n . 856,474 .
■ ■ ■411,667 '
274,973. •
■ 48,909 •
■: 2,062,724 .
1827..:.-....
■2,426jll5
230,671
2,656 j-786'‘
. - 766;310
336,124 .
353,826 .
: 366,913
-1,883,466
1828.
•2', 514, 688 .
724,851'.
' 3,239,539
- ■ 678,483:-
- ■ 352,483
. . 604,67.4 ■
408,626-'
■ •2,087,318
•1829, .
2,581,901
■' 260:-,530r
■ " 2,842,431
. ^362,333-
- ■ 247,865-
■ .531,709
. -274,073'
. 52,505 '
■ l,468i485 •
■.2,527,77.8. ''
■ . 483 ,502
-3,011,280-.
': 317,347.
.250,237.
' 563,665
69,126
133,103
- 1,333,478.
i83i; ... . . .
3jl63',956
•626,155
'3,790,1-11 .
47O,O30-.-?
351,499
514,645
-.,■;. . -18,966 -
.... 122,009
1,477,149
183^.....!^
3,428;559
.644,605;.
4,073,164 .
• 776,191
326,027
.; - 366,320
. 87.,966-
. 84,114' •
1,640,618
1833..,.'. .
2,611,840 .
■520,717
: 3,132j557;
860,323- '
': ■ ; 327,518.
. . 648,891
■ 158,681 .
2-,036,035
■ 1834
: 5,088,480-
'-.396,909,
■ ■ .5,485,389-.-
-720,780.-
400,000
-300,000.
'. 21,955 :
1,679,995
1835.' . ....
; 6,056,141
■• .415,880,
6,472,021.' .
• 828;826
426,942 ■
337,011
'..2,555,847...
1836.. ,
8,803,956 ■
503,537 '
.9,301,493:
.r--,- 662,652
- -555,141 -
’■ - 392,194 ■■
: 1,701,451,
- 54,459-
- 3,365,897
1837. ; .'. .
;. 5,()77,379'.'-
' : 467,382
, 5,544,7.61
540,421
* 541,771
. 384,716
55,467
1,951,626 -
T838;-.’..;.
-3,583,340
• . ..• ; 388;758.
3,972,098
- 683-,070 -
■ 325,345
362,725
173,325
, 47,292
1,591,757..
1839...
. :6,939,986 :
-." 763,079
.7,703,065
760,199
535,789
.- . ■.483,269.".
;v .97,436
2,096,716
■ - 4,292,782'-
-. 321,684
4',614;-466 "
615,723
261,173
■ 329,054
71,994
1841.-V •-
: . 6;320,419 ,
-- 526,388
- 6,846,807
, 904,493
.' 325,167
.539,772
. ■: 723, '678
73;271
. 2,566,381
1842.V..V,
3,153,805
505;379
'3,659,184
• 5-16,880
. .421,824-
■ 37,042
1,273,534
. 1843......
-.1,202,772
: '.282,149,-.
• .1,484;921: •-
. . 236,965;
58,-699 -
41,8'42
.1844.
' :3,703,532
'. , 789,294
4,492,826 ■
' 350,317
■ -: :■ 236,736
. 153,094
63,067.
1,003,429
■1845;-.....
; 4,298,224.
'. ' 624,885
.4,923,109,
272,031
106,730.
195,471.
117,331
- 205,782
897,345
J - Treasury Depautment, Register’s Office, J'tovember 29, 1845.
gitized for FRASER
R. H. GILLET, Register.
610 . -. REPORTS OF THE: ' [1845.
^x.
A statement
• ' V '/ rMom^factvJresl^Iron^^
exhd>mng the States from. 1821 to 184&,-».cto^-
ifactiired, imp
Years.
MANUFACTURES OF IRO'N AND STEEL.
Paying duties
ad valorem.
Paying specific
'duties.'
P821.....
1822. ....
1823. . .,- •
1824
1825
1826.. ...
' 1827
■■■1828.....
1829. i.--
■ 1830.,...
1831.. ...
1832.. ...
1833.. ...
■ 1834;....
' , 1835. . . .
1836. . . .
■■ 1837
■ 1838..,,
■ 1839
•1840. . . .
1841.. ..
1842. .
' 1843..,,
1844. . . :
1845
11,630,129
2.767.757
2,568,842
2^505,291
3.312.758
2,831,333.
3,525,433
3,559,982
3,100,630
3,372,146
4,358,921
4-,697,512
3,361,582 I
. 4,090,621
4,827,461 !
■.7,001,404
, 5,488,311 ■
' '3,069,507
5,585,063
■ ,2,575,229
'3, 428,140
2,919,498
, 734,737
2,782,137
. 4,169,745.
■*238,400
387,818:
398,279
326,411
393,658
' 355,152
448,154,
: 620 ,933,
330,278
283j702
468,912
608,733
773,855
656,000
524,155
879,465
1,038,382
-5'43,779.
922,447
. 609,671
827,820
652,583
■ 277;349.
531,659
908,043
Total.,
UNMANUFACTURED IRON AND STEEL
Bar Iron.
I Manufactured,
by rolling..
41,868,529
3,155,575
2,96t,121
2,831,702
3,70'6,416
3,186,485
3,973,587
.-4,180,915.
3,430,908
. 3,655,848
4,827,833
5,306,245
4,135,437
4,746,621
5,351,616'
7,880,869'
6,526,693
3,613,286
•6,507,510
■ 3,T84,900
. 4,255,960
3, 572', 081
1,012,086
3,3i3,796
5,077,788
Manufactured
otherwise.
41.213,041
1,864,868
' 1;891,6.35
. 962,897-
, . 224,497.-i
223,259
347,792
, ^ 441,000
119,326
■ 226,336
544,664
701,549
U, 002,750
1,187,236
1,050,152
2,131,828
2,573,367
1,825,121
3,181,180
1,707,649
; ■ 2,172,278
. .. 2,053,453
: 511,282
. 1,065,582
1,691J48
Digitized for Department, Register’
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ '
Federal Reserve Bdnk of St. Louis
; Office, November 29, 184o. ^
- pig iron. '
■4483/686'
1,562-,146
1,590,350
1,323,749
2,141,178
, l./884,'049
1,730,375
1,260,166
1,929,493
1,837,473
.a.,'742„883
1,641,359
1,891,214
2,017,346
P,166,196
2,054,094
1,689,831
■ 1;614,619
1,041,410
327,550
583,065
872,157
Old a-nd scrap
iron.
43,444
.36,513 ,
' .67,004
46,881
7. 93,025
■■ ■28,811
25,644
160,68l
222,303'
217,668
270,325
289,779
272,978
. 422,929
. - 319,099
■ 28'5.,300
. 114,562
■ 223,228
' 295,28,4
, 48,251
: 200,522
506,291
$24,035
33,243
11,609
28,224
18,391
-.7,567
10,161
15,749
10,537
■8,207
. 2,7.43
■ 43,396
119,740
-■ Steel .'
Total value, '
$131,291
,189,613
. 224,595
236;405
■291,515
, 384';235s
310,197
430,425
289,831
: 291,257
399,635
' ■645,510
523,116
■ 554,150
■ '576,988
686,141
.'804,817
'■■ -487,334
771,804
■ 528,716
- 609,201
597,317
. 201,772
■ 487,462
775,675-
$1,344,332
2,054,481
2,116,230
1,686,432
2,114,671
,: 2,264,848
. 2,028,619
3,105,628
2,322-,017
■ 2,273,612
2/365,146
' 3,498,655
3,605,042
■ 3,787, -837
■ •■'3,569,887
,. 5,010,385
■ 5,836,850
3,805,317
6,302,539
.'4,656,507
;4;629,863
3,995,671
'1,091,598
■ 2,380,02.7
3,965,611
R. H. GILLET, Register.
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
612
REPORTS OE THE
: . " .. - '.Y,..- ■ ■
A statem^n'^ 'exhibiting- of Hemp:- and
United' St(tUs fr6m 'l%2\ to \S4!b, inclusive.;
•e 'mpbrted into the-
■ ; . , Years. .
HEMP AND CQRDAG.E,
Total Value.
Tarred cordage.
Un;tafred cord-
, age. . ■
1821.. .... ..../.vi...:...;..
1822; ..
1823.. ....... .t
1824.. ..........-.....;..,...
1825.. ............;
1826.;.... ; i.v...
1827
1828 .....;.;.>...V...'
1829. ■..;.:..;.v.'.. .■
1830.. . V....
1831.. .....
1832.. ..
1833 . ; ;
1834.. .......
1835 '
1836..
1837.
1838 .•
1839.; ..;...
1840.. .
1841
1842.. :...;...:..;.;,.;....:
1843.. .....;....::......
1844
1845..
‘ ;jS510i489-
i;, 054, 764
674,454
, ’ ' 485,075.
, . L 431,787 •
. , 5.5i,757
: . 63.5,854 -
1:075,243'.
■ 655,935
. 200,338
295,706
. ,866,865
.476,973...
■ ' .. 514,743 ■
.' 528,-981
. 815;558.
I ,. 483,792'
;612j506
■ 60.7i766..
■ •' 686;,777
■ 56i;039''-
; . ■ 267., 849
^ . '228,882;
262,365 ■
145,209
; #107,867
147,321
. 122,277
, 104,960
42,646
. 77,186
. 56,162 ,
109,454
97;436
J'1,291
33,522
116,389
: . • 1.4'2;538
,147,805
• 81, '5947
: . . 82,561
^ : . ;34,108 •
75,142 ■
' 106,902'
85,904
■ 112,995 :
■ \ 66,5,48 ,
.. 26,570:
, . 68,349
- , .67,209
, , $10^393
7,413
6,339
■ ' : 6',744
■ ' 8,868 .
. 1 8,114
, 6,344 '
;■ 3,999
10,543
6,759
5,766
5,984'
, 12.180
' 9,917 ,
2,331
, . 13,434. ■
. 68-,93'6'
: 19,491
. t .6,826
■ 14,817
■ 22,391
' #618,356
'■'i- .1,202,085-
:798-,731
. -590,035
'■ ' ' -484,826'
^ ; 636,356 ,
■ 698,355
.1,191,441^
762.239..
•• 279:;743
335.. 572
■' , : .; 987',253r
"624,05.4 .
■\;669;307
■ ' '616,341 .
'904V103
. . '536,080.
■•597, 565-
, 716,999 :
'.786,115.:
. 742,970 '
.353,888
■ 262,278
3.45,531
234,809
Treasury. Department, ■ ■ V ; .
Register’s; Offtce., 29, 184^^^ - ■ , •
R. H. GILLET,
Digitized for FRASER :
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A statement of tJie valiieiof articles imported irUo theyUnit
.V<ALUE;IM
Years.
;■■■• •r“
GreatB'ritain and
France arid de.
Spain and de-
Netherlands and :
S
■ ' ' -
, depidddenicies. ‘
pendencies.]
pendencies. ,: '
dependencies. ;
1821.'.
- s#29i277,93'8
• .S5;900,5.81
. 49,653<728-
,42,994;272.
;i822. .
39 <537,829
■' 7,,059i342,-'
12,376<841
.2,708,162
:i823..-
■ '34,072,578
6;605,343<
r 14,233,590
: ■2,l25-,587
1824.'.
32;750j340
■ - . 9,907,412:
' ■ „'15',857:,007
. 2,35.5,525
1825..
• ■4g,394;8l2-
•■11,835,581
-'9,566,237
' . 2,265,378
1826.-.'
. ;3%2I2,35'6
■9,588;896
' . ,.9,623v420
2,174,181
182.7,.,.
. ■335056,374
' '■ ■;'9,, 448,562,.,
. ,.-_ '9„100:,369,
1,722,070
1828.,-.-
.• . .■35<59i-,,484,
10,'28T-,505
: ' ■.8,167,546:.
1,990,431
1629,.
- •27<582,082
•■'9,616,970,
..■ •.. ' 6,801,374
. 1,617,334
, , 26,804<984
8,240,885,
• ■•'■ , ,8.,373'<681
• 1,356,765
1831.. .
■':47,956,717
'. 14,737-,5S5
.11,701,201
1,'653,031
1832..
42,406,924
• 12<754,615-
'10,8'63,290
■ 2,35.8,474
1833. .
43,085'5865
- .'■ 13,962,913.
. , 13,431,207
, 2,347,-343
:1834 . .
52,679,298
■. •'•17,557,245
13,527,464
2,127,886
1835..
■ ./65j9.49,307
23,362,584
15,617,1'40
2i903;718
,1836. ’.
86,022,915
.37-, 036,235
. 19,345,690.
3461,514
1837,'.
52,289, -557
.■ 22,497,817.
• 18,927,87.1
3,370,828
1838...
. 49,051,181
- 18,087,149
, 15,971,394
' 2,194,238
1839..
‘ •71,0OO,351
'33,234,119
. 19,276,795
3,473,220
39,130,921
' 17,908,127
. 14,019,647
• 2,326,896
1841;.
51,0'99,638'
■■ 24,187,444
16,3l6-,303
2,440,437
1842:.
38,613,043-
17,223,390
12,176,588
2,214,520
1843,.:.-
•28.,978,582
7,836,137:
• 6, 980, '504
815,541
1844. .
45,4'59,122’
- ' 17,952,412
. 13,775,451
. 2,136,386
1845..
49,903,725
22,069,914
■
10,590,544
1,897,623
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ed States^ designating Hhe' countries, from vMich received. '
PXERTED FR-OJft
weden and.de-
'■Denniark and
:PortueaI. and .
iHanse
pendencies. .
.dependencies.'
dependencies..
li'oTyns..
• #i;3'69,869
■ 4 §i;999,730 .
S748V423'
#3,111,951
: |990,165
1,544,907
.' 2,535, '406
■ i 881,290
5,242,536
'.. 1,578,757..
. ' .1,503,0504
’ '■M',324,532'
: 533,-635
V 6;511,-425
: • 1,981,026
... 1<101;75O
. ■2,11Q,(>66
■'■ .601,722
5,618,502.,
. '.2,527,830'
.; • 1,417,598 .'
1,539,592:
733,443.
■ '7,533,115:
.2,739,526
•1,292,182
2,117,1-6.4
765,203
• 7,422,186
. .,2,816,545
. 1,225,042
. 2,340,171
■•659',0.01..
.3,'617,183,'
.. . 1,638,558
1,946,783.
2,374,069
433,555
■ , .5,339il08 •
; .2,644,392 ■
- 1,303,959
, 2„086,m'
■■.687 ,.869
, ■;4,680,847
. 2,274,275
1,398,640
,l,6tli218-
. 471,-613,'
. 3,-.878,i;41 .
.- 1,873,278
1,120,730
•■1,652,216
■•■• . 397,550-
■ 3,083,205 •
3, '493,3.01'
1,150,804
■1,182,708
. .'485,264'
15,344,907,
,2,865,096
1,200,899
1,166;872
, 555,137
7,541,570
2-,227,726
1,126,541
1,684,368'
'. 699,122
7,892,327 •
L 3,355,856
- 1,316,508'
1;403,902
1,125,713
5,.987,l87
• ;3;841,943
1,299,603
. 1,874,340
-672,670
- 7,324,816
4,994,820
1,468,878
- 1,266,906
928, '291
8i965,337
'5,642,221
. 900,790
. 1,644,865
, 725,058
4,764,536
■2,847,358
• 1,566,142
■ ■ ,li54e,.758'.
i; 182,323
■3.,'678',509
. ;4,849,150 '
1,275,458
976;678
•599-,894..
• .6,640,829
2,521,493
■1,229,641
1,084,321
574,841
. 3i985,-388
2,'4'49,964
914,176
' 584,321
. 34'7,684'
4,934,645
. 2,274,019 :
278,674
485,285
• 71,369
'4,385,566.
• 920,865 .
445,553
630,510
257,015
.. 4,931,255
: 2, 136, 386'
• 640,057
V -
783,238'
501,734
■ -7,285,914
■ 2,'9 12,537
'AHnsvaax aiii ao AHViaHoas t-sfsi
; : ' STATEMENt^Confinued.
. 182liv;
. 1822. •>
■1823.V
■ 1824.„;
1825; .
^1826-.;j
■ 1827..
M828.;m
•1829;. '
;■ 1830.-;,
■1831...
. . 1'832.. ;
1.833.. -
; 1834'.
1835'.
.1836..
■•1837..."
• 1838. .
-1839;.
■1840 . . ,
1841.. ^ •
•1842.'; ■■
1843.. .
1844.-. ■
1845. . : •
Russia.
#1,852,199
3,307,328
2,258,777,'
: 2,209,663
2,067,iao',
•'' 2,6l7',l69
2,086,077.
.• 2,788,362'
2,218,995
■ '1,^21,899
■1,608,328
•3,251,852 ■•
-■.2,772,550' ■
2,595,'840- 1
2,395,245
2,778, 554-
2,816,116. .
'-1;898,3'96
2/393,894 , '
■2;572,427
■ 2,817,448
1,350,106
742’i803- '
1,059,419
1,492,262. .
r .. Hayti. ^ ' -Mexico.
rVALUE IMPORTED FROM " ' ' ,
Venezuela, New - . / ' ; ’
Granada^, EcuV Central America. •' 'Braril.
■ #9'73j'463'.
. 1,562,033
' ' 1,369,4.40.
1,029,439
: 1/454,022
1,120,749
1,013,126,
; 1,607,417 ■
lj409,588'.
94'0.i254
1,704,264
1,619/795. •
- 999,i'34
• i, 422,063
1,457,977 ••
l,970j246'
..1,827,181 ■ .
944,238
1,182,297;
1,157,200 '
1,151,236. .
■ ■987/528
394,564
1,096,926
1,301,577
12,246,257
' 2,3ft, sn
>■ 2',352',733'
2,247,.235*
' 2,065;329
'1,51 1,836
1,781,30'9:
2,163,585-
. 1,799,809 ■
■ 1,'597,140-
1,580,578
2,053,386 .
1,7'40,058;
■2/113,717
2,347,556.
1,828,019 ■
1,440,856 .
1,275,762 .
1,377,989 ,
1,252,824 ■;
1,809,684
1,266,997-. •
.898,447' '■
1,441,244 . ■
1,386,367
'#4,044,647
3,916,198'
5,231,867
4,814 ,258-
■ '5,026/761 '■
•.5;235,241
■5,166,745 •
.■4,293;9'5‘4
5,452/818.
■ 8,066,068 .
..9;490,446
5,615,819
■■•'5, 654/002.
; 3,500,709
3,l27,l'53
•■ 4,175,001
'3,284,957:
1,995,696
2, 782,406 •
2,387,002
1,702/936
Trea'sury Department,; Register’, .Pfrice, MverMer 29, 1845.
' #1,837;050
■ 2,079,724'
, :1,550',248
. : •■l,484s856^
, . ■1,255,310 ■
. I:,120i095,
. 1,207-, 154 .
; 1,439,182 ■
1,524,622
■.•1,727,188 •
1,662,764
1,696,650
1,567,345 .
•R615,249. -
-2,073,216 ■
1,572;548'
2,156,121
1,729,558
1,307,013
. 1,625,095
1^440,196c '
■ . #56,789 •
•• 20'4,270 ■
251,342 .
,' ■204,770 ■
311,931 ■;
302,833 '
,...198,504 ■
288,316
■267?740.
- 170,968 /. •
215,450
■; 195,304
.163,402 . .
■155,614'
• 192,845 <- ■
. 189,021
186,911'. -
124,994
. .13.2;i67 . .
189,616
65,269
•■ #605,126
.' 1,486,567
■1,214,810
■ 2,,07‘4,O19
. 2-,l56,707
2,156,678
•: 2,060,971.;
- .■■3,097,752 .
■ 2,535,467
' 2,49.1 ,460-
.r2,3.75,'829'
.. 3,890,845.
■■■5,089,693
■ 4,729,969 :■■
‘ 5,574,'466 ,
7,210,190-
4,991,893
-3,191;238 ■
'5,292,955 . .
4,927,296
6,302,653;
<57948,814 ■
.■3;947,658
6,883,806 '
•■6,084,599
- ■ Arcentine
,and Cisplatine ■
Republics .
■„: ■#7.49,7.71
■ 522,769
'80;065
■■ .'. :3'17,466.
-■..,.i 9l5,190; 5
'1/431,883
; , - 928103- '•
1,5601 71
■■1,377,U7-
• 1,43.0,118
878,618 '
' 1,053,503
•1,000,002
.1, ■029,539'
: i,i5o;546 :
. i 787,964
1,957,747
2,417,541 .
915,241
1,565,955
'.'1,771,271
. •#229,509;'
. 629,94R
184i693'5f
■ -.781 ,803 ■’
4-16,118. .
■ 182,585
■ .413158'
■. 5.04,623 ^
- 334,130.
^ -ISl/lOO
917.095
■ '811,497 ■
1,180,156
642.095
1,186,641
1,616, 859-.
■1,230,980
831,039.
/. 857,556':
750-,370
1,123,690'
#163,384
165,718
318,116
303,847
395,026
480,892
445,399
678,551
: 755,324
R-. 'H. GILLET, Register.
ijgitized for FRASER
REPORTS OF THE
CO.:;,, 0,'_ ■,", ; ' v-;. ^ ^ C- : r'- : ' '' .O ’ :
Statement exhibitiitg- ilie.mlue certain articles Domestic ■Pr'od/uce and/ Mdnufact}^^^ and, of: Bullion and Specie y 'exported from
/■' d'/^ -t-- f 182X to. tBidi htclusive. . d /i • d'-- . -/'"d/
" : : A.ea'rs. , .■
O'O- . . V' '*■ ' --‘O- v^-. ■ • ••Value OF ARTiCLEi’ExydRTiLD.- j - -OO v • . -- .!.“0
;Q.ott6n;
''T6'ba(;Gb^C
leaf. -..‘r ■;
.•'/Rice,.;:,
- ' 1' '• 'Ss • .
: 'Flour.' ‘
'•■iO-'. ■»3~-
, poi-k,
hogs ’laid.
• '■ •>'
Beef,. catV
•tie, hides,
y-Bulter
‘ ...and, ,
-thfeeseC
Skins'iand
- fjii-s.'- -
.. -V*:.
'., Fish;. .
Wbod ; arid
'■'mahufac- •
: lures, bfr
A- , • ■
•RdaniifaG^-
; ' tures.
:Spe.cie and
■■ bullion; ■..
i82r.A'.'...Vi,...V..-.
1822. '.;;..Vv:.,.;tV...
1823. :.'.//; VvGv.
i824V;/.'V;'.'.'.,'..-../i!f
1825;' .i'.
l82'6;V..iA.-...-.;'..:
'1827
..i828..;;;':..v;.U,y/.
■1829;.., .V'.:..
i83Q.'.;/;.v..v,
.1831';.
1832.. /../:i.;t..;...'-
l833;...,:./.;>:;...-
1834.. 7.... /..:.y...
j 1835; . . • • • -A.~.
1836.. . ;..0.
1837.. ..
.i838;......*.G.../
'1840./...;.:...
i84i;.
1842.. ...-..-.-.
1843;./.;. . .. . . . ; . . .
1844.. .
1845’;.........'. ..;
#4;298,643
..5,103,280
4,962,;373
'• 5,-759, 176
4v212,-127
i.:4,12J',,4.66
4,42o;081
4-,286',939
-■5,793;651
' .6j085,953
:■ 9-,d38,458
4,880,623
5,613,dlQ
■'4,520,.781
4,364,777
■ 3,572,599
2,987,-269
3,603,299
6,925,170
10,T43,615
7:,7S9;'646
; 7.;375,356
'3,763,073
6,759.,488
■ 5V398,'593
'$1,354,116
lr357,899
1,291,322
1,489,051
■ •1,832,679
, 1, 892,429
::i,55'5,698
1,495;S36
.'i;49,3,629
1,315,245
:i;5oi;644
1,928,196
-.2,151,558
, 1,796,001
. 1,776,732
.'1,383,344
1,299:,796
- 1,312,346
: 1,-777,230
1,894,894
• 2,621,537
2,629,403
■2,120,020
. '3,236,479
'■ 2,991, -284
' |698,‘®3
844,53-4
. - 739,461
' .707,299
-930.465
733,430
'- 772,636
- 719,961
074',955
, '717,683
8'29;982
■ 774,087
958,076
755,219
-. '638-, 761
. .699,116
'. 585,146
■ 528,231
371,646
623,373
904,918
I,2l2j638
1,092;949
1, '810,551
1,926,809
#90,287
.221,041
. 192,778
/:204i20,5
■.•:24.7,78'7
.-207,765
■184,049
,1.76,354
,,..176,'205
■-'142,3.70
.■264;796
".29,0/820
■ 258;4'52
.. 190,099
■-164-j809
-114;033
- 96,176
.r48,i9l
127,550
210,749
■ 504,815
.388,185
508,968
758,829
878,865
''$7 66,205
;- 50i;3G2
.■'672,917
.•-.'.661., 455
: 524"692
. 5827473
.;. 441,690
■.626,235
526,5.07
■ '641,76'0
750;938
■ ' .691,909
' ■ '841,933
•."79.7,844
759,953
-653,662
, '651,9,08
; :,633,945
. 732,087
1,237,789
993,262
598,487
' 453,869
742,196
1,248,355
$973,591
■ 915-,838
l,O0'4,8QO
•1,136,7.04
1;07'8',7.73
■924,922
: 98'7,447
1,0.66,663
. ■'■ 968.0.68
-756,677
..929,834
T, 056, 721
r:990,290
' 853','674
.1,0.08,534
967,890
' ,7'69;8'40
■ ■81,9',0'03
■-..850,538
: -720,164
.751,786
■730,106
■497,217
■897,015
1-,012,G07
|l,822,077
1-,651,258
',l:;638,734
. 2,037',288
■..li9'88,220
2,331,006
,1,990,8'69
2/161 ,767
■ .2,081,406
',:2,056,289
2;o63,311
2,149,651.
;v2,663,I02
■ 2,507'/061
, '3,402,934
■ 2,860',691
: 3,155,992
3,116,196
:..’3i60'4,39.9
■.2j'926,846
.3',576,805
: 3,230,003
' I',687,80g
3'-,01 1,968
. 3,099,455
:|2;584,916
2,923,14-7
'2,947,797
;:4;634,355
'.■5,417,978
■ "5,278,420
.>5,422,83.6
t5,309-,668
' 5,194,491
'■5.;320,980
■■■5,088,890
- ■■5,050/833
■ 6,557,080
■6,247,893
■ 7.,294,0'73
, .6,107,528
'. 7;142,04G
.8,402,597
'8;325,082
'9,873,462
..9,953,020
,-8',4l0.,694
.. 6,779,527
9,5791724
10,329,701
ftl0,'478jO59
'10,810,180
6,372,987
'■7,014,552
■ 8/797,055
.. 4,704,533
’ : ■.8-,0X4,88Q
■ 8',243,476
4,924,020
' 2,178,7.73
r 9,014,931.
; 5.656,340
-2,61-1,701
.■■■2,076,758
6,477,775
V 4,324,336
■ 5,976,249
3,508,046
.'■.8,-776,743.
, 8,417,014
10,034,332
' 4,813,539
. 1/520,791
.5,454,214
: 8,606,495
. , Treasury Depar'thent, Register’s Office, JVbt)CTjii)cr 3Sf, 1845. ’• - . .' . ■' . '■ .■ ■ . ■ R . H . GILLET)- Jfeg-ister.
Digitized for FRASER *. • ' ” ... ‘
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/- ' ’ ■ ' • • : '
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ' .
1845,] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. ' 615
c c.
statetnent fie value of Ppmestic and Ffli^eign F^^ and Manufactures fQS]iqrtod,Mnd the couMrw^ to which the same
■ were exportedydniiwdly,: frorn \S21 to \
'Kears'.,' ,
' .. .
K . 's ••• '
‘ - VA1.UE EXPORTED
, - . • . J V .
i Great: Britain,
and'dependen-
■ ;/cres.;
Frdnc^ and ' *
'/d;ependericiea.
. ■y. . ■'
"■ ;• ?
Spain and dfe-^
.'pendencies,
; Netherlands
•and dependent
•.* ’cies:- ’’ •
• -S/'*.' .• J
= S\veden and
dependencies!
Denmarkand
dependencies’.
V Portugal and .
dependencies^.
.China..
Htinse Towns;
; #26,522 'S72-,
•1: 'S6,474r718; V
>''i!!iV;,2a9,275.,'
■#^69^061;^-
:' ■ '|777l«7' ■
i''#2,'32.7,882;;;.
#435:700,
'■ #4',290j560;"
' ..#2,132,544.
1822s. v< i-...'
''3o;04rj337-
' •7.,075,332 '-
.8,438,212 ■
. ; .5v801,639.
>• - a 921,43f:
2,434,046.-:l‘
'. . . : ;427;49i .":
5,935.,368- .
2,565,015
t823r
■ 27,571 ,060-
- > 9f568',924:.
■ . iO,963,39S'.
' 7,767,0'75
c'558,29i.-.
•,l,,955,d71..'
•:246,'e48':'
4,636,061;
3,169i439
1824i.’.s'/;'v:
'.■■;28,027:;845....
.4Ov552,304.- '
•,:r5,367i278'?.
3,617,389 >
i :569,428a::
k;i. 2,183,252
, : ',518/836
5,30lvl.7;l
:' V 1,863,273
aS25i.
".■.■. .44',2l7,525 ■■
lli891-,326
, 5,921,549 ,
- 5,895i499V.
. • :g69,550-'
•• .2,701,088''v
,-■"■.■■■408,160;
■S,5.7!J,51'5^ ;
j '/ '3,121,033 '
i826i> ..si
:-■ V28, 980,019 f.
.12,106,429 a
• ■-6;687,351
r 4,794,070..
■ ■••358,380:'
:■ ;2,412,875;i
•.■//;3i3i553
.- 2,56.6;644' ..
2,116i697 .
.1827;
:■ '32.,870;465-.,‘
a 19,565;356V
7,321,991'
3,826,674.
■:.850,877:ri
■:2,40,4,822'.-
••■ ■; ■■■;357,'270
3,864,.405'
3,013iI85 ■
1828si'..s.v.;,
. : 271020,209 . ^
...12,098,341
;; a, ■7,204', 627.:
: '.3,083:,359
. I,'.106,954:.-
•.■:a,34'8:,l67.s
V: < 291;'614'
,. ,1,482,802; '
' ■• 2,9:95,251 -
1829.;. . . .i.-.
r^S8;07la084 ■
' ■12',8’32',30.4 i ;
..; . :’6;888,;094, '
'. ■4:,622,120
",>■■ 957,948; ■
•:'’2,3ii:,17.4;
■:■'■ -322,911
: ■.I;y354j862'/
..• 3,277,'160
■1830.
, 31,647., 88r -
■■ .■11,806,238W
. . 6,649,051 ■.
.:.4',562,437.
, ■' 961,729 ■
2,014,085 .
-■ 279,799
' .:742,19a.:
•'■■■■ 2,27.4i880
1831;'.isi .
. ;.39i901,379:
■'.: '9,882,'679..'.,
„• 5,661,420, ..
. 3',096',609 :
• ' 54,q;078
2,000',793
• ,294,3.83 -'
, 1,290,835 ■
- ■■2,592,172 t
1832/. i;;..!
.■■.37r268i556...
'••13,244,698.,'
•! 6,399,183 a
, .6,035,466 s
515/140/.
i 2,207,551-
. / -' 296,218
' 1,260,522
, 4,088,212.
1833V V^p.-.V.'
•.•39'i881,486'\
I4;424i533-
. 6,506,041. !
r , .3i566,361s.
si,?",. 42OiO09-.V
• ],839;8#4'’.:.i
kit'. 442vS6K •
1,433;759' ■
• / 2,903,296
1834s'.s....;:;:.:
- 50.,.79'7,650, :.
:-.16;iil,442i'
: 6,296,556 '
■ . ;4,578,739
'■■pK ..lOl,!!!' ■
•' l,857i;li4!';i
- ■.3,22','496‘,:;
1,010,483'.
•„ 4,659,'674.
1835s.
t. 60,107,134 ■.:
;. '. 20,335,066 :
. 7,069,279 ',
4;4li;053..
602;593
1,780,4'96 ■
. . : 521i4l3.
1,868,580'.
• 3,528,276
1836. .
'. 64;487,550 >
21,441,200
. 8,081,668 ■
- ' 4, .799,157.:
1 -- 700,386 ■
2,122,469 ;
/■■ -: l91,007r
1,194/264'
,, ,4j363,882
1837... Vi :...-■
■, 61,218,813'"
•'20,'255,346.:.
' . 7,604,002 ,
■ ■4,285,76.7.
■ ‘ 507,523
1,640,1.73
; • . 423,705 '
‘ , . .. 630,591. .
.•■'3,754,949
1838 ;,.i.
■ 58,843,392;
16,252,413
7,684;006
,3.,'n2,206. '.
■ 355,852: .
1,2'99,927,
• 232,131 ;
•'1,516,602 .
.■3,291,645,
■1839.
; 68,169',0.82„ ■
.. 18,92,4, '413 '
■7,72'4,4?9.. .
'2,871,239..
: 470,914'
• 1,406,346 .
.. . 244,354 .
■ 1,533,6.01 :
, ■ ■2,801,067 .
1840'. .
a 70,420,846'--'
■ .22',349,154'
, 7,617,347
4,546,085'
' ■ 652,546.,,
1,193;500' :
. ir 321;256
- 1,009,966- .
. 4,198,459 ■
1841
a, 62i376v402 ■
22,235^575.
7,181,409
■ 3,288,741. ■
.771,210
. 987,283; ■
.. .349,113
. 1,20.0,816 .
,•.4,560,716
1842... ■....•
. 52,306,650' .
• 18,738’,860,
6,323295 -
4,270,.770 .
477,-965:
. 1,047,673 •
302,964:;
1,444,397
4,564;5]3
I843v:;.:si.-Ps-
46,901,835
' 12V47.2,453 .
.3,953,694 .
• a 2,370,884 ^
- : 67:;762, .
•-. .■■'.827,865".
16S,534-/
. -■ 2,418,9S8 -
3,291,932
1844'-.i...s.
61,721;876.
. .16,133,436
'6,-751,811
3,453,385
' -29.5;345
■'. . : 983,156 •
-: 2'52,170 ,'
1,756,941 .
3,566,687
1845.'.'.-..;...
61,044,535 .
16,143,994
' . 7,790,442- :
3,610/602,
. .363,667
1-,139,596 •
' , .• 247,180 . .
2,275,995 ■“■
■ '4,945,020 . ,
U gitized for FRASER
h : a ://f rase r.'st lo u i sfed : org/
6ir REPOETS OF THE
VoL.
DD,
\ STATEMENT^eontinued,
VALUE EXPORTED TO
Y ears.
.....
Venezuela, New
Argentine and!
Chili.
Texas.
Russia.
Italy.,
Hayti.
Mexico.
Sranada, Ecua- .
dor.
■ America.
Brazil.
0iapIktin:e Repub-
, lies. '
1831....
#628,894
#1,099,66:7.
#2,270,601
#1,381,760.
_
1822. . . .
1,450,184
2,119,811
.
-
1,465,929.
-
‘ -
1823....
648,734
1,067,905.
■■ 2,378,782.
-
-
-
1,341,390.
-
-
1824....
231,981
664,348;
2,365,155
_
-
2,301,904:
-
-
1825....
287,401
645,039-
2,054, '615
#6,470,144
#2,239,255
#99,522'
2,393,754
#573,520
#921,438:
-
1826....
174,648
530,221
1,414,494.
.6,28:1,050
1,952,672
119,774
2,2.O0:,349i.
379,340
1,447,498.
-
1827....
382,244
'-610,221
1,331,909
4-,173,257
944,534
224,772
1,863,806
151,204
1,702,601
1828....
920,750-
1,332,711
. 2.,886,.484
884,524
159,272
1,988,705
.154,228
2,629,402
1829....
386,226
901,012:
975,158;
2,3.91,151
767,348
239,8.54
1,929,927
626,052
1,421,134
1830....
416,575
740,360
823,178
4,837,458
496,990
250,118
1,843,238
629,887
1,536,114
1831....
462,766
694,525
: 1,318,375.
6,178,218
658,149
306,497
■2,076,095.
659,779
1,368,155
1832; . . .
582,682
687,563/
I,669i003
3:, 467,541
1,117,024
335,307
2,054,794
926,365
1,221,119
1833....
703,805
372,186:
1,427,963
5„'408,091
957,543:
575,016
3,279,101
. 699., 798
1,463,940
1834....
330,694
493,557
1,436,952
5,265,053
795,567
184,149
2,059,351
971,83:7
1,476,355
-
1835. . . .
585,447
285,941
. 1,815,812:
9,029,221
1,064,016
183,793
2,608,656
708,918
941,884
-
1836
911,013
664,059.
1,240,039.
6„04l,63.5 .
'829,255
189,5.18
3,094,936:
384,933
937,917
-
1837....
1,306,732
623,677
1,011,981
3;,880,323
• 1,O.8O>109
157,663
1,743,209
273,872
1,487,799
#1,007,928
1838. . . .
1,048,289
459,893.
910,255
2,164,097
• ■ 724,739.
243,040.
'9,657,194
296,994
1,370,264
1,247,880
1839....
1,239,246
. 438,152
1,122,559:
2,787,362
- ; 750,785'
' 216,242
9,637,485
465,363
1,794,553
1,687,082
1840
' 1,169,481
1,473,185.
1,027,214
2i515,341
919,123
217,946
9,506,574
519,006
1,728,899.
1,218,271
1841....
1,025,729
912,318
i l,155i557
2,036,620
872,937
149,913
3,517,273
818,170
1,102,988.
808,296
1842
836,593
820,517
i 899,966:
, 1,534,233
769,936
69,466
: 9,601,509
681,928
1,639,676
406,929
1843
386,793
728,221
653,370,
1,471,937
■ 7?45,455'
52,9'66
1,792,988
557,234
1,049,463.
142,9,53
1844
555,414
576,823:
1,128,356:
1,794,833
656.,078
150,276
■2,818,252
966,465
1,105,221
277,548
1845....
727,337
817,921
1,405,740,
1,152,331
804,197
67,649
'2,837 ,950
.. 660,142
1,548,191
363,799
Treasury Department, Register’s Office, A5)®m6c)- 39, 1845. R. H. QILLET,, Begrster.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.stiouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1S49.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 617
618
REPORTS OF THE
[1849,
EE.
A statement exhibiting the value of merchandise imported from 1821 to 1845,
and also the amount of duties which accrued annually upon said imports
during the said period.
Value of imports.
Years ending 30th September. '
Free of duty.
iGross duties on
merchandise.
jfl0,082,313
7,298,708
9,048,288
12,563,773
10,947,510
12,567,769
11,855,104
2,379,176
11,805,501
12,746,245
13,456,625
14,249,453
32,447,950
77,940,493
92,056,481
69,250,031
60,860,005
76,401,792
57,196,204
66,019,731
30,627,486
35,574,584
24,766,881-
22,147,840
$52,503,411
75,942,833
68,530,979
67,985,234
85,392,565
72,406,708
67,628,964
76,130,648
62,687,026
58,130,675
89,734,499
86,779,813
75,670,361
58,128,152
71,955,249
97,923,554
71,739,186
52,857,399
85,690,340
49,945,315
61,926,446
69,534,601
29,179,215
83,668,154
95,106,724
$62,585,724
83,241,541
77,579,267
80,549,007
96,340,075
84,974,477
79,484,068
88,509,824
74,492,527
70,876,920
103,191,124
101,029,266
108,118,311
126,521,332
149,895,742
189.980.035
140,989,217
113,717,404
162,092,132
107,141,519
127,946,177
100,162,087
64,753,799
108.435.035
117,254,564
S18, 475,703 57
24,066,066 43
22,402,024 29-
25,486,817 86
31,653,871 50
26,083,861 97
27,948,956 57
29,951,251 90
27,688,701 11
28,389,505 05
36,596,118 19
29,341,175 65
24,177,578 52
18,960,705 96
25,890,726 66
30,818„327 67
18,134,131 01
19,702,825 45
25,554,533 96
15,104,790 63
19,919,492 17
16,622,746 84
10,208,000 43
29,236,357 38
30,952,416 21
Note. — ^The spaces show the changes in the tariff. The year 1843 includes nine months only.
Treasury Department,
Register’s Office, November 29, 1845.
R. H. GILLET, Register.
Digitized for FRASER
http://fras^r.stiouisfed.org/
PF.— Statement exhibiting the amount of duties on merchandise t tomutge and light money, passports and clearances; drawback paid on foreign merchandise reexported;
drawback on domestic refined sugar and domestic distilled spirits; bounties on pickled fish exported; allowances to vessels employed inAhe bank and cod fisheries ;
expenses of collection ; and the net revenue lohich accrued annually from 1821 to 1845, inclusive.
PAYMENTS FOR
Tonnage Gross revenue.
Merchandise, and light Passports.
«18,844,364 31 |98;177 60 $9,858 00 $18,952,399 91
24,078,919 02 127,892 68 10,144 00 24,216,955 70
Drawback paid on
Foreign mer-
chandise.
22,316,752 25 89,263 10 12,573 00
25,494,618 55 126,540 94 10,996 00
31,673,608 07 138,847 83 12,638 00
26,093,373 50 150,182 43 11,716 00
1 1 ?|
1 1
ilE
: j
1 »
SjI
i
* For six months ending June 30.
Treasury Department, Register’s Office,
Digitized for FRASER
http://fraser.sliouisfed.org/
Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Domestic
refined
sugar.
22,418,588 35
25,632,155 49
31,825,093 90
26,255,271 93
21,584,482 79
30,681,668 26
17,607,127 12
18,751,589 70
24,521,416 53
6,955,013 62
Domestic
distilled
Bounties.
Allowances
to fishing
vessels.
R. H. GILLET, Register.
1849.] SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
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Federai Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDEX.
A.
' Agriculture, Treasury circular in 1845 to elicit information in regard to the extent, &c., of
the products, of^, and responses thereto. . i .. .t . . .. . . .197, 202
the products of, in the several States enumerated^-see Statistics.
American produce,. duties on, in.Cuba. ..>. ....................................... ..i . . . . 500
Anchors and sheet' iron, the quantity, value, and rate of duty of, imported from 1790 to
1844 ;. .160, 166
Anvils, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rates' of duty on. ............ 168
Arms imported, from 1790 to 1844 — see Muskets.
Axletrees, imported from 1790 to 1844 inclusive, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on , , . 183
B.
Bagging, amount of, imported and used in 1844.. . .. .. .... . .. ; ... . . . 398
Balance estimated to be in the Treasury 1st July, 1846. . . .. . . ....... .. . . .. ............. 2', 3
1st July, 1847 3
in the Treasury 1st July, 1844 .Ij 25
lstjuly, 1845 1,2,27
1st July, 1846. 3
Barbary Powers, tariff act of 1804 to protect the commerce and seamen of the United
States against the ; 91
Beef, cattle, hides, &c., the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845, inclusive. ..... 615
Blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and
rate of duty on. 168
Boston, the manufactures and ■wealth of, 569
Bounties, paid annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive.. 619
Braziers’ rods or rounds, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value", and rate of duty
on^... Vi. .i..i..i 172
Brazils^ — see Trade of the United States.
Bridle bits, of all kinds, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty
on i. . i ....... i 176
Bullion, gold and silver— see Specie.
Sutter arid- cheese, the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive. ........... 615
C.
Gables and chains, and parts thereof, imported from 1790 to 1844, quantity, value, and fate
of duty on the. . .
Ctu-petings, table of duties on. under the tariff Of 1842.
Castings of iron, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty bn. ....
Cattle— see Beef.
Cheese — see Butter. V
Civil, miscellaneous, and foreign intercourse-
estimates for 1845^ ’6.. i . . . .. . .. .......
estimates for 1846^ ’7 ... ........
expenditures in 1844- ’5.
expenditures in 1845- ’6 .............. ............ .. . . .'. ... . ...... .. ......
Coal, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity and value of, and the rate of duty on. .184,
Coast Survey, the progress, &c,, of the. »»....
Cocoa— see Cqffec.
168
305
166
2
3
25
27
186
21
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ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
622
INDEX.
Coffee, tea, and cocoa, tariff of 1830 to reduce the duty on : 115
the quantity imported each year from 1790 to 1844, with the value and rate of duty,
and average value per pound for different periods 193
the duty and prices in 1811 to 1833 453, 486, 491
concerning a' duty on 513, 514, 515
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 607
Collection of the revenue, annual expenses of, from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 619
Collectors of the customs and other United States officers, information from, in regard to the
operations, effect upon production, &c., of the tariff of 1842 — see Tariff.
Commerce of the United States, statistical view of the, from 1821 to 1845 605
Commercial interests, information from the several States enumerated in regard to the effect
of the tariff of 1842 on the..-see Tariff— see Statistics. /,
Cordage, the value of hemp, &c., imported into, the United States annually from 1821 to
1845 607
Corn, the annual average price' of, from 1832 to 1844 359
Cotton bagging, the duty on, and to what equivalent 6
Cotton, rice,' and Indian corn, report of the Chamber of Commerce of South Carolina
in regard to the production, price, &c., of, and how affected by the tariff 380
views in regard to the growth and consumption of ; . . . 6
I the prices of, from 1832 to 1844 391
the value of the annual exports of, from 1821 to 1844, compared with the aggre-
gate value of domestic produce 397
the value of, in England, from 1835 to 1845, both inclusive 398
the quantities of, exported annually from 1833 to 1844, the average price per pound ,
&c.. . . t 401
crop of Georgia, for the year ending August, 1845. 413
crop of Louisiana, statistics of the, of 1839 and 1840 441, 445
the prices of the crop of, from 1832- ’3 to 1844- ’5 452
crops in the United States, from 1814 to 1841, and prices annually! 487
estimate of the quantity consumed in Great Britain. 517
the value of the manufactures of, imported into the United States annually from
1821 to 1845 •.. 608
the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 615
Cottons, the manufactures of, the effect of the tariff of 1842 to prohibit the importation of. . 393
the English cost and duty on certain manufactured 396
statement of the annual average price of, from 1832 to 1841. 414
imported into the United States annually from 1821 to 1845, the value of.. ....... 606
Cuba, duties on American prqduce in '. 500
Customs, receipts from, estimated for, and ascertained —
in 1844- ’5 1,2_
in 1845- ’6... 2,2”
D.
Deposits with the banks, concerning 17
Domestic produce, the kinds and aggregate value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1844
inclusive .'. 397
the value of the annual exports of, from 1821 to 1845 604, 605
the value of certain articles of, exported annually, and the countries to
which exported, from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 615, 616
Drawback on, sugar, rate of, and other statistics in regard to the 402, 507
paid annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive, on foreign merchandise,
domestic refined sugar, and domestic distilled spirits 619
Drawbacks, views on the subject of. 16
Drawing-knives, axes, adzes, and socket chisels, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity,
value, and rate of duty of 176
, Duties, the amount of, collected annually — see Revenue — see Receipts — see Imports.
evidence that the low system of, increases the revenue 4
statements in regard to the system of, &c 5
the quantity and value of merchandise imported free of duty, from July 1, 1844, to
. June 30, 1845, with an estimate of, thereon payable under the act of 1842; also
estimate at 20, 25, and 30 per centum ad valorem. 28, 30, 35
statement in which is exhibited the rate and amount of, on the imports of foreign
merchandise in 1845 50
what portion ad valorem 68
statement of the, prescribed by the tariffs from 1789 to 1842, the aggregate amount
of, the estimated average per cent, which the duty bore to the aggregate amount
of imports, &c., &c 70
the rates of duty under the act of 1789 72
1790 76
1791 81
1792...., 82
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INDEX.
623
Duties, the rates of duty under the act of 1794 85
1795 89
1797. 89
1800 90
1804 91,92
1812 93
1813 93
1816 94
1818... 108, 104
1819 104
1824 105
1828 Ill, 115
1830 115, 116
1832 ' 116, 117
1833 127
1841 127
1842 135
tables of the rate of duty on the imports of the various descriptions of iron, and its
manufactures, imported each year, from 1790 to 1844 158,
162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182
rate of, on imports, annually, of the following articles from 1790 to 1844, viz:
of coal ..184, 186
of sugar 187, 189
of molasses 190, 192
of coffee 193
of tea. 195
information from the several States enumerated in regard to the rate of, to afford
sufficient protection to the manufacturing and agricultural interests, &c — see Tariff.
on carpeting, table of, under the act of 1842
statement of the sterling prices of various hardware articles now paying specific
duties, and the percentage rates of, on the same. . . .’.
on window glass, table of
report of the Chamber of Commerce of Charleston, in regard to the agricultural
production of that State, and how affected by the, under the tariff of 1842
the prohibitory effect of the high tariff of 1842 393,
the English cok, and specific and minimum duty on manufactured cottons
the English coal, and specific and ad valorem duty on certain manufactures of iron .
on imports into South Carolina, from 1800 to 1844, inclusive, comparative state-
ment of .‘. ..
on certain imports of sugar in 1843 i ..402,
for information in regard to, elicited by the Treasury circulars in 1845, from the
collectors of the customs, and individuals in the several States — see Tariff.
views in regard to the cash system of.
on coffee from 1811 to 1833 453,
on American produce in Cuba
fraud in the importation of sugar under the molasses duty 501,
general views in regard to the sugar .508, 509,
concerning a duty on tea, coffee, and sugar. 513,
foreign merchandise paying duty annually, from 1821 to 1845 601, 602, 604,
the value of merchandise imported annually from 1821 to 1845, and the amount of,
accrued annually, &c
gross, on imported merchandise from 1821 to 1845
on merchandise, tonnage, and light money, and passports, annually, from 1821 to
1845.. '
305
323
324
380
394
396
396,
399
403
419
486
500
500
504
522
515
611
618
618
619
E.
Estimates of receipts into the Treasury from all sources, and of expenditures for all objects —
for 1845- ’6 1,2
for 1846- ’7 , 3
views in 1845- ’6 in regard to the 4
Expenditures of the Government, for all objects, estimated for and ascertained, in aggre-
gate and in detail —
in 1844- ’5. 1,25
in 1845-’6 .2, 27
in 1846-’7 3
Exports, and consumption of foreign merchandise in 1845, detailed statement of 48, 50, 55
the excess of, over imports in 1845 69
statement exhibiting the value of cotton, tobacco, and rice exported annually from
1821 to 1844 inclusive, compared with the value of domestic produce and man-
ufacture exported during the same period 397
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INDEX,
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Exports, in 1844, in American and foreign vessels .............. .... . .. . . ... 400
the quantities and value of cotton- exported annually from 1833 to 1844, also the
average price per pound, &c 401
of coUon and rice fro.m Georgia 413
from the tfnited States to the West Indies and Brazils. 499
from the W est, &c 563
annually, of domestic produce. from 182i to 1845, the value of 604
of domekic produce and foreign nierchandise, the annual value of, from 1821 to
1845, and the countries to which exported 605, 616
the value of certain articles of domestic produce and manufacture, and of bullion
and specie exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive - 615
F.
Farming and planting, the prodiicts and profits of, and the effects of the tariff of 1842,
information in regard to— see Tari^—sef Staiistics.
Finances in 1845- ’6, report of Mr. Walker oh the state of the
Fish, the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive
Fishing vessels, payments Jbr allowances to, annually, from 1821 to 1845 inclusive... . ., . .
Flax, the value of the manufactures of, imported annually into the United States from 1821
to 1845. '. . . 610
Flour, the price of, from 1823 to 1845, in Cincinnati. . .. ... ... 576
the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 i. 615
Foreign intercourse, estimates for 1845- ’6. 2
estimates for 1846- ’7. 3
expenditures in 1844- ’5. 25
expenditures in 1845- ’6 ,....* 27
Fortifications, &c., .estimates for l845-’6. f. 2
estimates for 1846-’7- 3
expenditures in 1844-’5.. 26
in 1845-^6... i 27
Fraud in the importation of sugar, under the molasses duty • • . ■.. ...... ... ...... . . . • .501
Frauds on the customs, views in regard to . ...*. ...........
Free trade, a,n,argument touching upon the . subject of, by a’ Louisi.anmn. ................
Furs — see Skins.
1
605
619
504
430
4,19
H.
26
Harbo.r.s .and r.iyers, expenditures for the improvement of. .
Hardware articles, how paying specific duties, statement of the sterling prices of vario.us,
and the percentage of duties on the same 323
Hemp and 'Cordage, the value of the manufactures of, imported into the United States annu-
■ ally from 1821 to 1845. .606, 607
imported into the United States from 1821 to 1845, the value of. ..... . 612
Hemp and flax, the value of manufactures of, imported annually into the United States
from 1821 to 1845 . 610
Hides — see Beef.
, I. . '
Imports, statements exhibiting the quantity and value of merchandise imported free of
duty from July 1, 1844, to June 30, 1845, with an estimate of the duties payable
under the act of 1842; also, an estimate of duties thereon, at a rate of 20, 25, and
, ■ 30 per cent, od ealprejn.. . ; 28,30,35
statement in detail of the, of foreign merchandise for the year 1845 .48, 50, 55
the excess of exports over, in 1845 69
the value of, from 1820 to 1844, the average value of, liable to duty, &c;, &c. ... 71
of iron, of the various descriptions, ami its manufactures, imported each year from
1790 to 1844 inclusive, tables showing the value and the rates of duty 158,
162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182
annually, from 1790 to 1844, of the following articles, the quantity and value of
the imports, thp rate of duty, &c. : v . .
I of coal ;..... i...., .; 184, 186
of sugar. ; .-. 187, 189
of molasses 190, 192
of coffee 193
of tea 195
view in 1845 in regard to the prohibitory effect of the tariff of 1842. . ...... .393, 394
into South Carolina, comparative statement of duties on, from 1800 to 1844. .... 399
the, and value of manufactured cotton and woolen goods each year from 1833 to
1844, and the aggregate imports and exports of the same. 4Q1
of sugar in 1843,' duty, charges, &c.; on. 402
annually of sugar, from 1830 to 1839. 493
from the West Indies and the Brazils, &c ; 499, 522
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Federal Reserve Bank of St.
Lot
, IWDEX. 625
Imports, aggregate annual amount of, and of foreign goods reexported from 1789 to 1845,
the amount retained for consumption, <&c 599
statement of the annual value of foreign merchandise imported, reexported, arid
consumed annually from 1821 to 1845,, — 602
the valueof annual, from 1821 to 1845, and the duties accruing thereon 605, 618
the value of the principal articles imported annually into the United States from
1821 to 1845.... 606
of'the'manufactures of cotton, thevalueof the annual, from 16^1 to 1845 608
of the manufactures of wool, hemp and flax, iron, and .steel, and hemp and cord-
age; annually, from 1821 to 1845, the value of. .609, 610, 611, 612
•statement of the value Of articles imported into the United States from 1821 to
1845, designating the countries from which received . 613
Independent Treasury, concerning the 17
Indian corn, in South Carolina — ^ee Cotton.
Invoice Of sugar 402
Iron, tables showing the itnports of various descriptions of, and its manufactures, imported
each year from 1790 to 1844 inclusive, with the value and rate of duty — .158,
162, 164,166,168,170,172,174,176,178,180,182
the English cost in 1845, and the specific ad valorem duty on certain manufactures of, 396
duty and prices per ton, from 1793 to 1832 452
and iron and steel', manufacturedand unmanufactured, imported into the United States
from 1821 to 1845, the value of. 611
Irons, sad, hatters’ and tailors’, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value and rate
of duty on. 180
K.
Knives, cutting, and scythes, sickles, reaping-hooks, spades and shovels, imported from
1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on. t 174
L.
Labor, the products of, in the se'veral States, enumerated — see Statistics.
Lead, the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 607
.Linens and .manufactures of flax, imported annually from 1821 to 1845, the value of 606
Louisiana, the sugar crops in— see Sugars.
and the tariff, a treatise concerning, by a Louisianian 479
M. • .
Manufactures, domestic, the value of certain articles of, exported annually from 1821 to
1845 inclusive, and the countries to which exported.. 615, 616
Manufactories in the several States, the kirid and description, and products of — see Tariff —
see Statistics.
Manufactures, the value ofi imported into the United States from 1821 toT845,,viz:
of cotton,,..,,...,,................. 608
of wool. . , . , 609
of hemp and flax 610
of iron and steel. 611
of hemp and cordage 612
Manufactures of ifon imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value and rate of duty of. 166
Treasury circular in 1845, eliciting information in regard to the extent, &c.,
of, in the United States 197
the kind and description of products of, in the several States, enumerated —
see Statistics. .
Manufactured articles, acts Of 1818 to increase the duties on certain. '. . . .103, >104
Merchandise, statements of the quantity and value of, imported free of duty from July 1,
1844, to June 30, 1845, estimate of the duty thereon, under the act of 1842,
and at a 20, 25, and 30 per cent, rate ad valorem.. 28, 30, 35 ■
statement in detail of the imports, exports, and consumption of foreign, for
the year 1845. ,.48, 50,55
articles of, subject to duty, and free of duty under the severtd tariffs from
1789 to 1842 inclusive— see Tariff — see Duties '. ’
imports annually of certain, from 1790 to 1844 — see Coal — Sugar — Molasses —
' Coffee — Tea.
, the annual consumption and reexportation of foreign, from 1789 to 1845. .599, 602
foreign, free ofduty and paying duty reexported, annually, from 1821 to 1845. . 601
statement exhibiting the value of foreign, imported, reexported, and con-
sumed, annually, from 1821 to 1845. ... , ;. 602, 605, 606
imports of manufactures of cordage, cotton and wool, hemp and flax, iron and
steel, from 1821 to 1845 .608, 609, 610, 611 ,.'612
statement exhibiting the value of, imported annually from 1821 to 1845, and
also the amount of duties which accrued annually thereon 618, 619
foreign, drawback paid on, annually from 1821 tb 1845 inclusive 619
see Imports.
zed for FRASER
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<il Reserve Bank of St. Louis
626
INDEX.
Military service, estimates for the, in 1845- ’6.. .
estimates for the, in 1846- ’7..-.
expenditures for the, in 1844- ’5
expenditures for the, in 1845- ’6
Mill saws, mill cranks, and mill irons, imported from 1790 to 1844 inclusive, the quantity,
value and rate of duty on
Minimum, the question of, discussed
Miscellaneous, estimates for 1845- ’6
estimates for 1846-’7. ,* ■ ■ ■
expenditures in 1844- ’5
expenditures in 1845-’6
sources, receipts from — see Receipts.
Molasses, the reduced duty on, by the act of 1830
the quantity imported from 1790 to 1844, the value thereof, and the rate of duty
thereon , 190,
prices of, on plantations, from 1832- ’3 to 1844^ ’5
duty, frauds 'in the importation of sugar under the. 501, 505,
ii_ . 1 _ /• • . . j ; _ . .1- - TT._ f . * J IT- _ 1 _ 1 c-1 4 r
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845
Muskets, rifles, side and fire-arms, imported from 1790 to 1844 inclusive, the quantity,
vtdue, and rate of duty on
2
3
26
27
174
9
2
3
25
27
116
192
451
528
607
170
N.
Nails, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on imports of, from 1790 to 1844. 158
Naval service, including the Marine Corps —
estimates for the, for 1845- ’6 3.... 2
estimates for the, for 1846-’7 3
expenditures in 1844-’5 f 27
TkT .4* 1.- A _ .J <•. _• l_ Al-tA
Navigation, comparative statements of exports in 1844, in American and foreign vessels. . 400
Navigating interests, information from the several States enumerated in regard to the effect
of the tariff of 1842 upon the, &c. — see Tanff—see Statistics.
Needles, sewing and knitting, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of
duty dn 180
P.
Passports, amount of duties on, annually, from 1821 to 1831 619
Pig iron, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on 164
1 xL.. 1... xtj ii_. ^ lom X.. i04r • -.1 • Ate
Produce — see Domestic produce.
Protection, views on 8
Production in the United States — see Statistics.
Public lands, receipts from the sales of, estimated for and ascertained —
in 1844- ’5 '. 1, 25
in 1845-’6. 27
estimates of receipts from the sales of — see Estimates.
the receipts from, &c 16
Public moneys, concerning the keeping of the 17, 18, 19
R.
Receipts into the Treasury from all sources, as estimated for, and ascertained —
in 1844- ’5 1, 25
in 1845- ’6. 2, 27, 50
Reexportation, of foreign merchandise annually from 1789 to 1845 599
of foreign merchandise annually from 1821 to 1845, free of duty and paying
duty 601, 604
Revenue system of >Sir Robert Peel, concerning the '. 515
Revenues, estimated and ascertained, amount of the —
for 1844- ’5 •. ...1, 25
for 1845- ’6 2, 27
the system of low duties increases the 4
general views in regard to the 5
views on the subject of the i 513, 518, 519
gross and net, annually, from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 618, 619
the annual expense of collecting the, from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 619
see Duties — see Merchandise, for a.detailed statements upon which, collected,
how affected by the Tariff — see Colton.
the prices of, from 1832 to 1844 392
the value of the annual exports of, from 1821 to 1844, compared with the aggregate
value of exports 397
exported from Georgia in 1845 413
statement of the annual price of, from 1832 to 1841. 414
Digitized for FRASER
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Ffiirilriiniil Bouoia,H» Bunk of St. L
INDEX. 627
of the Treasury circulars of 1840, under the head of Tariff.
the value of, exported annually from 1891 to 1845 inclusive 615
Rods, nail or spike, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty of. . 162.
Salt, additional duty on, by the act of 1797 89
duty on, imported by the act of 1813 93
the reduced duty on, by the act of 1830 i 116
statistics and views in regard to the manufacture of, and of the importation of. . .429, 430
■ for statistics and views in regard to the manufacture of — see information collected in
response to the Treasury circulars, under Tariff.
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 607
Screws, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on 172, 180
Ship building and shipping in 1844 400
Silks, imported into the United States annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive, the value of. . . 606
Skins and furs, the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive. 615
Specie, gold and silver, imported and exported in 1845 49
and bullion, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to ,1845, the value of. 606
and bullion, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive, the value, of 615
Spices, the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 607
Spikes, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on, imported from 1790 to 1844 1.58
Spirits, distilled, duties established by the act of 1791 i 81
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 697
domestic distilled, the drawback paid annually from 1891 to 1845 on 619
Statistics, of agriculture, manufactures, labor, markets, &c., and information generally in
regard to the operations of the tariff of 1842, transmitted to the Treasury De-
partment in response to circulars from said Department by collectors of the
customs, postmasters, and individuals —
from Maine 202
from Vermont 223
from Massachusetts . .' 224
from Rhode Island ; 258
from Connecticut 264
from New York 271
from New Jersey , 341
from Pennsylvania 348
from Delaware. 353
from Maryland 353
from Virginia 364
from North Carolina. 366
from South Carolina 369
from Georgia ■ 403
from Alabama 416
from Florida 419
from Mississippi 425
from Louisiana 427
from Kentucky 535
from Tennessee 542
from Ohio 545
from Indiana 579
from Illinois 581
from Michigan 587
from Missouri 588
from Arkansas 591
from Iowa 591
from Wisconsin 593
of labor, agriculture, manufactures, &c., in the West 570, 571, 572, 575
Steel, the quantity, value, and rate of duty on, imported from 1790 to 1844 158
and iron, the value of the manufactures of, imported into the United States annually
from 1821 to 1845 606
Steelyards, scale-beams, and vices, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and
rateofdutyon 176
Sugar planters and manufacturers in Louisiana, the memorial of the, concerning the effect of
the tariff compromise bill on their interests, &c 522
Sugar estate, expenses of a working gang of one hundred slaves, and producing four hun-
dred to five hundred hogsheads of sugar per annum. . 479
and the tariff. 497
the drawback on 507,619
Sugars, the quantity of, imported annually from 1790 to 1844, the value thereof, and the
rate of duty thereon ’. 187, 189
an invoice of, in 1843, showing charges, duties on, &c 402
statistics and views in regard to the product of. 431
ized for FRASER
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ral Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s©9 INDi;X.
Sugars, for statistics and views in .regard to the growth ^and manufacture of, see informa-
tion elicited in response to Treasury circulars in 1845, under Tariff'.
statistics of the crop of Louisiana — <i... .■.»4440, 493
prices of, on plantations, from 1832- ’3 to 1841-’2, and from 1842 to 1845. . . 4 . .. . . 451
. the duty and prices.per ton, in 1816 to 1831 452
how the prices of, fluctuated in consequence of a short or over-supply, &c 454
statement of the sugar made in Louisitma in 1844, by whom made,, &.c. . . .. . .457, 470
average price annually of Muscovado, from 1830 to 1839. 493
foreign, imported, from 1830 to 1839.- ..... . .. . . — 493
fraud on tlie importation of, under the molasses duty. .. . . ...... . . . ■ .' ... . . . . .501 , 504
general views in regard to the duty on. .508, 509, 522
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 . .... . .. . . 607
Tacks, brads, and spikes, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value, and rate of duty . 160
Tariff, general views in 1845- ’6 in regard to. the.-. 1 ... ..i .............. . 7
Treasury circulars in 1845 in relation to the, and responses thereto. .. .. . .197, 199, 203
responses to the above circulars, from the several collectors of customs and indi-
viduals, affording statistical information, &c., bearing upon the, and presenting
Views 111 regaru tu uie— ^
from Maine. 202
from Vermont. 223
from Massachusetts 224
from Rhode Island. 258
from Connecticut. 264
from New York .-. ... 271
from New Jersey 341
from Pennsylvania. 348
from Delaware 353
from Maryland 353
from Virginia. 364
from North Carolina 366
from South Carolina 369
from Georgia i 403
from Alabama 416
from Florida. , , 4'19
from Mississippi 425
from Louisiana 427 •
, from Kentucky 535
from Tennessee 542
from Ohio, 545
from Indiana. 579
from Illinois 581
from Michigan 587
from Missouri. 588
from Arkansas. 591
from Iowa. 591
from Wisconsin. 593
considerations in regard to the, by a farmer of New York 331
report of the Chamber of Commerce of South Carolina, as to how the planting inter-
ests of that State are affected by the. 380
the effect of the tariff in excluding the imports of articles of merchandise, enumer-
Louisiana and the, a treatise in regard to the bearing of the, on the Louisiana inter-
, ests 479
sugar and the, 497
the British 515, 520, 521
of 1842,jhe effects of the, on the agricultural and other interests of the West, resolves
and views of the Democratic Convention of Hamilton county, Ohio, on the, in
regard to..., .' 553
"Tariff bill, views of the National Intelligencer on the.' 519
Tariffs, detailed statement of the several, enacted by Congress, and of the duties prescribed
by each, from 1789 to 1842 70
average results of the, from 1821 to 1844. 71
names of articles and rates of duty, under the act of 1789. 72
1790.. 76
1791.. ...... 81
1792 82
1794 85
1795 89
1797 89
1800 90
1804 ...............91,92
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INDEX. 629
Tariffs, names of articles and rates of duty, under the act of 1812 93
1813 93
I 1816 94
1818 103, 104
1819. 104
1824 105
1828 Ill, 115
1830 115, 116
1832 116
18.33 127
1841 127
1842 135
Taxation, views in 1845 on the subject of. 7
Teas — see Coffee.
tlie quantity of, imported annually from 1790 to 1844, with the value and rate of duty. . 1'95
views concerning a duty on ■ ■ ■ .613, 514, 515
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 607
Tobacco, the annual average price of, and the number of hogsheads inspected in Baltimore
from 1832 to 1844 359
leaf and manufactured, the value of the annual exports of, from 1821 to 1844, com- .
pared with the aggregate value of exports 397
the value of leaf, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 615
Tonnage and light money, amount of duties on, annually from 1821 to 1845 619
Tonnage, American and foreign, employed in foreign trade annually from 1821 to 1845. .v . 605
Trade of all kinds, the operations and results of, and the effect of the tariff of 1842 thereon,
information in regard thereto — see Tar^—aee Statistics. v
of the United States and the West India isles and the Brazils 499
Treasury circultu-s in 1845, to elicit information in relation to the tariff, agricultural and me-
_1._— 7-.1 1AIT -I AA AAA
Wares, earthen, stone, and china, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to
1845... 606,
West India Islands — see Trade of the United States.
produce, duties upon the, in the United States 500
West, review as to the effects of the tariff of 1842 on the agricultural and other interests of
the 553
statistics of the products of labor, &c., &c., on the 570, 571, 572, 573
Wheat, annual average price of, from 1832 to 1844 .359
Window-glass, table of duties on 324
Wines, the duties on certain, under the tariff of 1819J 104
tariff of 1828, altering the duties on 115
of France, the duty by the act of 1832 116
the value of, imported annually into the United States from 1821 to 1845 606
Wood and manufactures, the value of, exported annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive 615
Wood screws, imported from 1790 to 1844, the quantity, value of, and rate of duty on. . . . 172
the cost of, at the present duty of 12 cents per pound. 355
Wool, the imports annually of manufactured, from 1833 to 1844 401
the value of the imports annually, from 1821 to 1845, inclusive of the manufactures
of 609
Woolens, imported into the United States annually from 1821 to 1845 inclusive, the value
of. .' ■ 606
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